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Guo B, Ma B, Li M, Li Y, Liang P, Han D, Yan X, Hu S. The nitration of SIRT6 aggravates neuronal damage during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rat. Nitric Oxide 2024:S1089-8603(24)00123-X. [PMID: 39374645 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2024.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 10/03/2024] [Accepted: 10/04/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a major cause of death and disability. The activation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and the resulting production of nitric oxide (NO) via NMDA receptor-mediated calcium influx play an exacerbating role in cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. The NO rapidly reacts with superoxide (O2-) to form peroxynitrite (ONOO-), a toxic molecule may modify proteins through tyrosine residue nitration, ultimately worsening neuronal damage. SIRT6 has been proven to be crucial in regulating cell proliferation, death, and aging in various pathological settings. We have previous reported that human SIRT6 tyrosine nitration decreased its intrinsic catalytic activity in vitro. However, the exact role of SIRT6 function in the process of cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury is not yet fully elucidated. Herein, we demonstrated that an increase in the nitration of SIRT6 led to reduce its enzymatic activity and aggravated hippocampal neuronal damage in a rat model of four-artery cerebral ischemia reperfusion. In addition, reducing SIRT6 nitration resulted in increase the activity of SIRT6, alleviating hippocampal neuronal damage. Moreover, SIRT6 nitration affected its downstream molecule activity such as PARP1 and GCN5, promoting the process of neuronal ischemic injury in rat hippocampus. Additionally, treatment with NMDA receptor antagonist MK801, or nNOS inhibitor 7-NI, and resveratrol (an antioxidant) diminished SIRT6 nitration and the catalytic activity of downstream molecules like PARP1 and GCN5, thereby reducing neuronal damage. Finally, in the biochemical regulation of SIRT6 activity, tyrosine 257 was essential for its activity and susceptibility to nitration. Replacing tyrosine 257 with phenylalanine in rat SIRT6 attenuated the death of SH-SY5Y neurocytes under oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) conditions. These results may offer further understanding of SIRT6 function in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingnan Guo
- The Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, School of Second Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Bin Ma
- The Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, School of Second Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan, 471000, China
| | - Ming Li
- The Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, School of Second Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China; Department of Emergency Medicine, The General Hospital of Xuzhou Mining Group, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221006, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- The Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, School of Second Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Pengchong Liang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Central Hospital of Baoji City, Baoji, Shanxi,721008, China
| | - Dong Han
- The Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, School of Second Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Xianliang Yan
- The Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, School of Second Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China; Department of Emergency Medicine, Suining People's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China.
| | - Shuqun Hu
- The Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, School of Second Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China; Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China.
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2
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Suo JL, Li JY, Zhou CM, Jin RL, Song JH, Wang YL, Huo DS, Tan BH, Li YC. Long-term changes in phospholipids and free fatty acids and the possible subcellular origins for phospholipid degradation in kainic acid-damaged mouse hippocampus. Brain Res 2024; 1845:149243. [PMID: 39293679 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
Kainic acid (KA)-induced excitotoxicity induces acute degradation of phospholipids and release of free fatty acids (FFAs) in rodent hippocampus, but the long-term changes in phospholipids or the subcellular origins of liberated FFAs remain unclarified. Phospholipids and FFAs were determined in KA-damaged mouse hippocampus by enzyme-coupled biochemical assays. The evolution of membrane injuries in the hippocampus was examined by a series of morphological techniques. The levels of phospholipids in the hippocampus decreased shortly after KA injection but recovered close to the control levels at 24 h. The decline in phospholipids was accelerated again from 72 to 120 after KA treatment. The levels of FFAs were negatively related to those of phospholipids, exhibiting a similar but opposite trend of changes. KA treatment caused progressively severe damage to vulnerable neurons, which was accompanied by increased permeability in the cell membrane and increased staining of membrane-bound dyes in the cytoplasm. Double fluorescence staining showed that the latter was partially overlapped with abnormally increased endocytic and autophagic components in damaged neurons. Our results revealed intricate and biphasic changes in phospholipid and FFA levels in KA-damaged hippocampus. Disrupted endomembrane system may be one of the major origins for KA-induced FFA release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Le Suo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China; Department of Human Anatomy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014040, PR China
| | - Jing-Yi Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Cheng-Mei Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Rui-Lin Jin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Jia-Hui Song
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Yan-Ling Wang
- Laboratory Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - De-Sheng Huo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Bai-Hong Tan
- Laboratory Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Yan-Chao Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China.
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Shankar A, Sharma A, Buch C, Chilton RJ. The evolving role of GLP-1 agonists in ischemic stroke prevention in diabetic patients. Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab 2024; 13:e00308. [PMID: 39148946 PMCID: PMC11326472 DOI: 10.1097/xce.0000000000000308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Shankar
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Chirag Buch
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Robert J Chilton
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Zhang Y, Zhang C, Yi X, Wang Q, Zhang T, Li Y. Gabapentinoids for the treatment of stroke. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1509-1516. [PMID: 38051893 PMCID: PMC10883501 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.387968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Gabapentinoid drugs (pregabalin and gabapentin) have been successfully used in the treatment of neuropathic pain and in focal seizure prevention. Recent research has demonstrated their potent activities in modulating neurotransmitter release in neuronal tissue, oxidative stress, and inflammation, which matches the mechanism of action via voltage-gated calcium channels. In this review, we briefly elaborate on the medicinal history and ligand-binding sites of gabapentinoids. We systematically summarize the preclinical and clinical research on gabapentinoids in stroke, including ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, seizures after stroke, cortical spreading depolarization after stroke, pain after stroke, and nerve regeneration after stroke. This review also discusses the potential targets of gabapentinoids in stroke; however, the existing results are still uncertain regarding the effect of gabapentinoids on stroke and related diseases. Further preclinical and clinical trials are needed to test the therapeutic potential of gabapentinoids in stroke. Therefore, gabapentinoids have both opportunities and challenges in the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Chenyu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiaoli Yi
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuwen Li
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Lai K, Pritišanac I, Liu ZQ, Liu HW, Gong LN, Li MX, Lu JF, Qi X, Xu TL, Forman-Kay J, Shi HB, Wang LY, Yin SK. Glutamate acts on acid-sensing ion channels to worsen ischaemic brain injury. Nature 2024; 631:826-834. [PMID: 38987597 PMCID: PMC11269185 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07684-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Glutamate is traditionally viewed as the first messenger to activate NMDAR (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor)-dependent cell death pathways in stroke1,2, but unsuccessful clinical trials with NMDAR antagonists implicate the engagement of other mechanisms3-7. Here we show that glutamate and its structural analogues, including NMDAR antagonist L-AP5 (also known as APV), robustly potentiate currents mediated by acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) associated with acidosis-induced neurotoxicity in stroke4. Glutamate increases the affinity of ASICs for protons and their open probability, aggravating ischaemic neurotoxicity in both in vitro and in vivo models. Site-directed mutagenesis, structure-based modelling and functional assays reveal a bona fide glutamate-binding cavity in the extracellular domain of ASIC1a. Computational drug screening identified a small molecule, LK-2, that binds to this cavity and abolishes glutamate-dependent potentiation of ASIC currents but spares NMDARs. LK-2 reduces the infarct volume and improves sensorimotor recovery in a mouse model of ischaemic stroke, reminiscent of that seen in mice with Asic1a knockout or knockout of other cation channels4-7. We conclude that glutamate functions as a positive allosteric modulator for ASICs to exacerbate neurotoxicity, and preferential targeting of the glutamate-binding site on ASICs over that on NMDARs may be strategized for developing stroke therapeutics lacking the psychotic side effects of NMDAR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Iva Pritišanac
- Program in Molecular Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Zhen-Qi Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Han-Wei Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Na Gong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Xian Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Fei Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Le Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Julie Forman-Kay
- Program in Molecular Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hai-Bo Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lu-Yang Wang
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Shan-Kai Yin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Bindal P, Kumar V, Kapil L, Singh C, Singh A. Therapeutic management of ischemic stroke. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:2651-2679. [PMID: 37966570 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02804-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the third leading cause of years lost due to disability and the second-largest cause of mortality worldwide. Most occurrences of stroke are brought on by the sudden occlusion of an artery (ischemic stroke), but sometimes they are brought on by bleeding into brain tissue after a blood vessel has ruptured (hemorrhagic stroke). Alteplase is the only therapy the American Food and Drug Administration has approved for ischemic stroke under the thrombolysis category. Current views as well as relevant clinical research on the diagnosis, assessment, and management of stroke are reviewed to suggest appropriate treatment strategies. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for the available therapeutic regimes in the past, present, and future. With the advent of endovascular therapy in 2015 and intravenous thrombolysis in 1995, the therapeutic options for ischemic stroke have expanded significantly. A novel approach such as vagus nerve stimulation could be life-changing for many stroke patients. Therapeutic hypothermia, the process of cooling the body or brain to preserve organ integrity, is one of the most potent neuroprotectants in both clinical and preclinical contexts. The rapid intervention has been linked to more favorable clinical results. This study focuses on the pathogenesis of stroke, as well as its recent advancements, future prospects, and potential therapeutic targets in stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Bindal
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Affiliated to I.K Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Vishal Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Affiliated to I.K Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Lakshay Kapil
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Affiliated to I.K Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Charan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University (A Central University), Chauras Campus, Distt. Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, 246174, India
| | - Arti Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Affiliated to I.K Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India.
