1
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Otto M, Zheng Y, Grablowitz P, Wiehe T. Detecting adaptive changes in gene copy number distribution accompanying the human out-of-Africa expansion. Hum Genome Var 2024; 11:37. [PMID: 39313504 PMCID: PMC11420239 DOI: 10.1038/s41439-024-00293-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Genes with multiple copies are likely to be maintained by stabilizing selection, which puts a bound to unlimited expansion of copy number. We designed a model in which copy number variation is generated by unequal recombination, which fits well with several genes surveyed in three human populations. Based on this theoretical model and computer simulations, we were interested in determining whether the gene copy number distribution in the derived European and Asian populations can be explained by a purely demographic scenario or whether shifts in the distribution are signatures of adaptation. Although the copy number distribution in most of the analyzed gene clusters can be explained by a bottleneck, such as in the out-of-Africa expansion of Homo sapiens 60-10 kyrs ago, we identified several candidate genes, such as AMY1A and PGA3, whose copy numbers are likely to differ among African, Asian, and European populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Otto
- Institue for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yichen Zheng
- Institue for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul Grablowitz
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wiehe
- Institue for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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2
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Gao N, Bai P, Fang C, Wu W, Bi C, Wang J, Shan A. Biomimetic Peptide Nanonets: Exploiting Bacterial Entrapment and Macrophage Rerousing for Combatting Infections. ACS NANO 2024; 18:25446-25464. [PMID: 39240217 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
The alarming rise in global antimicrobial resistance underscores the urgent need for effective antibacterial drugs. Drawing inspiration from the bacterial-entrapment mechanism of human defensin 6, we have fabricated biomimetic peptide nanonets composed of multiple functional fragments for bacterial eradication. These biomimetic peptide nanonets are designed to address antimicrobial resistance challenges through a dual-approach strategy. First, the resulting nanofibrous networks trap bacteria and subsequently kill them by loosening the membrane structure, dissipating proton motive force, and causing multiple metabolic perturbations. Second, these trapped bacterial clusters reactivate macrophages to scavenge bacteria through enhanced chemotaxis and phagocytosis via the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway and ECM-receptor interaction. In vivo results have proven that treatment with biomimetic peptide nanonets can alleviate systemic bacterial infections without causing noticeable systemic toxicity. As anticipated, the proposed strategy can address stubborn infections by entrapping bacteria and awakening antibacterial immune responses. This approach might serve as a guide for the design of bioinspired materials for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gao
- College of animal science and technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Pengfei Bai
- College of animal science and technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chunyang Fang
- College of animal science and technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wanpeng Wu
- College of animal science and technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chongpeng Bi
- College of animal science and technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- College of animal science and technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Anshan Shan
- College of animal science and technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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3
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Peel E, Hogg C, Belov K. Characterisation of defensins across the marsupial family tree. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 158:105207. [PMID: 38797458 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Defensins are antimicrobial peptides involved in innate immunity, and gene number differs amongst eutherian mammals. Few studies have investigated defensins in marsupials, despite their potential involvement in immunological protection of altricial young. Here we use recently sequenced marsupial genomes and transcriptomes to annotate defensins in nine species across the marsupial family tree. We characterised 35 alpha and 286 beta defensins; gene number differed between species, although Dasyuromorphs had the largest repertoire. Defensins were encoded in three gene clusters within the genome, syntenic to eutherians, and were expressed in the pouch and mammary gland. Marsupial beta defensins were closely related to eutherians, however marsupial alpha defensins were more divergent. We identified marsupial orthologs of human DEFB3 and 6, and several marsupial-specific beta defensin lineages which may have novel functions. Marsupial predicted mature peptides were highly variable in length and sequence composition. We propose candidate peptides for future testing to elucidate the function of marsupial defensins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Peel
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australia.
| | - Carolyn Hogg
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australia.
| | - Katherine Belov
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australia.
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4
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González-Correa C, Moleón J, Miñano S, Robles-Vera I, Toral M, Barranco AM, Martín-Morales N, O'Valle F, Guerra-Hernández E, Sánchez M, Gómez-Guzmán M, Jiménez R, Romero M, Duarte J. Differing contributions of the gut microbiota to the blood pressure lowering effects induced by first-line antihypertensive drugs. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:3420-3444. [PMID: 38770714 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study analyses whether first-line antihypertensive drugs ameliorate the dysbiosis state in hypertension, and to test if this modification contributes to their blood pressure (BP) lowering properties in a genetic model of neurogenic hypertension. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Twenty-week-old male Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were untreated or treated with captopril, amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide. A faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiment was also performed by gavage of faecal content from donor SHR-treated groups to SHR recipients for 3 weeks. KEY RESULTS Faeces from SHR showed gut dysbiosis, characterized by lower acetate- and higher lactate-producing bacteria and lower strict anaerobic bacteria. All three drugs increased the anaerobic bacteria proportion, captopril and amlodipine restored the proportion of acetate-producing bacterial populations to WKY levels, whereas hydrochlorothiazide decreased butyrate-producing bacteria. Captopril and amlodipine decreased gut pathology and permeability and attenuated sympathetic drive in the gut. Both drugs decreased neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei. Hydrochlorothiazide was unable to reduce neuroinflammation, gut sympathetic tone and gut integrity. FMT from SHR-amlodipine to SHR decreased BP, ameliorated aortic endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine, lowered NADPH oxidase activity, aortic Th17 infiltration and reduced neuroinflammation, whereas FMT from SHR-hydrochlorothiazide did not have these effects. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS First-line antihypertensive drugs induced different modifications of gut integrity and gut dysbiosis in SHR, which result in no contribution of microbiota in the BP lowering effects of hydrochlorothiazide, whereas the vasculo-protective effect induced by amlodipine involves gut microbiota reshaping and gut-immune system communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina González-Correa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Moleón
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Sofía Miñano
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Iñaki Robles-Vera
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Toral
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Ciber de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Manuel Barranco
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Francisco O'Valle
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Sánchez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Gómez-Guzmán
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Rosario Jiménez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Ciber de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Romero
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Duarte
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Ciber de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
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5
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Koseki C, Ishikawa T, Sato Y, Shimada M, Yokoi Y, Nakamura K, Honma N, Moriyama T, Kashiwagi H, Sugawara M. Development of an Evaluation System Using Intestinal Organoids for Drug Efflux Transport Analysis by an Imaging Approach. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:2675-2682. [PMID: 38871222 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
There are several in vitro systems that enable evaluation of the absorption direction, but there are few quantitative systems that enable easy evaluation of the excretion direction. Enteroids, organoids derived from intestine, have been frozen and passaged for various research. But it is not clear how the freezing and passaging affect the expression and function of transporters. We investigated the effects of passage and cryopreservation of enteroids. We focused on P-gp (P-glycoprotein) and compared the transfer rates of rhodamine 123 (Rh123) into the lumen of enteroids with and without a P-gp inhibitor. mRNA expression levels did not change significantly before and after passage and cryopreservation. Accumulation of Rh123 in the lumen of enteroids was observed. With some P-gp inhibitors, excretion of Rh123 into the lumen of enteroids was inhibited and the nonexcreted Rh123 accumulated in enteroids epithelial cells. The transfer rate of Rh123 into the lumen of enteroids with a P-gp inhibitor was significantly decreased compared to that of without a P-gp inhibitor. Before and after passage and cryopreservation, the transfer rate was almost the same as that of primary cultured enteroids. We succeeded in easily evaluating whether a component is a substrate of P-gp using enteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Koseki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takehiko Ishikawa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuki Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Mikiko Shimada
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacy, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuki Yokoi
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21-jo, Nishi-11-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kiminori Nakamura
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21-jo, Nishi-11-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Honma
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-5-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takanori Moriyama
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-5-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kashiwagi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Sugawara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita-14-jo, Nishi-5-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan; Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Global Institution for Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Japan.
