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Guy TV, Terry AM, McGuire HM, Shklovskaya E, Fazekas de St Groth B. MHCII restriction demonstrates B cells have very limited capacity to activate tumour-specific CD4 + T cells in vivo. Oncoimmunology 2023; 13:2290799. [PMID: 38125720 PMCID: PMC10730170 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2290799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been growing interest in the role of B cells in antitumour immunity and potential use in adoptive cellular therapies. To date, the success of such therapies is limited. The intrinsic capacity of B cells to specifically activate tumour-specific CD4+ T cells in vivo via TCR-dependent interactions remains poorly defined. We have developed an in vivo tumour model that utilizes MHCII I-E restriction which limits antigen presentation to tumour-specific CD4 T cells to either tumour-specific B cells or host myeloid antigen presenting cells (APCs) in lymphopenic RAG-/-mice. We have previously shown that these naive tumour-specific CD4+ T cells can successfully eradicate established tumours in this model when activated by host APCs. When naïve tumour-specific B cells are the only source of I-E+ APC, very limited proliferation of naïve CD4+ T cells is observed, whereas host I-E+ APCs are potent T cell activators. B cells pre-activated with an anti-CD40 agonistic antibody in vivo support increased T cell proliferation, although far less than host APCs. CD4+ T cells that have already differentiated to an effector/central memory phenotype proliferate more readily in response to naïve B cells, although still 100-fold less than in response to host APCs. This study demonstrates that even in a significantly lymphopenic environment, myeloid APCs are the dominant primary activators of tumour-specific T cells, in contrast to the very limited capacity of tumour-specific B cells. This suggests that future anti-tumour therapies that incorporate activated B cells should also include mechanisms that activate host APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V. Guy
- T cell Biology Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Pillai Labratory, Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard and MIT, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra M. Terry
- T cell Biology Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Genmab, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Helen M. McGuire
- T cell Biology Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elena Shklovskaya
- T cell Biology Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Barbara Fazekas de St Groth
- T cell Biology Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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2
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Jiménez-Fernández M, Rodríguez-Sinovas C, Cañes L, Ballester-Servera C, Vara A, Requena S, de la Fuente H, Martínez-González J, Sánchez-Madrid F. CD69-oxLDL ligand engagement induces Programmed Cell Death 1 (PD-1) expression in human CD4 + T lymphocytes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:468. [PMID: 35930205 PMCID: PMC9355928 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04481-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that control the inflammatory–immune response play a key role in tissue remodelling in cardiovascular diseases. T cell activation receptor CD69 binds to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), inducing the expression of anti-inflammatory NR4A nuclear receptors and modulating inflammation in atherosclerosis. To understand the downstream T cell responses triggered by the CD69-oxLDL binding, we incubated CD69-expressing Jurkat T cells with oxLDL. RNA sequencing revealed a differential gene expression profile dependent on the presence of CD69 and the degree of LDL oxidation. CD69-oxLDL binding induced the expression of NR4A receptors (NR4A1 and NR4A3), but also of PD-1. These results were confirmed using oxLDL and a monoclonal antibody against CD69 in CD69-expressing Jurkat and primary CD4 + lymphocytes. CD69-mediated induction of PD-1 and NR4A3 was dependent on NFAT activation. Silencing NR4A3 slightly increased PD-1 levels, suggesting a potential regulation of PD-1 by this receptor. Moreover, expression of PD-1, CD69 and NR4A3 was increased in human arteries with chronic inflammation compared to healthy controls, with a strong correlation between PD-1 and CD69 mRNA expression (r = 0.655 P < 0.0001). Moreover, PD-1 was expressed in areas enriched in CD3 infiltrating T cells. Our results underscore a novel mechanism of PD-1 induction independent of TCR signalling that might contribute to the role of CD69 in the modulation of inflammation and vascular remodelling in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jiménez-Fernández
- Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (IIS-IP), c/ Diego de León, 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Sinovas
- Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (IRHSCSP), IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laia Cañes
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), IIB-Sant Pau, C/ Rosselló, 161, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Ballester-Servera
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), IIB-Sant Pau, C/ Rosselló, 161, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alicia Vara
- Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (IIS-IP), c/ Diego de León, 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Requena
- Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (IIS-IP), c/ Diego de León, 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hortensia de la Fuente
- Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (IIS-IP), c/ Diego de León, 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Martínez-González
