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Kilgannon P, Novak Z, Fotedar A, Singh B. Junctional diversity prevents negative selection of an antigen-specific T cell repertoire. Mol Immunol 2009; 47:1154-60. [PMID: 19954850 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous mouse mammary tumor proviruses (MMTV; Mtv loci) deletes Vbeta6 expressing T cells in the thymus of Mtv-7(+) DBA/2 (H2(d)) mice through negative selection. We found that in Mtv-7(-) BALB/c (H2(d)) mice, Vbeta6 is a dominant V gene used in T cell responses to an 18 amino acid long peptide antigen: EYKEYAEYAEYAEYAEYA [abbreviated as K5 or EYK(EYA)(5)]. It was therefore surprising to find that despite the deletion of Vbeta6+ T cells, vigorous K5 specific T cell responses that use Vbeta6 can be raised in DBA/2 mice. Sequence analysis of Vbeta6 junctional diversity in K5 specific T cell lines revealed that the DBA/2 K5 repertoire compensates for the loss of most Vbeta6 T cells by overusing and amplifying Vbeta6+ T cells escaping central deletion and peripheral tolerization. In order to address the inability of some Vbeta6 T cells to recognize Mtv-7(+) we analyzed a panel of BALB/c Vbeta6 expressing T cell hybridomas. This data supported the argument that certain Vbeta6 junctional sequences preclude Mtv recognition and allows their escape from central deletion in DBA/2 mice. These cells are not anergic and can be activated with cognate peptide antigen in periphery. We suggest that junctional diversity at the V region of some of the T cell receptors does not allow these cells to recognize self-superantigens with high enough affinity and thus they escape negative selection in the thymus. These results for the first time provide a molecular explanation of how the immune system compensates for "hole in the repertoire" caused by deletion of the majority of T cells carrying certain V region segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kilgannon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Acha-Orbea H, Held W, Scarpellino L, Shakhov AN. Mls: A Link Between Immunology and Retrovirology. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 8:327-36. [PMID: 1351535 DOI: 10.3109/08830189209053516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The nature of the mysterious minor lymphocyte stimulating (Mls) antigens has recently been clarified. These molecules which were key elements for our current understanding of immune tolerance, have a strong influence on the mouse immune system and are encoded by the open reading frame (orf) of endogenous and exogenous mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTV's). The knowledge that these antigens are encoded by cancerogenic retroviruses opens an interdisciplinary approach for understanding the mechanisms of immune responses and immune tolerance, retroviral carcinogenesis, and retroviral strategies for infection.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/immunology
- Minor Lymphocyte Stimulatory Antigens/genetics
- Minor Lymphocyte Stimulatory Antigens/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Open Reading Frames
- Proviruses/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- H Acha-Orbea
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
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3
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Hodes RJ, Abe R. Mouse endogenous superantigens: Ms and Mls-like determinants encoded by mouse retroviruses. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2008; Appendix 1:Appendix 1F. [PMID: 18432642 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.ima01fs17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Commonly used inbred mouse strains express different combinations of integrated mouse mammary tumor proviruses (MMTV). This appendix summarizes the proviruses that have been detected. The reported functional properties of those MMTV proviral products which have been identified as superantigens are also summarized, including the ability to elicit primary or secondary T cell responses and to induce Vb-specific clonal deletion during T cell differentiation. In addition, the amino acid sequences of putative ORF gene products of different MMTV are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Hodes
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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4
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Leggatt GR, Narayan S, Fernando GJP, Frazer IH. Changes to peptide structure, not concentration, contribute to expansion of the lowest avidity cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 76:787-95. [PMID: 15240746 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0104026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficient in vitro expansion of antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) for use in adoptive immunotherapy represents an important clinical goal. Furthermore, the avidity of expanded CTL populations often correlates closely with clinical outcome. In our study, high-avidity CTL lines could be expanded ex vivo from an antigen-primed animal using low peptide concentration, and intermediate peptide concentrations favored the generation of lower avidity CTL. Further increases in peptide concentration during culture inhibited the expansion of all peptide-specific CD8+ cells. In contrast, a single amino acid variant peptide efficiently generated functional CTL populations at high or low peptide concentration, which responded to wild-type epitope with the lowest average avidity seen in this study. We propose that for some peptides, the efficient generation of low-avidity CTL responses will be favored by stimulation with altered peptide rather than high concentrations of wild-type epitope. In addition, some variant peptides designed to have improved binding to major histocompatibility complex class I may reduce rather than enhance the functional avidity for the wild-type peptide of ex vivo-expanded CTL. These observations are relevant to in vitro expansion of CTL for immunotherapy and strategies to elicit regulatory or therapeutic immunity to neo-self-antigen when central tolerance has eliminated high-avidity, cognate T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R Leggatt
- Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.
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5
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Abstract
The thymus is the primary site of T-cell production early in life, and has now been shown to continue to function in both healthy and immunocompromised individuals late into life. Positive and negative selection occurring in the thymus are two of the most important processes that govern the development and specificity of peripheral T cells, including their restriction to self HLA and their ability to respond in an alloreactive manner. In the chimeric state that follows successful allogeneic stem-cell transplants, the specificity of alloreactive cells may be governed by either host- or recipient-derived cellular elements, as well as maturing lymphoid cells, which are, in turn, derived from donor stem cells or host cells surviving transplant conditioning. The ability to measure recent thymic emigrants via the detection of T-cell receptor excision circles has facilitated studies of thymic function in immunodeficient individuals, including HIV-1 infected subjects and recipients of autologous or allogeneic stem-cell transplant (SCT). These studies have now demonstrated that thymic function is likely to play a beneficial role in immune reconstitution in these settings, but have yet to clearly demonstrate what clinical variables are the most important determinants of thymic persistence. It is also not yet clear how much the degree of thymic function following allogeneic SCT influences the alloreactive T-cell repertoire, although studies in animal models and early clinical studies suggest that GvHD results in thymic injury and dysfunction. Future studies will further clarify how thymic function shapes the repertoire of T cells that mediate alloreactivity, as well as protective pathogen-specific immune responses, following SCT. Finally, these studies will also demonstrate whether endogenous mediators of thymic function could be selectively applied to regulate post-SCT thymic function and alloreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Komanduri
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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6
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Bugeon L, Hargreaves RE, Crompton T, Outram S, Rahemtulla A, Porter AC, Dallman MJ. Selective silencing of full-length CD80 but not IgV-CD80 leads to impaired clonal deletion of self-reactive T cells and altered regulation of immune responses. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:118-27. [PMID: 11169445 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200101)31:1<118::aid-immu118>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Co-stimulation provided by the B7 family of proteins underpins the development of protective immunity. There are three identified members of this family: CD80, its splice variant IgV-CD80 and CD86. It has hitherto been difficult to analyze the expression and function of IgV-CD80 since there are no appropriate reagents capable of distinguishing it from CD80. We have generated mice, by gene targeting, the lack CD80 whilst maintaining expression of IgV-CD80. Mutant animals did not delete T cells bearing mammary tumor virus-reactive TCR as efficiently as wild-type animals. We also demonstrate the importance of IgV-CD80 in the responses of recently activated cells and reveal a role for CD80 in sustaining T cell responses. CD86, whilst critical to primary T cell activation, made only a minor contribution to re-activation of normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bugeon
- Department of Biology, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, London, GB.