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6
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van Luyk ME, Krotenberg Garcia A, Lamprou M, Suijkerbuijk SJE. Cell competition in primary and metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncogenesis 2024; 13:28. [PMID: 39060237 PMCID: PMC11282291 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-024-00530-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Adult tissues set the scene for a continuous battle between cells, where a comparison of cellular fitness results in the elimination of weaker "loser" cells. This phenomenon, named cell competition, is beneficial for tissue integrity and homeostasis. In fact, cell competition plays a crucial role in tumor suppression, through elimination of early malignant cells, as part of Epithelial Defense Against Cancer. However, it is increasingly apparent that cell competition doubles as a tumor-promoting mechanism. The comparative nature of cell competition means that mutational background, proliferation rate and polarity all factor in to determine the outcome of these processes. In this review, we explore the intricate and context-dependent involvement of cell competition in homeostasis and regeneration, as well as during initiation and progression of primary and metastasized colorectal cancer. We provide a comprehensive overview of molecular and cellular mechanisms governing cell competition and its parallels with regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel Elise van Luyk
- Division of Developmental Biology, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Krotenberg Garcia
- Division of Developmental Biology, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Lamprou
- Division of Developmental Biology, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Jacoba Elisabeth Suijkerbuijk
- Division of Developmental Biology, Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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7
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Sun J, Chen M, Hu Z, Xu N, Wang W, Ping Z, Zhu J, Sun D, Zhu Z, Li H, Ge X, Luo L, Zhou W, Bai R, Xu Z, Sheng J. Ribonuclease 4 functions as an intestinal antimicrobial protein to maintain gut microbiota and metabolite homeostasis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5778. [PMID: 38987259 PMCID: PMC11237007 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial proteins contribute to host-microbiota interactions and are associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but our understanding on antimicrobial protein diversity and functions remains incomplete. Ribonuclease 4 (Rnase4) is a potential antimicrobial protein with no known function in the intestines. Here we find that RNASE4 is expressed in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) including Paneth and goblet cells, and is detectable in human and mouse stool. Results from Rnase4-deficient mice and recombinant protein suggest that Rnase4 kills Parasutterella to modulate intestinal microbiome, thereby enhancing indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) expression and subsequently kynurenic and xanthurenic acid production in IECs to reduce colitis susceptibility. Furthermore, deceased RNASE4 levels are observed in the intestinal tissues and stool from patients with IBD, correlating with increased stool Parasutterella. Our results thus implicate Rnase4 as an intestinal antimicrobial protein regulating gut microbiota and metabolite homeostasis, and as a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sun
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Muxiong Chen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhen Hu
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ningqin Xu
- Division of Health Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Wenguang Wang
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zejun Ping
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiayi Zhu
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Desen Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Zhehao Zhu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hangyu Li
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaolong Ge
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Liang Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Rongpan Bai
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Zhengping Xu
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Jinghao Sheng
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
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8
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Esrefoglu M. Harnessing autophagy: A potential breakthrough in digestive disease treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:3036-3043. [PMID: 38983959 PMCID: PMC11230060 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i24.3036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a conserved cellular degradation process, is crucial for various cellular processes such as immune responses, inflammation, metabolic and oxidative stress adaptation, cell proliferation, development, and tissue repair and remodeling. Dysregulation of autophagy is suspected in numerous diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, digestive disorders, metabolic syndromes, and infectious and inflammatory diseases. If autophagy is disrupted, for example, this can have serious consequences and lead to chronic inflammation and tissue damage, as occurs in diseases such as Chron's disease and ulcerative colitis. On the other hand, the influence of autophagy on the development and progression of cancer is not clear. Autophagy can both suppress and promote the progression and metastasis of cancer at various stages. From inflammatory bowel diseases to gastrointestinal cancer, researchers are discovering the intricate role of autophagy in maintaining gut health and its potential as a therapeutic target. Researchers should carefully consider the nature and progression of diseases such as cancer when trying to determine whether inhibiting or stimulating autophagy is likely to be beneficial. Multidisciplinary approaches that combine cutting-edge research with clinical expertise are key to unlocking the full therapeutic potential of autophagy in digestive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukaddes Esrefoglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Bezmialem Vakif University Medical Faculty, Istanbul 34093, Türkiye
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9
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Giugliano FP, Navis M, Ouahoud S, Garcia TM, Kreulen IA, Ferrantelli E, Meisner S, Vermeulen JL, van Roest M, Billaud JN, Koster J, Dawood Y, de Bakker BS, Picavet-Havik DI, Schimmel IM, van der Wel NN, Koelink PJ, Wildenberg ME, Derikx JP, de Jonge WJ, Renes IB, van Elburg RM, Muncan V. Pro-inflammatory T cells-derived cytokines enhance the maturation of the human fetal intestinal epithelial barrier. iScience 2024; 27:109909. [PMID: 38812539 PMCID: PMC11134877 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Small intestine (SI) maturation during early life is pivotal in preventing the onset of gut diseases. In this study we interrogated the milestones of SI development by gene expression profiling and ingenuity pathway analyses. We identified a set of cytokines as main regulators of changes observed across different developmental stages. Upon cytokines stimulation, with IFNγ as the most contributing factor, human fetal organoids (HFOs) increase brush border gene expression and enzyme activity as well as trans-epithelial electrical resistance. Electron microscopy revealed developed brush border and loss of fetal cell characteristics in HFOs upon cytokine stimulation. We identified T cells as major source of IFNγ production in the fetal SI lamina propria. Co-culture of HFOs with T cells recapitulated the major effects of cytokine stimulation. Our findings underline pro-inflammatory cytokines derived from T cells as pivotal factors inducing functional SI maturation in vivo and capable of modulating the barrier maturation of HFOs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca P. Giugliano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marit Navis
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah Ouahoud
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tânia Martins Garcia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Irini A.M. Kreulen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Evelina Ferrantelli
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Meisner
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline L.M. Vermeulen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Manon van Roest
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Noël Billaud
- QIAGEN Digital Insights, 1001 Marshall Street, Redwood City, CA, USA
- DNAnexus, 204 El Camino Real, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Jan Koster
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yousif Dawood
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development research institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bernadette S. de Bakker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development research institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daisy I. Picavet-Havik
- Department of Medical Biology, Electron Microscopy Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Irene M. Schimmel
- Department of Medical Biology, Electron Microscopy Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole N. van der Wel
- Department of Medical Biology, Electron Microscopy Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pim J. Koelink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Manon E. Wildenberg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joep P.M. Derikx
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Surgery Center of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter J. de Jonge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid B. Renes
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ruurd M. van Elburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vanesa Muncan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Marissen J, Reichert L, Härtel C, Fortmann MI, Faust K, Msanga D, Harder J, Zemlin M, Gomez de Agüero M, Masjosthusmann K, Humberg A. Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) and the Microbiome in Preterm Infants: Consequences and Opportunities for Future Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6684. [PMID: 38928389 PMCID: PMC11203687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are crucial components of the innate immune system in various organisms, including humans. Beyond their direct antimicrobial effects, AMPs play essential roles in various physiological processes. They induce angiogenesis, promote wound healing, modulate immune responses, and serve as chemoattractants for immune cells. AMPs regulate the microbiome and combat microbial infections on the skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. Produced in response to microbial signals, AMPs help maintain a balanced microbial community and provide a first line of defense against infection. In preterm infants, alterations in microbiome composition have been linked to various health outcomes, including sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, atopic dermatitis, and respiratory infections. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in the microbiome, can alter AMP profiles and potentially lead to inflammation-mediated diseases such as chronic lung disease and obesity. In the following review, we summarize what is known about the vital role of AMPs as multifunctional peptides in protecting newborn infants against infections and modulating the microbiome and immune response. Understanding their roles in preterm infants and high-risk populations offers the potential for innovative approaches to disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Marissen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (J.M.); (L.R.)
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max-Planck Research Group, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Lilith Reichert
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (J.M.); (L.R.)
| | - Christoph Härtel
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (J.M.); (L.R.)
- German Center for Infection Research, Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mats Ingmar Fortmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; (M.I.F.); (K.F.)
| | - Kirstin Faust
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; (M.I.F.); (K.F.)
| | - Delfina Msanga
- Department of Pediatrics, Bugando Hospital, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza 33109, Tanzania;
| | - Jürgen Harder
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Quincke Research Center, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Michael Zemlin
- Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Mercedes Gomez de Agüero
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max-Planck Research Group, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Katja Masjosthusmann
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (K.M.); (A.H.)
| | - Alexander Humberg
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (K.M.); (A.H.)
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11
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Zhao C, Porter JM, Burke PC, Arnberg N, Smith JG. Alpha-defensin binding expands human adenovirus tropism. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012317. [PMID: 38900833 PMCID: PMC11230588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Mammalian α-defensins are a family of abundant effector peptides of the mucosal innate immune system. Although primarily considered to be antimicrobial, α-defensins can increase rather than block infection by certain prominent bacterial and viral pathogens in cell culture and in vivo. We have shown previously that exposure of mouse and human adenoviruses (HAdVs) to α-defensins is able to overcome competitive inhibitors that block cell binding, leading us to hypothesize a defensin-mediated binding mechanism that is independent of known viral receptors. To test this hypothesis, we used genetic approaches to demonstrate that none of several primary receptors nor integrin co-receptors are needed for human α-defensin-mediated binding of HAdV to cells; however, infection remains integrin dependent. Thus, our studies have revealed a novel pathway for HAdV binding to cells that bypasses viral primary receptors. We speculate that this pathway functions in parallel with receptor-mediated entry and contributes to α-defensin-enhanced infection of susceptible cells. Remarkably, we also found that in the presence of α-defensins, HAdV tropism is expanded to non-susceptible cells, even when viruses are exposed to a mixture of both susceptible and non-susceptible cells. Therefore, we propose that in the presence of sufficient concentrations of α-defensins, such as in the lung or gut, integrin expression rather than primary receptor expression will dictate HAdV tropism in vivo. In summary, α-defensins may contribute to tissue tropism not only through the neutralization of susceptible viruses but also by allowing certain defensin-resistant viruses to bind to cells independently of previously described mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jessica M. Porter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Phillip C. Burke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Niklas Arnberg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Virology and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jason G. Smith
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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12
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Zhao C, Porter JM, Burke PC, Arnberg N, Smith JG. Alpha-defensin binding expands human adenovirus tropism. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.30.596681. [PMID: 38854108 PMCID: PMC11160700 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.30.596681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian α-defensins are a family of abundant effector peptides of the mucosal innate immune system. Although primarily considered to be antimicrobial, α-defensins can increase rather than block infection by certain prominent bacterial and viral pathogens in cell culture and in vivo . We have shown previously that exposure of mouse and human adenoviruses (HAdVs) to α-defensins is able to overcome competitive inhibitors that block cell binding, leading us to hypothesize a defensin-mediated binding mechanism that is independent of known viral receptors. To test this hypothesis, we used genetic approaches to demonstrate that none of several primary receptors nor integrin co-receptors are needed for human α-defensin-mediated binding of HAdV to cells; however, infection remains integrin dependent. Thus, our studies have revealed a novel pathway for HAdV binding to cells that bypasses viral primary receptors. We speculate that this pathway functions in parallel with receptor-mediated entry and contributes to α-defensin-enhanced infection of susceptible cells. Remarkably, we also found that in the presence of α-defensins, HAdV tropism is expanded to non-susceptible cells, even when viruses are exposed to a mixture of both susceptible and non-susceptible cells. Therefore, we propose that in the presence of sufficient concentrations of α-defensins, such as in the lung or gut, integrin expression rather than primary receptor expression will dictate HAdV tropism in vivo . In summary, α-defensins may contribute to tissue tropism not only through the neutralization of susceptible viruses but also by allowing certain defensin-resistant viruses to bind to cells independently of previously described mechanisms. Author Summary In this study, we demonstrate a novel mechanism for binding of human adenoviruses (HAdVs) to cells that is dependent upon interactions with α-defensin host defense peptides but is independent of known viral receptors and co-receptors. To block normal receptor-mediated HAdV infection, we made genetic changes to both host cells and HAdVs. Under these conditions, α-defensins restored cell binding; however, infection still required the function of HAdV integrin co-receptors. This was true for multiple types of HAdVs that use different primary receptors and for cells that are either naturally devoid of HAdV receptors or were engineered to be receptor deficient. These observations suggest that in the presence of concentrations of α-defensins that would be found naturally in the lung or intestine, there are two parallel pathways for HAdV binding to cells that converge on integrins for productive infection. Moreover, these binding pathways function independently, and both operate in mixed culture. Thus, we have found that viruses can co-opt host defense molecules to expand their tropism.
