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Su X, Huang X, Zhang Y, Yang L, Wen T, Yang X, Zhu G, Zhang J, Tang Y, Li Z, Ding J, Li R, Pan J, Chen X, Huang F, Rillig MC, Zhu YG. Nitrifying niche in estuaries is expanded by the plastisphere. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5866. [PMID: 38997249 PMCID: PMC11245476 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The estuarine plastisphere, a novel ecological habitat in the Anthropocene, has garnered global concerns. Recent geochemical evidence has pointed out its potential role in influencing nitrogen biogeochemistry. However, the biogeochemical significance of the plastisphere and its mechanisms regulating nitrogen cycling remain elusive. Using 15N- and 13C-labelling coupled with metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, here we unveil that the plastisphere likely acts as an underappreciated nitrifying niche in estuarine ecosystems, exhibiting a 0.9 ~ 12-fold higher activity of bacteria-mediated nitrification compared to surrounding seawater and other biofilms (stone, wood and glass biofilms). The shift of active nitrifiers from O2-sensitive nitrifiers in the seawater to nitrifiers with versatile metabolisms in the plastisphere, combined with the potential interspecific cooperation of nitrifying substrate exchange observed among the plastisphere nitrifiers, collectively results in the unique nitrifying niche. Our findings highlight the plastisphere as an emerging nitrifying niche in estuarine environment, and deepen the mechanistic understanding of its contribution to marine biogeochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Su
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo, China
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xinrong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo, China
| | - Leyang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Wen
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoru Yang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Guibing Zhu
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China
| | - Jinbo Zhang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Liebig Centre for Agroecology and Climate Impact Research, Justus Liebig University, Gießen, Germany
| | - Yijia Tang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2015, Australia
| | - Zhaolei Li
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jing Ding
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Ruilong Li
- School of Marine Science, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Junliang Pan
- School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Xinping Chen
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Fuyi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo, China
| | - Matthias C Rillig
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China.
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China.
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China.
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Wang RZ, Lonergan ZR, Wilbert SA, Eiler JM, Newman DK. Widespread detoxifying NO reductases impart a distinct isotopic fingerprint on N 2O under anoxia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2319960121. [PMID: 38865268 PMCID: PMC11194513 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2319960121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas, can be generated by multiple biological and abiotic processes in diverse contexts. Accurately tracking the dominant sources of N2O has the potential to improve our understanding of N2O fluxes from soils as well as inform the diagnosis of human infections. Isotopic "Site Preference" (SP) values have been used toward this end, as bacterial and fungal nitric oxide reductases (NORs) produce N2O with different isotopic fingerprints, spanning a large range. Here, we show that flavohemoglobin (Fhp), a hitherto biogeochemically neglected yet widely distributed detoxifying bacterial NO reductase, imparts a distinct SP value onto N2O under anoxic conditions (~+10‰) that correlates with typical environmental N2O SP measurements. Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a model organism, we generated strains that only contained Fhp or the dissimilatory NOR, finding that in vivo N2O SP values imparted by these enzymes differ by over 10‰. Depending on the cellular physiological state, the ratio of Fhp:NOR varies significantly in wild-type cells and controls the net N2O SP biosignature: When cells grow anaerobically under denitrifying conditions, NOR dominates; when cells experience rapid, increased nitric oxide concentrations under anoxic conditions but are not growing, Fhp dominates. Other bacteria that only make Fhp generate similar N2O SP biosignatures to those measured from our P. aeruginosa Fhp-only strain. Fhp homologs in sequenced bacterial genomes currently exceed NOR homologs by nearly a factor of four. Accordingly, we suggest a different framework to guide the attribution of N2O biological sources in nature and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Z. Wang
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, Caltech, Pasadena, CA91101
| | | | - Steven A. Wilbert
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Caltech, Pasadena, CA91101
| | - John M. Eiler
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, Caltech, Pasadena, CA91101
| | - Dianne K. Newman
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, Caltech, Pasadena, CA91101
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Caltech, Pasadena, CA91101
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3
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Wang S, Li S, Ji M, Li J, Huang J, Dang Z, Jiang Z, Zhang S, Zhu X, Ji G. Long-neglected contribution of nitrification to N 2O emissions in the Yellow River. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 351:124099. [PMID: 38703980 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Rivers play a significant role in the global nitrous oxide (N2O) budget. However, the microbial sources and sinks of N2O in river systems are not well understood or quantified, resulting in the prolonged neglect of nitrification. This study investigated the isotopic signatures of N2O, thereby quantifying the microbial source of N2O production and the degree of N2O reduction in the Yellow River. Although denitrification has long been considered to be the dominant pathway of N2O production in rivers, our findings indicated that denitrification only accounted for 18.3% (8.2%-43.0%) of the total contribution to N2O production in the Yellow River, with 50.2%-80.2% being concurrently reduced. The denitrification contribution to N2O production (R2 = 0.44, p < 0.01) and N2O reduction degree (R2 = 0.70, p < 0.01) were positively related to the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content. Similar to urban rivers and eutrophic lakes, denitrification was the primary process responsible for N2O production (43.0%) in certain reaches with high organic content (DOC = 5.29 mg/L). Nevertheless, the denitrification activity was generally constrained by the availability of electron donors (average DOC = 2.51 mg/L) throughout the Yellow River basin. Consequently, nitrification emerged as the primary contributor in the well-oxygenated Yellow River. Additionally, our findings further distinguished the respective contribution of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) to N2O emissions. Although AOB dominated the N2O production in the Yellow River, the AOA specie abundance (AOA/(AOA + AOB)) contributed up to 32.6%, which resulted in 25.6% of the total nitrifier-produced N2O, suggesting a significant occurrence of AOA in the oligotrophic Yellow River. Overall, this study provided a non-invasive approach for quantifying the microbial sources and sinks to N2O emissions, and demonstrated the substantial role of nitrification in the large oligotrophic rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shengjie Li
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Mingfei Ji
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Water Security for the Water Source Region of the Mid-line of the South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, College of Life Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Jiarui Li
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jilin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhengzhu Dang
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhuo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shuqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xianfang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guodong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Kelly CL, Manning C, Frey C, Kaiser J, Gluschankoff N, Casciotti KL. Pyisotopomer: A Python package for obtaining intramolecular isotope ratio differences from mass spectrometric analysis of nitrous oxide isotopocules. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9513. [PMID: 36971184 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Obtaining nitrous oxide isotopocule measurements with isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) involves analyzing the ion current ratios of the nitrous oxide parent ion (N2 O+ ) as well as those of the NO+ fragment ion. The data analysis requires correcting for "scrambling" in the ion source, whereby the NO+ fragment ion obtains the outer N atom from the N2 O molecule. While descriptions exist for this correction, and interlaboratory intercalibration efforts have been made, there has yet to be published a package of code for implementing isotopomer calibrations. METHODS We developed a user-friendly Python package (pyisotopomer) to determine two coefficients (γ and κ) that describe scrambling in the IRMS ion source, and then used this calibration to obtain intramolecular isotope deltas in N2 O samples. RESULTS With two appropriate reference materials, γ and κ can be determined robustly and accurately for a given IRMS system. An additional third reference material is needed to define the zero-point of the delta scale. We show that IRMS scrambling behavior can vary with time, necessitating regular calibrations. Finally, we present an intercalibration between two IRMS laboratories, using pyisotopomer to calculate γ and κ, and to obtain intramolecular N2 O isotope deltas in lake water unknowns. CONCLUSIONS Given these considerations, we discuss how to use pyisotopomer to obtain high-quality N2 O isotopocule data from IRMS systems, including the use of appropriate reference materials and frequency of calibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette L Kelly
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cara Manning
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Claudia Frey
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Kaiser
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Noah Gluschankoff
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Karen L Casciotti
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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5
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Liu C, Liu P, Wang X, Li X, Horita J. Establishing the accuracy of position-specific carbon isotope analysis of propane by GC-pyrolysis-GC-IRMS. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9494. [PMID: 36797978 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Position-specific (PS) δ13 C values of propane have proven their ability to provide valuable information on the evolution history of natural gases. Two major approaches to measure PS δ13 C values of propane are isotopic 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography-pyrolysis-gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-Py-GC-IRMS). Measurement accuracy of the isotopic 13 C NMR has been verified, but the requirements of large sample size and long experimental time limit its applications. GC-Py-GC-IRMS is a more versatile method with a small sample size, but its accuracy has not been demonstrated. METHODS We measured the PS δ13 C values of propane from nine natural gases using both 13 C NMR and GC-Py-GC-IRMS, then evaluated the accuracy of the GC-Py-GC-IRMS method. RESULTS The results show that large carbon isotope fractionations occurred for both terminal and central carbons within propane during pyrolysis. The isotope fractionations during the pyrolysis are reproducible at optimum conditions, but vary between the two GC-Py-GC-IRMS systems tested, affected by experimental conditions (e.g., pyrolysis temperature, flow rate, and reactor conditions). CONCLUSIONS It is necessary to evaluate and calibrate each GC-Py-GC-IRMS system using propane gases with accurately determined PS δ13 C values. This study also highlights a need for PS isotope standards for propane and other molecules (e.g., butane and acetic acid).