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7
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Umemura M, Wajjwalku W, Upragarin N, Liu T, Nishimura H, Matsuguchi T, Nishiyama Y, Wilson GM, Yoshikai Y. Expression of mouse mammary tumor virus superantigen accelerates tumorigenicity of myeloma cells. J Virol 2000; 74:8226-33. [PMID: 10954519 PMCID: PMC116330 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.18.8226-8233.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether superantigen (SAG) from endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus functions as an immunogenic or a tumorigenic factor in tumor development, the BALB/c myeloma cell line FO was transfected with the SAG gene from the 3' Mtv-50 long terminal repeat (LTR) open reading frame (ORF), the product of which was specific for Vbeta6. All five transfectants expressing Mtv-50 LTR ORF mRNA showed stimulatory activity for Vbeta6 T-cell hybridomas in vitro; this activity was inhibited by the addition of anti-Mtv-7 monoclonal antibody (MAb) or anti-major histocompatibility complex class II I-A(d) and I-E(d) MAb. All transfectants with the SAG gene grew more rapidly than did mock transfectants in BALB/c mice after subcutaneous inoculation, whereas all clones, including mock transfectants, grew equally well in athymic nude mice. A significant fraction of Vbeta6 T cells selectively expressed activation markers, including CD44(high), CD62L(low), and CD69(high), and produced large amounts of interleukin 5 (IL-5) and IL-6 in BALB/c mice inoculated with transfectants. These results suggested that the expression of viral SAG enhances the tumorigenicity of a myeloma cell line through the stimulation of SAG-reactive T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/biosynthesis
- CD4 Lymphocyte Count
- Flow Cytometry
- Interleukin-5/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-5/metabolism
- Interleukin-6/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid
- Male
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Superantigens/genetics
- Superantigens/metabolism
- Superantigens/physiology
- Terminal Repeat Sequences
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- M Umemura
- Laboratory of Host Defense, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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8
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Abstract
Old mice, like old human beings, contain large clones of CD8+ T-cells. These cells grow poorly in tissue culture, therefore it is difficult to maintain the cells in vitro. The cells can be grown after transfer to sublethally irradiated mice. This technique will be useful in further studies on the properties of the cells. Based on observations from such transfer experiments, we conclude that: (1) expansion of the T-cell clones in recipients is dramatic but slow; (2) chance events caused by endogenous antigens or gene mutations rather than exogenous antigens may account for the expansion of these clones; and (3) the expanded T-cell clones are benign and do not cause malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Ku
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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9
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Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus: Immunological Interplays between Virus and Host **This article was accepted for publication on 1 October 1996. Adv Immunol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60743-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Pucillo CE, Palmer LD, Hodes RJ. Superantigenic characteristics of mouse mammary tumor viruses play a critical role in susceptibility to infection in mice. Immunol Res 1995; 14:58-68. [PMID: 7561341 DOI: 10.1007/bf02918497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTV) are retroviruses that induce mammary carcinomas. An interesting feature of these viruses is the superantigen (SAg) encoded in an open reading frame within the 3' long terminal repeat. The mechanism by which ingestion of milk-borne virus results in infection of the host mammary tissue remains incompletely understood. However, a working model has been proposed in which the interaction between viral SAg, T-cell receptor and MHC class II I-E facilitates viral replication and hence infectivity. In this review we summarize current studies demonstrating the role of SAg stimulation in susceptibility to MMTV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Pucillo
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md 20892-1360, USA
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11
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Hiramine C, Nakagawa T, Hojo K. Murine nursing thymic epithelial cell lines capable of inducing thymocyte apoptosis express the self-superantigen Mls-1a. Cell Immunol 1995; 160:157-62. [PMID: 7842482 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(95)80021-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Two cloned thymic epithelial cell (TEC) lines, D2.TEC-A3 and AKR TEC-K1, were established from minor lymphocyte-stimulating (Mls)-1a-positive normal, 4-week-old DBA/2 (H-2d, Mls-1a2a) mice and AKR (H-2k, Mls-1a2b) mice, respectively. Both cell lines were MHC class I and class II (both I-A and I-E) positive without stimulation by interferon-gamma. They were capable of infolding immature thymocytes to form thymic nurse cells (TNC; we call this type of TEC "nursing TEC") and induced apoptosis with DNA fragmentation in immature thymocytes. Using a primary Mls mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) we demonstrated that self-superantigen Mls-1a was expressed on these cloned nursing TEC lines. D2.TEC-A3 cells stimulated nylon-wool-purified splenic T cells obtained from H-2d-compatible BALB/c (Mls-1b2a) and B10.D2 (Mls-1b2b) mice with a maximal response at a stimulator:responder ratio of 1:40 after 4 days of the coculture. AKR TEC-K1 cells also stimulated purified T cells from H-2k-compatible C3H/He mice (Mls-1b2a) in a similar manner. The Mls MLR induced by the nursing TEC lines was completely inhibited in the presence of anti-mouse I-A and anti-mouse I-E monoclonal antibodies. These results suggest that nursing TEC/TNC could be involved in negative selection due to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hiramine
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa Medical School, Japan
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12
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Saloga J, Lack G, Bradley K, Renz H, Larsen G, Leung DY, Gelfand EW. Inhibition of the development of immediate hypersensitivity by staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:3140-7. [PMID: 7805743 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830241234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the ability of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) to modify the immediate hypersensitivity response induced in BALB/c mice following sensitization to ovalbumin (OVA), a response mediated by OVA-reactive V beta 8 T cells. Mice were sensitized by skin painting with OVA every second day over a period of 2 weeks. SEB, a potent activator of V beta 8+ T cells, was administered at the same site where OVA was applied (skin of the lower abdomen) following two different protocols. In protocol (A) SEB was injected intradermally 1 day before painting with OVA and on day 7; in protocol B, SEB was injected each time OVA was applied to the skin (eight times). SEB (but not SEA) altered the development of immediate hypersensitivity to OVA, as demonstrated by the reduction in allergen-specific IgE, decreased OVA-specific immediate skin test responsiveness, and prevented the development of increased airways responsiveness after bronchial challenge with OVA. Injections of SEB did not alter the proliferative responses of local draining lymph node cells or spleen mononuclear cells to OVA, indicating that administration of SEB did not inhibit the sensitization of OVA, but shifted the immune response away from an immediate type response (IgE/IgG1) to IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3. Although both protocols of SEB treatment did not lead to a major deletion of the V beta 8 T cell population, they did reduce the proliferative response of V beta 8+ T cells to OVA. These data indicate that the bacterial toxin SEB is capable of modifying the immediate hypersensitivity response induced by OVA by altering the functional capacity of antigen-reactive V beta 8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Saloga
- Division of Basic Sciences, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206
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13
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Viciana AL, Nassiri M, Padmanabhan J, Streilein JW, Ruiz P. Differential patterns of T cell clonal deletion in neonatal H-2 tolerance and I-E/Mls induced self-tolerance. Transpl Immunol 1994; 2:208-17. [PMID: 8000849 DOI: 10.1016/0966-3274(94)90062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The pattern of clonal deletion of putative I-E-reactive (V beta 11) and Mls-reactive (V beta 3) T cells was evaluated and compared by cytofluorographic and immunohistochemical methods in a model of neonatal H-2 tolerance and in I-E- or Mls-bearing strains of mice which normally delete these cell populations (self-tolerance). The ontogeny of deletion of V beta 11+ cells was studied by evaluating thymic changes from birth until maturity in B10.S (H-2s/I-E-), B10.A (H-2k/d/I-E+) and B10.S mice intravenously infused at birth with (B10.SxB10.A)F1 lymphohaematopoietic cells. The reduction in V beta 11+ cells was most prevalent in the medullary region of the naive B10.A and neonatally injected B10.S animals and was corroborated by flow cytometry which demonstrated a marked reduction in single CD4 and CD8 positive B beta 11 T cells when compared to naive B10.S mice. However, immunohistochemistry illustrated that 'deletion' was never complete since V beta 11+ cells remained in the thymic cortex and splenic lymphoid follicles. By comparison, DBA/2 mice (Mlsc+ and previously documented to have decreased levels of V beta 3+ cells) showed a different pattern of deletion of V beta 3+ T cells than what was found for T cells bearing V beta 11 in animals deleting this population. DBA/2 thymi contained fewer thymic V beta 3- cells and there was more complete elimination of these cells, particularly in the periphery, by flow cytometry and immunohistology. The mice which do not delete V beta 3 cells (Mlsc-) showed that the majority of V beta 3- cells were located in the medulla with a few cells distributed in the cortical region. This pattern was notably different than the distribution of V beta 11 cells in thymi. Despite their location by histology, the majority of remaining V beta 3+ cells were dual CD4/CD8 positive (CD4+CD8+) by flow cytometric analysis. Our data illustrate that V beta 11 and V beta 3 T cells appear to be eliminated (i.e. 'deleted') at similar stages of maturation (single positive) during self-tolerance as well as in a neonatal H-2 tolerance model. However, the degree of elimination and the location of the cells remaining in these mice is dramatically different, depending on which T cell population is being evaluated and which deleting ligand is presented intrathymically. Thus, the accepted tenet of dual CD4+CD8+ cells localizing to the thymic cortex appears to have exceptions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Viciana