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13
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Su R, Wang Y, Qi W. Antimicrobial therapy based on self-assembling peptides. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:5061-5075. [PMID: 38726712 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00260a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant microorganisms has threatened global health, and microbial infections have severely limited the use of medical materials. For example, the attachment and colonization of pathogenic bacteria to medical implant materials can lead to wound infections, inflammation and complications, as well as implant failure, shortening their lifespan and even resulting in patient death. In the era of antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial drug discovery needs to prioritize unconventional therapies that act on new targets or adopt new mechanisms. In this regard, supramolecular antimicrobial peptides have emerged as attractive therapeutic platforms, both as bactericides for combination antibiotics and as delivery vehicles. By taking advantage of their programmable intermolecular and intramolecular interactions, peptides can be modified to form higher-order structures (including nanofibers and nanoparticles) with unique functionality. This paper begins with an analysis of the relationship between peptide self-assembly and antimicrobial activity, describes in detail the research and development of various self-assembled antimicrobial peptides in recent years, and finally explores different combinatorial strategies for self-assembling antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Wang
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Yexi Zhang
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Rongxin Su
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Qi
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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14
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Ambrogi M, Vezina CM. Roles of airway and intestinal epithelia in responding to pathogens and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1346087. [PMID: 38736751 PMCID: PMC11082347 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1346087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells form a resilient barrier and orchestrate defensive and reparative mechanisms to maintain tissue stability. This review focuses on gut and airway epithelia, which are positioned where the body interfaces with the outside world. We review the many signaling pathways and mechanisms by which epithelial cells at the interface respond to invading pathogens to mount an innate immune response and initiate adaptive immunity and communicate with other cells, including resident microbiota, to heal damaged tissue and maintain homeostasis. We compare and contrast how airway and gut epithelial cells detect pathogens, release antimicrobial effectors, collaborate with macrophages, Tregs and epithelial stem cells to mount an immune response and orchestrate tissue repair. We also describe advanced research models for studying epithelial communication and behaviors during inflammation, tissue injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chad M. Vezina
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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15
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Oda M, Yamamoto H, Kawakami T. Maintenance of homeostasis by TLR4 ligands. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1286270. [PMID: 38715610 PMCID: PMC11074394 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1286270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is renowned for its capacity to elicit anti-infective and anti-cancer effects by harnessing immune responses to microbial components and bolstering innate healing mechanisms through a cascade of immunological reactions. Specifically, mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been identified as key receptors responsible for detecting microbial components. The discovery of these mammalian Toll-like receptors has clarified antigen recognition by the innate immune system. It has furnished a molecular foundation for comprehending the interplay between innate immunity and its anti-tumor or anti-infective capabilities. Moreover, accumulating evidence highlights the crucial role of TLRs in maintaining tissue homeostasis. It has also become evident that TLR-expressing macrophages play a central role in immunity by participating in the clearance of foreign substances, tissue repair, and the establishment of new tissue. This macrophage network, centered on macrophages, significantly contributes to innate healing. This review will primarily delve into innate immunity, specifically focusing on substances targeting TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Oda
- Control of Innate Immunity, Technology Research Association, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takashige Kawakami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
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16
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Prochera A, Muppirala AN, Kuziel GA, Soualhi S, Shepherd A, Sun L, Issac B, Rosenberg HJ, Karim F, Perez K, Smith KH, Archibald TH, Rakoff-Nahoum S, Hagen SJ, Rao M. Enteric glia regulate Paneth cell secretion and intestinal microbial ecology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.15.589545. [PMID: 38659931 PMCID: PMC11042301 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.15.589545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Glial cells of the enteric nervous system (ENS) interact closely with the intestinal epithelium and secrete signals that influence epithelial cell proliferation and barrier formation in vitro. Whether these interactions are important in vivo, however, is unclear because previous studies reached conflicting conclusions [1]. To better define the roles of enteric glia in steady state regulation of the intestinal epithelium, we characterized the glia in closest proximity to epithelial cells and found that the majority express PLP1 in both mice and humans. To test their functions using an unbiased approach, we genetically depleted PLP1+ cells in mice and transcriptionally profiled the small and large intestines. Surprisingly, glial loss had minimal effects on transcriptional programs and the few identified changes varied along the gastrointestinal tract. In the ileum, where enteric glia had been considered most essential for epithelial integrity, glial depletion did not drastically alter epithelial gene expression but caused a modest enrichment in signatures of Paneth cells, a secretory cell type important for innate immunity. In the absence of PLP1+ glia, Paneth cell number was intact, but a subset appeared abnormal with irregular and heterogenous cytoplasmic granules, suggesting a secretory deficit. Consistent with this possibility, ileal explants from glial-depleted mice secreted less functional lysozyme than controls with corresponding effects on fecal microbial composition. Collectively, these data suggest that enteric glia do not exert broad effects on the intestinal epithelium but have an essential role in regulating Paneth cell function and gut microbial ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Prochera
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anoohya N Muppirala
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gavin A Kuziel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Salima Soualhi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amy Shepherd
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Liang Sun
- Research Computing, Department of Information Technology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Biju Issac
- Research Computing, Department of Information Technology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Harry J Rosenberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Farah Karim
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristina Perez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kyle H Smith
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tonora H Archibald
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seth Rakoff-Nahoum
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Susan J Hagen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meenakshi Rao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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17
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Bravo Iniguez A, Du M, Zhu MJ. α-Ketoglutarate for Preventing and Managing Intestinal Epithelial Dysfunction. Adv Nutr 2024; 15:100200. [PMID: 38438107 PMCID: PMC11016550 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The epithelium lining the intestinal tract serves a multifaceted role. It plays a crucial role in nutrient absorption and immune regulation and also acts as a protective barrier, separating underlying tissues from the gut lumen content. Disruptions in the delicate balance of the gut epithelium trigger inflammatory responses, aggravate conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, and potentially lead to more severe complications such as colorectal cancer. Maintaining intestinal epithelial homeostasis is vital for overall health, and there is growing interest in identifying nutraceuticals that can strengthen the intestinal epithelium. α-Ketoglutarate, a metabolite of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, displays a variety of bioactive effects, including functioning as an antioxidant, a necessary cofactor for epigenetic modification, and exerting anti-inflammatory effects. This article presents a comprehensive overview of studies investigating the potential of α-ketoglutarate supplementation in preventing dysfunction of the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Min Du
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
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18
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YONOICHI S, HARA Y, ISHIDA Y, SHODA A, KIMURA M, MURATA M, NUNOBIKI S, ITO M, YOSHIMOTO A, MANTANI Y, YOKOYAMA T, HIRANO T, IKENAKA Y, YOKOI Y, AYABE T, NAKAMURA K, HOSHI N. Effects of exposure to the neonicotinoid pesticide clothianidin on α-defensin secretion and gut microbiota in mice. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:277-284. [PMID: 38267031 PMCID: PMC10963084 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which the neonicotinoid pesticide clothianidin (CLO) disrupts the intestinal microbiota of experimental animals is unknown. We focused on α-defensins, which are regulators of the intestinal microbiota. Subchronic exposure to CLO induced dysbiosis and reduced short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria in the intestinal microbiota of mice. Levels of cryptdin-1 (Crp1, a major α-defensin in mice) in feces and cecal contents were lower in the CLO-exposed groups than in control. In Crp1 immunostaining, Paneth cells in the jejunum and ileum of the no-observed-adverse-effect-level CLO-exposed group showed a stronger positive signal than control, likely due to the suppression of Crp1 release. Our results showed that CLO exposure suppresses α-defensin secretion from Paneth cells as part of the mechanism underlying CLO-induced dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakura YONOICHI
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yukako HARA
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yuya ISHIDA
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Asuka SHODA
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mako KIMURA
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Midori MURATA
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Sarika NUNOBIKI
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Makiko ITO
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ayano YOSHIMOTO
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Youhei MANTANI
- Laboratory of Histophysiology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toshifumi YOKOYAMA
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tetsushi HIRANO
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yoshinori IKENAKA
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- Translational Research Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Yuki YOKOI
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science,
Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tokiyoshi AYABE
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science,
Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kiminori NAKAMURA
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science,
Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko HOSHI
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
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19
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Kowsar R, Sadeghi K, Hashemzadeh F, Miyamoto A. Ovarian sex steroid and epithelial control of immune responses in the uterus and oviduct: human and animal models†. Biol Reprod 2024; 110:230-245. [PMID: 38038990 PMCID: PMC10873282 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The female reproductive tract (FRT), including the uterus and oviduct (Fallopian tube), is responsible for maintaining an optimal microenvironment for reproductive processes, such as gamete activation and transportation, sperm capacitation, fertilization, and early embryonic and fetal development. The mucosal surface of the FRT may be exposed to pathogens and sexually transmitted microorganisms due to the opening of the cervix during mating. Pathogens and endotoxins may also reach the oviduct through the peritoneal fluid. To maintain an optimum reproductive environment while recognizing and killing pathogenic bacterial and viral agents, the oviduct and uterus should be equipped with an efficient and rigorously controlled immune system. Ovarian sex steroids can affect epithelial cells and underlying stromal cells, which have been shown to mediate innate and adaptive immune responses. This, in turn, protects against potential infections while maintaining an optimal milieu for reproductive events, highlighting the homeostatic involvement of ovarian sex steroids and reproductive epithelial cells. This article will discuss how ovarian sex steroids affect the immune reactions elicited by the epithelial cells of the non-pregnant uterus and oviduct in the bovine, murine, and human species. Finally, we propose that there are regional and species-specific differences in the immune responses in FRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Kowsar
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Farzad Hashemzadeh
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Akio Miyamoto
- Global Agromedicine Research Center, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
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20
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McCoy R, Oldroyd S, Yang W, Wang K, Hoven D, Bulmer D, Zilbauer M, Owens RM. In Vitro Models for Investigating Intestinal Host-Pathogen Interactions. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306727. [PMID: 38155358 PMCID: PMC10885678 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are increasingly recognized as a major threat worldwide due to the rise of antimicrobial resistance and the emergence of novel pathogens. In vitro models that can adequately mimic in vivo gastrointestinal physiology are in high demand to elucidate mechanisms behind pathogen infectivity, and to aid the design of effective preventive and therapeutic interventions. There exists a trade-off between simple and high throughput models and those that are more complex and physiologically relevant. The complexity of the model used shall be guided by the biological question to be addressed. This review provides an overview of the structure and function of the intestine and the models that are developed to emulate this. Conventional models are discussed in addition to emerging models which employ engineering principles to equip them with necessary advanced monitoring capabilities for intestinal host-pathogen interrogation. Limitations of current models and future perspectives on the field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece McCoy