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Alkhiri A, Alturki F, Alansari NM, Almaghrabi AA, Alghamdi BA, Alamri AF, Alghamdi S, Makkawi S. Prognosis and distribution of ischemic stroke with negative diffusion-weighted imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1376439. [PMID: 38737347 PMCID: PMC11082379 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1376439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is the most sensitive modality for ischemic stroke diagnosis. However, DWI may fail to detect ischemic lesions in a proportion of patients. Methods Following PRISMA statement, a systematic search of Medline, Embase, and Web of Science was conducted until January 3, 2024. The inclusion was confined to English literature with sufficient reporting. Proportions of DWI-negative ischemic stroke were pooled. For binary variables, odds ratios (ORs) were computed using the random-effects model. Results Fourteen studies constituting 16,268 patients with a clinical diagnosis of ischemic stroke and available DWI findings were included. Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) was administered to 19.6% of the DWI-negative group and 15.3% of the DWI-positive group. DWI-negative ischemic stroke was reported in 16% (95% CI: 10-24%; after sensitivity analysis: 11% [95% CI: 8-15%]) of stroke patients. Among minor stroke patients (National Institutes of Health Stroke scale [NIHSS] of 5 or less), 24% (95% CI 12-42%) had negative DWI findings. Predictors of DWI-negative scans included posterior circulation stroke, history of ischemic heart disease, prior stroke, or prior transient ischemic attack. Cardioembolic stroke (OR, 0.62, 95% CI: 0.41-0.93) and history of atrial fibrillation increased the likelihood of positive DWI findings (OR, 0.56, 95% CI: 0.45-0.71). Patients with DWI-negative ischemic stroke had higher odds of good functional outcomes (modified Rankin scale [mRS] of 0-1) (OR, 2.26; 95% CI: 1.03-4.92), lower odds of stroke recurrence (OR, 0.68; 95% CI: 0.48-0.96), and lower odds of severe disability or mortality (mRS of 3-6) (OR, 0.44; 95% CI: 0.34-0.57) compared to patients with positive DWI. Rates of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage after IVT were comparable between groups. Conclusion DWI-negative findings were present in a significant proportion of ischemic stroke patients and may be utilized as a marker for favorable prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alkhiri
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Alturki
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nayef M. Alansari
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Almaghrabi
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basil A. Alghamdi
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aser F. Alamri
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Alghamdi
- Neuroscience Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seraj Makkawi
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Neuroscience, Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Zhang Q, Huang S, Liu X, Wang W, Zhu Z, Chen L. Innovations in Breaking Barriers: Liposomes as Near-Perfect Drug Carriers in Ischemic Stroke Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:3715-3735. [PMID: 38681090 PMCID: PMC11046314 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s462194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Liposomes, noted for their tunable particle size, surface customization, and varied drug delivery capacities, are increasingly acknowledged in therapeutic applications. These vesicles exhibit surface flexibility, enabling the incorporation of targeting moieties or peptides to achieve specific targeting and avoid lysosomal entrapment. Internally, their adaptable architecture permits the inclusion of a broad spectrum of drugs, contingent on their solubility characteristics. This study thoroughly reviews liposome fabrication, surface modifications, and drug release mechanisms post-systemic administration, with a particular emphasis on drugs crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to address lesions. Additionally, the review delves into recent developments in the use of liposomes in ischemic stroke models, offering a comparative evaluation with other nanocarriers like exosomes and nano-micelles, thereby facilitating their clinical advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiankun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songze Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihan Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lukui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
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Marco-Contelles J. α-Phenyl- N-tert-Butylnitrone and Analogous α-Aryl- N-alkylnitrones as Neuroprotective Antioxidant Agents for Stroke. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:440. [PMID: 38671888 PMCID: PMC11047398 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent advances in research on the use of the antioxidant and neuroprotective agent α-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) for the therapy of stroke have been reviewed. The protective effect of PBN in the transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) has been demonstrated, although there have been significant differences in the neuronal salvaging effect between PBN-treated and untreated animals, each set of data having quite large inter-experimental variation. In the transient forebrain ischemia model of gerbil, PBN reduces the mortality after ischemia and the neuronal damage in the hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) area of the hippocumpus caused by ischemia. However, PBN fails to prevent postischemic CA1 damage in the rat. As for focal cerebral ischemia, PBN significantly reduces cerebral infarction and decreases neurological deficit after ischemia using a rat model of persistent MCAO in rats. Similarly, the antioxidant and neuroprotective capacity of a number of PBN-derived nitrones prepared in the author's laboratory have also been summarized here, showing their high potential therapeutic power to treat stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Marco-Contelles
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (CSIC), C/ Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Center for Biomedical Network Research (CIBER), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), 46010 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Chen W, Jiang B, Zhao Y, Yu W, Zhang M, Liang Z, Liu X, Ye B, Chen D, Yang L, Li F. Discovery of benzyloxy benzamide derivatives as potent neuroprotective agents against ischemic stroke. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115871. [PMID: 37852031 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) and the resulting neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) excessive activation play crucial pathogenic roles in neuronal damage caused by stroke. Disrupting postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95)-nNOS protein-protein interaction (PPI) has been proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke without incurring the unwanted side effects of direct NMDAR antagonism. Based on a specific PSD95-nNOS PPI inhibitor (SCR4026), we conducted a detailed study on structure-activity relationship (SAR) to discover a series of novel benzyloxy benzamide derivatives. Here, our efforts resulted in the best 29 (LY836) with improved neuroprotective activities in primary cortical neurons from glutamate-induced damage and drug-like properties. Whereafter, co-immunoprecipitation experiment demonstrated that 29 significantly blocked PSD95-nNOS association in cultured cortical neurons. Furthermore, 29 displayed good pharmacokinetic properties (T1/2 = 4.26 and 4.08 h after oral and intravenous administration, respectively) and exhibited powerful therapeutic effects in rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) by reducing infarct size and neurological deficit score. These findings suggested that compound 29 may be a promising neuroprotection agent for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Minyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Zhenchu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Binglin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Dongyin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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11
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Pape N, Rose CR. Activation of TRPV4 channels promotes the loss of cellular ATP in organotypic slices of the mouse neocortex exposed to chemical ischemia. J Physiol 2023; 601:2975-2990. [PMID: 37195195 DOI: 10.1113/jp284430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate brain has an exceptionally high energy need. During ischemia, intracellular ATP concentrations decline rapidly, resulting in the breakdown of ion gradients and cellular damage. Here, we employed the nanosensor ATeam1.03YEMK to analyse the pathways driving the loss of ATP upon transient metabolic inhibition in neurons and astrocytes of the mouse neocortex. We demonstrate that brief chemical ischemia, induced by combined inhibition of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, results in a transient decrease in intracellular ATP. Neurons experienced a larger relative decline and showed less ability to recover from prolonged (>5 min) metabolic inhibition than astrocytes. Blocking voltage-gated Na+ channels or NMDA receptors ameliorated the ATP decline in neurons and astrocytes, while blocking glutamate uptake aggravated the overall reduction in neuronal ATP, confirming the central role of excitatory neuronal activity in the cellular energy loss. Unexpectedly, pharmacological inhibition of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels significantly reduced the ischemia-induced decline in ATP in both cell types. Imaging with Na+ -sensitive indicator dye ING-2 furthermore showed that TRPV4 inhibition also reduced ischemia-induced increases in intracellular Na+ . Altogether, our results demonstrate that neurons exhibit a higher vulnerability to brief metabolic inhibition than astrocytes. Moreover, they reveal an unexpected strong contribution of TRPV4 channels to the loss of cellular ATP and suggest that the demonstrated TRPV4-related ATP consumption is most likely a direct consequence of Na+ influx. Activation of TRPV4 channels thus provides a hitherto unacknowledged contribution to the cellular energy loss during energy failure, generating a significant metabolic cost in ischemic conditions. KEY POINTS: In the ischemic brain, cellular ATP concentrations decline rapidly, which results in the collapse of ion gradients and promotes cellular damage and death. We analysed the pathways driving the loss of ATP upon transient metabolic inhibition in neurons and astrocytes of the mouse neocortex. Our results confirm the central role of excitatory neuronal activity in the cellular energy loss and demonstrate that neurons experience a larger decline in ATP and are more vulnerable to brief metabolic stress than astrocytes. Our study also reveals a new, previously unknown involvement of osmotically activated transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels to the reduction in cellular ATP in both cell types and indicates that this is a consequence of TRPV4-mediated Na+ influx. We conclude that activation of TRPV4 channels provides a considerable contribution to the cellular energy loss, thereby generating a significant metabolic cost in ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Pape
- Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christine R Rose
- Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
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12
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Animal toxins: As an alternative therapeutic target following ischemic stroke condition. Life Sci 2023; 317:121365. [PMID: 36640901 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Globally, Ischemic stroke (IS) has become the second leading cause of mortality and chronic disability. The process of IS has triggered by the blockages of blood vessels to form clots in the brain which initiates multiple interactions with the key signaling pathways, counting excitotoxicity, acidosis, ionic imbalance, inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal dysfunction of cells, and ultimately cells going under apoptosis. Currently, FDA has approved only tissue plasminogen activator therapy, which is effective against IS with few limitations. However, the mechanism of excitotoxicity and acidosis has spurred the investigation of a potential candidate for IS therapy. Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) and Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VDCCs) get activated and disturb the brain's normal physiology. Animal toxins are novel inhibitors of ASICs and VDCCs channels and have provided neuroprotective insights into the pathophysiology of IS. This review will discuss the potential directions of translational ASICs and VDCCs inhibitors research for clinical therapies.
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13
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NMDARs antagonist MK801 suppresses LPS-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction by regulating subunits of NMDARs via the CaM/CaMKII/ERK pathway. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:59. [PMID: 36774369 PMCID: PMC9922289 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) displays a robust immunostimulatory ability upon Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) recognition. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are highly compartmentalized in most cells and implicated in various inflammatory disorders. However, the relationship between TLR4 and NMDARs has not been explored deeply. This study aimed to examine the role of NMDARs and its specific inhibitor MK801 in LPS-treated endothelial cell dysfunction and the related mechanism in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that pre-treatment with MK801 significantly decreased LPS-induced cell death, cellular Ca2+, cellular reactive oxygen species, and glutamate efflux. Moreover, MK801 restrained LPS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction by regulating mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. The oxygen consumption, basal and maximal respiration rate, and ATP production in LPS-treated HUVECs were reversed by MK801 via regulating ATP synthesis-related protein SDHB2, MTCO1, and ATP5A. The molecular pathway involved in MK801-regulated LPS injury was mediated by phosphorylation of CaMKII and ERK and the expression of MCU, MCUR1, and TLR4. LPS-decreased permeability in HUVECs was improved by MK801 via the Erk/ZO-1/occluding/Cx43 axis. Co-immunoprecipitation assay and western blotting showed three subtypes of NMDARs, NMDAζ1, NMDAε2, and NMDAε4 were bound explicitly to TLR4, suppressed by LPS, and promoted by MK801. Deficiency of NMDAζ1, NMDAε2, or NMDAε4 induced cell apoptosis, Ca2+ uptake, ROS production, and decreased basal and maximal respiration rate, and ATP production, suggesting that NMDARs integrity is vital for cell and mitochondrial function. In vivo investigation showed MK801 improved impairment of vascular permeability, especially in the lung and mesentery in LPS-injured mice. Our study displayed a novel mechanism and utilization of MK801 in LPS-induced ECs injury and permeability.
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14
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Yi D, Zhao H, Zhao J, Li L. Modular Engineering of DNAzyme-Based Sensors for Spatioselective Imaging of Metal Ions in Mitochondria. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1678-1685. [PMID: 36573341 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
DNAzyme-based sensors remain at the forefront of metal-ion imaging efforts, but most lack the subcellular precision necessary to their applications in specific organelles. Here, we seek to overcome this limitation by presenting a DNAzyme-based biosensor technology for spatiotemporally controlled imaging of metal ions in mitochondria. A DNA nanodevice was constructed by integrating an optically activatable DNAzyme sensor and an upconversion nanoparticle with an organelle-targeting signal. We exemplify that this approach allows for mitochondria-specific imaging of Zn2+ in living cells in a near-infrared light-controlled manner. Based on this, the system is used for the monitoring of mitochondrial Zn2+ during drug treatment in a cellular model of ischemia insult. Furthermore, the DNA nanodevice is employed to assess dynamic Zn2+ change and pharmacological interventions in an injury cell model of Zn2+ toxicity. This method paves the way for engineering of DNAzyme sensors to investigate the pathophysiological roles of metal ions at the subcellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyu Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.,College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hengzhi Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.,College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.,College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lele Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.,College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Neri S, Gasparini S, Pascarella A, Santangelo D, Cianci V, Mammì A, Lo Giudice M, Ferlazzo E, Aguglia U. Epilepsy in Cerebrovascular Diseases: A Narrative Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1634-1645. [PMID: 35794769 PMCID: PMC10514540 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220706113925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy is a common comorbidity of cerebrovascular disease and an increasing socioeconomic burden. OBJECTIVE We aimed to provide an updated comprehensive review on the state of the art about seizures and epilepsy in stroke, cerebral haemorrhage, and leukoaraiosis. METHODS We selected English-written articles on epilepsy, stroke, and small vessel disease up until December 2021. We reported the most recent data about epidemiology, pathophysiology, prognosis, and management for each disease. RESULTS The main predictors for both ES and PSE are the severity and extent of stroke, the presence of cortical involvement and hemorrhagic transformation, while PSE is also predicted by younger age at stroke onset. Few data exist on physiopathology and seizure semiology, and no randomized controlled trial has been performed to standardize the therapeutic approach to post-stroke epilepsy. CONCLUSION Some aspects of ES and PSE have been well explored, particularly epidemiology and risk factors. On the contrary, few data exist on physiopathology, and existing evidence is mainly based on studies on animal models. Little is also known about seizure semiology, which may also be difficult to interpret by non-epileptologists. Moreover, the therapeutic approach needs standardization as regards indications and the choice of specific ASMs. Future research may help to better elucidate these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Neri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
- Regional Epilepsy Centre, Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Sara Gasparini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
- Regional Epilepsy Centre, Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Angelo Pascarella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
- Regional Epilepsy Centre, Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Domenico Santangelo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
- Regional Epilepsy Centre, Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Vittoria Cianci
- Regional Epilepsy Centre, Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Anna Mammì
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michele Lo Giudice
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Edoardo Ferlazzo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
- Regional Epilepsy Centre, Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Umberto Aguglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
- Regional Epilepsy Centre, Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy
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16
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Choi JH, Chun BJ, Yeom SR, Chung SP, Lee YH, Kim YH, Lee JS, Lee JH, Lee HG, Jin JY, An CS, Gwag BJ. Rationale and methods of the Antioxidant and NMDA receptor blocker Weans Anoxic brain damage of KorEa OHCA patients (AWAKE) trial. Trials 2022; 23:587. [PMID: 35871083 PMCID: PMC9308222 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemic brain injury is a major hurdle that limits the survival of resuscitated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Methods The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility and potential for reduction of ischemic brain injury in adult OHCA patients treated with high- or low-dose Neu2000K, a selective blocker of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) type 2B receptor and also a free radical scavenger, or given placebo. This study is a phase II, multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, prospective, intention-to-treat, placebo-controlled, three-armed, safety and efficacy clinical trial. This trial is a sponsor-initiated trial supported by GNT Pharma. Successfully resuscitated OHCA patients aged 19 to 80 years would be included. The primary outcome is blood neuron-specific enolase (NSE) level on the 3rd day. The secondary outcomes are safety, efficacy defined by study drug administration within 4 h in > 90% of participants, daily NSE up to 5th day, blood S100beta, brain MRI apparent diffusion coefficient imaging, cerebral performance category (CPC), and Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 5th, 14th, and 90th days. Assuming NSE of 42 ± 80 and 80 ± 80 μg/L in the treatment (high- and low-dose Neu2000K) and control arms with 80% power, a type 1 error rate of 5%, and a 28% of withdrawal prior to the endpoint, the required sample size is 150 patients. Discussion The AWAKE trial explores a new multi-target neuroprotectant for the treatment of resuscitated OHCA patients. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03651557. Registered on August 29, 2018.