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjie Liu
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Juske Horita
- Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Nishina K, Melling L, Toyoda S, Itoh M, Terajima K, Waili JWB, Wong GX, Kiew F, Aeries EB, Hirata R, Takahashi Y, Onodera T. Dissolved N 2O concentrations in oil palm plantation drainage in a peat swamp of Malaysia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162062. [PMID: 36804973 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Oil palm plantations in Southeast Asia are the largest supplier of palm oil products and have been rapidly expanding in the last three decades even in peat-swamp areas. Oil palm plantations on peat ecosystems have a unique water management system that lowers the water table and, thus, may yield indirect N2O emissions from the peat drainage system. We conducted two seasons of spatial monitoring for the dissolved N2O concentrations in the drainage and adjacent rivers of palm oil plantations on peat swamps in Sarawak, Malaysia, to evaluate the magnitude of indirect N2O emissions from this ecosystem. In both the dry and wet seasons, the mean and median dissolved N2O concentrations exhibited over-saturation in the drainage water, i.e., the oil palm plantation drainage may be a source of N2O to the atmosphere. In the wet season, the spatial distribution of dissolved N2O showed bimodal peaks in both the unsaturated and over-saturated concentrations. The bulk δ15N of dissolved N2O was higher than the source of inorganic N in the oil palm plantation (i.e., N fertilizer and soil organic nitrogen) during both seasons. An isotopocule analysis of the dissolved N2O suggested that denitrification was a major source of N2O, followed by N2O reduction processes that occurred in the drainage water. The δ15N and site preference mapping analysis in dissolved N2O revealed that a significant proportion of the N2O produced in peat and drainage is reduced to N2 before being released into the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Nishina
- Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Lulie Melling
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Lot 6035, Kota Samarahan Expressway, Kuching, Sarawak 94300, Malaysia
| | - Sakae Toyoda
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan
| | - Masayuki Itoh
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12, Shinzaike-honcho, Himeji, Hyogo 670-0092, Japan
| | - Kotaro Terajima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan
| | - Joseph W B Waili
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Lot 6035, Kota Samarahan Expressway, Kuching, Sarawak 94300, Malaysia
| | - Guan X Wong
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Lot 6035, Kota Samarahan Expressway, Kuching, Sarawak 94300, Malaysia
| | - Frankie Kiew
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Lot 6035, Kota Samarahan Expressway, Kuching, Sarawak 94300, Malaysia
| | - Edward B Aeries
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Lot 6035, Kota Samarahan Expressway, Kuching, Sarawak 94300, Malaysia
| | - Ryuichi Hirata
- Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Takahashi
- Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Takashi Onodera
- Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
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Hong Y, Tu Q, Cheng H, Huangfu X, Chen Z, He Q. Chronic high-dose silver nanoparticle exposure stimulates N 2O emissions by constructing anaerobic micro-environment. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 225:119104. [PMID: 36155009 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were found to be responsible for nitrous oxide (N2O) generation; however, the mechanism of Ag-NP induced N2O production remains controversial and needs to be elucidated. In this study, chronic Ag-NP exposure experiments were conducted in five independent sequencing batch biofilm reactors to systematically assess the effects of Ag-NPs on N2O emission. The results indicated that a low dose of Ag-NPs (< 1 mg/L) slightly suppressed N2O generation by less than 22.99% compared with the no-Ag-NP control method. In contrast, a high dose (5 mg/L) of Ag-NPs stimulated N2O emission by 67.54%. ICP-MS and SEM-EDS together revealed that high Ag-NP content accumulated on the biofilm surface when exposed to 5 mg/L Ag-NPs. N2O and DO microelectrodes, as well as N2O isotopic composition analyses, further demonstrated that the accumulated Ag-NPs construct the anaerobic zone in the biofilm, which is the primary factor for the stimulation of the nitrite reduction pathway to release N2O. A metagenomic analysis further attributed the higher N2O emissions under exposure to a high dose of Ag-NPs to the higher relative abundance of narB and nirK genes (i.e. 1.52- and 1.29-fold higher, respectively). These findings collectively suggest that chronic exposure to high doses of Ag-NPs could enhance N2O emissions by forming anaerobic micro-environments in biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyihui Hong
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qianqian Tu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; China TieGong Investment & Construction Group Co., Ltd, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Xiaoliu Huangfu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Ziwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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8
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Regulation of the electrocatalytic nitrogen cycle based on sequential proton–electron transfer. Nat Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00833-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Tang Z, Liu X, Li G, Liu X. Mechanism of biochar on nitrification and denitrification to N 2O emissions based on isotope characteristic values. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113219. [PMID: 35390305 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the mechanism of biochar on nitrification and denitrification to N2O emissions in farmland soil, the effects of combined application of biochar and different nitrogen sources on the contributions of nitrification and denitrification to N2O emissions were studied using isotope characteristic values. The results showed that the soil N2O emissions from ammonium nitrogen fertilizer treatments were significantly higher than that from nitrate nitrogen fertilizer treatments. The biochar combined with ammonium nitrogen fertilizer reduced soil N2O emissions by 31.0%-30.8%, and biochar combined with nitrate nitrogen fertilizer reduced soil N2O emissions by 70.6%-63.0%. The isotope model showed that the application of ammonium nitrogen fertilizer was more favorable for soil nitrification in the early stage of the experiment (0-2 d), and more favorable for denitrification in the middle and later stages of the experiment (3-17 d). Application of nitrate nitrogen fertilizer enhanced the nitrification of soil nitrifying bacteria in the early and middle stages of the experiment (0-8 d), and the denitrification of soil denitrifying bacteria in the later stage of the experiment (9-17 d). The effects of biochar on N2O emissions were mainly in the middle and later stages of the experiment by promoting the nitrification of nitrifying bacteria and inhibiting denitrification of denitrifying bacteria, so as to reduce N2O emission in soil. These results may help to understand the mitigation mechanism of biochar on N2O emission in upland soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanming Tang
- Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xingren Liu
- Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Guichun Li
- Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaowan Liu
- Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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10
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Su X, Yang L, Yang K, Tang Y, Wen T, Wang Y, Rillig MC, Rohe L, Pan J, Li H, Zhu YG. Estuarine plastisphere as an overlooked source of N2O production. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3884. [PMID: 35794126 PMCID: PMC9259610 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31584-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
“Plastisphere”, microbial communities colonizing plastic debris, has sparked global concern for marine ecosystems. Microbiome inhabiting this novel human-made niche has been increasingly characterized; however, whether the plastisphere holds crucial roles in biogeochemical cycling remains largely unknown. Here we evaluate the potential of plastisphere in biotic and abiotic denitrification and nitrous oxide (N2O) production in estuaries. Biofilm formation provides anoxic conditions favoring denitrifiers. Comparing with surrounding bulk water, plastisphere exhibits a higher denitrifying activity and N2O production, suggesting an overlooked N2O source. Regardless of plastisphere and bulk water, bacterial and fungal denitrifications are the main regulators for N2O production instead of chemodenitrification. However, the contributions of bacteria and fungi in the plastisphere are different from those in bulk water, indicating a distinct N2O production pattern in the plastisphere. These findings pinpoint plastisphere as a N2O source, and provide insights into roles of the new biotope in biogeochemical cycling in the Anthropocene. The roles of marine plastisphere in global nitrogen cycling are largely unknown. Here, the authors indicate that the plastisphere could act as a potential source of N2O production, which is mainly regulated by the biotic denitrification
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11
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Gruber W, Magyar PM, Mitrovic I, Zeyer K, Vogel M, von Känel L, Biolley L, Werner RA, Morgenroth E, Lehmann MF, Braun D, Joss A, Mohn J. Tracing N 2O formation in full-scale wastewater treatment with natural abundance isotopes indicates control by organic substrate and process settings. WATER RESEARCH X 2022; 15:100130. [PMID: 35287381 PMCID: PMC8917317 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2022.100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) dominates greenhouse gas emissions in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Formation of N2O occurs during biological nitrogen removal, involves multiple microbial pathways, and is typically very dynamic. Consequently, N2O mitigation strategies require an improved understanding of nitrogen transformation pathways and their modulating controls. Analyses of the nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) isotopic composition of N2O and its substrates at natural abundance have been shown to provide valuable information on formation and reduction pathways in laboratory settings, but have rarely been applied to full-scale WWTPs. Here we show that N-species isotope ratio measurements at natural abundance level, combined with long-term N2O monitoring, allow identification of the N2O production pathways in a full-scale plug-flow WWTP (Hofen, Switzerland). Heterotrophic denitrification appears as the main N2O production pathway under all tested process conditions (0-2 mgO2/l, high and low loading conditions), while nitrifier denitrification was less important, and more variable. N2O production by hydroxylamine oxidation was not observed. Fractional N2O elimination by reduction to dinitrogen (N2) during anoxic conditions was clearly indicated by a concomitant increase in site preference, δ18O(N2O) and δ15N(N2O). N2O reduction increased with decreasing availability of dissolved inorganic N and organic substrates, which represents the link between diurnal N2O emission dynamics and organic substrate fluctuations. Consequently, dosing ammonium-rich reject water under low-organic-substrate conditions is unfavorable, as it is very likely to cause high net N2O emissions. Our results demonstrate that monitoring of the N2O isotopic composition holds a high potential to disentangle N2O formation mechanisms in engineered systems, such as full-scale WWTP. Our study serves as a starting point for advanced campaigns in the future combining isotopic technologies in WWTP with complementary approaches, such as mathematical modeling of N2O formation or microbial assays to develop efficient N2O mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzel Gruber
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Paul M Magyar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Aquatic and Isotope Biogeochemistry, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Mitrovic
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Zeyer
- Laboratory for Air Pollution / Environmental Technology, Empa, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Michael Vogel
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Luzia von Känel
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Lucien Biolley
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Roland A Werner
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Eberhard Morgenroth
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Moritz F Lehmann
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Aquatic and Isotope Biogeochemistry, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Braun
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Joss
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Mohn
- Laboratory for Air Pollution / Environmental Technology, Empa, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
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12
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Fang F, Li Y, Yuan D, Zheng Q, Ding J, Xu C, Lin W, Li Y. Distinguishing N 2O and N 2 ratio and their microbial source in soil fertilized for vegetable production using a stable isotope method. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149694. [PMID: 34428661 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vegetable production systems with excessive nitrogen fertilizer result in severe N2O emission. It is pivotal to identify the source of N2O for reducing N2O emission, but estimating microbial pathways of N2O production is very difficult due to the existence of N2O reduction. A promising tool can address this problem by using δ18O and δ15NSP of N2O to construct a dual isotopocule plot. For ascertaining the microbial pathways of N2O production and consumption in soil fertilized for vegetable production, four treatments were set up: urea (U), half urea and half organic fertilizer (UO), organic fertilizer (O) and no fertilizer (NF), and the experiment was carried out continuously for two years. The δ18O vs. δ15NSP plot method indicated that the nitrification/fungal denitrification was a dominant in N2O emission, and the U treatment was the highest, followed by OU, O and NF in the both years. Among the different treatments, furthermore, the N2O flux had the same trend, whereas the extent of N2O reduction showed an opposite trend. Overall, inorganic fertilizer enhances nitrification/fungal denitrification and hinders reduction of N2O to N2, resulting in a larger amount of N2O emission. However, organic fertilizer increases the contribution of denitrification and greatly improves the extent of N2O reduction, which helps to reduce N2O emission. Therefore, organic fertilizer is crucial to reducing N2O emission by enhancing N2O reduction and should be properly applied in production practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Fang
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yujia Li
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Dapeng Yuan
- Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Bureau, Songshan District, Chifeng 024000, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junjun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China; Environmental Stable Isotope Lab., Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yuzhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Environmental Stable Isotope Lab., Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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13
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Siciliani de Cumis M, Eramo R, Jiang J, Fermann ME, Cancio Pastor P. Direct Comb Vernier Spectroscopy for Fractional Isotopic Ratio Determinations. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21175883. [PMID: 34502774 PMCID: PMC8433986 DOI: 10.3390/s21175883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Accurate isotopic composition analysis of the greenhouse-gasses emitted in the atmosphere is an important step to mitigate global climate warnings. Optical frequency comb-based spectroscopic techniques have shown ideal performance to accomplish the simultaneous monitoring of the different isotope substituted species of such gases. The capabilities of one such technique, namely, direct comb Vernier spectroscopy, to determine the fractional isotopic ratio composition are discussed. This technique combines interferometric filtering of the comb source in a Fabry-Perot that contains the sample gas, with a high resolution dispersion spectrometer to resolve the spectral content of each interacting frequency inside of the Fabry-Perot. Following this methodology, simultaneous spectra of ro-vibrational transitions of 12C16O2 and 13C16O2 molecules are recorded and analyzed with an accurate fitting procedure. Fractional isotopic ratio 13C/12C at 3% of precision is measured for a sample of CO2 gas, showing the potentialities of the technique for all isotopic-related applications of this important pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Siciliani de Cumis
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Contrada Terlecchia SNC, 75100 Matera, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, INO-CNR, Via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (R.E.); (P.C.P.)