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Sophie Oldroyd
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Woojin Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
- Wellcome‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AWUK
| | - Kaixin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Darius Hoven
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - David Bulmer
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1PDUK
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Wellcome‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AWUK
| | - Róisín M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
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21
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Yan W, Chen S, Wang Y, You Y, Lu Y, Wang W, Wu B, Du J, Peng S, Cai W, Xiao Y. Loss of Mptx2 alters bacteria composition and intestinal homeostasis potentially by impairing autophagy. Commun Biol 2024; 7:94. [PMID: 38218976 PMCID: PMC10787791 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05785-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
A recent single-cell survey of the small-intestinal epithelium suggests that mucosal pentraxin 2 (Mptx2) is a new Paneth cell marker, but its function and involved mechanism in the Paneth cell are still unknown. Therefore, we create Mptx2 knockout (Mptx2-/-) mice to investigate its precise effects on intestinal homeostasis using models of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) peritoneal infection, and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced intestinal injury and inflammation. We here find that Mptx2 is selectively expressed in Paneth cells in the small intestines of mice. Mptx2-/- mice have increased susceptibility to intestinal inflammation and injured. Mptx2 deficiency reduces Paneth cell count and expression of antimicrobial factors, leading to altered intestinal bacteria composition. Loss of Mptx2 aggravates MRSA infection-induced damage in the intestine while decreasing autophagy in Paneth cells. Mptx2-/- mice are more vulnerable to LPS-induced intestinal possibly due to inhibition of the autophagy/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway. Mptx2-/- mice are susceptible to DSS-induced colitis that could be ameliorated by treatment with gentamicin or vancomycin antibiotics. In conclusion, Mptx2 is essential to maintain intestinal homeostasis potentially via regulation of autophagy in Paneth cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihui Yan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaying You
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Weipeng Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Shicheng Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yongtao Xiao
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China.
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22
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Gao N, Wang J, Fang C, Bai P, Sun Y, Wu W, Shan A. Combating bacterial infections with host defense peptides: Shifting focus from bacteria to host immunity. Drug Resist Updat 2024; 72:101030. [PMID: 38043443 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2023.101030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections necessitates the exploration of novel paradigms for anti-infective therapy. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also known as host defense peptides (HDPs), have garnered extensive recognition as immunomodulatory molecules that leverage natural host mechanisms to enhance therapeutic benefits. The unique immune mechanism exhibited by certain HDPs that involves self-assembly into supramolecular nanonets capable of inducing bacterial agglutination and entrapping is significantly important. This process effectively prevents microbial invasion and subsequent dissemination and significantly mitigates selective pressure for the evolution of microbial resistance, highlighting the potential of HDP-based antimicrobial therapy. Recent advancements in this field have focused on developing bio-responsive materials in the form of supramolecular nanonets. A comprehensive overview of the immunomodulatory and bacteria-agglutinating activities of HDPs, along with a discussion on optimization strategies for synthetic derivatives, is presented in this article. These optimized derivatives exhibit improved biological properties and therapeutic potential, making them suitable for future clinical applications as effective anti-infective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gao
- Animal Science and Technology College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
| | - Chunyang Fang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Pengfei Bai
- Animal Science and Technology College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yu Sun
- Animal Science and Technology College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Wanpeng Wu
- Animal Science and Technology College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Anshan Shan
- Animal Science and Technology College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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23
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Funk MC, Gleixner JG, Heigwer F, Vonficht D, Valentini E, Aydin Z, Tonin E, Del Prete S, Mahara S, Throm Y, Hetzer J, Heide D, Stegle O, Odom DT, Feldmann A, Haas S, Heikenwalder M, Boutros M. Aged intestinal stem cells propagate cell-intrinsic sources of inflammaging in mice. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2914-2929.e7. [PMID: 38113852 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Low-grade chronic inflammation is a hallmark of ageing, associated with impaired tissue function and disease development. However, how cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors collectively establish this phenotype, termed inflammaging, remains poorly understood. We addressed this question in the mouse intestinal epithelium, using mouse organoid cultures to dissect stem cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic sources of inflammaging. At the single-cell level, we found that inflammaging is established differently along the crypt-villus axis, with aged intestinal stem cells (ISCs) strongly upregulating major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) genes. Importantly, the inflammaging phenotype was stably propagated by aged ISCs in organoid cultures and associated with increased chromatin accessibility at inflammation-associated loci in vivo and ex vivo, indicating cell-intrinsic inflammatory memory. Mechanistically, we show that the expression of inflammatory genes is dependent on STAT1 signaling. Together, our data identify that intestinal inflammaging in mice is promoted by a cell-intrinsic mechanism, stably propagated by ISCs, and associated with a disbalance in immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja C Funk
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, Heidelberg University, BioQuant & Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Institute for Human Genetics, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan G Gleixner
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, Heidelberg University, BioQuant & Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Institute for Human Genetics, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Computational Genomics and Systems Genetics, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Heigwer
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, Heidelberg University, BioQuant & Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Institute for Human Genetics, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Life Sciences and Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Bingen, 55411 Bingen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Dominik Vonficht
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine, (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Erica Valentini
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, Heidelberg University, BioQuant & Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Institute for Human Genetics, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zeynep Aydin
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, Heidelberg University, BioQuant & Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Institute for Human Genetics, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elena Tonin
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, Heidelberg University, BioQuant & Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Institute for Human Genetics, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefania Del Prete
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Regulatory Genomics and Cancer Evolution, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Mahara
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Junior Research Group Mechanisms of Genome Control, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yannick Throm
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, Heidelberg University, BioQuant & Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Institute for Human Genetics, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jenny Hetzer
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Danijela Heide
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Stegle
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Computational Genomics and Systems Genetics, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Duncan T Odom
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Regulatory Genomics and Cancer Evolution, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angelika Feldmann
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Junior Research Group Mechanisms of Genome Control, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Haas
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine, (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10178 Berlin, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; M3 Research Center, Medical Faculty Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Boutros
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, Heidelberg University, BioQuant & Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Institute for Human Genetics, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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24
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Baindara P, Mandal SM. Gut-Antimicrobial Peptides: Synergistic Co-Evolution with Antibiotics to Combat Multi-Antibiotic Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1732. [PMID: 38136766 PMCID: PMC10740742 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to huge diversity and dynamic competition, the human gut microbiome produces a diverse array of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that play an important role in human health. The gut microbiome has an important role in maintaining gut homeostasis by the AMPs and by interacting with other human organs via established connections such as the gut-lung, and gut-brain axis. Additionally, gut AMPs play a synergistic role with other gut microbiota and antimicrobials to maintain gut homeostasis by fighting against multi-antibiotic resistance (MAR) bacteria. Further, conventional antibiotics intake creates a synergistic evolutionary pressure for gut AMPs, where antibiotics and gut AMPs fight synergistically against MAR. Overall, gut AMPs are evolving under a complex and highly synergistic co-evolutionary pressure created by the various interactions between gut microbiota, gut AMPs, and antibiotics; however, the complete mechanism is not well understood. The current review explores the synergistic action of gut AMPs and antibiotics along with possibilities to fight against MAR bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Baindara
- Radiation Oncology, NextGen Precision Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Santi M. Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India;
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25
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Schumacher MA. The emerging roles of deep crypt secretory cells in colonic physiology. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 325:G493-G500. [PMID: 37697924 PMCID: PMC10887841 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00093.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Deep crypt secretory (DCS) cells are a population of epithelial cells located at the colonic crypt base that share some similarities to Paneth and goblet cells. They were initially defined as c-Kit expressing cells, though subsequent work showed that they are more specifically marked by Reg4 in the murine colon. The best-understood function of DCS cells at present is supporting the stem cell niche by generating Notch and EGF ligands. However, as these cells also express immunoregulatory (e.g., Ccl6) and host defense (e.g., Retnlb) genes, it is likely they have additional functions in maintaining colonic health outside of maintenance of the stem niche. Recent advances in single-cell transcriptomic profiling hint at additional epithelial and immune roles that may exist for these cells and have aided in elucidating their developmental lineage. This review highlights the emerging evidence supporting a crucial role for DCS cells in intestinal physiology, the current understanding of how these cells are regulated, and their potential role(s) in colonic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Schumacher
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
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26
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Endo R, Sugimoto S, Shirosaki K, Kato H, Wada M, Kanai T, Sato T. Clinical challenges of short bowel syndrome and the path forward for organoid-based regenerative medicine. Regen Ther 2023; 24:64-73. [PMID: 37868721 PMCID: PMC10584670 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a rare condition, the main symptom of which is malabsorption following extensive resection of the small intestine. Treatment for SBS is mainly supportive, consisting of supplementation, prevention and treatment of complications, and promotion of intestinal adaptation. While development of parenteral nutrition and drugs promoting intestinal adaptation has improved clinical outcomes, the prognosis of patients with SBS remains poor. Intestinal transplantation is the only curative therapy but its outcome is unsatisfactory. In the absence of definitive therapy, novel treatment is urgently needed. With the advent of intestinal organoids, research on the intestine has developed remarkably in recent years. Concepts such as the "tissue-engineered small intestine" and "small intestinalized colon," which create a functional small intestine by combining organoids with other technologies, are potentially novel regenerative therapeutic approaches for SBS. Although they are still under development and there are substantial issues to be resolved, the problems that have prevented establishment of the complex function and structure of the small intestine are gradually being overcome. This review discusses the current treatments for SBS, the fundamentals of the intestine and organoids, the current status of these new technologies, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Endo
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Shinya Sugimoto
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Koji Shirosaki
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hirochika Kato
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Motoshi Wada
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toshiro Sato
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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27