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17
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Khan T, Waseem R, Zehra Z, Aiman A, Bhardwaj P, Ansari J, Hassan MI, Islam A. Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Pathophysiology and Mitochondria-Targeted Drug Delivery Approaches. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122657. [PMID: 36559149 PMCID: PMC9785072 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are implicated in a wide range of functions apart from ATP generation, and, therefore, constitute one of the most important organelles of cell. Since healthy mitochondria are essential for proper cellular functioning and survival, mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to various pathologies. Mitochondria are considered a novel and promising therapeutic target for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of various human diseases including metabolic disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. For mitochondria-targeted therapy, there is a need to develop an effective drug delivery approach, owing to the mitochondrial special bilayer structure through which therapeutic molecules undergo multiple difficulties in reaching the core. In recent years, various nanoformulations have been designed such as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, inorganic nanoparticles conjugate with mitochondriotropic moieties such as mitochondria-penetrating peptides (MPPs), triphenylphosphonium (TPP), dequalinium (DQA), and mitochondrial protein import machinery for overcoming barriers involved in targeting mitochondria. The current approaches used for mitochondria-targeted drug delivery have provided promising ways to overcome the challenges associated with targeted-drug delivery. Herein, we review the research from past years to the current scenario that has identified mitochondrial dysfunction as a major contributor to the pathophysiology of various diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the recent advancements in mitochondria-targeted drug delivery strategies for the pathologies associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzeel Khan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Rashid Waseem
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Zainy Zehra
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Ayesha Aiman
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Priyanka Bhardwaj
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Jaoud Ansari
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
- Correspondence:
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18
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You JS, Kim JY, Yenari MA. Therapeutic hypothermia for stroke: Unique challenges at the bedside. Front Neurol 2022; 13:951586. [PMID: 36262833 PMCID: PMC9575992 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.951586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia has shown promise as a means to improving neurological outcomes at several neurological conditions. At the clinical level, it has been shown to improve outcomes in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest and in neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, but has yet to be convincingly demonstrated in stroke. While numerous preclinical studies have shown benefit in stroke models, translating this to the clinical level has proven challenging. Major obstacles include cooling patients with typical stroke who are awake and breathing spontaneously but often have significant comorbidities. Solutions around these problems include selective brain cooling and cooling to lesser depths or avoiding hyperthermia. This review will cover the mechanisms of protection by therapeutic hypothermia, as well as recent progress made in selective brain cooling and the neuroprotective effects of only slightly lowering brain temperature. Therapeutic hypothermia for stroke has been shown to be feasible, but has yet to be definitively proven effective. There is clearly much work to be undertaken in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je Sung You
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Youl Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Midori A. Yenari
- Department of Neurology, The San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Midori A. Yenari
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19
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Molecular Mechanisms of Epilepsy: The Role of the Chloride Transporter KCC2. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1500-1515. [PMID: 35819636 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disease characterized by abnormal or synchronous brain activity causing seizures, which may produce convulsions, minor physical signs, or a combination of symptoms. These disorders affect approximately 65 million people worldwide, from all ages and genders. Seizures apart, epileptic patients present a high risk to develop neuropsychological comorbidities such as cognitive deficits, emotional disturbance, and psychiatric disorders, which severely impair quality of life. Currently, the treatment for epilepsy includes the administration of drugs or surgery, but about 30% of the patients treated with antiepileptic drugs develop time-dependent pharmacoresistence. Therefore, further investigation about epilepsy and its causes is needed to find new pharmacological targets and innovative therapeutic strategies. Pharmacoresistance is associated to changes in neuronal plasticity and alterations of GABAA receptor-mediated neurotransmission. The downregulation of GABA inhibitory activity may arise from a positive shift in GABAA receptor reversal potential, due to an alteration in chloride homeostasis. In this paper, we review the contribution of K+-Cl--cotransporter (KCC2) to the alterations in the Cl- gradient observed in epileptic condition, and how these alterations are coupled to the increase in the excitability.
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20
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Ghozy S, Reda A, Varney J, Elhawary AS, Shah J, Murry K, Sobeeh MG, Nayak SS, Azzam AY, Brinjikji W, Kadirvel R, Kallmes DF. Neuroprotection in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Battle Against the Biology of Nature. Front Neurol 2022; 13:870141. [PMID: 35711268 PMCID: PMC9195142 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.870141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second most common cause of global death following coronary artery disease. Time is crucial in managing stroke to reduce the rapidly progressing insult of the ischemic penumbra and the serious neurologic deficits that might follow it. Strokes are mainly either hemorrhagic or ischemic, with ischemic being the most common of all types of strokes. Thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and endovascular thrombectomy are the main types of management of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). In addition, there is a vital need for neuroprotection in the setting of AIS. Neuroprotective agents are important to investigate as they may reduce mortality, lessen disability, and improve quality of life after AIS. In our review, we will discuss the main types of management and the different modalities of neuroprotection, their mechanisms of action, and evidence of their effectiveness after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherief Ghozy
- Department of Neuroradiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences and Department for Continuing Education (EBHC Program), Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Abdullah Reda
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Joseph Varney
- School of Medicine, American University of the Caribbean, Philipsburg, Sint Maarten
| | | | - Jaffer Shah
- Medical Research Center, Kateb University, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | | | - Mohamed Gomaa Sobeeh
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Sinai University, Cairo, Egypt.,Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sandeep S Nayak
- Department of Internal Medicine, NYC Health + Hospitals/Metropolitan, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ahmed Y Azzam
- Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Waleed Brinjikji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - David F Kallmes
- Department of Neuroradiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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21
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Terlecki P, Przywara S, Terlecki K, Janczak D, Antkiewicz M, Zubilewicz T. Effect of Reconstructive Procedures of the Extracranial Segment of the Carotid Arteries on Damage to the Blood-Brain Barrier. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106210. [PMID: 35627746 PMCID: PMC9140649 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endarterectomy and angioplasty of the internal carotid artery are surgical measures for the prevention of ischemic stroke. Perioperative complications are caused by concomitant embolism and reperfusion syndrome leading to damage of the blood-brain barrier. METHODS The study included 88 patients divided into two groups, depending on the surgical technique used: internal carotid artery endarterectomy (CEA), 66 patients, and percutaneous carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS), 22 patients. Blood was drawn 24 h before surgery, as well as 8, 24, and 48 h post-surgery. The assessment of damage to the blood-brain barrier was based on the evaluation of the concentration of claudin-1 and occludin, aquaporin-4, the measurements of the activity of metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and -9 (MMP-9), and the assessment of central nervous system damage, measured by changes in the blood S100β protein concentration. RESULTS A significant increase in the concentration of the blood-brain barrier damage markers and increased MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity were found in patient blood. The degree of damage to the blood-brain barrier was higher in the CEA group. CONCLUSIONS The authors' own research has indicated that revascularization of the internal carotid artery may lead to damage to the central nervous system secondary to damage to the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Terlecki
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Angiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-078 Lublin, Poland; (P.T.); (S.P.); (T.Z.)
| | - Stanisław Przywara
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Angiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-078 Lublin, Poland; (P.T.); (S.P.); (T.Z.)
| | - Karol Terlecki
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Angiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-078 Lublin, Poland; (P.T.); (S.P.); (T.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dariusz Janczak
- Department of Vascular Surgery, General and Transplant Surgery, Medical University in Wroclaw, 50-355 Wroclaw, Poland; (D.J.); (M.A.)
| | - Maciej Antkiewicz
- Department of Vascular Surgery, General and Transplant Surgery, Medical University in Wroclaw, 50-355 Wroclaw, Poland; (D.J.); (M.A.)
| | - Tomasz Zubilewicz
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Angiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-078 Lublin, Poland; (P.T.); (S.P.); (T.Z.)
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22
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Chen X, Zhang J, Wang K. Inhibition of intracellular proton-sensitive Ca 2+-permeable TRPV3 channels protects against ischemic brain injury. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2330-2347. [PMID: 35646518 PMCID: PMC9136580 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic brain stroke is pathologically characterized by tissue acidosis, sustained calcium entry and progressive cell death. Previous studies focusing on antagonizing N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors have failed to translate any clinical benefits, suggesting a non-NMDA mechanism involved in the sustained injury after stroke. Here, we report that inhibition of intracellular proton-sensitive Ca2+-permeable transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 (TRPV3) channel protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. TRPV3 expression is upregulated in mice subjected to cerebral I/R injury. Silencing of TRPV3 reduces intrinsic neuronal excitability, excitatory synaptic transmissions, and also attenuates cerebral I/R injury in mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Conversely, overexpressing or re-expressing TRPV3 increases neuronal excitability, excitatory synaptic transmissions and aggravates cerebral I/R injury. Furthermore, specific inhibition of TRPV3 by natural forsythoside B decreases neural excitability and attenuates cerebral I/R injury. Taken together, our findings for the first time reveal a causative role of neuronal TRPV3 channel in progressive cell death after stroke, and blocking overactive TRPV3 channel may provide therapeutic potential for ischemic brain injury.