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0835 377553
| | - Roberto Eramo
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, INO-CNR, Via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (R.E.); (P.C.P.)
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Jie Jiang
- IMRA America, Inc., 1044 Woodridge Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (J.J.); (M.E.F.)
| | - Martin E. Fermann
- IMRA America, Inc., 1044 Woodridge Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (J.J.); (M.E.F.)
| | - Pablo Cancio Pastor
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, INO-CNR, Via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (R.E.); (P.C.P.)
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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14
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Taguchi K, Gilbert A, Ueno Y. Standardization for 13 C- 13 C clumped isotope analysis by the fluorination method. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9109. [PMID: 33880802 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The 13 C-13 C isotopologues of C2 molecules have recently been measured using a fluorination method. The C2 compound is first fluorinated into hexafluoroethane (C2 F6 ), and its 13 C-isotopologues are subsequently measured using a conventional isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Here, we present an approach for standardizing the fluorination method on an absolute reference scale by using isotopically enriched C2 F6 . METHODS We prepared physical mixtures of 13 C-13 C-labeled ethanol and natural ethanol. The enriched ethanol samples were measured using the recently developed fluorination method. Based on the difference between the calculated and measured ∆13 C13 C values, we quantified the extent to which isotopologues were scrambled during dehydration, fluorination, and ionization in the ion source. RESULTS The measured ∆13 C13 C value was approximately 20% lower than that expected from the amount of 13 C-13 C ethanol. The potential scrambling in the ion source was estimated to be 0.5-2%, which is lower than the observed isotopic reordering. Therefore, isotopic reordering may have occurred during either dehydration or fluorination. CONCLUSIONS For typical analysis of natural samples, scrambling in the ion source can only change the ∆13 C13 C value by less than 0.04‰, which is lower than the current analytical precision (±0.07‰). Therefore, the observed isotopic reordering may have occurred during the fluorination of ethene through the scrambling of isotopologues of ethene but not in the ion source of the mass spectrometer or during the dehydration of ethanol, given the small amount of C1 and C3+ molecules. Thus, we obtained the empirical transfer function ∆13 C13 CCSC = λ × ∆13 C13 C with a λ value of 1.25 ± 0.01 for ethanol/ethene and 1.00 for ethane. Using the empirical transfer function, the developed fluorination method can provide actual differences in ∆ values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koudai Taguchi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Meguro, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Alexis Gilbert
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Meguro, 152-8551, Japan
- Earth-Life Science Institute (WPI-ELSI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Meguro, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Ueno
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Meguro, 152-8551, Japan
- Earth-Life Science Institute (WPI-ELSI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Meguro, 152-8550, Japan
- Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-grade Research (X-star), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Natsushima-cho, 237-0061, Japan
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15
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Zhang P, Wen T, Hu Y, Zhang J, Cai Z. Can N Fertilizer Addition Affect N 2O Isotopocule Signatures for Soil N 2O Source Partitioning? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18095024. [PMID: 34068614 PMCID: PMC8126104 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18095024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Isotopocule signatures of N2O (δ15Nbulk, δ18O and site preference) are useful for discerning soil N2O source, but sometimes, N fertilizer is needed to ensure that there is
enough N2O flux for accurate isotopocule measurements. However, whether fertilizer affects these measurements is unknown. This study evaluated a gradient of NH4NO3 addition on N2O productions and isotopocule values in two acidic subtropical soils. The results showed that N2O production rates obviously amplified with increasing NH4NO3 (p < 0.01), although a lower N2O production rate and an increasing extent appeared in forest soil. The δ15Nbulk of N2O produced in forest soil was progressively enriched when more NH4NO3 was added, while becoming
more depleted of agricultural soil. Moreover, the N2O site
preference (SP) values collectively elevated with increasing NH4NO3 in both soils, indicating that N2O contributions changed. The increased N2O production in agricultural soil was predominantly due to the added NH4NO3 via autotrophic nitrification and fungal denitrification (beyond 50%), which significantly
increased with added
NH4NO3, whereas soil organic nitrogen contributed most to N2O production in forest soil, probably via heterotrophic nitrification. Lacking the characteristic
SP
of heterotrophic nitrification,
its
N2O contribution
change
cannot be accurately identified yet. Overall, N fertilizer should be applied strictly according to the field application rate or N deposition amount when using isotopocule signatures to estimate soil N2O processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyi Zhang
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (P.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Z.C.)
| | - Teng Wen
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (P.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Z.C.)
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-8589-1203
| | - Yangmei Hu
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (P.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Z.C.)
| | - Jinbo Zhang
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (P.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Z.C.)
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zucong Cai
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (P.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Z.C.)
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
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16
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Tracing plant–environment interactions from organismal to planetary scales using stable isotopes: a mini review. Emerg Top Life Sci 2021; 5:301-316. [DOI: 10.1042/etls20200277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Natural isotope variation forms a mosaic of isotopically distinct pools across the biosphere and flows between pools integrate plant ecology with global biogeochemical cycling. Carbon, nitrogen, and water isotopic ratios (among others) can be measured in plant tissues, at root and foliar interfaces, and in adjacent atmospheric, water, and soil environments. Natural abundance isotopes provide ecological insight to complement and enhance biogeochemical research, such as understanding the physiological conditions during photosynthetic assimilation (e.g. water stress) or the contribution of unusual plant water or nutrient sources (e.g. fog, foliar deposition). While foundational concepts and methods have endured through four decades of research, technological improvements that enable measurement at fine spatiotemporal scales, of multiple isotopes, and of isotopomers, are advancing the field of stable isotope ecology. For example, isotope studies now benefit from the maturation of field-portable infrared spectroscopy, which allows the exploration of plant–environment sensitivity at physiological timescales. Isotope ecology is also benefiting from, and contributing to, new understanding of the plant–soil–atmosphere system, such as improving the representation of soil carbon pools and turnover in land surface models. At larger Earth-system scales, a maturing global coverage of isotope data and new data from site networks offer exciting synthesis opportunities to merge the insights of single-or multi-isotope analysis with ecosystem and remote sensing data in a data-driven modeling framework, to create geospatial isotope products essential for studies of global environmental change.
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17
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Stuchiner ER, Weller ZD, von Fischer JC. An approach for calibrating laser-based N 2 O isotopic analyzers for soil biogeochemistry research. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e8978. [PMID: 33053257 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Technological advances have motivated researchers to transition from traditional gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry to rapid, high-throughput, laser-based instrumentation for N2 O isotopic research. However, calibrating laser-based instruments to yield accurate and precise isotope ratios has been an ongoing challenge. To streamline the N2 O isotope research pipeline, we developed the calibration protocol for laser-based analyzers described here. While our approach is targeted at laboratory soil incubations, we anticipate that it will be broadly applicable for diverse types of stable isotope research. METHODS We prepared standards diluted from USGS52 and from a commercial cylinder to develop a calibration curve spanning from 0.3 to 300 ppm N2 O. To calibrate over this broad range, we binned each isotopocule (N2 O, N15 NO, 15 NNO, and NN18 O) into low, medium, and high concentration ranges and then used mathematically similar polynomial functions to calibrate the isotopocules within each concentration range. We also assessed the temporal stability of the instrument and the capacity for our calibration approach to work with isotopically enriched gas samples. RESULTS Our calibration approach yielded generally accurate and precise data when isotopocules were calibrated in concentration ranges, and the measurements appeared to be temporally stable. For all isotopocules at natural abundance, the residual percentage error was smallest in the medium N2 O range. There was more noise in the corrected isotopomers and isotopologue at natural abundance in samples with the lowest and highest N2 O concentrations. Corrected isotopomer results from isotopically enriched samples were very precise. CONCLUSIONS Developing our calibration strategy involved learning several key lessons: (1) calibrate isotopocules in distinct concentration ranges, (2) use mathematically similar models to calibrate the isotopocules in each range, (3) calibrated N2 O concentrations and δ values tend to be most accurate and precise in the medium N2 O range, and (4) we encourage users to take advantage of isotopic enrichment to capitalize on laser-based instrument strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Stuchiner
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Zachary D Weller
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Joseph C von Fischer
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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18
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Yu L, Harris E, Lewicka-Szczebak D, Barthel M, Blomberg MRA, Harris SJ, Johnson MS, Lehmann MF, Liisberg J, Müller C, Ostrom NE, Six J, Toyoda S, Yoshida N, Mohn J. What can we learn from N 2 O isotope data? - Analytics, processes and modelling. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8858. [PMID: 32548934 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The isotopic composition of nitrous oxide (N2 O) provides useful information for evaluating N2 O sources and budgets. Due to the co-occurrence of multiple N2 O transformation pathways, it is, however, challenging to use isotopic information to quantify the contribution of distinct processes across variable spatiotemporal scales. Here, we present an overview of recent progress in N2 O isotopic studies and provide suggestions for future research, mainly focusing on: analytical techniques; production and consumption processes; and interpretation and modelling approaches. Comparing isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) with laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS), we conclude that IRMS is a precise technique for laboratory analysis of N2 O isotopes, while LAS is more suitable for in situ/inline studies and offers advantages for site-specific analyses. When reviewing the link between the N2 O isotopic composition and underlying mechanisms/processes, we find that, at the molecular scale, the specific enzymes and mechanisms involved determine isotopic fractionation effects. In contrast, at plot-to-global scales, mixing of N2 O derived from different processes and their isotopic variability must be considered. We also find that dual isotope plots are effective for semi-quantitative attribution of co-occurring N2 O production and reduction processes. More recently, process-based N2 O isotopic models have been developed for natural abundance and 15 N-tracing studies, and have been shown to be effective, particularly for data with adequate temporal resolution. Despite the significant progress made over the last decade, there is still great need and potential for future work, including development of analytical techniques, reference materials and inter-laboratory comparisons, further exploration of N2 O formation and destruction mechanisms, more observations across scales, and design and validation of interpretation and modelling approaches. Synthesizing all these efforts, we are confident that the N2 O isotope community will continue to advance our understanding of N2 O transformation processes in all spheres of the Earth, and in turn to gain improved constraints on regional and global budgets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Yu
- Laboratory for Air Pollution & Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
- Institute of Groundwater and Earth Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Eliza Harris
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, Innsbruck, A-6020, Austria
| | - Dominika Lewicka-Szczebak
- Centre for Stable Isotope Research and Analysis (KOSI), Büsgen Institute, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matti Barthel
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Margareta R A Blomberg
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Stephen J Harris
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew S Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Moritz F Lehmann
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jesper Liisberg
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoph Müller
- Institute of Plant Ecology (IFZ), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, Giessen, 35392, Germany
- School of Biology and Environmental Science and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Nathaniel E Ostrom
- Department of Integrative Biology and DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Johan Six
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sakae Toyoda