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Wu L, Hu J, Yi X, Lv J, Yao J, Tang W, Zhang S, Wan M. Gut microbiota interacts with inflammatory responses in acute pancreatitis. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2023; 16:17562848231202133. [PMID: 37829561 PMCID: PMC10566291 DOI: 10.1177/17562848231202133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common acute abdominal conditions, and its incidence has been increasing for years. Approximately 15-20% of patients develop severe AP (SAP), which is complicated by critical inflammatory injury and intestinal dysfunction. AP-associated inflammation can lead to the gut barrier and function damage, causing dysbacteriosis and facilitating intestinal microbiota migration. Pancreatic exocrine deficiency and decreased levels of antimicrobial peptides in AP can also lead to abnormal growth of intestinal bacteria. Meanwhile, intestinal microbiota migration influences the pancreatic microenvironment and affects the severity of AP, which, in turn, exacerbates the systemic inflammatory response. Thus, the interaction between the gut microbiota (GM) and the inflammatory response may be a key pathogenic feature of SAP. Treating either of these factors or breaking their interaction may offer some benefits for SAP treatment. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of interaction of the GM and inflammation in AP and factors that can deteriorate or even cure both, including some traditional Chinese medicine treatments, to provide new methods for studying AP pathogenesis and developing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjun Wu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Hospital of Chinese Traditional Medicine of Leshan, Leshan, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China
- Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Hospital of Chinese Traditional Medicine of Leshan, Leshan, China
| | - Xiaolin Yi
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China
- Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Intensive Care Unit, Suining Municipal Hospital of TCM, Suining, China
| | - Jianqin Lv
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China
- Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaqi Yao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China
- Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenfu Tang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China
- Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emergency Medical Laboratory, West China
- Hospital, Sichuan University, Guo Xue Road 37, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Meihua Wan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China
- Hospital, Sichuan University, Guo Xue Road 37, Chengdu 610041, China
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28
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Gao J, Cao B, Zhao R, Li H, Xu Q, Wei B. Critical Signaling Transduction Pathways and Intestinal Barrier: Implications for Pathophysiology and Therapeutics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1216. [PMID: 37765024 PMCID: PMC10537644 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier is a sum of the functions and structures consisting of the intestinal mucosal epithelium, mucus, intestinal flora, secretory immunoglobulins, and digestive juices. It is the first-line defense mechanism that resists nonspecific infections with powerful functions that include physical, endocrine, and immune defenses. Health and physiological homeostasis are greatly dependent on the sturdiness of the intestinal barrier shield, whose dysfunction can contribute to the progression of numerous types of intestinal diseases. Disorders of internal homeostasis may also induce barrier impairment and form vicious cycles during the response to diseases. Therefore, the identification of the underlying mechanisms involved in intestinal barrier function and the development of effective drugs targeting its damage have become popular research topics. Evidence has shown that multiple signaling pathways and corresponding critical molecules are extensively involved in the regulation of the barrier pathophysiological state. Ectopic expression or activation of signaling pathways plays an essential role in the process of shield destruction. Although some drugs, such as molecular or signaling inhibitors, are currently used for the treatment of intestinal diseases, their efficacy cannot meet current medical requirements. In this review, we summarize the current achievements in research on the relationships between the intestinal barrier and signaling pathways. The limitations and future perspectives are also discussed to provide new horizons for targeted therapies for restoring intestinal barrier function that have translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwang Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China; (J.G.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Q.X.)
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China;
| | - Bo Cao
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China;
| | - Ruiyang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China; (J.G.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Q.X.)
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China;
| | - Hanghang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China; (J.G.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Q.X.)
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China;
| | - Qixuan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China; (J.G.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Q.X.)
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China;
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China; (J.G.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Q.X.)
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29
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Fu J, Zong X, Jin M, Min J, Wang F, Wang Y. Mechanisms and regulation of defensins in host defense. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:300. [PMID: 37574471 PMCID: PMC10423725 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01553-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As a family of cationic host defense peptides, defensins are mainly synthesized by Paneth cells, neutrophils, and epithelial cells, contributing to host defense. Their biological functions in innate immunity, as well as their structure and activity relationships, along with their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential, have been of great interest in recent years. To highlight the key research into the role of defensins in human and animal health, we first describe their research history, structural features, evolution, and antimicrobial mechanisms. Next, we cover the role of defensins in immune homeostasis, chemotaxis, mucosal barrier function, gut microbiota regulation, intestinal development and regulation of cell death. Further, we discuss their clinical relevance and therapeutic potential in various diseases, including infectious disease, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes and obesity, chronic inflammatory lung disease, periodontitis and cancer. Finally, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the nutrient-dependent regulation of defensins, including fatty acids, amino acids, microelements, plant extracts, and probiotics, while considering the clinical application of such regulation. Together, the review summarizes the various biological functions, mechanism of actions and potential clinical significance of defensins, along with the challenges in developing defensins-based therapy, thus providing crucial insights into their biology and potential clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin Zong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mingliang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Junxia Min
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fudi Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Basic Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.
| | - Yizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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30
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Kolev HM, Kaestner KH. Mammalian Intestinal Development and Differentiation-The State of the Art. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 16:809-821. [PMID: 37507088 PMCID: PMC10520362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The development of the mammalian intestine, from its earliest origins as a morphologically uniform sheet of endoderm cells during gastrulation into the complex organ system that is essential for the life of the organism, is a truly fascinating process. During midgestation development, reciprocal interactions between endoderm-derived epithelium and mesoderm-derived mesenchyme enable villification, or the conversion of a radially symmetric pseudostratified epithelium into the functional subdivision of crypts and villi. Once a mature crypt-villus axis is established, proliferation and differentiation of new epithelial cells continue throughout life. Spatially localized signals including the wingless and Int-1, fibroblast growth factor, and Hippo systems, among others, ensure that new cells are being born continuously in the crypt. As cells exit the crypt compartment, a gradient of bone morphogenetic protein signaling limits proliferation to allow for the specification of multiple mature cell types. The first major differentiation decision is dependent on Notch signaling, which specifies epithelial cells into absorptive and secretory lineages. The secretory lineage is subdivided further into Paneth, goblet, tuft, and enteroendocrine cells via a complex network of transcription factors. Although some of the signaling molecules are produced by epithelial cells, critical components are derived from specialized crypt-adjacent mesenchymal cells termed telocytes, which are marked by Forkhead box l1, GLI Family Zinc Finger 1, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor α. The crucial nature of these processes is evidenced by the multitude of intestinal disorders such as colorectal cancer, short-bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease, which all reflect perturbations of the development and/or differentiation of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Kolev
- Department of Genetics and Center for Molecular Studies in Digestive and Liver Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Department of Genetics and Center for Molecular Studies in Digestive and Liver Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Luo J, Chen Z, Castellano D, Bao B, Han W, Li J, Kim G, An D, Lu W, Wu C. Lipids regulate peripheral serotonin release via gut CD1d. Immunity 2023; 56:1533-1547.e7. [PMID: 37354904 PMCID: PMC10527042 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The crosstalk between the immune and neuroendocrine systems is critical for intestinal homeostasis and gut-brain communications. However, it remains unclear how immune cells participate in gut sensation of hormones and neurotransmitters release in response to environmental cues, such as self-lipids and microbial lipids. We show here that lipid-mediated engagement of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells with enterochromaffin (EC) cells, a subset of intestinal epithelial cells, promoted peripheral serotonin (5-HT) release via a CD1d-dependent manner, regulating gut motility and hemostasis. We also demonstrated that inhibitory sphingolipids from symbiotic microbe Bacteroides fragilis represses 5-HT release. Mechanistically, CD1d ligation on EC cells transduced a signal and restrained potassium conductance through activation of protein tyrosine kinase Pyk2, leading to calcium influx and 5-HT secretion. Together, our data reveal that by engaging with iNKT cells, gut chemosensory cells selectively perceive lipid antigens via CD1d to control 5-HT release, modulating intestinal and systemic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialie Luo
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zuojia Chen
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Castellano
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bin Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wenyan Han
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Girak Kim
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dingding An
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chuan Wu
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Wang Y, Song Y, Yan S, Hiramine R, Ohnishi Y, Yokoi Y, Nakamura K, Kikukawa T, Ayabe T, Aizawa T. Antimicrobial Properties and Mode of Action of Cryptdin-4, a Mouse α-Defensin Regulated by Peptide Redox Structures and Bacterial Cultivation Conditions. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1047. [PMID: 37370366 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12061047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptdin-4 (crp4) is an enteric α-defensin derived from mice, and is a main mediator of immunity to oral infections and a determinant of the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Structurally, crp4 exists in two states: the oxidized form (crp4oxi), constrained by three invariant disulfide bonds, and the reduced form (crp4red) with six free thiol groups, both of which exist in the intestinal tract. In this study, the antibacterial mechanisms of crp4 in both forms under aerobic and anaerobic conditions were investigated using Escherichia coli (E. coli), an anaerobic facultative bacterium, as a model. Fluorescent dye studies revealed that both crp4oxi and crp4red exhibited antimicrobial activity against cells cultured under aerobic conditions via rapid membrane depolarization. Furthermore, the antioxidant treatment experiments suggested that only crp4oxi exhibited antimicrobial activity by the induction and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, under anaerobic culture conditions, the ability of both forms to disrupt the function of bacterial membranes decreased and activity was greatly reduced, but crp4red maintained some antimicrobial activity. This activity may be due to the inhibition of intracellular functions by DNA binding. Altogether, these data indicate that, according to its redox structure and the environmental redox conditions, crp4 could perform different antimicrobial activities via different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yuchi Song
- Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Shaonan Yan
- Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Rina Hiramine
- Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohnishi
- Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yuki Yokoi
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
| | - Kiminori Nakamura
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikukawa
- Laboratory of Biological Information Analysis Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
| | - Tokiyoshi Ayabe
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Aizawa
- Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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Liu T, Sun Z, Yang Z, Qiao X. Microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and modulation of host-derived peptides formation: Focused on host defense peptides. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114586. [PMID: 36989711 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The byproducts of bacterial fermentation known as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are chemically comprised of a carboxylic acid component and a short hydrocarbon chain. Recent investigations have demonstrated that SCFAs can affect intestinal immunity by inducing endogenous host defense peptides (HDPs) and their beneficial effects on barrier integrity, gut health, energy supply, and inflammation. HDPs, which include defensins, cathelicidins, and C-type lectins, perform a significant function in innate immunity in gastrointestinal mucosal membranes. SCFAs have been demonstrated to stimulate HDP synthesis by intestinal epithelial cells via interactions with G protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43), activation of the Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways, and the cell growth pathways. Furthermore, SCFA butyrate has been demonstrated to enhance the number of HDPs released from macrophages. SCFAs promote monocyte-to-macrophage development and stimulate HDP synthesis in macrophages by inhibiting histone deacetylase (HDAC). Understanding the etiology of many common disorders might be facilitated by studies into the function of microbial metabolites, such as SCFAs, in the molecular regulatory processes of immune responses (e.g., HDP production). This review will focus on the current knowledge of the role and mechanism of microbiota-derived SCFAs in influencing the synthesis of host-derived peptides, particularly HDPs.