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida 33101
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14
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Belfrage H, Bhiladvala P, Hedlund G, Dohlsten M, Kalland T. Combined activation of murine lymphocytes with staphylococcal enterotoxin and interleukin-2 results in additive cytotoxic activity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1994; 38:265-71. [PMID: 8168122 PMCID: PMC11038432 DOI: 10.1007/bf01533518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/1993] [Accepted: 11/09/1993] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This report demonstrates that in vitro activation of murine spleen cells with interleukin-2 (IL-2) or the bacterial superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) results in different patterns of activation and function of cytotoxic cells. Lymphokine-activated killer activity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) are mainly mediated by IL-2 activated natural killer (NK) cells. SEA is the most powerful T cell mitogen known so far and retargets cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to tumors expressing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II in staphylococcal-enterotoxin-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (SDCC). Culture of mouse spleen cells with SEA led to expansion and activation of T cells, which demonstrated strong SDCC activity and some NK-like cytotoxicity after 5 days in culture. Cell sorting revealed that both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells mediated SDCC but the former were more effective. Phenotypic analysis showed that SEA preferentially stimulated and expanded T cells expressing T cell receptor V beta 11, in particular CD8+ T cells. Combined activation with SEA and IL-2 resulted in simultaneous induction of T and NK cell cytotoxicity. Moreover, IL-2 had additive effects on SEA-induced SDCC. Combined treatment with SEA and IL-2 might therefore be an approach to induce maximal cytotoxicity against tumors and to recruit both T and NK cells in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Belfrage
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Lund, Sweden
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15
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Jouvin-Marche E, Marche PN, Six A, Liebe-Gris C, Voegtle D, Cazenave PA. Identification of an endogenous mammary tumor virus involved in the clonal deletion of V beta 2 T cells. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:2758-64. [PMID: 8223851 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830231106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Expression of V beta (beta-chain variable region) gene segments was investigated in the Mus m. domesticus DDO strain, which possesses a large genomic deletion encompassing 20 of the 29 V beta gene segments known in BALB/c. Stainings using V beta-specific monoclonal antibodies revealed that up to 60% of the peripheral T cells use 3 V beta gene segments. Variable frequencies of V beta 2 T cells were observed among DDO individuals. Segregation analyses of F2 crosses between V beta 2-deletor mice and mammary tumor virus (Mtv)-free mice led to the identification of a new endogenous Mtv, named Mtv-DDO, mediating V beta 2 T cell clonal deletion. Mtv-DDO structure is conserved with the exception of the carboxy-terminal region as compared to other Mtv. Comparison between Mtv sharing the same V beta specificity and isolated from laboratory or wild mice confirms that a stretch of 11 amino acids, defined as the V beta-specific region, is required for the V beta-specific interaction. Limited substitutions in this region account for the shift of the Mtv specificity towards different V beta.
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16
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Simpson E. T cell repertoire selection by mouse mammary tumour viruses. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH SOCIETY FOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY AND IMMUNOGENETICS 1993; 20:137-49. [PMID: 8388249 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.1993.tb00104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mouse mammary tumour viruses (Mtv) are B-type retroviruses. These can be exogenous, transmitted via maternal milk, or endogenous, as proviral integrations into the mouse genome, transmitted vertically in a Mendelian fashion. A number of different sites of integration of endogenous Mtvs have been reported in various inbred mouse strains. An open reading frame (ORF), within the long terminal repeat (LTR) of Mtv, encodes a type 2 integral membrane glycoprotein. The ORF products are expressed in association with MHC class II molecules at the cell surface and have an affinity for certain T cell receptor (TCR) V beta chains such that CD4+8+ TCR+ double positive thymocytes expressing these V beta chains undergo programmed cell death in mice carrying the appropriate endogenous or exogenous Mtvs. This constitutes a measurable part of negative repertoire selection of the T cell repertoire. Some positive selection of the T cell repertoire also appears to be TCR V beta-specific, although the involvement of polymorphic ligands other than MHC molecules is not apparent. This minireview summarizes the published work on the TCR V beta specificity and chromosomal localization of the various mouse mammary tumour proviral integrations leading to negative selection, and discusses the nature of TCR V beta-specific positive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Simpson
- Transplantation Biology, Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, UK
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17
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Simpson E. Endogenous superantigens: tools for dissecting T-cell repertoire selection. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1993; 144:194-8; discussion 214-22. [PMID: 8235041 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2494(93)80117-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Simpson
- Transplantation Biology, Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex, UK
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18
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Abstract
Superantigens are bacterial, viral, or retroviral proteins which can activate specifically a large proportion of T cells. In contrast with classical peptide antigen recognition, superantigens do not require processing to small peptides but act as complete or partially processed proteins. They can bind to major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and stimulate T cells expressing particular T cell receptor V beta chains. The other polymorphic parts of the T cell receptor, which are crucial for classical antigen recognition, are not important for this interaction. When this strategy is used a large proportion of the host immune system can be activated shortly after infection. The activated cells have a wide variety of antigen specificities. The ability to stimulate polyclonal B (IgG) as well as T cell responses raises possibilities of a role for superantigens in the induction of autoimmune diseases. Superantigens have been a great tool in the hands of immunologists in unravelling some of the basic mechanisms of tolerance and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Acha-Orbea
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
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19
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Tomonari K, Fairchild S, Rosenwasser OA. Influence of viral superantigens on V beta- and V alpha-specific positive and negative selection. Immunol Rev 1993; 131:131-68. [PMID: 8387455 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1993.tb01534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In mice, V beta-specific negative selection is mediated by a number of superantigens encoded by various mouse mammary tumor viruses. We have identified Mtv-3, Mtv-27, Mtv-44, Mtv-8, Mtv-9, Mtv-11, and MMTV(D2.GD), and have confirmed Mtv-1. Although specificities of superantigens correlate well with sequences of their carboxy terminal regions, Mtv-44 appears to be an exception: the product is specific for V beta 3, V beta 6, V beta 8.1, and V beta 9. It remains to be determined whether Mtv-44 produces one or two different superantigens to exhibit this specificity. V beta 5+ T-cell deletion is induced by two groups of superantigens: V beta 3-specific superantigens encoded by Mtv-1, Mtv-3, Mtv-6, Mtv-13, Mtv-27, and Mtv-44, and V beta 11-specific superantigens encoded by Mtv-8, Mtv-9, and Mtv-11. Furthermore, these V beta 3-specific superantigens are also specific for V beta 17a(cz). In contrast, V beta-specific positive selection and V alpha-specific positive and negative selection do not seem to involve non-H-2 (super)antigens, although their involvement can not be excluded. In the near future, superantigens, powerful modulators of T-cell functions, will be exploited for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tomonari
- Transplantation Biology Section, MRC Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, UK
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20
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Acha-Orbea H, Held W, Waanders GA, Shakhov AN, Scarpellino L, Lees RK, MacDonald HR. Exogenous and endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus superantigens. Immunol Rev 1993; 131:5-25. [PMID: 8387457 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1993.tb01527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Acha-Orbea