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Naohiro Yoshida
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Joachim Mohn
- Laboratory for Air Pollution & Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
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19
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Bailey DM, Zhao G, Fleisher AJ. Precision Spectroscopy of Nitrous Oxide Isotopocules with a Cross-Dispersed Spectrometer and a Mid-Infrared Frequency Comb. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13759-13766. [PMID: 32942855 PMCID: PMC8171327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
As a potent greenhouse gas and an ozone-depleting agent, nitrous oxide (N2O) plays a critical role in the global climate. Effective mitigation relies on understanding global sources and sinks, which can be supported through isotopic analysis. We present a cross-dispersed spectrometer, coupled with a mid-infrared frequency comb, capable of simultaneously monitoring all singly substituted, stable isotopic variants of N2O. Rigorous evaluation of the instrument lineshape function and data treatment using a Doppler-broadened, low-pressure gas sample are discussed. Laboratory characterization of the spectrometer demonstrates sub-GHz spectral resolution and an average precision of 6.7 × 10-6 for fractional isotopic abundance retrievals in 1 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Michelle Bailey
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Gang Zhao
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Adam J Fleisher
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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20
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Kantnerová K, Yu L, Zindel D, Zahniser MS, Nelson DD, Tuzson B, Nakagawa M, Toyoda S, Yoshida N, Emmenegger L, Bernasconi SM, Mohn J. First investigation and absolute calibration of clumped isotopes in N 2 O by mid-infrared laser spectroscopy. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8836. [PMID: 32430945 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Unravelling the biogeochemical cycle of the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2 O) is an underdetermined problem in environmental sciences due to the multiple source and sink processes involved, which complicate mitigation of its emissions. Measuring the doubly isotopically substituted molecules (isotopocules) of N2 O can add new opportunities to fingerprint and constrain its cycle. METHODS We present a laser spectroscopic technique to selectively and simultaneously measure the eight most abundant isotopocules of N2 O, including three doubly substituted species - so called "clumped isotopes". For the absolute quantification of individual isotopocule abundances, we propose a new calibration scheme that combines thermal equilibration of a working standard gas with a direct mole fraction-based approach. RESULTS The method is validated for a large range of isotopic composition values by comparison with other established methods (laser spectroscopy using conventional isotopic scale and isotope ratio mass spectrometry). Direct intercomparison with recently developed ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry shows clearly the advantages of the new laser technique, especially with respect to site specificity of isotopic substitution in the N2 O molecule. CONCLUSIONS Our study represents a new methodological basis for the measurements of both singly substituted and clumped N2 O isotopes. It has a high potential to stimulate future research in the N2 O community by establishing a new class of reservoir-insensitive tracers and molecular-scale insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Kantnerová
- Empa, Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Department of Earth Sciences, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Longfei Yu
- Empa, Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Zindel
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Mark S Zahniser
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Center for Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry, Billerica, MA, 01821, USA
| | - David D Nelson
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Center for Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry, Billerica, MA, 01821, USA
| | - Béla Tuzson
- Empa, Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Mayuko Nakagawa
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, Earth-Life Science Institute (ELSI), Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Sakae Toyoda
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Naohiro Yoshida
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, Earth-Life Science Institute (ELSI), Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Lukas Emmenegger
- Empa, Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | | | - Joachim Mohn
- Empa, Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
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21
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Mooshammer M, Alves RJE, Bayer B, Melcher M, Stieglmeier M, Jochum L, Rittmann SKMR, Watzka M, Schleper C, Herndl GJ, Wanek W. Nitrogen Isotope Fractionation During Archaeal Ammonia Oxidation: Coupled Estimates From Measurements of Residual Ammonium and Accumulated Nitrite. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1710. [PMID: 32849360 PMCID: PMC7399158 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The naturally occurring nitrogen (N) isotopes, 15N and 14N, exhibit different reaction rates during many microbial N transformation processes, which results in N isotope fractionation. Such isotope effects are critical parameters for interpreting natural stable isotope abundances as proxies for biological process rates in the environment across scales. The kinetic isotope effect of ammonia oxidation (AO) to nitrite (NO2 -), performed by ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), is generally ascribed to the enzyme ammonia monooxygenase (AMO), which catalyzes the first step in this process. However, the kinetic isotope effect of AMO, or ε A M O , has been typically determined based on isotope kinetics during product formation (cumulative product, NO2 -) alone, which may have overestimated ε A M O due to possible accumulation of chemical intermediates and alternative sinks of ammonia/ammonium (NH3/NH4 +). Here, we analyzed 15N isotope fractionation during archaeal ammonia oxidation based on both isotopic changes in residual substrate (RS, NH4 +) and cumulative product (CP, NO2 -) pools in pure cultures of the soil strain Nitrososphaera viennensis EN76 and in highly enriched cultures of the marine strain Nitrosopumilus adriaticus NF5, under non-limiting substrate conditions. We obtained ε A M O values of 31.9-33.1‰ for both strains based on RS (δ15NH4 +) and showed that estimates based on CP (δ15NO2 -) give larger isotope fractionation factors by 6-8‰. Complementary analyses showed that, at the end of the growth period, microbial biomass was 15N-enriched (10.1‰), whereas nitrous oxide (N2O) was highly 15N depleted (-38.1‰) relative to the initial substrate. Although we did not determine the isotope effect of NH4 + assimilation (biomass formation) and N2O production by AOA, our results nevertheless show that the discrepancy between ε A M O estimates based on RS and CP might have derived from the incorporation of 15N-enriched residual NH4 + after AMO reaction into microbial biomass and that N2O production did not affect isotope fractionation estimates significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mooshammer
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ricardo J. E. Alves
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Bayer
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Melcher
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Stieglmeier
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lara Jochum
- LMU – Max von Pettenkofer Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Margarete Watzka
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christa Schleper
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard J. Herndl
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Wanek
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Kong X, Ying S, Yang L, Xin Y, Cai Z, Zhu S, Liu D. Microbial and isotopomer analysis of N 2O generation pathways in ammonia removal biofilters. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126357. [PMID: 32146187 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia removal biofilters can be a potential source of nitrous oxide (N2O) production as a result of microbial nitrification and denitrification. In this study, these two N2O generation pathways was quantified using isotopic site preference values (SP, 33‰ for nitrification and 0‰ for denitrification) in a 204-d operation. Tests with two moisture conditions (45% and 55%) and three inlet NH3 concentrations (35, 18 and 0 ppmv) were performed. A 55+% NH3 removal efficiency was achieved in biofilters with 35 and 18 ppmv ammonia supply, but no significant difference (p > 0.05) was found between the moisture treatments. Results showed that biofilters were clearly net sources of N2O, and biofilters with higher moisture content generated significantly (p < 0.05) higher N2O concentration. The N2O generation did not stop even after the biofilters were terminated. The percentage of inlet NH3-N converted into N2O-N were 5.2%, 8.5% for biofilters with 45% moisture content, and 14.8%, 10.8% for those with 55% moisture content. Gene abundance of amoA and nosZ in packing materials (taken on days 64, 107, 140, 180 and 204) increased due to NH3 input reaching the highest on day 140 and then decreased in response to reduced NH3 supply on day 180 and 204. The changes of SP values suggested a shift between nitrification and denitrification with regard to N2O generation. Overall, the nitrification was the dominant pathway for N2O generation, but uncertainty exits as well. This study confirmed that NH3-loaded biofilters were net sources of N2O, and use of SP-N2O may be helpful in better understanding the processes responsible for such emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwang Kong
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Shihao Ying
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Liangcheng Yang
- Department of Health Sciences Environmental Health Program, Illinois State University, USA.
| | - Yicong Xin
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Zhen Cai
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Songming Zhu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Dezhao Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, China.
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23
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Ramzan S, Rasool T, Bhat RA, Ahmad P, Ashraf I, Rashid N, Ul Shafiq M, Mir IA. Agricultural soils a trigger to nitrous oxide: a persuasive greenhouse gas and its management. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:436. [PMID: 32548706 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08410-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural soils form the backbone of the country's economic development. The increased population has not only reduced this treasure but also has affected the global climate at an alarming rate. Among the GHGs, emission of N2O due to agricultural activities is nowadays a global concern. Agricultural industries have increased N2O and CH4 by 17% in the atmosphere since 1990, with an average emanation rate of around 60 MT CO2 equivalents per year. Crop production accounts for approximately 50% of N2O emissions stemming from the farming community and discharges of fertilizer-induced N2O, for the time being estimated by IPCC at 1.24% of the N used ranging from 0.76% (rice) to 2.77% (maize). The concentration of atmospheric N2O has increased (60 ppb) after the industrial revolution, at the pace of 0.73 ppb year-1. Besides, soil structure, temperature, moisture, denitrifying microbial population, pH, C:N ratio, and relief are the factors which significantly enhance the N2O levels into the atmosphere. N2O as a GHG has more potential towards global warming than CO2 and has a very long residence period (115 years) in the atmosphere. N2O emission is nowadays a core issue which needs to be mitigated so as to decline the levels of its production in agricultural soils. However, priority should be given to the organic farming, management of soil chemistry, and phytoremediation to reduce the addition of N2O into the ambient air. Furthermore, deployment of N2O reductase in agricultural soils increases the efficiency of converting N2O to inert N2 which is a valuable strategy to reduce N2O production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Ramzan
- SMS, Soil science, KVK Anantnag, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Tabasum Rasool
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar Campus, Srinagar, India
| | - Rouf Ahmad Bhat
- Division of Environmental Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir Shalimar Campus, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
| | - Pervez Ahmad
- Department of Geography and Regional Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ifra Ashraf
- College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir Shalimar Campus, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Nowsheeba Rashid
- Amity Institute of Food Technology, Amity University Noida, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mifta Ul Shafiq
- Department of Geography and Regional, Development Climate and Cryosphere Group, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ikhlaq A Mir
- Division of Environmental Science Centre for climate Change, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir Shalimar Campus, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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24
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Natural Nitrogen Isotope Ratios as a Potential Indicator of N2O Production Pathways in a Floodplain Fen. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12020409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O), a major greenhouse gas and ozone depleter, is emitted from drained organic soils typically developed in floodplains. We investigated the effect of the water table depth and soil oxygen (O2) content on N2O fluxes and their nitrogen isotope composition in a drained floodplain fen in Estonia. Measurements were done at natural water table depth, and we created a temporary anoxic environment by experimental flooding. From the suboxic peat (0.5–6 mg O2/L) N2O emissions peaked at 6 mg O2/L and afterwards decreased with decreasing O2. From the anoxic and oxic peat (0 and >6 mg O2/L, respectively) N2O emissions were low. Under anoxic conditions the δ15N/δ14N ratio of the top 10 cm peat layer was low, gradually decreasing to 30 cm. In the suboxic peat, δ15N/δ14N ratios increased with depth. In samples of peat fluctuating between suboxic and anoxic, the elevated 15N/14N ratios (δ15N = 7–9‰ ambient N2) indicated intensive microbial processing of nitrogen. Low values of site preference (SP; difference between the central and peripheral 15N atoms) and δ18O-N2O in the captured gas samples indicate nitrifier denitrification in the floodplain fen.