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34
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Yang J, Shi Y. Paneth cell development in the neonatal gut: pathway regulation, development, and relevance to necrotizing enterocolitis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1184159. [PMID: 37266449 PMCID: PMC10231676 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1184159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells (PCs) are intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) that contain eosinophilic granules, which are located in Lieberkühn crypts. An increasing number of animal and human experiments have indicated that PCs are involved in the progression of a variety of intestinal as well as systemic inflammatory responses including necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). NEC is an enteric acquired disease with high mortality that usually occurs in premature infants and neonates, however the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this review, we summarize the features of PCs, including their immune function, association with gut microbiota and intestinal stem cells, and their mechanism of regulating IEC death to explore the possible mechanisms by which PCs affect NEC.
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Golubkova A, Hunter CJ. Development of the Neonatal Intestinal Barrier, Microbiome, and Susceptibility to NEC. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1247. [PMID: 37317221 PMCID: PMC10221463 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of the intestinal barrier is partially dependent on host maturity and the colonization patterns of the microbiome to which it is exposed. Premature birth and stressors of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)-related support (e.g., antibiotics, steroids, etc.) can alter the host internal environment resulting in changes in the intestinal barrier. Pathogenic microbial proliferation and breach of the immature intestinal barrier are proposed to be crucial steps in the development of neonatal diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis. This article will review the current literature on the intestinal barrier in the neonatal gut, the consequences of microbiome development for this defense system, and how prematurity can influence neonatal susceptibility to gastrointestinal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine J. Hunter
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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36
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Qiu YY, Zhang J, Zeng FY, Zhu YZ. Roles of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Pharmacol Res 2023; 192:106786. [PMID: 37146924 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of disease phenotypes which start with simple steatosis and lipid accumulation in the hepatocytes - a typical histological lesions characteristic. It may progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) that is characterized by hepatic inflammation and/or fibrosis and subsequent onset of NAFLD-related cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Due to the central role of the liver in metabolism, NAFLD is regarded as a result of and contribution to the metabolic abnormalities seen in the metabolic syndrome. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) has three subtypes, which govern the expression of genes responsible for energy metabolism, cellular development, inflammation, and differentiation. The agonists of PPARα, such as fenofibrate and clofibrate, have been used as lipid-lowering drugs in clinical practice. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) - ligands of PPARγ, such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, are also used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) with insulin resistance (IR). Increasing evidence suggests that PPARβ/δ agonists have potential therapeutic effects in improving insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism disorders. In addition, PPARs ligands have been considered as potential therapeutic drugs for hypertension, atherosclerosis (AS) or diabetic nephropathy. Their crucial biological roles dictate the significance of PPARs-targeting in medical research and drug discovery. Here, it reviews the biological activities, ligand selectivity and biological functions of the PPARs family, and discusses the relationship between PPARs and the pathogenesis of NAFLD and metabolic syndrome. This will open new possibilities for PPARs application in medicine, and provide a new idea for the treatment of fatty liver and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ye Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau, China; Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- University International College, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau, China.
| | - Fan-Yi Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau, China; School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau, China; Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 24/1400 West Beijing Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Yi Zhun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau, China; Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau, China; School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau, China.
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37
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Fesahat F, Firouzabadi AM, Zare-Zardini H, Imani M. Roles of Different β-Defensins in the Human Reproductive System: A Review Study. Am J Mens Health 2023; 17:15579883231182673. [PMID: 37381627 PMCID: PMC10334010 DOI: 10.1177/15579883231182673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human β-defensins (hBDs) are cationic peptides with an amphipathic spatial shape and a high cysteine content. The members of this peptide family have been found in the human body with various functions, including the human reproductive system. Of among β-defensins in the human body, β-defensin 1, β-defensin 2, and β-defensin 126 are known in the human reproductive system. Human β-defensin 1 interacts with chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) in the male reproductive system to prevent bacterial infections. This peptide has a positive function in antitumor immunity by recruiting dendritic cells and memory T cells in prostate cancer. It is necessary for fertilization via facilitating capacitation and acrosome reaction in the female reproductive system. Human β-defensin 2 is another peptide with antibacterial action which can minimize infection in different parts of the female reproductive system such as the vagina by interacting with CCR6. Human β-defensin 2 could play a role in preventing cervical cancer via interactions with dendritic cells. Human β-defensin 126 is required for sperm motility and protecting the sperm against immune system factors. This study attempted to review the updated knowledge about the roles of β-defensin 1, β-defensin 2, and β-defensin 126 in both the male and female reproductive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Fesahat
- Reproductive Immunology Research
Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Amir Masoud Firouzabadi
- Reproductive Immunology Research
Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hadi Zare-Zardini
- Hematology and Oncology Research
Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Maryam Imani
- Reproductive Immunology Research
Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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38
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Weber D, Weber M, Meedt E, Ghimire S, Wolff D, Edinger M, Poeck H, Hiergeist A, Gessner A, Ayuk F, Roesler W, Wölfl M, Kraus S, Zeiser R, Bertrand H, Bader P, Ullrich E, Eder M, Gleich S, Young R, Herr W, Levine JE, Ferrara JLM, Holler E. Reg3α concentrations at day of allogeneic stem cell transplantation predict outcome and correlate with early antibiotic use. Blood Adv 2023; 7:1326-1335. [PMID: 36350750 PMCID: PMC10119595 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022008480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microbiome diversity plays an important role in the pathophysiology of acute gastrointestinal (GI) graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and influences the outcome of patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (ASCT). We analyzed clinical data and blood samples taken preconditioning and on the day of ASCT from 587 patients from 7 German centers of the Mount Sinai Acute GVHD International Consortium, dividing them into single-center test (n = 371) and multicenter validation (n = 216) cohorts. Regenerating islet-derived 3α (Reg3α) serum concentration of day 0 correlated with clinical data as well as urinary 3-indoxylsulfate (3-IS) and Clostridiales group XIVa, indicators of intestinal microbiome diversity. High Reg3α concentration at day 0 of ASCT was associated with higher 1-year transplant-related mortality (TRM) in both cohorts (P < .001). Cox regression analysis revealed high Reg3α at day 0 as an independent prognostic factor for 1-year TRM. Multivariable analysis showed an independent correlation of high Reg3α concentrations at day 0 with early systemic antibiotic (AB) treatment. Urinary 3-IS (P = .04) and Clostridiales group XIVa (P = .004) were lower in patients with high vs those with low day 0 Reg3α concentrations. In contrast, Reg3α concentrations before conditioning therapy correlated neither with TRM nor disease or treatment-related parameters. Reg3α, a known biomarker of acute GI GVHD correlates with intestinal dysbiosis, induced by early AB treatment in the period of pretransplant conditioning. Serum concentrations of Reg3α measured on the day of graft infusion are predictive of the risk for TRM of ASCT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Weber
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine III, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Markus Weber
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Barmherzige Brüder Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Meedt
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine III, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sakhila Ghimire
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine III, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Wolff
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine III, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Edinger
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine III, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, RCI Regensburg Centre for Interventional Immunology, University and University Medical Centre of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Poeck
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine III, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hiergeist
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - André Gessner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Francis Ayuk
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation with Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Hamburg-Eppendorf University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolf Roesler
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, Erlangen University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wölfl
- Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Children's Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kraus
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Würzburg University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hannah Bertrand
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Bader
- Department of Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Experimental Immunology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Department of Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Experimental Immunology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site Frankfurt/Mainz and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Eder
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sigrun Gleich
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine III, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rachel Young
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Wolfgang Herr
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine III, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - John E. Levine
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - James L. M. Ferrara
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Ernst Holler
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine III, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