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Ibanez L, Heitsch L, Carrera C, Farias FHG, Del Aguila JL, Dhar R, Budde J, Bergmann K, Bradley J, Harari O, Phuah CL, Lemmens R, Viana Oliveira Souza AA, Moniche F, Cabezas-Juan A, Arenillas JF, Krupinksi J, Cullell N, Torres-Aguila N, Muiño E, Cárcel-Márquez J, Marti-Fabregas J, Delgado-Mederos R, Marin-Bueno R, Hornick A, Vives-Bauza C, Navarro RD, Tur S, Jimenez C, Obach V, Segura T, Serrano-Heras G, Chung JW, Roquer J, Soriano-Tarraga C, Giralt-Steinhauer E, Mola-Caminal M, Pera J, Lapicka-Bodzioch K, Derbisz J, Davalos A, Lopez-Cancio E, Muñoz L, Tatlisumak T, Molina C, Ribo M, Bustamante A, Sobrino T, Castillo-Sanchez J, Campos F, Rodriguez-Castro E, Arias-Rivas S, Rodríguez-Yáñez M, Herbosa C, Ford AL, Gutierrez-Romero A, Uribe-Pacheco R, Arauz A, Lopes-Cendes I, Lowenkopf T, Barboza MA, Amini H, Stamova B, Ander BP, Sharp FR, Kim GM, Bang OY, Jimenez-Conde J, Slowik A, Stribian D, Tsai EA, Burkly LC, Montaner J, Fernandez-Cadenas I, Lee JM, Cruchaga C. Multi-ancestry GWAS reveals excitotoxicity associated with outcome after ischaemic stroke. Brain 2022; 145:2394-2406. [PMID: 35213696 PMCID: PMC9890452 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During the first hours after stroke onset, neurological deficits can be highly unstable: some patients rapidly improve, while others deteriorate. This early neurological instability has a major impact on long-term outcome. Here, we aimed to determine the genetic architecture of early neurological instability measured by the difference between the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) within 6 h of stroke onset and NIHSS at 24 h. A total of 5876 individuals from seven countries (Spain, Finland, Poland, USA, Costa Rica, Mexico and Korea) were studied using a multi-ancestry meta-analyses. We found that 8.7% of NIHSS at 24 h of variance was explained by common genetic variations, and also that early neurological instability has a different genetic architecture from that of stroke risk. Eight loci (1p21.1, 1q42.2, 2p25.1, 2q31.2, 2q33.3, 5q33.2, 7p21.2 and 13q31.1) were genome-wide significant and explained 1.8% of the variability suggesting that additional variants influence early change in neurological deficits. We used functional genomics and bioinformatic annotation to identify the genes driving the association from each locus. Expression quantitative trait loci mapping and summary data-based Mendelian randomization indicate that ADAM23 (log Bayes factor = 5.41) was driving the association for 2q33.3. Gene-based analyses suggested that GRIA1 (log Bayes factor = 5.19), which is predominantly expressed in the brain, is the gene driving the association for the 5q33.2 locus. These analyses also nominated GNPAT (log Bayes factor = 7.64) ABCB5 (log Bayes factor = 5.97) for the 1p21.1 and 7p21.1 loci. Human brain single-nuclei RNA-sequencing indicates that the gene expression of ADAM23 and GRIA1 is enriched in neurons. ADAM23, a presynaptic protein and GRIA1, a protein subunit of the AMPA receptor, are part of a synaptic protein complex that modulates neuronal excitability. These data provide the first genetic evidence in humans that excitotoxicity may contribute to early neurological instability after acute ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ibanez
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis 63110, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis 63110, MO, USA
| | - Laura Heitsch
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis 63110, MO, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis 63110, MO, USA
| | - Caty Carrera
- Stroke Unit, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Fabiana H G Farias
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis 63110, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis 63110, MO, USA
| | - Jorge L Del Aguila
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis 63110, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis 63110, MO, USA
| | - Rajat Dhar
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis 63110, MO, USA
| | - John Budde
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis 63110, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis 63110, MO, USA
| | - Kristy Bergmann
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis 63110, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis 63110, MO, USA
| | - Joseph Bradley
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis 63110, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis 63110, MO, USA
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis 63110, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis 63110, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis 63110, MO, USA
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis 63110, MO, USA
| | - Chia Ling Phuah
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis 63110, MO, USA
| | - Robin Lemmens
- Department of Neuroscience, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N2, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
| | - Alessandro A Viana Oliveira Souza
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitaria, Campinas 13083-887, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), R. Tessalia Viera de Camargo, Campinas 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Francisco Moniche
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, University of Seville, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Antonio Cabezas-Juan
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, University of Seville, Seville 41013, Spain
- Hospital Virgen de la Macarena, University of Seville, Seville 41009, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Arenillas
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid, Valladolid University, Valladolid 47003, Spain
| | - Jerzy Krupinksi
- Department of Neurology, Mutua Terrassa University Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Terrassa 08221, Spain
- Fundacio Docencia i Recerca Mutua Terrassa, Universitat de Barcelona, Terrassa 08221, Spain
| | - Natalia Cullell
- Fundacio Docencia i Recerca Mutua Terrassa, Universitat de Barcelona, Terrassa 08221, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08041, Spain
| | - Nuria Torres-Aguila
- Fundacio Docencia i Recerca Mutua Terrassa, Universitat de Barcelona, Terrassa 08221, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08041, Spain
| | - Elena Muiño
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08041, Spain
| | - Jara Cárcel-Márquez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08041, Spain
| | - Joan Marti-Fabregas
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08041, Spain
| | - Raquel Delgado-Mederos
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08041, Spain
| | - Rebeca Marin-Bueno
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08041, Spain
| | - Alejandro Hornick
- Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois Healthcare Memorial Hospital of Carbondale, Carbondale 62901, IL, USA
| | | | - Rosa Diaz Navarro
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma 07120, Spain
| | - Silvia Tur
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma 07120, Spain
| | - Carmen Jimenez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma 07120, Spain
| | - Victor Obach
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Tomas Segura
- Research Unit, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete 02008, Spain
| | - Gemma Serrano-Heras
- Research Unit, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete 02008, Spain
| | - Jong Won Chung
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaume Roquer
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar de Investigacions Mediques, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Carol Soriano-Tarraga
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis 63110, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis 63110, MO, USA
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar de Investigacions Mediques, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Eva Giralt-Steinhauer
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar de Investigacions Mediques, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Marina Mola-Caminal
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar de Investigacions Mediques, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Orthopedics, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden
| | - Joanna Pera
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 31-007, Poland
| | | | - Justyna Derbisz
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 31-007, Poland
| | - Antoni Davalos
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona 08916, Spain
| | - Elena Lopez-Cancio
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lucia Muñoz
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona 08916, Spain
| | - Turgut Tatlisumak
- Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carlos Molina
- Stroke Unit, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Marc Ribo
- Stroke Unit, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Alejandro Bustamante
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona 08916, Spain
| | - Tomas Sobrino
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Jose Castillo-Sanchez
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Francisco Campos
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Emilio Rodriguez-Castro
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Susana Arias-Rivas
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Yáñez
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Christina Herbosa
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis 63110, MO, USA
| | - Andria L Ford
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis 63110, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis 63110, MO, USA
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis 63110, MO, USA
| | | | - Rodrigo Uribe-Pacheco
- Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirurgia de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico 14269, Mexico
| | - Antonio Arauz
- Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirurgia de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico 14269, Mexico
| | - Iscia Lopes-Cendes
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitaria, Campinas 13083-887, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), R. Tessalia Viera de Camargo, Campinas 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Theodore Lowenkopf
- Department of Neurology, Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland 97225, OR, USA
| | - Miguel A Barboza
- Neurosciences Department, Hospital Rafael A. Calderon Guardia, Aranjuez, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Hajar Amini
- Department of Neurology and MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento 95817, CA, USA
| | - Boryana Stamova
- Department of Neurology and MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento 95817, CA, USA
| | - Bradley P Ander
- Department of Neurology and MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento 95817, CA, USA
| | - Frank R Sharp
- Department of Neurology and MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento 95817, CA, USA
| | - Gyeong Moon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Oh Young Bang
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jordi Jimenez-Conde
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar de Investigacions Mediques, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Agnieszka Slowik
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 31-007, Poland
| | - Daniel Stribian
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Ellen A Tsai
- Translational Biology, Biogen, Inc., Cambridge 02142, MA, USA
| | - Linda C Burkly
- Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disease Research Unit, Biogen, Inc., Cambridge 02142, MA, USA
| | - Joan Montaner
- Stroke Unit, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, University of Seville, Seville 41013, Spain
- Hospital Virgen de la Macarena, University of Seville, Seville 41009, Spain
| | - Israel Fernandez-Cadenas
- Stroke Unit, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08041, Spain
| | - Jin Moo Lee
- Correspondence may also be addressed to: Jin-Moo Lee School of Medicine, Washington University 660 South Euclid Avenue Campus Box 8111 St. Louis, MO 63110, USA E-mail:
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Correspondence to: Carlos Cruchaga School of Medicine, Washington University 660 South Euclid Avenue Campus Box 8134 Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA E-mail:
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Lu J, Wang X, Wu A, Cao Y, Dai X, Liang Y, Li X. Ginsenosides in central nervous system diseases: Pharmacological actions, mechanisms, and therapeutics. Phytother Res 2022; 36:1523-1544. [PMID: 35084783 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system is one of the most complex physiological systems, and central nervous system diseases (CNSDs) are serious diseases that affect human health. Ginseng (Panax L.), the root of Panax species, are famous Chinese herbs that have been used for various diseases in China, Japan, and Korea since ancient times, and remain a popular natural medicine used worldwide in modern times. Ginsenosides are the main active components of ginseng, and increasing evidence has demonstrated that ginsenosides can prevent CNSDs, including neurodegenerative diseases, memory and cognitive impairment, cerebral ischemia injury, depression, brain glioma, multiple sclerosis, which has been confirmed in numerous studies. Therefore, this review summarizes the potential pathways by which ginsenosides affect the pathogenesis of CNSDs mainly including antioxidant effects, anti-inflammatory effects, anti-apoptotic effects, and nerve protection, which provides novel ideas for the treatment of CNSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Anxin Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolin Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Youdan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Mechanism of Sanhua Decoction in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke Based on Network Pharmacology Methods and Experimental Verification. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:7759402. [PMID: 35097126 PMCID: PMC8799339 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7759402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective The mechanism of action of Sanhua Decoction (SHD) in the treatment of ischemic stroke (IS) was analyzed based on the network pharmacology technology, and the pharmacodynamics and key targets were verified using the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Methods The GEO database was used to collect IS-related gene set SD, and DrugBank and TTD databases were used to obtain the therapeutic drug target set ST. IS disease gene set SI was collected from DisGeNET, GeneCards, and OMIM databases. These three different gene sets obtained from various sources were merged, duplicates were removed, and the resulting IS disease gene set SIS was imported into the STRING database to establish the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Two methods were used to screen the key targets of IS disease based on the PPI network analysis. The TCMSP database and PubChem were applied to retrieve the main chemical components of SHD, and the ACD/Labs software and the SwissADME online system were utilized for ADMET screening. HitPick, SEA, and SwissTarget Prediction online systems were used to predict the set of potential targets for SHD to treat IS. The predicted set of potential targets and the IS disease gene set were intersected. Subsequently, the set of potential targets for SHD treatment of IS was identified, the target information was confirmed through the UniProt database, and finally, the component-target data set for SHD treatment of IS was obtained. clusterProfiler was used for GO function annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis on the target set of SHD active ingredients. A rat MCAO model was established to evaluate the pharmacodynamics of SHD in the treatment of IS, and Western blot analysis assessed the level of proteins in the related pathways. Results This study obtained 1,009 IS disease gene sets. PPI network analysis identified 12 key targets: AGT, SAA1, KNG1, APP, GNB3, C3, CXCR4, CXCL12, CXCL8, CXCL1, F2, and EDN1. Database analyses retrieved 40 active ingredients and 47 target genes in SHD. The network proximity algorithm was used to optimize the six key components in SHD. KEGG enrichment showed that the signaling pathways related to IS were endocrine resistance, estrogen, TNF signal pathway, and AGEs/RAGE. Compound-disease-target regulatory network analysis showed that AKT1, IL-6, TNF-α, TP53, VEGFA, and APP were related to the treatment of IS with SHD. Animal experiments demonstrated that SHD significantly reduces the neurological function of rat defect symptoms (P < 0.05), the area of cerebral avascular necrosis, and neuronal necrosis while increasing the levels of IL-6 and APP proteins (P < 0.05) and reducing the levels of AKT1 and VEGFA proteins (P < 0.05). Conclusion The effective components of SHD may regulate multiple signaling pathways through IL-6, APP, AKT1, and VEGFA to reduce brain damage and inflammatory damage and exert a neuroprotective role in the treatment of IS diseases. Thus, this study provides a feasible method to study the pharmacological mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine compound prescriptions and a theoretical basis for the development of SHD into a new drug for IS treatment.