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
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21
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Simpson E, Dyson PJ, Knight AM, Robinson PJ, Elliott JI, Altmann DM. T-cell receptor repertoire selection by mouse mammary tumor viruses and MHC molecules. Immunol Rev 1993; 131:93-115. [PMID: 8387459 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1993.tb01532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Simpson
- Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex, U.K
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22
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Hodes RJ, Abe R, Gallahan D, Callahan R. T-cell receptor b-V repertoire expression in the absence of an endogenous mouse mammary tumor provirus. Immunogenetics 1993; 37:309-11. [PMID: 8380566 DOI: 10.1007/bf00187461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R J Hodes
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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23
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Abstract
In the past few years, there has been a virtual explosion of information on the viral and bacterial molecules now known as superantigens. Some structures have been defined and the mechanism by which they interact with MHC class II and the V beta region of the T cell receptor is being clarified. Data are accumulating regarding the importance of virally encoded superantigens in infectivity, viral replication, and the life cycle of the virus. In the case of MMTV, evidence also suggests that superantigens encoded by a provirus may be maintained by the host to protect against future exogenous MMTV infection. Experiments in animals have also begun to elucidate the dramatic and variable effects of superantigens on responding T cells and other immune processes. Finally, the role of superantigens in certain human diseases such as toxic shock syndrome, some autoimmune diseases like Kawasaki syndrome, and perhaps some immunodeficiency disease such as that secondary to HIV infection is being addressed and mechanisms are being defined. Still, numerous important questions remain. For example, it is not clear how superantigens with such different structures, for example, SEB, TSST-1, and MMTV vSAG, can interact with MHC and a similar region of the TCR in such basically similar ways. It remains to be determined whether there are human equivalents of the endogenous murine MMTV superantigens. The functional role of bacterial superantigens also remains to be explained. Serious infection and serious consequences from toxin-producing bacteria are relatively rare events, and it is questionable whether such events are involved in the selection pressure to maintain production of a functional superantigen. Hypotheses to explain these molecules, which can differ greatly in structure, include T cell stimulation-mediated suppression of host responses or enhancement of environments for bacterial growth and replication, but substantiating data for these ideas are mostly absent. It also seems likely that only the tip of the iceberg has been uncovered in terms of the role of superantigens in human disease. Unlike toxic shock syndrome, other associations, especially with viral superantigens, may be quite subtle and defined only after considerable effort. The definition of these molecules and mechanisms of disease may result in new therapeutic strategies. Finally, it is apparent that superantigens have dramatic effects on the immune system. One wonders whether these molecules or modifications of them can be used as specific modulators of the immune system to treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Kotzin
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80206
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24
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Abe R, Ishida Y, Yui K, Katsumata M, Chused TM. T cell receptor-mediated recognition of self-ligand induces signaling in immature thymocytes before negative selection. J Exp Med 1992; 176:459-68. [PMID: 1500856 PMCID: PMC2119330 DOI: 10.1084/jem.176.2.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Shaping of the T cell repertoire by selection during intrathymic maturation involves T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of major histocompatibility complex/self-antigen complexes. In this communication, we studied the ability of minor lymphocyte stimulating (Mls) determinants to act as self-tolerogens in the selection of the T cell repertoire. We demonstrate that unprimed T cells from normal as well as TCR transgenic mice form Mls-specific conjugates with antigen-presenting cells, and that this TCR-ligand interaction leads to elevation of intercellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). Peripheral T cells from TCR transgenic mice expressing receptors specific for self-Mls antigen show no reactivities to Mlsa. However, a proportion of immature thymocytes from these mice show specific binding and strong [Ca2+]i elevation in response to self-antigen-presenting cells, although these thymocytes do not proliferate. This self-reactivity of thymocytes is inhibited by antibodies specific for TCR, CD4, CD8, class II molecules, lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1. These results demonstrate for the first time that before thymic negative selection, immature T cells can specifically interact with cells bearing self-antigen, and suggest that the resulting TCR-dependent signal transduction events provide a basis for negative selection of self-reactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Abe
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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25
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Nakayama T, Ueda Y, Yamada H, Shores EW, Singer A, June CH. In vivo calcium elevations in thymocytes with T cell receptors that are specific for self ligands. Science 1992; 257:96-9. [PMID: 1621102 DOI: 10.1126/science.1621102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Selection of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire in the thymus probably involves TCR-mediated signals transduced in developing thymocytes after interaction with thymic stromal cells bearing self ligands. TCR-transduced signals should have identifiable consequences that would distinguish thymocytes whose TCRs have been engaged by self ligands from those whose TCRs have not. Among thymocytes expressing a transgenic TCR of defined specificity, a large number had elevated intracellular calcium concentrations but only when resident in a negatively selecting thymus in which their self ligand was expressed. Thus, developing thymocytes are stimulated by endogenous ligands in vivo to mobilize intracellular calcium, and increased intracellular calcium concentrations may reflect the consequences of intrathymic signaling associated with thymic negative selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakayama
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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26
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Held W, Shakhov AN, Waanders G, Scarpellino L, Luethy R, Kraehenbuhl JP, MacDonald HR, Acha-Orbea H. An exogenous mouse mammary tumor virus with properties of Mls-1a (Mtv-7). J Exp Med 1992; 175:1623-33. [PMID: 1316932 PMCID: PMC2119252 DOI: 10.1084/jem.175.6.1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical minor lymphocyte stimulating (Mls) antigens, which induce a strong primary T cell response in vitro, are closely linked to endogenous copies of mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTV). Expression of Mls genes leads to clonal deletion of T cell subsets expressing specific T cell receptor (TCR) V beta chains. We describe the isolation and characterization of a new exogenous (infectious) MMTV with biological properties similar to the Mls antigen Mls-1a. In vivo administration of either Mls-1a-expressing B cells or the infectious MMTV (SW) led to an increase of T cells expressing V beta 6 followed by their deletion. Surprisingly, different kinetics of deletion were observed with the exogenous virus depending upon the route of infection. Infection through the mucosa led to a slow deletion of V beta 6+ T cells, whereas deletion was rapid after subcutaneous infection. Sequence analysis of the open reading frames in the 3' long terminal repeat of both this exogenous MMTV (SW) and of Mtv-7 (which is closely linked to Mls-1a) revealed striking similarities, particularly in the COOH terminus, which has been implicated in TCR V beta recognition. The identification of an infectious MMTV with the properties of a strong Mls antigen provides a new, powerful tool to study immunity and tolerance in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- Female
- Genes, Viral
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/isolation & purification
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Milk/microbiology
- Minor Lymphocyte Stimulatory Antigens/analysis
- Minor Lymphocyte Stimulatory Antigens/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Species Specificity
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- W Held
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Epalinges, Switzerland
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27