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Wolf AJ. Peptidoglycan-induced modulation of metabolic and inflammatory responses. IMMUNOMETABOLISM (COBHAM, SURREY) 2023; 5:e00024. [PMID: 37128291 PMCID: PMC10144284 DOI: 10.1097/in9.0000000000000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan is composed of innate immune ligands and, due to its important structural role, also regulates access to many other innate immune ligands contained within the bacteria. There is a growing body of literature demonstrating how innate immune recognition impacts the metabolic functions of immune cells and how metabolic changes are not only important to inflammatory responses but are often essential. Peptidoglycan is primarily sensed in the context of the whole bacteria during lysosomal degradation; consequently, the innate immune receptors for peptidoglycan are primarily intracellular cytosolic innate immune sensors. However, during bacterial growth, peptidoglycan fragments are shed and can be found in the bloodstream of humans and mice, not only during infection but also derived from the abundant bacterial component of the gut microbiota. These peptidoglycan fragments influence cells throughout the body and are important for regulating inflammation and whole-body metabolic function. Therefore, it is important to understand how peptidoglycan-induced signals in innate immune cells and cells throughout the body interact to regulate how the body responds to both pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria. This mini-review will highlight key research regarding how cellular metabolism shifts in response to peptidoglycan and how systemic peptidoglycan sensing impacts whole-body metabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J. Wolf
- The Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Porter JM, Oswald MS, Sharma A, Emmanuel S, Kansol A, Bennett A, McKenna R, Smith JG. A Single Surface-Exposed Amino Acid Determines Differential Neutralization of AAV1 and AAV6 by Human Alpha-Defensins. J Virol 2023; 97:e0006023. [PMID: 36916912 PMCID: PMC10062168 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00060-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are being developed as gene therapy vectors due to their low pathogenicity and tissue tropism properties. However, the efficacy of these vectors is impeded by interactions with the host immune system. One potential immune barrier to vector transduction is innate immune host defense peptides, such as alpha-defensins, which are potent antiviral agents against other nonenveloped viruses. To investigate the interaction between AAVs and alpha-defensins, we utilized two closely related AAV serotypes, AAV1 and AAV6. Although their capsids differ by only six residues, these two serotypes exhibit markedly different tissue tropisms and transduction efficiencies. Using two abundant human alpha-defensins, enteric human defensin 5 (HD5) and myeloid human neutrophil peptide 1 (HNP1), we found both serotype-specific and defensin-specific effects on AAV infection. AAV6 infection was uniformly neutralized by both defensins at low micromolar concentrations; however, inhibition of AAV1 infection was profoundly influenced by the timing of defensin exposure to the virus relative to viral attachment to the cell. Remarkably, these differences in the defensin-dependent infection phenotype between the viruses are completely dictated by the identity of a single, surface-exposed amino acid (position 531) that varies between the two serotypes. These findings reveal a determinant for defensin activity against a virus with unprecedented precision. Furthermore, they provide a rationale for the investigation of other AAV serotypes not only to understand the mechanism of neutralization of defensins against AAVs but also to design more efficient vectors. IMPORTANCE The ability of adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) to infect and deliver genetic material to a range of cell types makes them favorable gene therapy vectors. However, AAV vectors encounter a wide variety of host immune factors throughout the body, which can impede efficient gene delivery. One such group of factors is the alpha-defensins, which are a key component of the innate immune system that can directly block viral infection. By studying the impact that alpha-defensins have on AAV infection, we found that two similar AAV serotypes (AAV1 and AAV6) have different sensitivities to inhibition. We also identified a single amino acid (position 531) that differs between the two AAV serotypes and is responsible for mediating their defensin sensitivity. By investigating the effects that host immune factors have on AAV infection, more efficient vectors may be developed to evade intervention by the immune system prior to gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Porter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mackenzi S. Oswald
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anjali Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shanan Emmanuel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Austin Kansol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Antonette Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jason G. Smith
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Shen Z, Pan Y, Yan D, Wang D, Tang BZ. AIEgen-Based Nanomaterials for Bacterial Imaging and Antimicrobial Applications: Recent Advances and Perspectives. Molecules 2023; 28:2863. [PMID: 36985835 PMCID: PMC10057855 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial infections have always been a thorny problem. Multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial infections rendered the antibiotics commonly used in clinical treatment helpless. Nanomaterials based on aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) recently made great progress in the fight against microbial infections. As a family of photosensitive antimicrobial materials, AIEgens enable the fluorescent tracing of microorganisms and the production of reactive oxygen (ROS) and/or heat upon light irradiation for photodynamic and photothermal treatments targeting microorganisms. The novel nanomaterials constructed by combining polymers, antibiotics, metal complexes, peptides, and other materials retain the excellent antimicrobial properties of AIEgens while giving other materials excellent properties, further enhancing the antimicrobial effect of the material. This paper reviews the research progress of AIEgen-based nanomaterials in the field of antimicrobial activity, focusing on the materials' preparation and their related antimicrobial strategies. Finally, it concludes with an outlook on some of the problems and challenges still facing the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zipeng Shen
- Center for AIE Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yinzhen Pan
- Center for AIE Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Dingyuan Yan
- Center for AIE Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Center for AIE Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Aggregate Science and Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
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Xu J, Tang C, Din AU, Lu Y, Ma X, Zhang T, Wu J, Zuoqin D, Luo P, Wu J. Oligosaccharides of Polygonatum Cyrtonema Hua ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis and regulates the gut microbiota. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114562. [PMID: 36934554 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one common chronic inflammatory bowel disease that causes severe side effects, and expensive treatment limits effective and sustained treatment of UC. Fructooligosaccharide was isolated from Polygonatum Cyrtonema Hua (PFOS) and exhibits anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, we are curious whether PFOS could be used for the treatment of UC. PFOS was introduced via intragastric gavage to C57BL/6 J mice exposed to acute colitis induced by DSS. The results showed that doses of PFOS at 2 and 5 mg/kg/day alleviated the DSS-induced histopathological damage and improved intestinal barrier function. qPCR analysis revealed that PFOS exerted a significant downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and upregulation of antioxidant genes, including superoxide dismutase1 (SOD1), glutathion peroxidase2 (GPX2), and nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor2 (Nrf2). Furthermore, PFOS suppressed the DSS-induced disruption of the mucosal barrier by downregulating MMP13. Moreover, using 16 S rRNA gene-based microbiota analysis, PFOS could selectively enhance the growth of probiotics, including Bifidobacterium, Alloprevofella, and Alistipes. Our findings indicated that PFOS attenuated DSS-induced colitis in mice, suggesting that PFOS might be used as an efficacious supplement for reducing inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China; Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China; Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Chuankang Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Ahmad Ud Din
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jiaqi Wu
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Du Zuoqin
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Pei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China; Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Jianbo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China; Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China; Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
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Cui C, Wang F, Zheng Y, Wei H, Peng J. From birth to death: The hardworking life of Paneth cell in the small intestine. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1122258. [PMID: 36969191 PMCID: PMC10036411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1122258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells are a group of unique intestinal epithelial cells, and they play an important role in host-microbiota interactions. At the origin of Paneth cell life, several pathways such as Wnt, Notch, and BMP signaling, affect the differentiation of Paneth cells. After lineage commitment, Paneth cells migrate downward and reside in the base of crypts, and they possess abundant granules in their apical cytoplasm. These granules contain some important substances such as antimicrobial peptides and growth factors. Antimicrobial peptides can regulate the composition of microbiota and defend against mucosal penetration by commensal and pathogenic bacteria to protect the intestinal epithelia. The growth factors derived from Paneth cells contribute to the maintenance of the normal functions of intestinal stem cells. The presence of Paneth cells ensures the sterile environment and clearance of apoptotic cells from crypts to maintain the intestinal homeostasis. At the end of their lives, Paneth cells experience different types of programmed cell death such as apoptosis and necroptosis. During intestinal injury, Paneth cells can acquire stem cell features to restore the intestinal epithelial integrity. In view of the crucial roles of Paneth cells in the intestinal homeostasis, research on Paneth cells has rapidly developed in recent years, and the existing reviews on Paneth cells have mainly focused on their functions of antimicrobial peptide secretion and intestinal stem cell support. This review aims to summarize the approaches to studying Paneth cells and introduce the whole life experience of Paneth cells from birth to death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbin Cui
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangke Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Zheng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Peng,
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Decreased Paneth cell α-defensins promote fibrosis in a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined high-fat diet-induced mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis via disrupting intestinal microbiota. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3953. [PMID: 36894646 PMCID: PMC9998432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30997-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic liver disease characterized by fibrosis that develops from fatty liver. Disruption of intestinal microbiota homeostasis, dysbiosis, is associated with fibrosis development in NASH. An antimicrobial peptide α-defensin secreted by Paneth cells in the small intestine is known to regulate composition of the intestinal microbiota. However, involvement of α-defensin in NASH remains unknown. Here, we show that in diet-induced NASH model mice, decrease of fecal α-defensin along with dysbiosis occurs before NASH onset. When α-defensin levels in the intestinal lumen are restored by intravenous administration of R-Spondin1 to induce Paneth cell regeneration or by oral administration of α-defensins, liver fibrosis is ameliorated with dissolving dysbiosis. Furthermore, R-Spondin1 and α-defensin improved liver pathologies together with different features in the intestinal microbiota. These results indicate that decreased α-defensin secretion induces liver fibrosis through dysbiosis, further suggesting Paneth cell α-defensin as a potential therapeutic target for NASH.