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Zhou M, Zhang T, Zhang B, Zhang X, Gao S, Zhang T, Li S, Cai X, Lin Y. A DNA Nanostructure-Based Neuroprotectant against Neuronal Apoptosis via Inhibiting Toll-like Receptor 2 Signaling Pathway in Acute Ischemic Stroke. ACS NANO 2021; 16:1456-1470. [PMID: 34967217 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a main cause of cognitive neurological deficits and disability worldwide due to a plethora of neuronal apoptosis. Unfortunately, numerous neuroprotectants for neurons have failed because of biological toxicity, severe side effects, and poor efficacy. Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) possess excellent biocompatibility and various biological functions. Here, we tested the efficacy of a tFNA for providing neuroprotection against neuronal apoptosis in ischemic stroke. The tFNA prevented apoptosis of neurons (SHSY-5Y cells) caused by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation through interfering with ischemia cascades (excitotoxicity and oxidative stress) in vitro. It effectively ameliorated the microenvironment of the ischemic hemisphere by upregulating expression of erythropoietin and inhibiting inflammation, which reversed neuronal loss, alleviated cell apoptosis, significantly shrank the infarction volume from 33.9% to 2.7%, and attenuated neurological deficits in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) rat models in vivo. In addition, blocking the TLR2-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway is a potential mechanism of the neuroprotection by tFNA in ischemic stroke. These findings indicate that tFNA is a safe pleiotropic nanoneuroprotectant and a promising therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaojingya Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
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Zhu J, Liu C, Liu Y, Chen J, Zhang Y, Yao K, Wang L. Self-Fluence-Compensated Functional Photoacoustic Microscopy. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2021; 40:3856-3866. [PMID: 34310295 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2021.3099820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) can image blood oxygen saturation (sO2) in vivo with high resolution and excellent sensitivity and offers a great tool for neurovascular study and early cancer diagnosis. OR-PAM ignores the wavelength-dependent optical attenuation in superficial tissue, which cause errors in sO2 imaging. Monte Carlo simulation shows that variations in imaging depth, vessel diameter, and focal position can cause up to ∼ 60 % decrease in sO2 imaging. Here, we develop a self-fluence-compensated OR-PAM to compensate for the wavelength-dependent fluence attenuation. We propose a linearized model to estimate the fluence attenuations and use three optical wavelengths to compensate for them in sO2 calculation. We validate the model in both numerical and physical phantoms and show that the compensation method can effectively reduce the sO2 errors. In functional brain imaging, we demonstrate that the compensation method can effectively improve sO2 accuracy, especially in small vessels. Compared with uncompensated ones, the sO2 values are improved by 10~30% in the brain. We monitor ischemic-stroke-induced brain injury which demonstrates great potential for the pre-clinical study of vascular diseases.
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Slo2/K Na Channels in Drosophila Protect against Spontaneous and Induced Seizure-like Behavior Associated with an Increased Persistent Na + Current. J Neurosci 2021; 41:9047-9063. [PMID: 34544836 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0290-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Na+ sensitivity is a unique feature of Na+-activated K+ (KNa) channels, making them naturally suited to counter a sudden influx in Na+ ions. As such, it has long been suggested that KNa channels may serve a protective function against excessive excitation associated with neuronal injury and disease. This hypothesis, however, has remained largely untested. Here, we examine KNa channels encoded by the Drosophila Slo2 (dSlo2) gene in males and females. We show that dSlo2/KNa channels are selectively expressed in cholinergic neurons in the adult brain, as well as in glutamatergic motor neurons, where dampening excitation may function to inhibit global hyperactivity and seizure-like behavior. Indeed, we show that effects of feeding Drosophila a cholinergic agonist are exacerbated by the loss of dSlo2/KNa channels. Similar to mammalian Slo2/KNa channels, we show that dSlo2/KNa channels encode a TTX-sensitive K+ conductance, indicating that dSlo2/KNa channels can be activated by Na+ carried by voltage-dependent Na+ channels. We then tested the role of dSlo2/KNa channels in established genetic seizure models in which the voltage-dependent persistent Na+ current (INap) is elevated. We show that the absence of dSlo2/KNa channels increased susceptibility to mechanically induced seizure-like behavior. Similar results were observed in WT flies treated with veratridine, an enhancer of INap Finally, we show that loss of dSlo2/KNa channels in both genetic and pharmacologically primed seizure models resulted in the appearance of spontaneous seizures. Together, our results support a model in which dSlo2/KNa channels, activated by neuronal overexcitation, contribute to a protective threshold to suppress the induction of seizure-like activity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Slo2/KNa channels are unique in that they constitute a repolarizing K+ pore that is activated by the depolarizing Na+ ion, making them naturally suited to function as a protective "brake" against overexcitation and Na+ overload. Here, we test this hypothesis in vivo by examining how a null mutation of the Drosophila Slo2 (dSlo2)/KNa gene affects seizure-like behavior in genetic and pharmacological models of epilepsy. We show that indeed the loss of dSlo2/KNa channels results in increased incidence and severity of induced seizure behavior, as well as the appearance of spontaneous seizure activity. Our results advance our understanding of neuronal excitability and protective mechanisms that preserve normal physiology and the suppression of seizure susceptibility.
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Abstract
Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are a broad class of antibiotics typically prescribed for bacterial infections, including infections for which their use is discouraged. The FDA has proposed the existence of a permanent disability (Fluoroquinolone Associated Disability; FQAD), which is yet to be formally recognized. Previous studies suggest that FQs act as selective GABAA receptor inhibitors, preventing the binding of GABA in the central nervous system. GABA is a key regulator of the vagus nerve, involved in the control of gastrointestinal (GI) function. Indeed, GABA is released from the Nucleus of the Tractus Solitarius (NTS) to the Dorsal Motor Nucleus of the vagus (DMV) to tonically regulate vagal activity. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on FQs in the context of the vagus nerve and examine how these drugs could lead to dysregulated signaling to the GI tract. Since there is sufficient evidence to suggest that GABA transmission is hindered by FQs, it is reasonable to postulate that the vagal circuit could be compromised at the NTS-DMV synapse after FQ use, possibly leading to the development of permanent GI disorders in FQAD.
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Four Decades of Ischemic Penumbra and Its Implication for Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 12:937-945. [PMID: 34224106 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00916-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ischemic penumbra defined four decades ago has been the main battleground of ischemic stroke. The evolving ischemic penumbra concept has been providing insight for the development of vascular and cellular approaches as well as diagnostic tools for the treatment of ischemic stroke. rt-PA thrombolytic therapy to prevent the transition of ischemic penumbra to core has been approved for acute ischemic stroke within 3 h and was later recommended to extend to 4.5 h after symptom onset. Mechanical thrombectomy was introduced for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke with a therapeutic window of up to 24 h after stroke onset. Multiple modalities brain imaging techniques have been developed that provide guidance to define ischemic penumbra for reperfusion therapy in clinical practice. Cellular and molecular dissection of ischemic penumbra has been providing targets for the development of neuroprotective therapy for ischemic stroke. However, the dynamic nature of ischemic penumbra implicates that infarct core eventually expands into penumbra over time without reperfusion, dictating relative short therapeutic windows and limiting the impact of current reperfusion intervention. Entering the 5th decade since the introduction, ischemic penumbra remains the main focus of ischemic stroke research and clinical practice. In this review, we summarized the evolving ischemic penumbra concept and its implication in the development of vascular and cellular interventions as well as diagnostic tools for acute ischemic stroke. In addition, we discussed future perspectives on expansion of the campaign beyond ischemic penumbra to develop treatment for ischemic stroke.
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Xiang Z, Jiang X, Ji R, Yuan H. Enhanced expression of P2X4 purinoceptors in pyramidal neurons of the rat hippocampal CA1 region may be involved ischemia-reperfusion injury. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:425-438. [PMID: 33966147 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09780-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the most serious disease that harms human beings. In principle, its treatment is to restore blood flow supply as soon as possible. However, after the blood flow is restored, it will lead to secondary brain injury, that is, ischemia-reperfusion injury. The mechanism of ischemia-reperfusion injury is very complicated. This study showed that P2X4 receptors in the pyramidal neurons of rat hippocampus were significantly upregulated in the early stage of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Neurons with high expression of P2X4 receptors are neurons that are undergoing apoptosis. Intraventricular injection of the P2X4 receptor antagonist 5-(3-bromophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzofuro[3,2-e]-1,4-diazepin-2-one (5-BDBD) and PSB-12062 can partially block neuronal apoptosis, to promote the survival of neurons, indicating that ATP through P2X4 receptors is involved in the process of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Therefore, identifying the mechanism of neuronal degeneration induced by extracellular ATP via P2X4 receptors after ischemia-reperfusion will likely find new targets for the treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury, and will provide a useful theoretical basis for the treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Xiang
- Department of Neurobiology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Rihui Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Hongbin Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
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Adult Neural Plasticity in Naked Mole-Rats: Implications of Fossoriality, Longevity and Sociality on the Brain's Capacity for Change. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1319:105-135. [PMID: 34424514 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65943-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber) are small African rodents that have many unique behavioral and physiological adaptations well-suited for testing hypotheses about mammalian neural plasticity. In this chapter, we focus on three features of naked mole-rat biology and how they impact neural plasticity in this species: (1) their fossorial lifestyle, (2) their extreme longevity with a lack of demonstrable senescence, and (3) their unusual social structure. Critically, each of these features requires some degree of biological flexibility. First, their fossorial habitat situates them in an environment with characteristics to which the central nervous system is particularly sensitive (e.g., oxygen content, photoperiod, spatial complexity). Second, their long lifespan requires adaptations to combat senescence and declines in neural functioning. Finally, their extreme reproductive skew and sustained ability for release from reproductive suppression indicates remarkable neural sensitivity to the sociosexual environment that is distinct from chronological age. These three features of naked mole-rat life are not mutually exclusive, but they do each offer unique considerations for the possibilities, constraints, and mechanisms associated with adult neural plasticity.