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25
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Li Q, Wang F, Yu Q, Yan W, Li X, Lv S. Dominance of nitrous oxide production by nitrification and denitrification in the shallow Chaohu Lake, Eastern China: Insight from isotopic characteristics of dissolved nitrous oxide. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113212. [PMID: 31542667 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, most lakes in Eastern China have suffered unprecedented nitrogen pollution, making them potential "hotspots" for N2O production and emission. Understanding the mechanisms of N2O production and quantifying emissions in these lakes is essential for assessing regional and global N2O budgets and for mitigating N2O emissions. Here, we measure isotopic compositions (δ15N-N2O and δ18O-N2O) and site preference (SP) of dissolved N2O in an attempt to differentiate the relative contribution of N2O production processes in the shallow, eutrophic Chaohu Lake, Eastern China. Our results show that the bulk isotope ratios for δ15N-N2O, δ18O-N2O, and SP were 5.8 ± 3.9‰, 29.3 ± 13.4‰, and 18.6 ± 3.2‰, respectively. More than 76.8% of the dissolved N2O was produced via microbial processes. Findings suggest that dissolved N2O is primarily produced via nitrification (between 27.3% and 48.0%) and denitrification (between 31.9% and 49.5%). In addition, isotopic data exhibit significant N2O consumption during denitrification. We estimate the average N2O emission rate (27.5 ± 26.0 μg N m-2 h-1), which is higher than that from rivers in the Changjiang River network (CRN). We scaled-up the regional N2O emission (from 1.98 Gg N yr-1 to 4.58 Gg N yr-1) using a N2O emission factor (0.51 ± 0.63%) for shallow lakes in the middle and lower region of the CRN. We suggest that beneficial circumstances for promoting complete denitrification may be helpful for reducing N2O production and emissions in fresh surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqian Li
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Fang Wang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Qibiao Yu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Weijin Yan
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Xinyan Li
- Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Shucong Lv
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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26
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Ji Q, Grundle DS. An automated, laser-based measurement system for nitrous oxide isotope and isotopomer ratios at nanomolar levels. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1553-1564. [PMID: 31170319 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nitrous oxide (N2 O) is an atmospheric trace gas regulating Earth's climate, and is a key intermediate of many nitrogen cycling processes in aquatic ecosystems. Laser-based technology for N2 O concentration and isotopic/isotopomeric analyses has potential advantages, which include high analytical specificity, low sample size requirement and reduced cost. METHODS An autosampler with a purge-and-trap module is coupled to a cavity ring-down spectrometer to achieve automated and high-throughput measurements of N2 O concentrations, N2 O isotope ratios (δ15 Nbulk and δ18 O values) and position-specific isotopomer ratios (δ15 Nα and δ15 Nβ values). The system provides accuracy and precision similar to those for measurements made by traditional isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) techniques. RESULTS The sample sizes required were 0.01-1.1 nmol-N2 O. Measurements of four N2 O isotopic/isotopomeric references were cross-calibrated with those obtained by IRMS. With a sample size of 0.50 nmol-N2 O, the measurement precision (1σ) for δ15 Nα , δ15 Nβ , δ15 Nbulk and δ18 O values was 0.61, 0.33, 0.41 and 0.43‰, respectively. Correction schemes were developed for sample size-dependent isotopic/isotopomeric deviations. The instrumental system demonstrated consistent measurements of dissolved N2 O concentrations, isotope/isotopomer ratios and production rates in seawater. CONCLUSIONS The coupling of an autosampler with a purge-and-trap module to a cavity ring-down spectrometer not only significantly reduces sample size requirements, but also offers comprehensive investigation of N2 O production pathways by the measurement of natural abundance and tracer level isotopes and isotopomers. Furthermore, the system can perform isotopic analyses of dissolved and solid nitrogen-containing samples using N2 O as the analytical proxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixing Ji
- GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany
- Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, 17 Biological Station, St George's, GE01, Bermuda
| | - Damian S Grundle
- Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, 17 Biological Station, St George's, GE01, Bermuda
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27
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Adnew GA, Hofmann ME, Paul D, Laskar A, Surma J, Albrecht N, Pack A, Schwieters J, Koren G, Peters W, Röckmann T. Determination of the triple oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of CO 2 from atomic ion fragments formed in the ion source of the 253 Ultra high-resolution isotope ratio mass spectrometer. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1363-1380. [PMID: 31063233 PMCID: PMC6771542 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Determination of δ17 O values directly from CO2 with traditional gas source isotope ratio mass spectrometry is not possible due to isobaric interference of 13 C16 O16 O on 12 C17 O16 O. The methods developed so far use either chemical conversion or isotope equilibration to determine the δ17 O value of CO2 . In addition, δ13 C measurements require correction for the interference from 12 C17 O16 O on 13 C16 O16 O since it is not possible to resolve the two isotopologues. METHODS We present a technique to determine the δ17 O, δ18 O and δ13 C values of CO2 from the fragment ions that are formed upon electron ionization in the ion source of the Thermo Scientific 253 Ultra high-resolution isotope ratio mass spectrometer (hereafter 253 Ultra). The new technique is compared with the CO2 -O2 exchange method and the 17 O-correction algorithm for δ17 O and δ13 C values, respectively. RESULTS The scale contractions for δ13 C and δ18 O values are slightly larger for fragment ion measurements than for molecular ion measurements. The δ17 O and Δ17 O values of CO2 can be measured on the 17 O+ fragment with an internal error that is a factor 1-2 above the counting statistics limit. The ultimate precision depends on the signal intensity and on the total time that the 17 O+ beam is monitored; a precision of 14 ppm (parts per million) (standard error of the mean) was achieved in 20 hours at the University of Göttingen. The Δ17 O measurements with the O-fragment method agree with the CO2 -O2 exchange method over a range of Δ17 O values of -0.3 to +0.7‰. CONCLUSIONS Isotope measurements on atom fragment ions of CO2 can be used as an alternative method to determine the carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of CO2 without chemical processing or corrections for mass interferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getachew A. Adnew
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht (IMAU)Utrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Magdalena E.G. Hofmann
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht (IMAU)Utrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Dipayan Paul
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht (IMAU)Utrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
- Centre for Isotope ResearchUniversity of GroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Amzad Laskar
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht (IMAU)Utrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Jakub Surma
- Geoscience Center GöttingenGeorg‐August‐University GöttingenGermany
| | - Nina Albrecht
- Geoscience Center GöttingenGeorg‐August‐University GöttingenGermany
| | - Andreas Pack
- Geoscience Center GöttingenGeorg‐August‐University GöttingenGermany
| | | | - Gerbrand Koren
- Department of Meteorology and Air QualityWageningen UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Wouter Peters
- Centre for Isotope ResearchUniversity of GroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Meteorology and Air QualityWageningen UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas Röckmann
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht (IMAU)Utrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
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28
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Inatomi M, Hajima T, Ito A. Fraction of nitrous oxide production in nitrification and its effect on total soil emission: A meta-analysis and global-scale sensitivity analysis using a process-based model. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219159. [PMID: 31291317 PMCID: PMC6619742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrification in terrestrial soils is one of the major processes of emission of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas and stratospheric-ozone-depleting substance. We assessed the fraction of N2O emission associated with nitrification in soil through a meta-analysis and sensitivity analysis using a process-based model. We corrected observational values of gross nitrification and associated N2O emission rates from 71 records for various soils in the world spanning from 0.006% to 29.5%. We obtained a median value of 0.14%, and then assessed how the nitrification-associated N2O emission fraction has been considered in terrestrial nitrogen cycle models. Using a process-based biogeochemical model, we conducted a series of sensitivity analyses for the effects of different values of nitrification-associated N2O emission fraction on soil N2O emission. Using an empirical relationship between soil pH and nitrification-associated N2O emission fraction, the model well simulated global emission patterns (global total in the 2000s, 16.8 Tg N2O yr–1). Differences in the nitrification-associated N2O emission fraction caused differences in total N2O emission of as much as 2.5 Tg N2O yr–1. Therefore, to obtain reliable estimation of soil N2O emission for nitrogen and climate management, it is important to constrain the parameterization in models by ensuring extensive and accurate observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Inatomi
- Research Center for Agricultural Information Technology, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Hajima
- Japan Agency for Marine–Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ito
- Japan Agency for Marine–Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
- * E-mail:
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29
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Ding J, Fang F, Lin W, Qiang X, Xu C, Mao L, Li Q, Zhang X, Li Y. N 2O emissions and source partitioning using stable isotopes under furrow and drip irrigation in vegetable field of North China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 665:709-717. [PMID: 30780016 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
N2O emissions have increased significantly over the last decades, with much of the increase being ascribed to the expansion in agricultural land. Agricultural water management has significant influence on N2O emissions, hence the investigation of N2O emissions and the underlying production mechanisms under different irrigation managements would provide insights for N2O emission reduction and rational water usage. Here, we used the stable isotope method to evaluate the N2O isotopic signatures and the site preference, to clarify the N2O emission dynamics and the N2O source partitioning under different irrigation managements. We applied a furrow irrigation system and a drip irrigation system to maintain two different soil water conditions, allowance of dry-wet cycles and relatively stable water conditions, respectively. We found that the N2O emission was significantly decreased under drip irrigation compared to furrow irrigation with cumulated N2O flux of 526.3 mg m-2 and 571.0 mg m-2, respectively. In general, furrow irrigation with its dry-wet alternations promoted N2O emissions, while drip irrigation created a relatively stable environment that reduced N2O emissions. The intramolecular 15N isotopic composition of N2O was used to partition the relative contribution of denitrification and nitrification. Nitrification dominated the processes driving N2O production under both treatments, nearly accounting for 76% up to 100% during the initial N2O peaks. Effective measure for mitigating N2O emissions from the investigated vegetable field could be obtained by replacing the traditional furrow irrigation with drip irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fuli Fang
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaojing Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lili Mao
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qiaozhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ximei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuzhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Environmental Stable Isotope Lab, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Denk TRA, Kraus D, Kiese R, Butterbach-Bahl K, Wolf B. Constraining N cycling in the ecosystem model LandscapeDNDC with the stable isotope model SIMONE. Ecology 2019; 100:e02675. [PMID: 30821344 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The isotopic composition (ic) of soil nitrogen (N) and, more recently, the intramolecular distribution of 15 N in the N2 O molecule (site preference, SP) are powerful instruments to identify dominant N turnover processes, and to attribute N2 O emissions to their source processes. Despite the process information contained in the ic of N species and the associated potential for model validation, the implementation of isotopes in ecosystem models has lagged behind. To foster the validation of ecosystem models based on the ic of N species, we developed the stable isotope model for nutrient cycles (SIMONE). SIMONE uses fluxes between ecosystem N pools (soil organic N, mineral N, plants, microbes) calculated by biogeochemical models, and literature isotope effects for these processes to calculate the ic of N species. Here, we present the concept of SIMONE, apply it to simulations of the biogeochemical model LandscapeDNDC, and assess the capability of 15 N-N2 O and, to our knowledge for the first time, SP, to constrain simulated N fluxes by LandscapeDNDC. LandscapeDNDC successfully simulated N2 O emission, soil nitrate, and ammonium, as well as soil environmental conditions of an intensively managed grassland site in Switzerland. Accordingly, the dynamics of 15 N-N2 O and SP of soil N2 O fluxes as simulated by SIMONE agreed well with measurements, though 15 N-N2 O was on average underestimated and SP overestimated (root-mean-square error [RMSE] of 8.4‰ and 7.3‰, respectively). Although 15 N-N2 O could not constrain the N cycling process descriptions of LandscapeDNDC, the overestimation of SP indicated an overestimation of simulated nitrification rates by 10-59% at low water content, suggesting the revision of the corresponding model parameterization. Our findings show that N isotope modeling in combination with only recently available high- frequency measurements of the N2 O ic are promising tools to identify and address weaknesses in N cycling of ecosystem models. This will finally contribute to augmenting the development of model-based strategies for mitigating N pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias R A Denk