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), IIB-Sant Pau, C/ Rosselló, 161, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (IIS-IP), c/ Diego de León, 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain. .,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Lundregan SL, Niskanen AK, Muff S, Holand H, Kvalnes T, Ringsby T, Husby A, Jensen H. Resistance to gapeworm parasite has both additive and dominant genetic components in house sparrows, with evolutionary consequences for ability to respond to parasite challenge. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:3812-3829. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Lundregan
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Department of Biology Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | - Alina K. Niskanen
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Department of Biology Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Stefanie Muff
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Department of Mathematical Sciences Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | - Håkon Holand
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Department of Biology Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | - Thomas Kvalnes
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Department of Biology Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | - Thor‐Harald Ringsby
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Department of Biology Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | - Arild Husby
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Department of Biology Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
- Evolutionary Biology Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Department of Biology Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
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4
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Bohineust A, Garcia Z, Beuneu H, Lemaître F, Bousso P. Termination of T cell priming relies on a phase of unresponsiveness promoting disengagement from APCs and T cell division. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1481-1492. [PMID: 29588347 PMCID: PMC5940264 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bohineust et al. establish that recently activated T cells exhibit a phase of unresponsiveness associated with a defect in calcium entry. This stage was essential to terminate priming, distracting T cells from APCs, and favoring their clonal expansion. T cells are primed in secondary lymphoid organs by establishing stable interactions with antigen-presenting cells (APCs). However, the cellular mechanisms underlying the termination of T cell priming and the initiation of clonal expansion remain largely unknown. Using intravital imaging, we observed that T cells typically divide without being associated to APCs. Supporting these findings, we demonstrate that recently activated T cells have an intrinsic defect in establishing stable contacts with APCs, a feature that was reflected by a blunted capacity to stop upon T cell receptor (TCR) engagement. T cell unresponsiveness was caused, in part, by a general block in extracellular calcium entry. Forcing TCR signals in activated T cells antagonized cell division, suggesting that T cell hyporesponsiveness acts as a safeguard mechanism against signals detrimental to mitosis. We propose that transient unresponsiveness represents an essential phase of T cell priming that promotes T cell disengagement from APCs and favors effective clonal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Bohineust
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, U1223, Paris, France
| | - Zacarias Garcia
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, U1223, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Beuneu
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, U1223, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Lemaître
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, U1223, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bousso
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France .,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, U1223, Paris, France
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5
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Bousso P. Chronic infections capture little attention of the masses. Immunity 2011; 34:699-701. [PMID: 21616441 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Immunity, Egen et al. (2011) provide compelling evidence that only a minute fraction of mycobacteria-specific T cells present in a granuloma are actively fulfilling effector functions, an observation that may in fact be a general feature of chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bousso
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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6
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Kavan D, Kubíčková M, Bílý J, Vaněk O, Hofbauerová K, Mrázek H, Rozbeský D, Bojarová P, Křen V, Žídek L, Sklenář V, Bezouška K. Cooperation between Subunits Is Essential for High-Affinity Binding of N-Acetyl-d-hexosamines to Dimeric Soluble and Dimeric Cellular Forms of Human CD69. Biochemistry 2010; 49:4060-7. [DOI: 10.1021/bi100181a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Kubíčková
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bílý
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Vaněk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Hofbauerová
- Institute of Microbiology v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Mrázek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Rozbeský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Žídek
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Sklenář
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Bezouška
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
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7