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Heitsch L, Ibanez L, Carrera C, Binkley MM, Strbian D, Tatlisumak T, Bustamante A, Ribó M, Molina C, Antoni DA, López-Cancio E, Muñoz-Narbona L, Soriano-Tárraga C, Giralt-Steinhauer E, Obach V, Slowik A, Pera J, Lapicka-Bodzioch K, Derbisz J, Sobrino T, Castillo J, Campos F, Rodríguez-Castro E, Arias-Rivas S, Segura T, Serrano-Heras G, Vives-Bauza C, Díaz-Navarro R, Tur S, Jimenez C, Martí-Fàbregas J, Delgado-Mederos R, Arenillas J, Krupinski J, Cullell N, Torres-Águila NP, Muiño E, Cárcel-Márquez J, Moniche F, Cabezas JA, Ford AL, Dhar R, Roquer J, Khatri P, Jiménez-Conde J, Fernandez-Cadenas I, Montaner J, Rosand J, Cruchaga C, Lee JM. Early Neurological Change After Ischemic Stroke Is Associated With 90-Day Outcome. Stroke 2021; 52:132-141. [PMID: 33317415 PMCID: PMC7769959 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.028687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Large-scale observational studies of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) promise to reveal mechanisms underlying cerebral ischemia. However, meaningful quantitative phenotypes attainable in large patient populations are needed. We characterize a dynamic metric of AIS instability, defined by change in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (NIHSS) from baseline to 24 hours baseline to 24 hours (NIHSSbaseline - NIHSS24hours = ΔNIHSS6-24h), to examine its relevance to AIS mechanisms and long-term outcomes. METHODS Patients with NIHSS prospectively recorded within 6 hours after onset and then 24 hours later were enrolled in the GENISIS study (Genetics of Early Neurological Instability After Ischemic Stroke). Stepwise linear regression determined variables that independently influenced ΔNIHSS6-24h. In a subcohort of tPA (alteplase)-treated patients with large vessel occlusion, the influence of early sustained recanalization and hemorrhagic transformation on ΔNIHSS6-24h was examined. Finally, the association of ΔNIHSS6-24h with 90-day favorable outcomes (modified Rankin Scale score 0-2) was assessed. Independent analysis was performed using data from the 2 NINDS-tPA stroke trials (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA). RESULTS For 2555 patients with AIS, median baseline NIHSS was 9 (interquartile range, 4-16), and median ΔNIHSS6-24h was 2 (interquartile range, 0-5). In a multivariable model, baseline NIHSS, tPA-treatment, age, glucose, site, and systolic blood pressure independently predicted ΔNIHSS6-24h (R2=0.15). In the large vessel occlusion subcohort, early sustained recanalization and hemorrhagic transformation increased the explained variance (R2=0.27), but much of the variance remained unexplained. ΔNIHSS6-24h had a significant and independent association with 90-day favorable outcome. For the subjects in the 2 NINDS-tPA trials, ΔNIHSS3-24h was similarly associated with 90-day outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The dynamic phenotype, ΔNIHSS6-24h, captures both explained and unexplained mechanisms involved in AIS and is significantly and independently associated with long-term outcomes. Thus, ΔNIHSS6-24h promises to be an easily obtainable and meaningful quantitative phenotype for large-scale genomic studies of AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Heitsch
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Laura Ibanez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Caty Carrera
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Neurovascular Unit. Vall d’Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Vall d”Hebron. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael M Binkley
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Daniel Strbian
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Turgut Tatlisumak
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg and Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alejandro Bustamante
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Neurovascular Unit. Vall d’Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Vall d”Hebron. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Ribó
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Vall d”Hebron. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Molina
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Vall d”Hebron. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dávalos A Antoni
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Elena López-Cancio
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lucia Muñoz-Narbona
- Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mediques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Eva Giralt-Steinhauer
- Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mediques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Obach
- Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona and August Pi I SUnyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agnieszka Slowik
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Pera
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Justyna Derbisz
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Hospital Clinico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Castillo
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Hospital Clinico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco Campos
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Hospital Clinico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Emilio Rodríguez-Castro
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Hospital Clinico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Susana Arias-Rivas
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Hospital Clinico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tomás Segura
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Gemma Serrano-Heras
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Cristófol Vives-Bauza
- Department of Neurology, Son Espases University Hospital, IdISBa, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Rosa Díaz-Navarro
- Department of Neurology, Son Espases University Hospital, IdISBa, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Silva Tur
- Department of Neurology, Son Espases University Hospital, IdISBa, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Carmen Jimenez
- Department of Neurology, Son Espases University Hospital, IdISBa, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Joan Martí-Fàbregas
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Juan Arenillas
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Neurovascular research laboratory. Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM). Universidad de Valladolid & Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas. Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jerzy Krupinski
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Biosciences, Manchester Met University, Manchester, UK
| | - Natalia Cullell
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Fundacio Docencia I Recerca Mutua de Terrassa, Terassa, Spain
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Sant Pau Institute of Research, Sant Pau Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria P Torres-Águila
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Sant Pau Institute of Research, Sant Pau Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Muiño
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Fundacio Docencia I Recerca Mutua de Terrassa, Terassa, Spain
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Sant Pau Institute of Research, Sant Pau Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jara Cárcel-Márquez
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Fundacio Docencia I Recerca Mutua de Terrassa, Terassa, Spain
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Sant Pau Institute of Research, Sant Pau Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Moniche
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan A Cabezas
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Andria L Ford
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Rajat Dhar
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jaume Roquer
- Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mediques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pooja Khatri
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Jordi Jiménez-Conde
- Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mediques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Israel Fernandez-Cadenas
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Neurovascular Unit. Vall d’Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Fundacio Docencia I Recerca Mutua de Terrassa, Terassa, Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory and Neurovascular Unit. Vall d’Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute de Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville & Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville
| | - Jonathan Rosand
- Henry and Alison Center for Brain Health, Center for Genomic Medicine, Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jin-Moo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Effects of ketogenic diet on cognitive function in pentylenetetrazol-kindled rats. Epilepsy Res 2020; 170:106534. [PMID: 33385944 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the ketogenic diet (KD) is known to control seizures and improve cognition function in patients with drug-refractory epilepsy, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In the present study, using pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced and kindled rats, we found that KD significantly improved the impaired spatial reference memory of PTZ-kindled rats in the Morris water maze. To explore the mechanism underlying the action of KD in PTZ-kindled rats, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemical analysis were used to detect the expression of GluR1 and NR2B. The results showed that both the mRNA and protein expression of GluR1 and NR2B were significantly downregulated in the hippocampus of PTZ-kindled rats, while KD could observably improve both the mRNA and protein expression of GluR1 and NR2B in the hippocampus of PTZ-kindled rats. Additionally, KD improved the over-activated MAPK in PTZ-kindled rats, but not CAMKII, as detected by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA), suggesting that the MAPK signaling pathway might be involved in the memory improvement of KD in PTZ-kindled rats. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that KD can indeed improve impaired spatial reference memory in PTZ-kindled rats, and KD can improve the expression of NR2B and GluR1.
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Venom peptides in cancer therapy: An updated review on cellular and molecular aspects. Pharmacol Res 2020; 164:105327. [PMID: 33276098 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Based on the high incidence and mortality rates of cancer, its therapy remains one of the most vital challenges in the field of medicine. Consequently, enhancing the efficacy of currently applied treatments and finding novel strategies are of great importance for cancer treatment. Venoms are important sources of a variety of bioactive compounds including salts, small molecules, macromolecules, proteins, and peptides that are defined as toxins. They can exhibit different pharmacological effects, and in recent years, their anti-tumor activities have gained significant attention. Several different compounds are responsible for the anti-tumor activity of venoms, and peptides are one of them. In the present review, we discuss the possible anti-tumor activities of venom peptides by highlighting molecular pathways and mechanisms through which these molecules can act effectively. Venom peptides can induce cell death in cancer cells and can substantially enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Also, the venom peptides can mitigate the migration of cancer cells via suppression of angiogenesis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Notably, nanoparticles have been applied in enhancing the bioavailability of venom peptides and providing targeted delivery, thereby leading to their elevated anti-tumor activity and potential application for cancer therapy.
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Granzotto A, Canzoniero LMT, Sensi SL. A Neurotoxic Ménage-à-trois: Glutamate, Calcium, and Zinc in the Excitotoxic Cascade. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:600089. [PMID: 33324162 PMCID: PMC7725690 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.600089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty years ago, the seminal work by John Olney provided the first evidence of the neurotoxic properties of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. A process hereafter termed excitotoxicity. Since then, glutamate-driven neuronal death has been linked to several acute and chronic neurological conditions, like stroke, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Mechanisms linked to the overactivation of glutamatergic receptors involve an aberrant cation influx, which produces the failure of the ionic neuronal milieu. In this context, zinc, the second most abundant metal ion in the brain, is a key but still somehow underappreciated player of the excitotoxic cascade. Zinc is an essential element for neuronal functioning, but when dysregulated acts as a potent neurotoxin. In this review, we discuss the ionic changes and downstream effects involved in the glutamate-driven neuronal loss, with a focus on the role exerted by zinc. Finally, we summarize our work on the fascinating distinct properties of NADPH-diaphorase neurons. This neuronal subpopulation is spared from excitotoxic insults and represents a powerful tool to understand mechanisms of resilience against excitotoxic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Granzotto
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences (DNISC), Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Stefano L Sensi
- Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences (DNISC), Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Ibanez L, Heitsch L, Carrera C, Farias FH, Dhar R, Budde J, Bergmann K, Bradley J, Harari O, Phuah CL, Lemmens R, Souza AAVO, Moniche F, Cabezas-Juan A, Arenillas JF, Krupinksi J, Cullell N, Torres-Aguila N, Muiño E, Cárcel-Márquez J, Marti-Fabregas J, Delgado-Mederos R, Marin-Bueno R, Hornick A, Vives-Bauza C, Navarro RD, Tur S, Jimenez C, Obach V, Segura T, Serrano-Heras G, Chung JW, Roquer J, Soriano-Tarraga C, Giralt-Steinhauer E, Mola-Caminal M, Pera J, Lapicka-Bodzioch K, Derbisz J, Davalos A, Lopez-Cancio E, Muñoz L, Tatlisumak T, Molina C, Ribo M, Bustamante A, Sobrino T, Castillo-Sanchez J, Campos F, Rodriguez-Castro E, Arias-Rivas S, Rodríguez-Yáñez M, Herbosa C, Ford AL, Arauz A, Lopes-Cendes I, Lowenkopf T, Barboza MA, Amini H, Stamova B, Ander BP, Sharp FR, Kim GM, Bang OY, Jimenez-Conde J, Slowik A, Stribian D, Tsai EA, Burkly LC, Montaner J, Fernandez-Cadenas I, Lee JM, Cruchaga C. Multi-ancestry genetic study in 5,876 patients identifies an association between excitotoxic genes and early outcomes after acute ischemic stroke. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.10.29.20222257. [PMID: 33173895 PMCID: PMC7654887 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.29.20222257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
During the first hours after stroke onset neurological deficits can be highly unstable: some patients rapidly improve, while others deteriorate. This early neurological instability has a major impact on long-term outcome. Here, we aimed to determine the genetic architecture of early neurological instability measured by the difference between NIH stroke scale (NIHSS) within six hours of stroke onset and NIHSS at 24h (ΔNIHSS). A total of 5,876 individuals from seven countries (Spain, Finland, Poland, United States, Costa Rica, Mexico and Korea) were studied using a multi-ancestry meta-analyses. We found that 8.7% of ΔNIHSS variance was explained by common genetic variations, and also that early neurological instability has a different genetic architecture than that of stroke risk. Seven loci (2p25.1, 2q31.2, 2q33.3, 4q34.3, 5q33.2, 6q26 and 7p21.1) were genome-wide significant and explained 2.1% of the variability suggesting that additional variants influence early change in neurological deficits. We used functional genomics and bioinformatic annotation to identify the genes driving the association from each loci. eQTL mapping and SMR indicate that ADAM23 (log Bayes Factor (LBF)=6.34) was driving the association for 2q33.3. Gene based analyses suggested that GRIA1 (LBF=5.26), which is predominantly expressed in brain, is the gene driving the association for the 5q33.2 locus. These analyses also nominated PARK2 (LBF=5.30) and ABCB5 (LBF=5.70) for the 6q26 and 7p21.1 loci. Human brain single nuclei RNA-seq indicates that the gene expression of ADAM23 and GRIA1 is enriched in neurons. ADAM23 , a pre-synaptic protein, and GRIA1 , a protein subunit of the AMPA receptor, are part of a synaptic protein complex that modulates neuronal excitability. These data provides the first evidence in humans that excitotoxicity may contribute to early neurological instability after acute ischemic stroke. RESEARCH INTO CONTEXT Evidence before this study: No previous genome-wide association studies have investigated the genetic architecture of early outcomes after ischemic stroke.Added Value of this study: This is the first study that investigated genetic influences on early outcomes after ischemic stroke using a genome-wide approach, revealing seven genome-wide significant loci. A unique aspect of this genetic study is the inclusion of all of the major ethnicities by recruiting from participants throughout the world. Most genetic studies to date have been limited to populations of European ancestry.Implications of all available evidence: The findings provide the first evidence that genes implicating excitotoxicity contribute to human acute ischemic stroke, and demonstrates proof of principle that GWAS of acute ischemic stroke patients can reveal mechanisms involved in ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ibanez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
| | - Laura Heitsch
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue; Campus Box 8111; Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
- Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue; Campus Box 8072; Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
| | - Caty Carrera