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | - David Kraus
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | - Ralf Kiese
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | - Klaus Butterbach-Bahl
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | - Benjamin Wolf
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
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Hyodo A, Malghani S, Zhou Y, Mushinski RM, Toyoda S, Yoshida N, Boutton TW, West JB. Biochar amendment suppresses N 2 O emissions but has no impact on 15 N site preference in an anaerobic soil. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:165-175. [PMID: 30304571 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Biochar amendments often decrease N2 O gas production from soil, but the mechanisms and magnitudes are still not well characterized since N2 O can be produced via several different microbial pathways. We evaluated the influence of biochar amendment on N2 O emissions and N2 O isotopic composition, including 15 N site preference (SP) under anaerobic conditions. METHODS An agricultural soil was incubated with differing levels of biochar. Incubations were conducted under anaerobic conditions for 10 days with and without acetylene, which inhibits N2 O reduction to N2 . The N2 O concentrations were measured every 2 days, the SPs were determined after 5 days of incubation, and the inorganic nitrogen concentrations were measured after the incubation. RESULTS The SP values with acetylene were consistent with N2 O production by bacterial denitrification and those without acetylene were consistent with bacterial denitrification that included N2 O reduction to N2 . There was no effect of biochar on N2 O production in the presence of acetylene between day 3 and day 10. However, in the absence of acetylene, soils incubated with 4% biochar produced less N2 O than soils with no biochar addition. Different amounts of biochar amendment did not change the SP values. CONCLUSIONS Our study used N2 O emission rates and SP values to understand biochar amendment mechanisms and demonstrated that biochar amendment reduces N2 O emissions by stimulating the last step of denitrification. It also suggested a possible shift in N2 O-reducing microbial taxa in 4% biochar samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Hyodo
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Saadatullah Malghani
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50 Saedaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Ryan M Mushinski
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Sakae Toyoda
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Naohiro Yoshida
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Thomas W Boutton
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jason B West
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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32
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Tumendelger A, Alshboul Z, Lorke A. Methane and nitrous oxide emission from different treatment units of municipal wastewater treatment plants in Southwest Germany. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209763. [PMID: 30608974 PMCID: PMC6319721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We measured the atmospheric emission rates of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in two wastewater treatment plants in Southwest Germany, which apply different treatment technologies. Dissolved gas concentrations and fluxes were measured during all processing steps as well as in the discharge receiving streams. N2O isotopocule analysis revealed that NH2OH oxidation during nitrification contributed 86–96% of the N2O production in the nitrification tank, whereas microbial denitrification was the main production pathway in the denitrification tank in a conventional activated sludge (CAS) system. During wastewater treatment using a modified Ludzack-Ettinger system (MLE) with energy recovery, N2O was predominantly produced by the NO2- reduction by nitrifier-denitrification process. For both systems, N2O emissions were low, with emission factors of 0.008% and 0.001% for the MLE and the CAS system, respectively. In the effluent-receiving streams, bacterial denitrification and nitrification contributed nearly equally to N2O production. The CH4 emission from the MLE system was estimated as 118.1 g-C d-1, which corresponds to an emission factor of 0.004%, and was three times lower than the emission from the CAS system with 0.01%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzaya Tumendelger
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Bayanzurkh district, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Zeyad Alshboul
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
- Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Applied Science University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Andreas Lorke
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
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33
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Ibraim E, Harris E, Eyer S, Tuzson B, Emmenegger L, Six J, Mohn J. Development of a field-deployable method for simultaneous, real-time measurements of the four most abundant N 2O isotopocules. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2018; 54:1-15. [PMID: 28681639 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2017.1345902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and quantifying the biogeochemical cycle of N2O is essential to develop effective N2O emission mitigation strategies. This study presents a novel, fully automated measurement technique that allows simultaneous, high-precision quantification of the four main N2O isotopocules (14N14N16O, 14N15N16O, 15N14N16O and 14N14N18O) in ambient air. The instrumentation consists of a trace gas extractor (TREX) coupled to a quantum cascade laser absorption spectrometer, designed for autonomous operation at remote measurement sites. The main advantages this system has over its predecessors are a compact spectrometer design with improved temperature control and a more compact and powerful TREX device. The adopted TREX device enhances the flexibility of the preconcentration technique for higher adsorption volumes to target rare isotope species and lower adsorption temperatures for highly volatile substances. All system components have been integrated into a standardized instrument rack to improve portability and accessibility for maintenance. With an average sampling frequency of approximately 1 h-1, this instrumentation achieves a repeatability of 0.09, 0.13, 0.17 and 0.12 ‰ for δ15Nα, δ15Nβ, δ18O and site preference of N2O, respectively, for pressurized ambient air. The repeatability for N2O mole fraction measurements is better than 1 ppb (parts per billion, 10-9 moles per mole of dry air).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Ibraim
- a Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology , Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Dübendorf , Switzerland
- b Department of Environmental Systems Science , ETH-Zürich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology , Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Eliza Harris
- a Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology , Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Simon Eyer
- a Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology , Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Béla Tuzson
- a Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology , Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Lukas Emmenegger
- a Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology , Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Johan Six
- b Department of Environmental Systems Science , ETH-Zürich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology , Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Joachim Mohn
- a Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology , Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Dübendorf , Switzerland
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Eiler JM, Clog M, Lawson M, Lloyd M, Piasecki A, Ponton C, Xie H. The isotopic structures of geological organic compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1144/sp468.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOrganic compounds are ubiquitous in the Earth's surface, sediments and many rocks, and preserve records of geological, geochemical and biological history; they are also critical natural resources and major environmental pollutants. The naturally occurring stable isotopes of volatile elements (D, 13C, 15N, 17,18O, 33,34,36S) provide one way of studying the origin, evolution and migration of geological organic compounds. The study of bulk stable isotope compositions (i.e. averaged across all possible molecular isotopic forms) is well established and widely practised, but frequently results in non-unique interpretations. Increasingly, researchers are reading the organic isotopic record with greater depth and specificity by characterizing stable isotope ‘structures’ – the proportions of site-specific and multiply substituted isotopologues that contribute to the total rare-isotope inventory of each compound. Most of the technologies for measuring stable isotope structures of organic molecules have been only recently developed and to date have been applied only in an exploratory way. Nevertheless, recent advances have demonstrated that molecular isotopic structures provide distinctive records of biosynthetic origins, conditions and mechanisms of chemical transformation during burial, and forensic fingerprints of exceptional specificity. This paper provides a review of this young field, which is organized to follow the evolution of molecular isotopic structure from biosynthesis, through diagenesis, catagenesis and metamorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Eiler
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Matthieu Clog
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Max Lloyd
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Alison Piasecki
- Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Camilo Ponton
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Hao Xie
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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35
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Duan H, Ye L, Erler D, Ni BJ, Yuan Z. Quantifying nitrous oxide production pathways in wastewater treatment systems using isotope technology - A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 122:96-113. [PMID: 28595125 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas and an ozone-depleting substance which can be emitted from wastewater treatment systems (WWTS) causing significant environmental impacts. Understanding the N2O production pathways and their contribution to total emissions is the key to effective mitigation. Isotope technology is a promising method that has been applied to WWTS for quantifying the N2O production pathways. Within the scope of WWTS, this article reviews the current status of different isotope approaches, including both natural abundance and labelled isotope approaches, to N2O production pathways quantification. It identifies the limitations and potential problems with these approaches, as well as improvement opportunities. We conclude that, while the capabilities of isotope technology have been largely recognized, the quantification of N2O production pathways with isotope technology in WWTS require further improvement, particularly in relation to its accuracy and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Duan
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Liu Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Dirk Erler
- Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480 Australia
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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36
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Van Nguyen Q, Jensen LS, Bol R, Wu D, Triolo JM, Vazifehkhoran AH, Bruun S. Biogas Digester Hydraulic Retention Time Affects Oxygen Consumption Patterns and Greenhouse Gas Emissions after Application of Digestate to Soil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2017; 46:1114-1122. [PMID: 28991980 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.03.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about environmental impacts associated with the application of anaerobic digestion residue to agricultural land is of interest owing to the rapid proliferation of biogas plants worldwide. However, virtually no information exists concerning how soil-emitted NO is affected by the feedstock hydraulic retention time (HRT) in the biogas digester. Here, the O planar optode technique was used to visualize soil O dynamics following the surface application of digestates of the codigestion of pig slurry and agro-industrial waste. We also used NO isotopomer analysis of soil-emitted NO to determine the NO production pathways, i.e., nitrification or denitrification. Two-dimensional images of soil O indicated that anoxic and hypoxic conditions developed at 2.0- and 1.5-cm soil depth for soil amended with the digestate produced with 15-d (PO15) and 30-d (PO30) retention time, respectively. Total NO emissions were significantly lower for PO15 than PO30 due to the greater expansion of the anoxic zone, which enhanced NO reduction via complete denitrification. However, cumulative CO emissions were not significantly different between PO15 and PO30 for the entire incubation period. During incubation, NO emissions came from both nitrification and denitrification in amended soils. Increasing the HRT of the biogas digester appears to induce significant NO emissions, but it is unlikely to affect the NO production pathways after application to soil.