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González-Correa C, Moleón J, Miñano S, Robles-Vera I, Toral M, Martín-Morales N, O'Valle F, Sánchez M, Gómez-Guzmán M, Jiménez R, Romero M, Duarte J. Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade improved gut microbiota dysbiosis by reducing gut sympathetic tone in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114149. [PMID: 36566524 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiota has a crucial role in the host blood pressure (BP) regulation. The present study analyzes whether the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone ameliorates the dysbiosic state in a genetic model of neurogenic hypertension. Twenty-week-old male Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were randomly allocated into three groups: untreated WKY, untreated SHR, and SHR treated with spironolactone for 5 weeks. Spironolactone restored the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes proportion, and acetate-producing bacteria populations to WKY levels. Spironolactone reduced the percentage of intestinal aerobic bacteria. The amelioration of gut dysbiosis was linked to a reduction in the gut pathology, an enhanced colonic integrity, a reduced gut permeability and an attenuated sympathetic drive in the gut. Spironolactone was unable to reduce neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the paraventricular nuclei in the hypothalamus. Spironolactone reduced the higher Th17 cells proportion in mesenteric lymph nodes and Th17 infiltration in aorta, improved aortic endothelial function and reduced systolic BP. This study demonstrates for the first time that spironolactone reduces gut dysbiosis in SHR. This effect could be related to its capability to improve gut integrity and pathology due to reduced sympathetic drive in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina González-Correa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Moleón
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Sofía Miñano
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Iñaki Robles-Vera
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Marta Toral
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain; Ciber de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain
| | | | - Francisco O'Valle
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Gómez-Guzmán
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Rosario Jiménez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Ciber de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain.
| | - Miguel Romero
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.
| | - Juan Duarte
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Ciber de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain
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Mouse α-Defensins: Structural and Functional Analysis of the 17 Cryptdin Isoforms Identified from a Single Jejunal Crypt. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0036122. [PMID: 36472443 PMCID: PMC9872612 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00361-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse α-defensins, better known as cryptdins, are host protective antimicrobial peptides produced in the intestinal crypt by Paneth cells. To date, more than 20 cryptdin mRNAs have been identified from mouse small intestine, of which the first six cryptdins (Crp1 to Crp6) have been isolated and characterized at the peptide level. We quantified bactericidal activities against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus of the 17 cryptdin isoforms identified by Ouellette and colleagues from a single jejunal crypt (A. J. Ouellette et al., Infect Immun 62:5040-5047, 1994), along with linearized analogs of Crp1, Crp4, and Crp14. In addition, we analyzed the most potent and weakest cryptdins in the panel with respect to their ability to self-associate in solution. Finally, we solved, for the first time, the high-resolution crystal structure of a cryptdin, Crp14, and performed molecular dynamics simulation on Crp14 and a hypothetical mutant, T14K-Crp14. Our results indicate that mutational effects are highly dependent on cryptdin sequence, residue position, and bacterial strain. Crp14 adopts a disulfide-stabilized, three-stranded β-sheet core structure and forms a noncanonical dimer stabilized by asymmetrical interactions between the two β1 strands in parallel. The killing of E. coli by cryptdins is generally independent of their tertiary and quaternary structures that are important for the killing of S. aureus, which is indicative of two distinct mechanisms of action. Importantly, sequence variations impact the bactericidal activity of cryptdins by influencing their ability to self-associate in solution. This study expands our current understanding of how cryptdins function at the molecular level.
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He L, Kang Q, Chan KI, Zhang Y, Zhong Z, Tan W. The immunomodulatory role of matrix metalloproteinases in colitis-associated cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1093990. [PMID: 36776395 PMCID: PMC9910179 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1093990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are an important class of enzymes in the body that function through the extracellular matrix (ECM). They are involved in diverse pathophysiological processes, such as tumor invasion and metastasis, cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, periodontal disease, osteogenesis imperfecta, and diseases of the central nervous system. MMPs participate in the occurrence and development of numerous cancers and are closely related to immunity. In the present study, we review the immunomodulatory role of MMPs in colitis-associated cancer (CAC) and discuss relevant clinical applications. We analyze more than 300 pharmacological studies retrieved from PubMed and the Web of Science, related to MMPs, cancer, colitis, CAC, and immunomodulation. Key MMPs that interfere with pathological processes in CAC such as MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-9, MMP-10, MMP-12, and MMP-13, as well as their corresponding mechanisms are elaborated. MMPs are involved in cell proliferation, cell differentiation, angiogenesis, ECM remodeling, and the inflammatory response in CAC. They also affect the immune system by modulating differentiation and immune activity of immune cells, recruitment of macrophages, and recruitment of neutrophils. Herein we describe the immunomodulatory role of MMPs in CAC to facilitate treatment of this special type of colon cancer, which is preceded by detectable inflammatory bowel disease in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luying He
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qianming Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ka Iong Chan
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China,*Correspondence: Zhangfeng Zhong, ; Wen Tan,
| | - Wen Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China,*Correspondence: Zhangfeng Zhong, ; Wen Tan,
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Song Y, Wang Y, Yan S, Nakamura K, Kikukawa T, Ayabe T, Aizawa T. Efficient recombinant production of mouse-derived cryptdin family peptides by a novel facilitation strategy for inclusion body formation. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:9. [PMID: 36635697 PMCID: PMC9838031 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) hold promise as new drugs owing to their potent bactericidal activity and because they are often refractory to the development of drug resistance. Cryptdins (Crps) are a family of antimicrobial peptides found in the small intestine of mice, comprising six isoforms containing three sets of disulfide bonds. Although Crp4 is actively being investigated, there have been few studies to date on the other Crp isoforms. A prerequisite for detailed characterization of the other Crp isoforms is establishment of efficient sample preparation methods. RESULTS To avoid degradation during recombinant expression of Crps in E. coli, co-expression of Crps with the aggregation-prone protein human α-lactalbumin (HLA) was used to promote the formation of stable inclusion bodies. Using this method, the production of Crp4 and Crp6 by the BL21 strain was effective, but the expression of other Crp isoforms was not as efficient. The results of a cell-free system study suggested that Crps were degraded, even though a substantial amounts of Crps were synthesized. Therefore, using the Origami™ B strain, we were able to significantly increase the expression efficiency of Crps by promoting the formation of erroneous intermolecular disulfide bonds between HLA and Crps, thereby promoting protein aggregation and inclusion body formation, which prevented degradation. The various Crp isoforms were successfully refolded in vitro and purified using reversed-phase HPLC. In addition, the yield was further improved by deformylation of formyl-Crps. We measured the antibacterial activity of Crps against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Each Crp isoform exhibited a completely different trend in antimicrobial activity, although conformational analysis by circular dichroism did not reveal any significant steric differences. CONCLUSION In this study, we established a novel and efficient method for the production of the cryptdin family of cysteine-containing antimicrobial peptides. Additionally, we found that there were notable differences in the antibacterial activities of the various Crp family members. The expression system established in this study is expected to provide new insights regarding the mechanisms underlying the different antibacterial activities of the Crp family of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchi Song
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
| | - Yi Wang
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
| | - Shaonan Yan
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
| | - Kiminori Nakamura
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
| | - Takashi Kikukawa
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Laboratory of Biological Information Analysis Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
| | - Tokiyoshi Ayabe
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Aizawa
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
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Shimizu Y, Yamamura R, Yokoi Y, Ayabe T, Ukawa S, Nakamura K, Okada E, Imae A, Nakagawa T, Tamakoshi A, Nakamura K. Shorter sleep time relates to lower human defensin 5 secretion and compositional disturbance of the intestinal microbiota accompanied by decreased short-chain fatty acid production. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2190306. [PMID: 36945116 PMCID: PMC10038026 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2190306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is essential for our health. Short sleep is known to increase disease risks via imbalance of intestinal microbiota, dysbiosis. However, mechanisms by which short sleep induces dysbiosis remain unknown. Small intestinal Paneth cell regulates the intestinal microbiota by secreting antimicrobial peptides including α-defensin, human defensin 5 (HD5). Disruption of circadian rhythm mediating sleep-wake cycle induces Paneth cell failure. We aim to clarify effects of short sleep on HD5 secretion and the intestinal microbiota. Fecal samples and self-reported sleep time were obtained from 35 healthy middle-aged Japanese (41 to 60-year-old). Shorter sleep time was associated with lower fecal HD5 concentration (r = 0.354, p = 0.037), lower centered log ratio (CLR)-transformed abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producers in the intestinal microbiota such as [Ruminococcus] gnavus group (r = 0.504, p = 0.002) and Butyricicoccus (r = 0.484, p = 0.003), and lower fecal SCFA concentration. Furthermore, fecal HD5 positively correlated with the abundance of these genera and SCFA concentration. These findings suggest that short sleep relates to disturbance of the intestinal microbiota via decreased HD5 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shimizu
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ryodai Yamamura
- Division of Biomedical Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuki Yokoi
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tokiyoshi Ayabe
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Ukawa
- Department of Social Welfare Science and Clinical Psychology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Human Life and Ecology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koshi Nakamura
- Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Emiko Okada
- Department of Nutritional Epidemiology and Shokuiku, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Akiko Tamakoshi
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kiminori Nakamura
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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Bonilla-Díaz A, Ordóñez-Morán P. Differentiated Epithelial Cells of the Gut. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2650:3-16. [PMID: 37310619 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3076-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The intestine is a prime example of self-renewal where stem cells give rise to progenitor cells called transit-amplifying cells which differentiate into more specialized cells. There are two intestinal lineages: the absorptive (enterocytes and microfold cells) and the secretory (Paneth cells, enteroendocrine, goblet cells, and tuft cells). Each of these differentiated cell types has a role in creating an "ecosystem" to maintain intestinal homeostasis. Here, we summarize the main roles of each cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bonilla-Díaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine , University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paloma Ordóñez-Morán
- Translational Medical Sciences Unit, School of Medicine, Centre for Cancer Sciences, Biodiscovery Institute-3, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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