- Stroke Unit, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron, 1198; Barcelona (08035), Spain
| | - Fabiana H.G. Farias
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
| | - Rajat Dhar
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue; Campus Box 8111; Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
| | - John Budde
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
| | - Kristy Bergmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
| | - Joseph Bradley
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 4488 Forest Park Avenue; Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
- Department of Neuroscience, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N2; Herestraat 49 box 1021; Leuven (BE-3000), Belgium
| | - Chia-Ling Phuah
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue; Campus Box 8111; Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
| | - Robin Lemmens
- Department of Neuroscience, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N2; Herestraat 49 box 1021; Leuven (BE-3000), Belgium
| | - Alessandro A. Viana Oliveira Souza
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Tessalia Viera de Camargo, 126; Cidade Universitaria, Campinas (13083-887), Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotecnology (BRAINN), R. Tessalia Viera de Camargo, 126; Cidade Universitaria, Campinas (13083-887), Brazil
| | - Francisco Moniche
- Department of neurology, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, University of Seville, Avenida Manuel Siurot, s/n; Seville (41013), Spain
| | - Antonio Cabezas-Juan
- Department of neurology, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, University of Seville, Avenida Manuel Siurot, s/n; Seville (41013), Spain
- Hospital Virgen de la Macarena, University of Seville, Calle Dr. Fedriani, 3; Seville (41009), Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Arenillas
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid, Valladolid University, Avenida Ramon y Cajal, 3; Valladolid (47003), Spain
| | - Jerzy Krupinksi
- Department of Neurology, Mutua Terrassa University Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Plaça del Dr. Robert, 5; Terrassa (08221), Spain
- Fundacio Docencia i Recerca Mutua Terrassa, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Sant Antoni, 19; Terrassa (08221), Spain
| | - Natalia Cullell
- Fundacio Docencia i Recerca Mutua Terrassa, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Sant Antoni, 19; Terrassa (08221), Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Carrer de Sant Quinti, 89; Barcelona (08041), Spain
| | - Nuria Torres-Aguila
- Fundacio Docencia i Recerca Mutua Terrassa, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Sant Antoni, 19; Terrassa (08221), Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Carrer de Sant Quinti, 89; Barcelona (08041), Spain
| | - Elena Muiño
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Carrer de Sant Quinti, 89; Barcelona (08041), Spain
| | - Jara Cárcel-Márquez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Carrer de Sant Quinti, 89; Barcelona (08041), Spain
| | - Joan Marti-Fabregas
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Carrer de Sant Quinti, 89; Barcelona (08041), Spain
| | - Raquel Delgado-Mederos
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Carrer de Sant Quinti, 89; Barcelona (08041), Spain
| | - Rebeca Marin-Bueno
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Carrer de Sant Quinti, 89; Barcelona (08041), Spain
| | - Alejandro Hornick
- Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois Healthcare Memorial Hospital of Carbondale, 405 W Jackson Street, Carbondale (62901), Illinois, US
| | - Cristofol Vives-Bauza
- Department of Biology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7,5, Palma (07122), Spain
| | - Rosa Diaz Navarro
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa, 79, Palma (07120), Spain
| | - Silvia Tur
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa, 79, Palma (07120), Spain
| | - Carmen Jimenez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa, 79, Palma (07120), Spain
| | - Victor Obach
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Villarroel, 170, Barcelona (08036), Spain
| | - Tomas Segura
- Research Unit, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete. Calle Laurel s/n. Albacete (02008), Spain
| | - Gemma Serrano-Heras
- Research Unit, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete. Calle Laurel s/n. Albacete (02008), Spain
| | - Jong-Won Chung
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaume Roquer
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar de Investigations Mediques, Passeig Maritim, 25-29, Barcelona (08003), Spain
| | - Carol Soriano-Tarraga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar de Investigations Mediques, Passeig Maritim, 25-29, Barcelona (08003), Spain
| | - Eva Giralt-Steinhauer
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar de Investigations Mediques, Passeig Maritim, 25-29, Barcelona (08003), Spain
| | - Marina Mola-Caminal
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar de Investigations Mediques, Passeig Maritim, 25-29, Barcelona (08003), Spain
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Orthopedics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75185, Sweden
| | - Joanna Pera
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University, Golebia, 24, Krakow(31-007), Poland
| | | | - Justyna Derbisz
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University, Golebia, 24, Krakow(31-007), Poland
| | - Antoni Davalos
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Carretera de Canyet, s/n; Badalona (08916), Spain
| | - Elena Lopez-Cancio
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lucia Muñoz
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Carretera de Canyet, s/n; Badalona (08916), Spain
| | - Turgut Tatlisumak
- Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Bla straket, 5; Gothenburg (413 45), Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carlos Molina
- Stroke Unit, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron, 1198; Barcelona (08035), Spain
| | - Marc Ribo
- Stroke Unit, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron, 1198; Barcelona (08035), Spain
| | - Alejandro Bustamante
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Carretera de Canyet, s/n; Badalona (08916), Spain
| | - Tomas Sobrino
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Avda. Travesa da Choupana s/n; Santiago de Compostela (15706), Spain
| | - Jose Castillo-Sanchez
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Avda. Travesa da Choupana s/n; Santiago de Compostela (15706), Spain
| | - Francisco Campos
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Avda. Travesa da Choupana s/n; Santiago de Compostela (15706), Spain
| | - Emilio Rodriguez-Castro
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Avda. Travesa da Choupana s/n; Santiago de Compostela (15706), Spain
| | - Susana Arias-Rivas
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Avda. Travesa da Choupana s/n; Santiago de Compostela (15706), Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Yáñez
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Avda. Travesa da Choupana s/n; Santiago de Compostela (15706), Spain
| | - Christina Herbosa
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue; Campus Box 8111; Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
| | - Andria L. Ford
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue; Campus Box 8111; Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue; Campus Box 8111; Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
| | - Antonio Arauz
- Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirurgia de Mexico, Avenida Insurgentes Sur 3877, Ciudad de Mexico (14269), Mexico
| | - Iscia Lopes-Cendes
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Tessalia Viera de Camargo, 126; Cidade Universitaria, Campinas (13083-887), Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotecnology (BRAINN), R. Tessalia Viera de Camargo, 126; Cidade Universitaria, Campinas (13083-887), Brazil
| | - Theodore Lowenkopf
- Department of Neurology, Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, 9205 SW Barnes Rd, Portland (97225), Oregon, US
| | - Miguel A. Barboza
- Neurosciences Department, Hospital Rafael A. Calderon Guardia, Avenidas 7 y 9, calles 15 y 17, Aranjuez, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Hajar Amini
- Department of Neurology and MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, 2825 5 street, Sacramento (95817), California, US
| | - Boryana Stamova
- Department of Neurology and MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, 2825 5 street, Sacramento (95817), California, US
| | - Bradley P. Ander
- Department of Neurology and MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, 2825 5 street, Sacramento (95817), California, US
| | - Frank R Sharp
- Department of Neurology and MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, 2825 5 street, Sacramento (95817), California, US
| | - Gyeong Moon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Oh Young Bang
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jordi Jimenez-Conde
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar de Investigations Mediques, Passeig Maritim, 25-29, Barcelona (08003), Spain
| | - Agnieszka Slowik
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University, Golebia, 24, Krakow(31-007), Poland
| | - Daniel Stribian
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4 Rakennus 1, Helsinki (00290), Finland
| | - Ellen A. Tsai
- Translational Biology, Biogen, Inc, 115 Brodway, Cambridge (02142), Massachusetts, US
| | - Linda C. Burkly
- Genetics and Neurodevelomental Disease Research Unit, Biogen, Inc, 115 Brodway, Cambridge (02142), Massachusetts, US
| | - Joan Montaner
- Stroke Unit, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron, 1198; Barcelona (08035), Spain
- Department of neurology, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, University of Seville, Avenida Manuel Siurot, s/n; Seville (41013), Spain
- Hospital Virgen de la Macarena, University of Seville, Calle Dr. Fedriani, 3; Seville (41009), Spain
| | - Israel Fernandez-Cadenas
- Stroke Unit, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron, 1198; Barcelona (08035), Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Carrer de Sant Quinti, 89; Barcelona (08041), Spain
| | - Jin-Moo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue; Campus Box 8111; Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue; Campus Box 8111; Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
- Stroke and Cerebrovascular Center, Washington University School of Medicine, One Barnes-Jewish Hospital Plaza, Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue; Campus Box 8111; Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue; Campus Box 8111; Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 4488 Forest Park Avenue; Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Ave, Saint Louis (63110), Missouri, US
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Choi DW. Excitotoxicity: Still Hammering the Ischemic Brain in 2020. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:579953. [PMID: 33192266 PMCID: PMC7649323 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.579953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in excitotoxicity expanded following its implication in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury in the 1980s, but waned subsequent to the failure of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists in high profile clinical stroke trials. Nonetheless there has been steady progress in elucidating underlying mechanisms. This review will outline the historical path to current understandings of excitotoxicity in the ischemic brain, and suggest that this knowledge should be leveraged now to develop neuroprotective treatments for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis W Choi
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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Shen N, Zhou L, Lai B, Li S. The Influence of Cochlear Implant-Based Electric Stimulation on the Electrophysiological Characteristics of Cultured Spiral Ganglion Neurons. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:3108490. [PMID: 32963515 PMCID: PMC7490630 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3108490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cochlear implant-based electrical stimulation may be an important reason to induce the residual hearing loss after cochlear implantation. In our previous study, we found that charge-balanced biphasic electrical stimulation inhibited the neurite growth of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) and decreased Schwann cell density in vitro. In this study, we want to know whether cochlear implant-based electrical stimulation can induce the change of electrical activity in cultured SGNs. Methods Spiral ganglion neuron electrical stimulation in vitro model is established using the devices delivering cochlear implant-based electrical stimulation. After 48 h treatment by 50 μA or 100 μA electrical stimulation, the action potential (AP) and voltage depended calcium current (I Ca) of SGNs are recorded using whole-cell electrophysiological method. Results The results show that the I Ca of SGNs is decreased significantly in 50 μA and 100 μA electrical stimulation groups. The reversal potential of I Ca is nearly +80 mV in control SGN, but the reversal potential decreases to +50 mV in 50 μA and 100 μA electrical stimulation groups. Interestingly, the AP amplitude, the AP latency, and the AP duration of SGNs have no statistically significant differences in all three groups. Conclusion Our study suggests cochlear implant-based electrical stimulation only significantly inhibit the I Ca of cultured SGNs but has no effect on the firing of AP, and the relation of I Ca inhibition and SGN damage induced by electrical stimulation and its mechanism needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Shen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- ENT Institute and Department of Otolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shufeng Li
- ENT Institute and Department of Otolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
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Xu Y, Wang Q, Chen J, Ma Y, Liu X. Updating a Strategy for Histone Deacetylases and Its Inhibitors in the Potential Treatment of Cerebral Ischemic Stroke. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:8820803. [PMID: 32963637 PMCID: PMC7492879 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8820803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral ischemic stroke is one of the severe diseases with a pathological condition that leads to nerve cell dysfunction with seldom available therapy options. Currently, there are few proven effective treatments available for improving cerebral ischemic stroke outcome. However, recently, there is increasing evidence that inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity exerts a strong protective effect in in vivo and vitro models of ischemic stroke. Review Summary. HDAC is a posttranslational modification that is negatively regulated by histone acetyltransferase (HATS) and histone deacetylase. Based on function and DNA sequence similarity, histone deacetylases (HDACs) are organized into four different subclasses (I-IV). Modifications of histones play a crucial role in cerebral ischemic affair development after translation by modulating disrupted acetylation homeostasis. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) mainly exert neuroprotective effects by enhancing histone and nonhistone acetylation levels and enhancing gene expression and protein modification functions. This article reviews HDAC and its inhibitors, hoping to find meaningful therapeutic targets. CONCLUSIONS HDAC may be a new biological target for cerebral ischemic stroke. Future drug development targeting HDAC may make it a potentially effective anticerebral ischemic stroke drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Xu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Taian City Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Jinan First People's Hospital, Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yihong Ma
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Xueyuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, China
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Reinehr S, Buschhorn V, Mueller-Buehl AM, Goldmann T, Grus FH, Wolfrum U, Dick HB, Joachim SC. Occurrence of Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss via Autophagy and Apoptotic Pathways in an Autoimmune Glaucoma Model. Curr Eye Res 2020; 45:1124-1135. [PMID: 31935132 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1716987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In glaucoma, an apoptotic death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) has been shown. However, little is known about other cell death mechanisms, like autophagy or necrosis. Therefore, we investigated these mechanisms in addition to antibody deposits in an experimental autoimmune glaucoma model. METHODS Rats were immunized with a retinal ganglion cell-layer homogenate (RGA), while controls received sodium chloride. Untreated rats served as natїve group. After seven weeks, retinal cross-sections were stained with antibodies against RGCs (Brn-3a), apoptosis (cleaved caspase 2, cleaved caspase 3 as well as caspase 3, 8, and 9), autophagy (LC3BII and LAMP1), and necrosis (RIPK3) followed by cell counts. Autophagy was additionally visualized via transmission electron microscopy on retinal sections. Antibody deposits were also analyzed. RESULTS We noted a RGC loss after RGA immunization compared to both control groups. Also, significantly more cleaved caspase 2+ RGCs were observed in RGA animals. More caspase 3 and 8 signals were noted in RGA retinas compared to both controls, while no changes were seen in regard to caspase 9. Furthermore, significantly more cleaved caspase 3+ cells were detected in RGA animals. We noted an increase of LC3BII+ and LAMP1+ autophagic cells in the RGA group, while no alterations were seen regarding necrotic RIPK3+ cells. Autophagic vesicles were observed via transmission electron microscopy. IgG staining revealed significant differences between the RGA group and controls concerning IgG deposits in the ganglion cell layer. CONCLUSIONS Due to the novel results from this study, we conclude that IgG antibodies are involved in RGC loss in this model leading to apoptotic and autophagic cell loss. These results could help to develop new therapy strategies for glaucoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Reinehr