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37
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Toyoda S, Yoshida N, Koba K. Isotopocule analysis of biologically produced nitrous oxide in various environments. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:135-160. [PMID: 25869149 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Natural abundance ratios of isotopocules, molecules that have the same chemical constitution and configuration, but that only differ in isotope substitution, retain a record of a compound's origin and reactions. A method to measure isotopocule ratios of nitrous oxide (N2 O) has been established by using mass analysis of molecular ions and fragment ions. The method has been applied widely to environmental samples from the atmosphere, ocean, fresh water, soils, and laboratory-simulation experiments. Results show that isotopocule ratios, particularly the 15 N-site preference (difference between isotopocule ratios 14 N15 N16 O/14 N14 N16 O and 15 N14 N16 O/14 N14 N16 O), have a wide range that depends on their production and consumption processes. Observational and laboratory studies of N2 O related to biological processes are reviewed and discussed to elucidate complex material cycles of this trace gas, which causes global warming and stratospheric ozone depletion. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:135-160, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakae Toyoda
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Naohiro Yoshida
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Keisuke Koba
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-City, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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38
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Magyar PM, Orphan VJ, Eiler JM. Measurement of rare isotopologues of nitrous oxide by high-resolution multi-collector mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1923-1940. [PMID: 27501428 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Bulk and position-specific stable isotope characterization of nitrous oxide represents one of the most powerful tools for identifying its environmental sources and sinks. Constraining (14) N(15) N(18) O and (15) N(14) N(18) O will add two new dimensions to our ability to uniquely fingerprint N2 O sources. METHODS We describe a technique to measure six singly and doubly substituted isotopic variants of N2 O, constraining the values of δ(15) N, δ(18) O, ∆(17) O, (15) N site preference, and the clumped isotopomers (14) N(15) N(18) O and (15) N(14) N(18) O. The technique uses a Thermo MAT 253 Ultra, a high-resolution multi-collector gas source isotope ratio mass spectrometer. It requires 8-10 hours per sample and ~10 micromoles or more of pure N2 O. RESULTS We demonstrate the precision and accuracy of these measurements by analyzing N2 O brought to equilibrium in its position-specific and clumped isotopic composition by heating in the presence of a catalyst. Finally, an illustrative analysis of biogenic N2 O from a denitrifying bacterium suggests that its clumped isotopic composition is controlled by kinetic isotope effects in N2 O production. CONCLUSIONS We developed a method for measuring six isotopic variants of N2 O and tested it with analyses of biogenic N2 O. The added isotopic constraints provided by these measurements will enhance our ability to apportion N2 O sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Magyar
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Victoria J Orphan
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - John M Eiler
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
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Maeda K, Spor A, Edel-Hermann V, Heraud C, Breuil MC, Bizouard F, Toyoda S, Yoshida N, Steinberg C, Philippot L. N2O production, a widespread trait in fungi. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9697. [PMID: 25894103 PMCID: PMC4403702 DOI: 10.1038/srep09697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
N2O is a powerful greenhouse gas contributing both to global warming and ozone depletion. While fungi have been identified as a putative source of N2O, little is known about their production of this greenhouse gas. Here we investigated the N2O-producing ability of a collection of 207 fungal isolates. Seventy strains producing N2O in pure culture were identified. They were mostly species from the order Hypocreales order—particularly Fusarium oxysporum and Trichoderma spp.—and to a lesser extent species from the orders Eurotiales, Sordariales, and Chaetosphaeriales. The N2O 15N site preference (SP) values of the fungal strains ranged from 15.8‰ to 36.7‰, and we observed a significant taxa effect, with Penicillium strains displaying lower SP values than the other fungal genera. Inoculation of 15 N2O-producing strains into pre-sterilized arable, forest and grassland soils confirmed the ability of the strains to produce N2O in soil with a significant strain-by-soil effect. The copper-containing nitrite reductase gene (nirK) was amplified from 45 N2O-producing strains, and its genetic variability showed a strong congruence with the ITS phylogeny, indicating vertical inheritance of this trait. Taken together, this comprehensive set of findings should enhance our knowledge of fungi as a source of N2O in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Maeda
- 1] NARO, Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, Dairy Research Division, 1 Hitsujigaoka, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan [2] INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Aymé Spor
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | | | - Cécile Heraud
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | | | - Florian Bizouard
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Sakae Toyoda
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Naohiro Yoshida
- 1] Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan [2] Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan [3] Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | | | - Laurent Philippot
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
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Snider DM, Venkiteswaran JJ, Schiff SL, Spoelstra J. From the ground up: global nitrous oxide sources are constrained by stable isotope values. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118954. [PMID: 25811179 PMCID: PMC4374930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising concentrations of nitrous oxide (N2O) in the atmosphere are causing widespread concern because this trace gas plays a key role in the destruction of stratospheric ozone and it is a strong greenhouse gas. The successful mitigation of N2O emissions requires a solid understanding of the relative importance of all N2O sources and sinks. Stable isotope ratio measurements (δ15N-N2O and δ18O-N2O), including the intramolecular distribution of 15N (site preference), are one way to track different sources if they are isotopically distinct. ‘Top-down’ isotope mass-balance studies have had limited success balancing the global N2O budget thus far because the isotopic signatures of soil, freshwater, and marine sources are poorly constrained and a comprehensive analysis of global N2O stable isotope measurements has not been done. Here we used a robust analysis of all available in situ measurements to define key global N2O sources. We showed that the marine source is isotopically distinct from soil and freshwater N2O (the continental source). Further, the global average source (sum of all natural and anthropogenic sources) is largely controlled by soils and freshwaters. These findings substantiate past modelling studies that relied on several assumptions about the global N2O cycle. Finally, a two-box-model and a Bayesian isotope mixing model revealed marine and continental N2O sources have relative contributions of 24–26% and 74–76% to the total, respectively. Further, the Bayesian modeling exercise indicated the N2O flux from freshwaters may be much larger than currently thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Snider
- National Water Research Institute, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, L7R 4A6, Canada
- * E-mail: (DMS); (JJV)
| | - Jason J. Venkiteswaran
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- * E-mail: (DMS); (JJV)
| | - Sherry L. Schiff
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - John Spoelstra
- National Water Research Institute, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, L7R 4A6, Canada
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Jones LC, Peters B, Lezama Pacheco JS, Casciotti KL, Fendorf S. Stable isotopes and iron oxide mineral products as markers of chemodenitrification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:3444-3452. [PMID: 25683572 DOI: 10.1021/es504862x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
When oxygen is limiting in soils and sediments, microorganisms utilize nitrate (NO3-) in respiration--through the process of denitrification--leading to the production of dinitrogen (N2) gas and trace amounts of nitrous (N2O) and nitric (NO) oxides. A chemical pathway involving reaction of ferrous iron (Fe2+) with nitrite (NO2-), an intermediate in the denitrification pathway, can also result in production of N2O. We examine the chemical reduction of NO2- by Fe(II)--chemodenitrification--in anoxic batch incubations at neutral pH. Aqueous Fe2+ and NO2- reacted rapidly, producing N2O and generating Fe(III) (hydr)oxide mineral products. Lepidocrotite and goethite, identified by synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, were produced from initially aqueous reactants, with two-line ferrihydrite increasing in abundance later in the reaction sequence. Based on the similarity of apparent rate constants with different mineral catalysts, we propose that the chemodenitrification rate is insensitive to the type of Fe(III) (hydr)oxide. With stable isotope measurements, we reveal a narrow range of isotopic fractionation during NO2- reduction to N2O. The location of N isotopes in the linear N2O molecule, known as site preference, was also constrained to a signature range. The coexistence of Fe(III) (hydr)oxide, characteristic 15N and 18O fractionation, and N2O site preference may be used in combination to qualitatively distinguish between abiotic and biogenically emitted N2O--a finding important for determining N2O sources in natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Camille Jones
- Department of Earth System Sciences, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Room 140, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Brian Peters
- Department of Earth System Sciences, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Room 140, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Juan S Lezama Pacheco
- Department of Earth System Sciences, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Room 140, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Karen L Casciotti
- Department of Earth System Sciences, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Room 140, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Scott Fendorf
- Department of Earth System Sciences, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Room 140, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Mander U, Well R, Weymann D, Soosaar K, Maddison M, Kanal A, Lõhmus K, Truu J, Augustin J, Tournebize J. Isotopologue ratios of N2O and N2 measurements underpin the importance of denitrification in differently N-loaded riparian alder forests. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:11910-11918. [PMID: 25264900 DOI: 10.1021/es501727h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Known as biogeochemical hotspots in landscapes, riparian buffer zones exhibit considerable potential concerning mitigation of groundwater contaminants such as nitrate, but may in return enhance the risk for indirect N2O emission. Here we aim to assess and to compare two riparian gray alder forests in terms of gaseous N2O and N2 fluxes and dissolved N2O, N2, and NO3(-) in the near-surface groundwater. We further determine for the first time isotopologue ratios of N2O dissolved in the riparian groundwater in order to support our assumption that it mainly originated from denitrification. The study sites, both situated in Estonia, northeastern Europe, receive contrasting N loads from adjacent uphill arable land. Whereas N2O emissions were rather small at both sites, average gaseous N2-to-N2O ratios inferred from closed-chamber measurements and He-O laboratory incubations were almost four times smaller for the heavily loaded site. In contrast, groundwater parameters were less variable among sites and between landscape positions. Campaign-based average (15)N site preferences of N2O (SP) in riparian groundwater ranged between 11 and 44 ‰. Besides the strong prevalence of N2 emission over N2O fluxes and the correlation pattern between isotopologue and water quality data, this comparatively large range highlights the importance of denitrification and N2O reduction in both riparian gray alder stands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulo Mander
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu , 51014 Tartu, Estonia