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Ben-Nun A, Yossefi S. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B as a potent suppressant of T lymphocytes: trace levels suppress T lymphocyte proliferative responses. Eur J Immunol 1992; 22:1495-503. [PMID: 1376261 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830220623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins have long been known to be powerful stimulators of T lymphocytes in mouse and man. In a previous study we showed that high concentrations of staphylococcal enterotoxin serotype B (SEB) failed to stimulate strong proliferative responses by Lewis rat T lymphocytes. Moreover, concentrations of SEB (10-50 micrograms/ml) that stimulated optimal mouse T lymphocyte proliferative responses suppressed a mitogen- or antigen-induced rat T lymphocytes proliferative responses. The present study shows that SEB at low concentrations (as low as 10(-3)-10(-4) micrograms/ml) and often also trace levels (about 10(-6)-10(-7) micrograms/ml) suppresses both rat and mouse T lymphocytes proliferative responses to mitogen or antigen. Furthermore, under different circumstances, SEB may have conflicting effects on the same T cells. While high concentrations (1-50 micrograms/ml) of SEB stimulate certain mouse T cell clones, low concentrations or trace levels have a potent suppressive effect on the same clones. The results indicate that the in vitro conflicting effects of SEB on the same T cells are concentration dependent and may reflect its in vivo effects on SEB-reactive T lymphocytes. The suppression of the mitogen- or antigen-induced stimulation of T cell clones by SEB was direct and did not require the agency of suppressor cells. Furthermore, the suppression by low amounts of SEB was not major histocompatibility complex restricted and affected a large proportion of both rat and mouse T lymphocyte subpopulation, regardless of their antigenic specificity. The concomitant suppressogenic and stimulatory characteristics of SEB support the conclusion that, under different conditions, SEB can be considered a "super-suppressogen" as well as a "super-antigen". Overall, the results suggest that SEB, and possibly other bacterial toxins, could be useful in immunomodulation of specific T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ben-Nun
- Department of Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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28
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Abstract
Superantigens are unique products of bacteria and viruses which, in combination with class II major histocompatibility complex molecules, are capable of stimulating a large fraction of T cells in an affected individual. This stimulation primarily involves the variable region of the T cell receptor beta chain (V beta). The discovery of superantigens and the elucidation of their immunologic properties have provided valuable tools for the investigation of the immune system in both normal and diseased animals. Most importantly, recent work suggests that superantigens play a role in a number of diverse pathological conditions, including toxic shock syndrome and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Drake
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80206
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29
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MacNeil D, Fraga E, Singh B. Inhibition of superantigen recognition by peptides of the variable region of the T cell receptor beta chain. Eur J Immunol 1992; 22:937-41. [PMID: 1532364 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830220409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
T cells bearing certain variable (V) regions of the T cell receptor (TcR), including V beta 3, V beta 6, V beta 8.1 and V beta 9, are stimulated by one or more forms of the endogenous superantigen, mouse lymphocyte stimulatory (Mls) locus, encoded by the mouse mammary tumor virus, in the context of a non-polymorphic region of the class II molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). To identify putative sites of interaction of TcR-V beta region and Mls-1a, we examined the effect of peptides derived from the protein sequence of V beta 6 on recognition of Mls-1a by T cell hybridomas and show that three peptides corresponding to amino acid positions 1 to 20, 48 to 75, and 58 to 75 of the V beta 6 peptide sequence interfere with the activation of several V beta 6+ hybridomas by Mls-1a-bearing spleen cells, but not with that of a V beta 8+ hybridoma. The Mls-reactive hybridomas are specific for a synthetic peptide poly-18, poly EYK(EYA)5 and its peptide (EYA)5, in the context of I-Ad. This peptide does not require processing and the peptides 1-20, 48-75, and 58-75 do not inhibit recognition of (EYA)5 by the same V beta 6+ T cell hybridomas. The two sequences 1-20 and 58-75 are proposed to lie outside the putative binding domain of processed antigen, indicating that recognition by TcR of Mls-1a is different from the classical MHC-restricted recognition of processed antigen. These results suggest that the recognition of superantigen/class II MHC by T cells can be inhibited by peptides related to the site of interaction of the TcR, suggesting that such peptides could have possible regulatory effects on the induction and regulation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D MacNeil
- Department of Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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30
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Abstract
The capacity of staphylococcal enterotoxins to stimulate all T cells bearing certain TCR variable region alleles has generated a great deal of interest. This stimulation appears to involve specific binding of the toxin to class II molecules and subsequent stimulation of the T cell via the TCR V beta elements. Recent studies from our laboratory have focused on the ability of staphylococcal enterotoxins to directly activate purified lymph node T cells and a panel of T cell clones and hybridomas. A T cell costimulation assay was performed to assess cellular activation requirements and cytokine receptor expression. Activation of highly purified lymph node T cells by staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) required costimulatory signals which could be provided by IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, or IL-6, whereas SEB alone demonstrated no significant proliferative response. Using a panel of TH1 and TH2 cell clones and T cell hybridomas possessing various responsive and nonresponsive V beta alleles, it was possible to demonstrate that SEA and SEB costimulate T cells via the TCR complex. Additionally, enterotoxin-pretreated T cells demonstrated a significant proliferative response upon exposure to class II-bearing accessory cells, suggesting that these toxins bind directly to T cells. Highly purified T cells cultured with both SEB and IL-1 exhibit significantly increased levels of IL-2 receptor, whereas cells cultured with SEB or IL-1 alone demonstrated low levels of this receptor. These results do not exclude an association of the staphylococcal enterotoxins with class II molecules in a manner which results in a high avidity binding to the TCR required for transduction of the appropriate activation signals. In the absence of class II molecules, however, these superantigens can still bind to T cells, and the activation signal is delivered in the presence of cytokines that trigger T cell growth and lymphokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Taub
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
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31
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Okuyama R, Abo T, Seki S, Ohteki T, Sugiura K, Kusumi A, Kumagai K. Estrogen administration activates extrathymic T cell differentiation in the liver. J Exp Med 1992; 175:661-9. [PMID: 1531494 PMCID: PMC2119148 DOI: 10.1084/jem.175.3.661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to T cell differentiation in the thymus, we have recently reported that extrathymic T cell differentiation occurs preferentially in the sinusoids of the liver. Although this extrathymic pathway is relatively minor in normal mice, it becomes predominant in mice with autoimmune diseases, athymic mice, and aged mice. In the present study, injection of normal male C3H/He mice, 6-8 wk of age, with 1 mg of estrogen resulted in an increase in mononuclear cells (MNC) yielded from the liver and a drastic decrease in thymocytes approximately 10 d after such injection. This unique modulation was not observed with hydrocortisone injection (5 mg/mouse, i.p.) nor with irradiation (5 Gy/mouse). Rather, these immunosuppressive treatments induced a simultaneous decrease in cell number in both the liver and thymus. A time-kinetics study on the cell number and spontaneous cell proliferation revealed that an increase in spontaneous cell proliferation in the liver preceded the increase in the number of liver MNC, and a decrease in spontaneous cell proliferation in the thymus preceded the decrease in the number of thymocytes. At this time, an enrichment of alpha/beta T cells with intermediate T cell receptors (TCRs), including forbidden T cell oligoclones and V beta 8+ cells, which are characterized as extrathymic alpha/beta T cells with unique properties, took place in the liver. On the other hand, the thymic atrophy induced by estrogen resulted in a prominent decrease in immature double-positive (CD(4+)8+) alpha/beta T cells with dull TCRs. These results indicate that estrogen administration activates an extrathymic pathway of T cell differentiation in the liver and reciprocally inactivates the intrathymic pathway. As extrathymic T cells have unique characteristics such as autoreactivity, the present findings might be intimately related to a female predominance of autoimmune diseases and suggest a possible role of estrogen in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Okuyama
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Japan
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32
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Abstract
The cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clone B6.2.16 expresses a V beta 8.2/J beta 2.3/C beta 2-encoded T cell receptor (TcR) beta chain and an alpha chain that is encoded by a novel V alpha gene segment, J alpha 27 and C alpha. While expression of V alpha B6.2.16 and J alpha 27 is not detectable in lymph node cells of normal C57BL/6 mice, expression of these gene segments was readily seen in transgenic mice expressing the rearranged beta chain gene of the B6.2.16 T cell clone. This finding indicates that only a limited number of alpha chains can associate with the B6.2.16 beta chain and strongly suggests that the size of the TcR repertoire of mature T cells is not only limited by TcR ligand-mediated thymic selection but also by restrictions in alpha-beta combinatorial chain association.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Clone Cells
- Cloning, Molecular
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Genes
- Macromolecular Substances
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Uematsu
- Basel Institute for Immunology, Switzerland
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33