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum, Germany
| | - Verena Buschhorn
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum, Germany
| | - Ana M Mueller-Buehl
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum, Germany
| | - Tobias Goldmann
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz , Germany
| | - Franz H Grus
- Experimental Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz , Mainz, Germany
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz , Germany
| | - H Burkhard Dick
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum, Germany
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Baraibar AM, Hernández-Guijo JM. Micromolar concentrations of Zn 2+ depress cellular excitability through a blockade of calcium current in rat adrenal slices. Toxicology 2020; 444:152543. [PMID: 32858065 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present work, using chromaffin cells in rat adrenal slices (RCCs), aims to describe what type of ionic current alterations induced by zinc underlies their effects reported on synaptic transmission. Thus, Zn2+ blocked calcium channels of RCCs in a time- and concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 of 391 μM. This blockade was partially reversed upon washout and was greater at more depolarizing holding potentials (i.e. 32 ± 5% at -110 mV, and 43 ± 6% at -50 mV, after 5 min perfusion). In ω-toxins-sensitive calcium channels (N-, P- and Q-types), Zn2+caused a lower blockade of ICa, 33.3%, than in ω-toxins-resistant ones (L-type, 55.3%; and R-type, 90%). This compound inhibited calcium current at all test potentials and shows a shift of the I-V curve to more depolarized values of about 10 mV. The sodium current was not blocked by acute application of high Zn2+concentrations. Voltage-dependent potassium current was marginally affected by high Zn2+ concentrations showing no concentration-dependence. Nevertheless, calcium- and voltage-dependent potassium current was drastically depressed in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 453 μM. This blockade was related to the prevention of Ca2+ influx through voltage-dependent calcium channels coupled to BK channels. Under current-clamp conditions, RCCs exhibit a resting potential of -50.7 mV, firing spontaneous APs (1-2 spikes/s) generated by the opening of Na+ and Ca2+-channels, and terminated by the activation of voltage and Ca2+-activated K+-channels (BK). We found that the blockade of these ionic currents by Zn2+ led to a drastic alteration of cellular excitability with a depolarization of the membrane potential, the slowdown and broadening of the APs and the severe reduction of the after hyperpolarization (AHP) which led to a decrease in the APs firing frequency. Taken together, these results point to a neurotoxic action evoked by zinc that is associated with changes to cellular excitability by blocking the ionic currents responsible for both the neurotransmitter release and the action potentials firing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés M Baraibar
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 4-260 Wallin Medical Biosciences Building, 2101 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jesús M Hernández-Guijo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Av. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Av. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, IRYCIS, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. de Colmenar Viejo, Km. 9,100, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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She X, Lan B, Tian H, Tang B. Cross Talk Between Ferroptosis and Cerebral Ischemia. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:776. [PMID: 32848555 PMCID: PMC7423876 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, ferroptosis has been revealed as a new form of regulated cell death. Distinct from apoptosis and necrosis, ferroptosis is evoked by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, the metabolism of iron, lipids, and amino acids plays a significant regulatory role in ferroptosis, which can be reversed by glutathione peroxidase 4 and ferroptosis suppressor protein 1. Ferroptosis is implicated in the onset and development of numerous neurological diseases. Emerging studies have reported that ferroptosis induces and aggravates brain tissue damage following cerebral ischemia, whereas inhibition of ferroptosis dramatically attenuates induced damage. In this review, we have summarized the mechanistic relationship between ferroptosis and cerebral ischemia, including through iron overload, downregulation of glutathione peroxidase 4, and upregulation of lipid peroxidation. Although considerable attention has been paid to the effect of ferroptosis on cerebral ischemic injury, specific mechanisms need to be experimentally confirmed, including how cerebral ischemia induces ferroptosis and how ferroptosis deteriorates cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu She
- Department of Physiology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Lan
- Department of Physiology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Haomei Tian
- Department of Physiology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Biao Tang
- Department of Physiology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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Dubey H, Gulati K, Ray A. Alzheimer's Disease: A Contextual Link with Nitric Oxide Synthase. Curr Mol Med 2020; 20:505-515. [PMID: 31782366 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666191129103117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gasotransmitter with pleiotropic effects which has made a great impact on biology and medicine. A multidimensional neuromodulatory role of NO has been shown in the brain with specific reference to neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cognitive dysfunction. It has been found that NO/cGMP signalling pathway has an important role in learning and memory. Initially, it was considered that indirectly NO exerted neurotoxicity in AD via glutamatergic excitotoxicity. However, considering the early development of cognitive functions involved in the learning memory process including long term potentiation and synaptic plasticity, NO has a crucial role. Increasing evidence uncovered the above facts that isoforms of NOS viz endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) having a variable expression in AD are mainly responsible for learning and memory activities. In this review, we focus on the role of NOS isoforms in AD parallel to NO. Further, this review provides convergent evidence that NO could provide a therapeutic avenue in AD via modulation of the relevant NOS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harikesh Dubey
- Department of Pharmacology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Kavita Gulati
- Department of Pharmacology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Arunabha Ray
- Department of Pharmacology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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Abstract
Alphaviruses, members of the enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA Togaviridae family, represent a reemerging public health threat as mosquito vectors expand into new geographic territories. The Old World alphaviruses, which include chikungunya virus, Ross River virus, and Sindbis virus, tend to cause a clinical syndrome characterized by fever, rash, and arthritis, whereas the New World alphaviruses, which consist of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, eastern equine encephalitis virus, and western equine encephalitis virus, induce encephalomyelitis. Following recovery from the acute phase of infection, many patients are left with debilitating persistent joint and neurological complications that can last for years. Clues from human cases and studies using animal models strongly suggest that much of the disease and pathology induced by alphavirus infection, particularly atypical and chronic manifestations, is mediated by the immune system rather than directly by the virus. This review discusses the current understanding of the immunopathogenesis of the arthritogenic and neurotropic alphaviruses accumulated through both natural infection of humans and experimental infection of animals, particularly mice. As treatment following alphavirus infection is currently limited to supportive care, understanding the contribution of the immune system to the disease process is critical to developing safe and effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria K Baxter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Mark T Heise
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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46
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Yu Q, Zhong X, Chen B, Feng Y, Ma M, Diamond CA, Voeller JS, Kim M, DeSantes KB, Capitini CM, Patel NJ, Hoover-Regan ML, Burke MJ, Janko K, Puccetti DM, Ikonomidou C, Li L. Isobaric Labeling Strategy Utilizing 4-Plex N, N-Dimethyl Leucine (DiLeu) Tags Reveals Proteomic Changes Induced by Chemotherapy in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Children with B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:2606-2616. [PMID: 32396724 PMCID: PMC7334086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of mass spectrometry for protein identification and quantification in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is at the forefront of research efforts to identify and explore biomarkers for the early diagnosis and prognosis of neurologic disorders. Here we implemented a 4-plex N,N-dimethyl leucine (DiLeu) isobaric labeling strategy in a longitudinal study aiming to investigate protein dynamics in children with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-cell ALL) undergoing chemotherapy. The temporal profile of CSF proteome during chemotherapy treatment at weeks 5, 10-14, and 24-28 highlighted many differentially expressed proteins, such as neural cell adhesion molecule, neuronal growth regulator 1, and secretogranin-3, all of which play important roles in neurodegenerative diseases. A total of 63 proteins were significantly altered across all of the time points investigated. The most over-represented biological processes from gene ontology analysis included platelet degranulation, complement activation, cell adhesion, fibrinolysis, neuron projection, regeneration, and regulation of neuron death. We expect that results from this and future studies will provide a means to monitor neurotoxicity and develop strategies to prevent central nervous system injury in response to chemotherapy in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinying Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Xiaofang Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Bingming Chen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Yu Feng
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Min Ma
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Carol A. Diamond
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Julie S. Voeller
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Miriam Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Kenneth B. DeSantes
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Christian M. Capitini
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Neha J. Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Margo L. Hoover-Regan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Michael J. Burke
- Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Pediatric Leukemia & Lymphoma Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Kimberly Janko
- Department of Neurology, Division of Child Neurology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Diane M. Puccetti
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Chrysanthy Ikonomidou
- Department of Neurology, Division of Child Neurology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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47
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NMDARs in Cell Survival and Death: Implications in Stroke Pathogenesis and Treatment. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:533-551. [PMID: 32470382 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in developed countries. N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDARs) have important roles in stroke pathology and recovery. Depending on their subtypes and locations, these NMDARs may promote either neuronal survival or death. Recently, the functions of previously overlooked NMDAR subtypes during stroke were characterized, and NMDARs expressed at different subcellular locations were found to have synergistic rather than opposing functions. Moreover, the complexity of the neuronal survival and death signaling pathways following NMDAR activation was further elucidated. In this review, we summarize the recent developments in these areas and discuss how delineating the dual roles of NMDARs in stroke has directed the development of novel neuroprotective therapeutics for stroke.
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Li Y, Ding R, Wang F, Guo C, Liu A, Wei L, Yuan S, Chen F, Hou S, Ma Z, Zhang Y, Cudmore RH, Wang X, Shen H. Transient ischemia-reperfusion induces cortical hyperactivity and AMPAR trafficking in the somatosensory cortex. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:4299-4321. [PMID: 32155129 PMCID: PMC7093173 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Brain ischemia results from cardiac arrest, stroke or head trauma. The structural basis of rescuing the synaptic impairment and cortical dysfunctions induced in the stage of ischemic-reperfusion can occur if therapeutic interventions are applied in time, but the functional basis for this resilience remains elusive. Here, we explore the changes in cortical activity and a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) GluA1 subunit in spine (sGluA1) after transient ischemia-reperfusion in vivo for 28 days. Using in vivo two-photon microscopy in the mouse somatosensory cortex, we found that the average frequency of Ca2+ transients in the spine (there was an unusual synchrony) was higher after 15 min of ischemia-reperfusion. In addition, the transient ischemia-reperfusion caused a reflective enhancement of AMPARs, which eventually restored to normal. The cortical hyperactivity (Ca2+ transients) and the increase in AMPARs were successfully blocked by an NMDA receptor antagonist. Thus, the increase of AMPARs, cortical hyperactivity and the unusual synchrony might be the reason for reperfusion injury after short-term transient ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ran Ding
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing (CIBR), Beijing, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Cuiping Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Aili Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liangpeng Wei
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiyang Yuan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaowei Hou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zengguang Ma
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Function and Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute and School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Robert H Cudmore
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hui Shen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Research Institute of Neurology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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49
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Gerkau NJ, Rakers C, Durry S, Petzold GC, Rose CR. Reverse NCX Attenuates Cellular Sodium Loading in Metabolically Compromised Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:4264-4280. [PMID: 29136153 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In core regions of ischemic stroke, disruption of blood flow causes breakdown of ionic gradients and, ultimately, calcium overload and cell death. In the surrounding penumbra, cells may recover upon reperfusion, but recovery is hampered by additional metabolic demands imposed by peri-infarct depolarizations (PIDs). There is evidence that sodium influx drives PIDs, but no data exist on PID-related sodium accumulations in vivo. Here, we found that PIDs in mouse neocortex are associated with propagating sodium elevations in neurons and astrocytes. Similar transient sodium elevations were induced in acute tissue slices by brief chemical ischemia. Blocking NMDA-receptors dampened sodium and accompanying calcium loads of neurons in tissue slices, while inhibiting glutamate transport diminished sodium influx into astrocytes, but amplified neuronal sodium loads. In both cell types, inhibition of sodium/calcium exchange (NCX) increased sodium transients. Blocking NCX also significantly reduced calcium transients, a result confirmed in vivo. Our study provides the first quantitative data on sodium elevations in peri-infarct regions in vivo. They suggest that sodium influx drives reversal of NCX, triggering a massive secondary calcium elevation while promoting export of sodium. Reported neuroprotective effects of NCX activity in stroke models might thus be related to its dampening of ischemia-induced sodium loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas J Gerkau
- Institute of Neurobiology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Cordula Rakers
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Str. 27, Bonn, Germany
| | - Simone Durry
- Institute of Neurobiology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Gabor C Petzold
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Str. 27, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christine R Rose
- Institute of Neurobiology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, Duesseldorf, Germany
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50
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Vrselja Z. Destined for destruction? Science 2019; 366:46. [PMID: 31604298 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz3885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zvonimir Vrselja
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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