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Mohn J, Wolf B, Toyoda S, Lin CT, Liang MC, Brüggemann N, Wissel H, Steiker AE, Dyckmans J, Szwec L, Ostrom NE, Casciotti KL, Forbes M, Giesemann A, Well R, Doucett RR, Yarnes CT, Ridley AR, Kaiser J, Yoshida N. Interlaboratory assessment of nitrous oxide isotopomer analysis by isotope ratio mass spectrometry and laser spectroscopy: current status and perspectives. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1995-2007. [PMID: 25132300 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In recent years, research and applications of the N2O site-specific nitrogen isotope composition have advanced, reflecting awareness of the contribution of N2O to the anthropogenic greenhouse effect, and leading to significant progress in instrument development. Further dissemination of N2O isotopomer analysis, however, is hampered by a lack of internationally agreed gaseous N2O reference materials and an uncertain compatibility of different laboratories and analytical techniques. METHODS In a first comparison approach, eleven laboratories were each provided with N2O at tropospheric mole fractions (target gas T) and two reference gases (REF1 and REF2). The laboratories analysed all gases, applying their specific analytical routines. Compatibility of laboratories was assessed based on N2O isotopocule data for T, REF1 and REF2. Results for T were then standardised using REF1 and REF2 to evaluate the potential of N2O reference materials for improving compatibility between laboratories. RESULTS Compatibility between laboratories depended on the analytical technique: isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) results showed better compatibility for δ(15)N values, while the performance of laser spectroscopy was superior with respect to N2O site preference. This comparison, however, is restricted by the small number of participating laboratories applying laser spectroscopy. Offset and two-point calibration correction of the N2O isotopomer data significantly improved the consistency of position-dependent nitrogen isotope data while the effect on δ(15)N values was only minor. CONCLUSIONS The study reveals that for future research on N2O isotopocules, standardisation against N2O reference material is essential to improve interlaboratory compatibility. For atmospheric monitoring activities, we suggest N2O in whole air as a unifying scale anchor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Mohn
- Laboratory for Air Pollution & Environmental Technology, Empa, Überlandstr. 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Tumendelger A, Toyoda S, Yoshida N. Isotopic analysis of N2O produced in a conventional wastewater treatment system operated under different aeration conditions. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1883-1892. [PMID: 25088132 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration is a key parameter of nitrous oxide (N2O), a greenhouse gas, emitted from wastewater treatment systems. No study of stable isotopes has described N2O production during conventional activated sludge (CAS) treatment under different DO concentrations. METHODS Concentrations and isotope ratios, including intramolecular site preference of (15)N in NNO (SP), of N2O were measured using gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS) for samples from seven points in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) operated with three aeration conditions. The δ(15)N values of NH4(+) and the δ(15)N and δ(18)O values of NO3(-) were measured using IRMS. RESULTS Aeration tank water was supersaturated with N2O. The highest value, 3700 nmol kg(-1), was observed at the aeration tank end and in settled sludge under the lowest aeration condition. About 0.03% of the influent NH4(+) was emitted as gaseous N2O at the lowest aeration condition. The conversion rate was 0.14% under the highest aeration condition. The SP values were significantly higher at the middle and end of the aeration tanks under the highest aeration condition, but were nearly zero or slightly negative under lower aeration conditions. CONCLUSIONS Under the highest aeration condition, NH2OH oxidation (nitrification) was the main contributor to N2O production at about 90% and 57%, respectively, at the aeration tank middle and end. At other sampling points, 55-63% of the N2O was produced by bacterial NO2(-) reduction (nitrifier-denitrification) with a lower nitrification contribution. For all sampling points in the lower aeration experiments, NO2(-) reduction was a major N2O production pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzaya Tumendelger
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
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Ishii S, Song Y, Rathnayake L, Tumendelger A, Satoh H, Toyoda S, Yoshida N, Okabe S. Identification of key nitrous oxide production pathways in aerobic partial nitrifying granules. Environ Microbiol 2014; 16:3168-80. [PMID: 24650173 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The identification of the key nitrous oxide (N2O) production pathways is important to establish a strategy to mitigate N2O emission. In this study, we combined real-time gas-monitoring analysis, (15)N stable isotope analysis, denitrification functional gene transcriptome analysis and microscale N2O concentration measurements to identify the main N2O producers in a partial nitrification (PN) aerobic granule reactor, which was fed with ammonium and acetate. Our results suggest that heterotrophic denitrification was the main contributor to N2O production in our PN aerobic granule reactor. The heterotrophic denitrifiers were probably related to Rhodocyclales bacteria, although different types of bacteria were active in the initial and latter stages of the PN reaction cycles, most likely in response to the presence of acetate. Hydroxylamine oxidation and nitrifier denitrification occurred, but their contribution to N2O emission was relatively small (20-30%) compared with heterotrophic denitrification. Our approach can be useful to quantitatively examine the relative contributions of the three pathways (hydroxylamine oxidation, nitrifier denitrification and heterotrophic denitrification) to N2O emission in mixed microbial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ishii
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Uchida Y, Wang Y, Akiyama H, Nakajima Y, Hayatsu M. Expression of denitrification genes in response to a waterlogging event in a Fluvisol and its relationship with large nitrous oxide pulses. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2014; 88:407-23. [PMID: 24592962 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The contributions of large N2 O pulses following waterlogging to the annual cumulative N2 O productions were significant in a Fluvisol. To uncover the mechanisms underlying these large N2 O pulses, a Fluvisol sampled from an agricultural field in Japan was subjected to waterlogging during incubation. Larger N2 O emissions were observed in intact soil cores when compared to emissions from sieved soils, indicating the importance of soil properties. The most important factor controlling the magnitude of the N2 O pulses after waterlogging was the soil moisture prior to waterlogging. The major pathway for N2 O production was denitrification. Quantitative PCR and quantitative RT-PCR analyses showed that the denitrification genes (nirS, nirK, and nosZ) correlated with N2 O emissions at the mRNA level but not at the DNA level. The change in denitrification gene mRNA levels was more prominent in the 0- to 1-cm soil compared with the 1- to 3-cm soil. Water-soluble and hot-water-soluble carbon contents also showed the highest amount in the 0- to 1-cm soil. These indicate that there was a strong variation in soil microbial properties over very small changes in soil depth, and this variation is important in determining the magnitude of N2 O emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Uchida
- Task Force for Innovation in Life, Resources and Environment Sciences, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Isotopic signatures of N2O produced by ammonia-oxidizing archaea from soils. ISME JOURNAL 2013; 8:1115-25. [PMID: 24225887 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2013.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
N2O gas is involved in global warming and ozone depletion. The major sources of N2O are soil microbial processes. Anthropogenic inputs into the nitrogen cycle have exacerbated these microbial processes, including nitrification. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) are major members of the pool of soil ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms. This study investigated the isotopic signatures of N2O produced by soil AOA and associated N2O production processes. All five AOA strains (I.1a, I.1a-associated and I.1b clades of Thaumarchaeota) from soil produced N2O and their yields were comparable to those of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). The levels of site preference (SP), δ(15)N(bulk) and δ(18)O -N2O of soil AOA strains were 13-30%, -13 to -35% and 22-36%, respectively, and strains MY1-3 and other soil AOA strains had distinct isotopic signatures. A (15)N-NH4(+)-labeling experiment indicated that N2O originated from two different production pathways (that is, ammonia oxidation and nitrifier denitrification), which suggests that the isotopic signatures of N2O from AOA may be attributable to the relative contributions of these two processes. The highest N2O production yield and lowest site preference of acidophilic strain CS may be related to enhanced nitrifier denitrification for detoxifying nitrite. Previously, it was not possible to detect N2O from soil AOA because of similarities between its isotopic signatures and those from AOB. Given the predominance of AOA over AOB in most soils, a significant proportion of the total N2O emissions from soil nitrification may be attributable to AOA.
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Potter KE, Ono S, Prinn RG. Fully automated, high-precision instrumentation for the isotopic analysis of tropospheric N2O using continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1723-1738. [PMID: 23821566 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Measurements of the isotopic composition of nitrous oxide in the troposphere have the potential to bring new information about the uncertain N2O budget, which mole fraction data alone have not been able to resolve. Characterizing the expected subtle variations in tropospheric N2O isotopic composition demands high-precision and high-frequency measurements. To enable useful observations of N2O isotopic composition in tropospheric air to reduce N2O source and sink uncertainty, it was necessary to develop a high-precision measurement system with fully automated capabilities for autonomous deployment at remote research stations. METHODS A fully automated pre-concentration system for high-precision measurements of N2O isotopic composition (δ(15)N(β) , δ(15)N(α), δ(18)O) in tropospheric air has been developed which combines a custom liquid-cryogen-free cryo-trapping system and gas chromatograph interfaced to a continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) system. A quadrupole mass spectrometer was coupled in parallel to the IRMS system during development to evaluate peak interference. Multi-port inlet and fully-automated capabilities allow streamlined analyses between in situ air inlet, air standards, flask air sample, or other gas source in exactly replicated analysis sequences. RESULTS The system has the highest precision to date for (15)N site-specific composition results (δ(15) N(α) ±0.11‰, δ(15)N(β) ±0.14‰ (1σ)), attributed mostly to uniformity of analytical cycles and particular attention to fluorocarbon interference noted for (15)N site-specific measurements by IRMS. Air measurements demonstrated the fully automated capacity and performance. CONCLUSIONS The system makes substantial headway in measurement precision, possibly defining the limits of IRMS measurement capabilities in low concentration N2O air samples, with fully automated capabilities to enable high-frequency in situ measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Potter
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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Kato T, Toyoda S, Yoshida N, Tang Y, Wada E. Isotopomer and isotopologue signatures of N2O produced in alpine ecosystems on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1517-1526. [PMID: 23722686 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Static-chamber flux measurements have suggested that one of the world's largest grasslands, the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), is a potential source of nitrous oxide (N2O), a major greenhouse gas. However, production and consumption pathways of N2O have not been identified by in situ field measurements. METHODS Ratios of N2O isotopomers ((14)N(15)N(16)O and (15)N(14)N(16)O) and an isotopologue ((14)N(14)N(18)O) with respect to (14)N(14)N(16)O in the atmosphere, static chambers, and soils were measured by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry in the summer of 2005 and the following winter of 2006 at three typical alpine ecosystems: alpine meadow, alpine shrub, and alpine wetland, on the QTP, China. RESULTS Site preference (SP) values of soil-emitted N2 O were estimated as 33.7‰ and 30.1‰ for alpine meadow and shrub, respectively, suggesting larger contributions by fungal denitrification, than by bacterial denitrification and nitrifier-denitrification, to N2 O production. Statistical analysis of the relationship between SP and δ(15)N(bulk) values indicated that in alpine meadow, shrub, and wetland sites fungal denitrification contributed 40.7%, 40.0%, and 23.2% to gross N2O production and the produced N2O was reduced by 87.6%, 82.9%, and 92.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The combined measurements of N2O concentration, flux, and isotopomeric signatures provide a robust estimation of N2O circulation dynamics in alpine ecosystems on the QTP, which would contribute to the development of ecosystem nitrogen cycle model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomichi Kato
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
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