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Tomai MA, Beachey EH, Majumdar G, Kotb M. Metabolically active antigen presenting cells are required for human T cell proliferation in response to the superantigen streptococcal M protein. FEMS MICROBIOLOGY IMMUNOLOGY 1992; 4:155-64. [PMID: 1575992 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb04982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
M protein from type 5 group A streptococci has been identified as a member of the family of polyclonal T cell activators termed superantigens because it preferentially stimulates T cells bearing specific V beta elements of the T cell receptor (TCR). In this study the molecular and cellular requirements for presentation of this protein to T cells were investigated. Only accessory cells (AC) expressing class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules were capable of supporting T cell activation in response to a 22 kDa fragment of M protein (pep M). Despite the need for class II elements, processing of pep M5 by the antigen-presenting cells (APC) was not required for T cell proliferation induced by pep M5. Fixation of APC by paraformaldehyde (PF) treatment impaired their ability to induce optimal T cell proliferation in response to pep M5 without significantly affecting interleukin (IL-2) production. In contrast, PF-fixation of cells from the B cell lymphoma line, Raji, did not affect their ability to present pep M5 to human T cells. Addition of rIL-1 and IL-6 to PF-treated APC restored pep M5-induced blastogenesis. Our data suggest that pep M5 directly associates with HLA class II molecules forming a complex that can induce IL-2 production but not optimal proliferation by T cells. Additional signals provided by the AC are required to trigger optimal T cell proliferation in response to this superantigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Tomai
- VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38104
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34
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Abstract
Recently a series of endogenous and exogenous superantigens have been described which have one common feature, namely, they lead to in vivo deletion and in vitro stimulation of T cells expressing particular T cell receptor V beta genes. The Mls antigens represent the prototypes of these molecules. We have mapped Mls-1 to the endogenous mammary tumor virus (MMTV) Mtv-7, while other SAG have also been associated with various MMTV. The open reading frame gene of the MMTV encodes the SAG. Thus, the new terminology MMTV sag has been proposed for this gene. Transfection experiments suggest that the expression of MMTV sag is tightly controlled, probably by a negative acting factor encoded within the open reading frame. Furthermore, a pronounced IL-4 effect is seen in the functional detection of the transfected Mtv-7 sag. Since this lymphokine does not influence the mRNA level of the endogenous or transfected MMTV genes, it is likely that it exerts its effect by increasing transcription of MHC class II genes, whose products are required for functional detection of Mls. We have identified one mouse strain, MA/MyJ, which has an Mls-1 phenotype but does not contain Mtv-7. The SAG activity of this strain was mapped to a new mammary tumor provirus, Mtv-43, not seen in other inbred strains. Sequence analyses revealed that the predicted amino acid sequences of the Mtv-7 and the Mtv-43 sag genes are very similar. This is particularly striking in the C-terminus, where all other MMTV sag sequences differ 100%. Thus, this region of the molecule seems to control the V beta specificity of SAG molecules. It is likely that the SAG expression provides an advantage for the infectious MMTV, probably by facilitating its transmission by T cells from the site of primary residence in the gut to its final destination, the mammary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Beutner
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
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35
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Ildstad ST, Vacchio MS, Markus PM, Hronakes ML, Wren SM, Hodes RJ. Cross-species transplantation tolerance: rat bone marrow-derived cells can contribute to the ligand for negative selection of mouse T cell receptor V beta in chimeras tolerant to xenogeneic antigens (mouse + rat----mouse). J Exp Med 1992; 175:147-55. [PMID: 1530958 PMCID: PMC2119098 DOI: 10.1084/jem.175.1.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed xenogeneic bone marrow reconstitution (mouse + rat----mouse) results in stable mixed lymphopoietic chimerism (1-48% rat), long-term survival, and the induction of stable functional donor-specific transplantation tolerance to xenoantigens in vivo. To examine the role of negative selection of potentially xenoreactive T lymphocytes during tolerance induction across a species barrier, mixed xenogeneic chimeras (mouse + rat----mouse) were prepared and analyzed using a mixture of mouse and rat bone marrow cells for relative T cell receptor (TCR)-V beta expression on mouse T cells. In mixed xenogeneic chimeras (B10 mouse + rat----B10 mouse), T cell maturation proceeded normally in the presence of rat bone marrow-derived elements, and functional donor-specific tolerance to rat xenoantigens was present when assessed by mixed lymphocyte reactivity in vitro. V beta 5, which is expressed at high (undeleted) levels in normal B10 mice, was consistently deleted in B10 recipients of Wistar Furth (WF), but not F344 rat bone marrow, whereas the coadministration of either F344 rat or WF rat bone marrow with B10 mouse bone marrow cells resulted in a significant decrease in expression of TCR-V beta 11. Taken together, these data demonstrate for the first time that rat bone marrow-derived cells can contribute in a strain-specific manner to the ligand for negative selection of specific mouse TCR-V beta during tolerance induction across a species barrier.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/immunology
- Chimera
- Flow Cytometry
- Immune Tolerance
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred ACI
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Rats, Inbred WF
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Transplantation, Heterologous/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Ildstad
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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36
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Simpson E. Positive and negative selection of the T cell repertoire: role of MHC and other ligands. Int Rev Immunol 1992; 8:269-77. [PMID: 1535097 DOI: 10.3109/08830189209053512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Simpson
- Transplantation Biology, Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex, U.K
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37
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Tomonari K, Fairchild S, Rosenwasser OA, Robinson PJ, Knight AM, Dyson PJ. Endogenous ligands selecting T cells expressing particular V beta elements. Int Rev Immunol 1992; 8:289-309. [PMID: 1318935 DOI: 10.3109/08830189209053514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It has recently become clear that the minor lymphocyte stimulatory antigens (Mls) and other endogenous ligands which lead to the partial or total deletion of T cells bearing particular V beta segments are encoded by mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). We review here the genetic analyses of multiple V beta 11 and V beta 3 deletion ligands and demonstrate the involvement of MMTV in all examples. Several features of Mls and the V beta 11/V beta 3 deleting ligands identify them as members of the superantigen family. Bacterial superantigens are known to bind both MHC class II and the TCR in regions distinct from conventional peptide antigens. Within the MMTV genome, the 3' LTR has been identified as encoding superantigen function. We present data demonstrating that in vitro translation identifies the major product of the open reading frame (ORF) within the 3' LTR as a type II integral membrane glycoprotein. It is proposed that the type II membrane glycoprotein interacts with MHC and TCR in a manner analogous to the bacterial superantigens and distinct from conventional peptide antigen. Several unanswered questions regarding superantigen action remain; what determines total or partial deletion? How is Mls transferred between cells? These questions are addressed in the discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tomonari
- Transplantation Biology Section, MRC Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex, U.K
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38
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Gahm SJ, Fowlkes BJ, Jameson SC, Gascoigne NR, Cotterman MM, Kanagawa O, Schwartz RH, Matis LA. Profound alteration in an alpha beta T-cell antigen receptor repertoire due to polymorphism in the first complementarity-determining region of the beta chain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:10267-71. [PMID: 1835090 PMCID: PMC52909 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.22.10267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid residues that are critical in maintaining the framework structure of immunoglobulin heavy- and light-chain variable (V) regions are strongly conserved in the V alpha and V beta proteins of the alpha beta T-cell antigen receptor (TCR alpha beta). Consequently, it has been proposed that TCR alpha beta has a conformation similar to that of an immunoglobulin Fab fragment and that the regions of the TCR homologous to the three immunoglobulin complementarity-determining regions (CDRs 1, 2, and 3) bind to the peptide antigen-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule ligand. A single amino acid substitution in the predicted CDR1 of the V beta 3 protein of certain mouse strains dramatically altered TCR alpha beta usage in an antigen-specific MHC-restricted immune response but did not abrogate V beta 3 specificity for the superantigens minor lymphocyte stimulatory locus (Mls)c and staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA). The results confirm the importance of the V beta CDR1 in antigen-MHC molecule recognition, supporting the Fab-like structural model of TCR alpha beta, and provide further evidence that conventional antigen-MHC recognition and superantigen recognition are mediated by distinct regions of the TCR beta chain. They also suggest that allelic polymorphism may be a significant source of diversity in the TCR repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Gahm
- Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, MD 21702
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39
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Gold DP, Bellgrau D. Identification of a limited T-cell receptor beta chain variable region repertoire associated with diabetes in the BB rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:9888-91. [PMID: 1658791 PMCID: PMC52826 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.21.9888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes-prone BB rats spontaneously develop type 1 diabetes due to a T-cell-dependent destruction of insulin-producing beta-islet cells. A number of T-cell abnormalities including lymphopenia, poor cell-mediated responsiveness to alloantigen, and an absence of an RT6+ T-cell subset are associated with disease susceptibility. Our previous studies have implicated the thymic antigen-presenting cell in influencing disease potential and responsiveness to alloantigen. Since this cell type is also known to influence T-cell receptor expression in developing thymocytes, we examined the thymic and peripheral T-cell receptor beta chain variable region repertoire in diabetes-prone and diabetes-resistant rats. Our findings indicate that animals susceptible to diabetes induction have a characteristic and limited peripheral beta chain variable region repertoire that differs markedly from that expressed in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Gold
- La Jolla Institute for Experimental Medicine, CA 92037
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40
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Fairchild S, Knight AM, Dyson PJ, Tomonari K. Co-segregation of a gene encoding a deletion ligand for Tcrb-V3+ T cells with Mtv-3. Immunogenetics 1991; 34:227-30. [PMID: 1655644 DOI: 10.1007/bf00215257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A gene encoding the endogenous superantigen Mlsc, which deletes Tcrb-V3+ T cells in the NOD inbred mouse strain, was found to co-segregate with Mtv-3 on chromosome 11. This identifies a fourth gene encoding a deletion ligand for Tcrb-V3+ T cells and extends recently published observations in support of the hypothesis that a number of endogenous superantigens are the products of Mtv proviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fairchild
- Transplantation Biology Section, MRC Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex, England
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41
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Bluethmann H. Analysis of the immune system with transgenic mice: T cell development. EXPERIENTIA 1991; 47:884-90. [PMID: 1915771 DOI: 10.1007/bf01929878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic mice carrying functionally rearranged T cell receptor genes have contributed significantly to our knowledge of T cell development and thymic positive and negative selection processes. In addition, TCR-transgenic mice have been used to investigate mutations affecting thymocyte development, like scid and lpr. Gene targeting by homologous recombination will allow to analyze more specifically the molecular mechanisms underlying thymic selection and peripheral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bluethmann
- Department PRTB, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
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42
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DerSimonian H, Band H, Brenner MB. Increased frequency of T cell receptor V alpha 12.1 expression on CD8+ T cells: evidence that V alpha participates in shaping the peripheral T cell repertoire. J Exp Med 1991; 174:639-48. [PMID: 1678776 PMCID: PMC2118950 DOI: 10.1084/jem.174.3.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell receptor repertoire has a potential for vast diversity. However, this diversity is limited by the fact that the majority of thymocytes die as the repertoire is shaped by positive and negative selection events during development. Such thymic selection affecting TCR V beta gene segment usage has been demonstrated in the mouse. However, similar data has not been forthcoming in man, and little is known about the role of the TCR alpha chain in antigen/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) recognition in any species. Here, we used a monoclonal antibody recognizing the TCR V alpha 12.1 gene product to assess the expression of this gene in the peripheral blood of man. In most individuals tested, the percentage of cells expressing V alpha 12.1 was significantly higher in CD8+ T cells than in CD4+ T cells. That the V alpha gene product itself was responsible for this increased expression in CD8+ T cells was underscored by the lack of substantial skewing of V beta usage in the V alpha 12.1-bearing T cells. Moreover, the skewed expression of V alpha 12.1 was already present at birth, indicating that it was likely to be due to a developmental process rather than the result of exposure to environmental antigens. Based on the established role for CD8 in binding to class I MHC molecules, we suggest that increased expression of V alpha 12.1 on CD8+ T cells points to a role for TCR's using V alpha 12.1 in class I MHC/Ag recognition. These results indicate that V alpha gene usage in the peripheral blood of man is not random, and they support a role for V alpha as a participant in the self-MHC recognition process that shapes the TCR repertoire.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Base Sequence
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8 Antigens
- Cell Differentiation
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oligonucleotides/chemistry
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/physiology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- H DerSimonian
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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43
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Tsiagbe VK, Rabinowitz JL, Thorbecke GJ. I-E expression does not by itself influence growth of or T cell unresponsiveness to SJL lymphomas. Cell Immunol 1991; 136:329-39. [PMID: 1831403 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(91)90356-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The nature of the antigen on SJL lymphoma (reticulum cell sarcomas, RCS) cells that is strongly stimulatory to syngeneic CD4+ T cells is still elusive. Previously, we showed that the response to RCS of T cells from F1 hybrids of SJL by strains expressing I-Ak,d and/or I-Ek,d was much lower than that of T cells from SJL mice or from F1 hybrids of SJL by H2b- or H2s-bearing strains. We now show that removal of CD8+T cells from the responding cell population of (SJL x BALB/c)F1 or (SJL x A.TL)F1 mice does not enhance their responses, suggesting that the negative effect of H2k,d is not due to suppressor cells. Moreover, repeated injections of RCS cells into such F1 mice also fail to enhance the response, suggesting that these mice lack responder cells. T cells from I-E alpha transgenic (C57BL x SJL)F1 mice backcrossed to SJL respond to RCS as do T cells from I-E alpha- littermates or SJL mice. Similarly, I-E alpha+ SJL mice support RCS growth in vivo to the same (LN + spleen)/body weight ratio as do I-E- littermates. Thus, while I-E appears to have a negative influence on T cell responsiveness and RCS growth in F1 mice, it does not have such an effect when present, by itself, on a SJL background. The role of V beta 17 a+ T cells in the response of SJL T cells to RCS was also examined, because such cells are known to be responsive to I-E. The responses of V beta 17a(+)-depleted (0.3% V beta 17 a+) and V beta 17 a(+)-enriched (25.3% V beta 17a+) SJL T cell populations to RCS were examined by limiting dilution. We found the incidence of responding cells to be slightly higher in the depleted (0.016%) than in the (0.006%) enriched population. Furthermore, lymph node blast cell populations responding to RCS do not exhibit a higher percentage of cells staining for V beta 17a than do blast cells responding to Con A or unstimulated lymph node cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Immune Tolerance
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Tsiagbe
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016
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44
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Abo T, Ohteki T, Seki S, Koyamada N, Yoshikai Y, Masuda T, Rikiishi H, Kumagai K. The appearance of T cells bearing self-reactive T cell receptor in the livers of mice injected with bacteria. J Exp Med 1991; 174:417-24. [PMID: 1677392 PMCID: PMC2118918 DOI: 10.1084/jem.174.2.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrated in the present study that with bacterial stimulation, an increased number of alpha/beta T cells proliferated in the liver of mice and that even T cells bearing self-reactive T cell receptor (TCR) (or forbidden T cell clones), as estimated by anti-V beta monoclonal antibodies in conjunction with immunofluorescence tests, appeared in the liver and, to some extent, in the periphery. The majority (greater than 80%) of forbidden clones induced had double-negative CD4-8-phenotype. In a syngeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction, these T cells appear to be self-reactive. Such forbidden clones and normal T cells in the liver showed a two-peak pattern of TCR expression, which consisted of alpha/beta TCR dull and bright positive cells, as seen in the thymus. A systematic analysis of TCR staining patterns in the various organs was then carried out. T cells from not only the thymus but also the liver had the two-peak pattern of alpha/beta TCR, whereas all of the other peripheral lymphoid organs had a single-peak pattern of TCR. However, T cells in the liver were not comprised of double-positive CD4+8+ cells, which predominantly reside in the thymus. The present results therefore suggest that T cell proliferation in the liver might reflect a major extrathymic pathway for T cell differentiation and that this hepatic pathway has the ability to produce T cells bearing self-reactive TCR under bacterial stimulation, probably due to the lack of a double-positive stage for negative selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Abo
- Department of Microbiology, Tohoku University School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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45
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Ruberti G, Gaur A, Fathman CG, Livingstone AM. The T cell receptor repertoire influences V beta element usage in response to myoglobin. J Exp Med 1991; 174:83-92. [PMID: 2056283 PMCID: PMC2118891 DOI: 10.1084/jem.174.1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell clones recognizing the sperm whale myoglobin (SpWMb) epitope 110-121 in association with H-2d major histocompatibility complex class II molecules display a very limited heterogeneity of T cell receptor (TCR) V beta usage in DBA/2 mice. All clones previously tested used the same V beta 8.2 gene segment and very restricted junctional regions. To investigate the significance of this observation in vivo, we immunized DBA/2 mice with the intact SpW Mb protein or peptide 110-121. Only the V beta 8+ T cells showed any significant response to the 110-121 epitope. The response to peptide 110-121 was then analyzed in mice which, either as a consequence of antibody depletion or through genetic deletion of TCR V beta genes, lacked V beta 8+ peripheral T cells. DBA/2 mice depleted of V beta 8+ T cells by antibody treatment responded poorly to the 110-121 peptide, and only at high antigen concentrations. In contrast, DBA/2V beta a mice (homozygous for a deletion of multiple V beta gene segments including the V beta 8 family) made a response at least as great as that made by DBA/2 mice, even though the DBA/2V beta a mice had a very restricted TCR V beta repertoire compared with DBA/2 mice. Mechanisms which might determine differences in the 110-121 specific response of DBA/2, DBA/2V beta a and F23.1-treated DBA/2 mice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ruberti
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305
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46
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Utsunomiya Y, Bill J, Palmer E, Kanagawa O. Identification of a mouse T-cell antigen receptor alpha-chain polymorphism by a V alpha 3.2 chain-specific monoclonal antibody. Immunogenetics 1991; 33:198-201. [PMID: 2010222 DOI: 10.1007/bf01719241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Utsunomiya
- Department of Pathology, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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47
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Ohashi PS, Oehen S, Buerki K, Pircher H, Ohashi CT, Odermatt B, Malissen B, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H. Ablation of "tolerance" and induction of diabetes by virus infection in viral antigen transgenic mice. Cell 1991; 65:305-17. [PMID: 1901764 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90164-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 905] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To address the mechanisms of tolerance to extrathymic proteins, we have generated transgenic mice expressing the lymphocytic choriomeningitis viral (LCMV) glycoprotein (GP) in the beta islet cells of the pancreas. The fate of LCMV GP-specific T cells was followed by breeding the GP transgenic mice with T cell receptor transgenic mice, specific for LCMV and H-2Db. These studies suggest that "peripheral tolerance" of self-reactive T cells does not involve clonal deletion, clonal anergy, or a decrease in the density of T cell receptors or accessory molecules. Instead, this model indicates that self-reactive cytotoxic T cells may remain functionally unresponsive, owing to a lack of appropriate T cell activation. Infection of transgenic mice with LCMV readily abolishes peripheral unresponsiveness to the self LCMV GP antigen, resulting in a CD8+ T cell-mediated diabetes. These data suggest that similar mechanisms may operate in several so-called "T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases."
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- CD4 Antigens/analysis
- CD8 Antigens
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/microbiology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Genetic Vectors
- Glycoproteins/analysis
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Insulin/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/microbiology
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Rats
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Recombinant Proteins
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Viral Proteins/analysis
- Viral Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Ohashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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48
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Hügin AW, Vacchio MS, Morse HC. A virus-encoded "superantigen" in a retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency syndrome of mice. Science 1991; 252:424-7. [PMID: 1850169 DOI: 10.1126/science.1850169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of an immunodeficiency syndrome of mice caused by a replication-defective murine leukemia virus (MuLV) is paradoxically associated with a rapid activation and proliferation of CD4+ T cells that are dependent on the presence of B cells. The responses of normal spleen cells to B cell lines that express the defective virus indicated that these lines express a cell surface determinant that shares "superantigenic" properties with some microbial antigens and Mls-like self antigens. This antigen elicited a potent proliferative response that was dependent on the presence of CD4+ T cells and was associated with selective expansion of cells bearing V beta 5. This response was markedly inhibited by a monoclonal antibody specific for the MuLV gag-encoded p30 antigen.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/genetics
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Murine Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Murine Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/microbiology
- Mutation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Virus Replication/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Hügin
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
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49
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Bluestone JA, Cron RQ, Barrett TA, Houlden B, Sperling AI, Dent A, Hedrick S, Rellahan B, Matis LA. Repertoire development and ligand specificity of murine TCR gamma delta cells. Immunol Rev 1991; 120:5-33. [PMID: 1650760 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1991.tb00585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
During the past several years, we have been studying the circulating TCR gamma delta cells expressed in peripheral lymphoid tissues. Biochemical and molecular characterization of the TCR gamma delta heterodimers present on these TCR gamma delta cells identified 3 TCR gamma proteins, V gamma 2-C gamma 1, V gamma 1.2-C gamma 2, and V gamma 1.1-C gamma 4. In addition, at least 6 different V delta gene products (V delta 2,4,5,6,V alpha 10, V alpha 11) are expressed in peripheral lymphoid tissue. Nucleotide sequence analysis has revealed a great deal of junctional diversity present among the different V gamma and V delta proteins. Thus, compared to other nonlymphoid tissues (e.g., skin), this population of TCR gamma delta cells appears quite extensive. The development and specificity of TCR gamma delta cells has been pursued by two approaches. First, different TCR gamma delta cells clones were generated which recognize MHC-encoded gene products. One clone recognizes an unconventional TL-encoded antigen, whereas others have been shown to recognize either classical MHC class I or class II antigens. The TCR gamma delta receptor genes have been cloned from the TL-specific TCR gamma delta cell and used to construct transgenic mice to examine the development of TCR gamma delta cells. Although the Tg+ TCR gamma delta cells are tolerized by thymic clonal tolerance similar to TCR alpha beta cells, the epithelial Tg+ TCR gamma delta cells are subjected to non-deletional tolerance (anergy). A second approach towards examining the development of TCR gamma delta cells has been to compare the repertoire of TCR gamma delta splenocytes in a variety of inbred and MHC-congenic strains of mice using subset-specific anti-murine TCR gamma delta mAb. The percentage of individual subsets of splenic TCR gamma delta cells differ widely between different inbred strains of mice due to both MHC- and TCR-encoded genetic differences. In summary, these studies provides a basis for understanding and determining the ligand(s) of the TCR gamma delta heterodimer and the factors which shape the peripheral TCR gamma delta repertoire.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte
- Base Sequence
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Immune Tolerance
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains/genetics
- Mice, Inbred Strains/immunology
- Mice, Nude/immunology
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta
- Spleen/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/growth & development
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Bluestone
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, IL 60637
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50
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Utsunomiya Y, Kosaka H, Kanagawa O. Differential reactivity of V beta 9 T cells to minor lymphocyte stimulating antigen in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Immunol 1991; 21:1007-11. [PMID: 1902172 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830210422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The monoclonal antibody (mAb) MR10-2 is specific for mouse T cells expressing the V beta 9 chain of T cell antigen receptor. This mAb reacts with 2% of peripheral T cells in a number of different strains of mice, but in mice expressing the minor lymphocyte stimulating (Mls)-1a antigen, V beta 9+ T cells recognized by MR10-2 are deleted. However, we failed to demonstrate the Mls-1 a antigen-specific response of naive, non-activated V beta 9 T cells in vitro. On the other hand, T cells activated initially with anti-V beta 9 (MR10-2) mAb in vitro are capable of responding to the Mls-1a antigen. These results demonstrate that Mls-1a reactivity of V beta 9 T cells depends on the activation state of the T cells, suggesting a differential activation requirement between naive, non-activated T cells and previously activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Utsunomiya
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis. MO 63110
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