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Serre K, Mohr E, Toellner K, Cunningham AF, Bird R, Khan M, MacLennan ICM. Early simultaneous production of intranodal CD4 Th2 effectors and recirculating rapidly responding central‐memory‐like CD4 T cells. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:1573-86. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Fazilleau N, Mark L, McHeyzer-Williams LJ, McHeyzer-Williams MG. Follicular helper T cells: lineage and location. Immunity 2009; 30:324-35. [PMID: 19303387 PMCID: PMC2731675 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are the class of effector T helper cells that regulates the step-wise development of antigen-specific B cell immunity in vivo. Deployment of CXCR5+ Tfh cells to B cell zones of lymphoid tissues and stable cognate interactions with B cells are central to the delivery of antigen-specific Tfh cell function. Here, we review recent advances that have helped to unravel distinctive elements of developmental programming for Tfh cells and unique effector Tfh cell functions focused on antigen-primed B cells. Understanding the regulatory functions of Tfh cells in the germinal center and the subsequent regulation of memory B cell responses to antigen recall represent the frontiers of this research area with the potential to alter fundamentally the design of future vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Fazilleau
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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9
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The function of follicular helper T cells is regulated by the strength of T cell antigen receptor binding. Nat Immunol 2009; 10:375-84. [PMID: 19252493 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
How follicular helper T cells (T(FH) cells) differentiate to regulate B cell immunity is critical for effective protein vaccination. Here we define three transcription factor T-bet-expressing antigen-specific effector helper T cell subsets with distinguishable function, migratory properties and developmental programming in vivo. Expression of the transcriptional repressor Blimp-1 distinguished T zone 'lymphoid' effector helper T cells (CD62L(hi)CCR7(hi)) from CXCR5(lo) 'emigrant' effector helper T cells and CXCR5(hi) 'resident' T(FH) cells expressing the transcriptional repressor Bcl-6 (CD62L(lo)CCR7(lo)). We then show by adoptive transfer and intact polyclonal responses that helper T cells with the highest specific binding of peptide-major histocompatibility complex class II and the most restricted T cell antigen receptor junctional diversity 'preferentially' developed into the antigen-specific effector T(FH) compartment. Our studies demonstrate a central function for differences in the binding strength of the T cell antigen receptor in the antigen-specific mechanisms that 'program' specialized effector T(FH) function in vivo.
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10
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Ria F, Penitente R, De Santis M, Nicolò C, Di Sante G, Orsini M, Arzani D, Fattorossi A, Battaglia A, Ferraccioli GF. Collagen-specific T-cell repertoire in blood and synovial fluid varies with disease activity in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 10:R135. [PMID: 19014626 PMCID: PMC2656238 DOI: 10.1186/ar2553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Type II collagen is a DR4/DR1 restricted target of self-reactive T cells that sustain rheumatoid arthritis. The aim of the present study was to analyze the T-cell receptor repertoire at the onset of and at different phases in rheumatoid arthritis. Methods We used the CDR3 BV-BJ spectratyping to study the response to human collagen peptide 261–273 in 12 patients with DR4+ rheumatoid arthritis (six at the onset of disease and six during the course of disease) and in five healthy DR4+ relatives. Results The collagen-specific T-cell repertoire is quite restricted at the onset of disease, involving approximately 10 rearrangements. Within the studied collagen-specific rearrangements, nearly 75% is shared among patients. Although the size of the repertoire used by control individuals is comparable to that of patients, it is characterized by different T-cell receptors. Part of the antigen-specific T-cell repertoire is spontaneously enriched in synovial fluid. The specific T-cell repertoire in the periphery was modulated by therapy and decreased with the remission of the disease. Failure of immunoscopy to detect this repertoire was not due to suppression of collagen-driven proliferation in vitro by CD4+ CD25+ T cells. Clinical relapse of the disease was associated with the appearance of the original collagen-specific T cells. Conclusions The collagen-specific T-cell receptor repertoire in peripheral blood and synovial fluid is restricted to a limited number of rearrangements in rheumatoid arthritis. The majority of the repertoire is shared between patients with early rheumatoid arthritis and it is modulated by therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ria
- Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University, Largo F Vito, Rome, Italy.
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11
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Quintana A, Kummerow C, Junker C, Becherer U, Hoth M. Morphological changes of T cells following formation of the immunological synapse modulate intracellular calcium signals. Cell Calcium 2008; 45:109-22. [PMID: 18789821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sustained Ca(2+) influx through plasma membrane Ca(2+) released-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels is essential for T cell activation. Since inflowing Ca(2+) inactivates CRAC channels, T cell activation is only possible if Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation is prevented. We have previously reported that sustained Ca(2+) influx through CRAC channels requires both mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake and mitochondrial translocation towards the plasma membrane in order to prevent Ca(2+)-dependent channel inactivation. Here, we show that morphological changes following formation of the immunological synapse (IS) modulate Ca(2+) influx through CRAC channels. Cell shape changes were dependent on the actin cytoskeleton, and they sustained Ca(2+) entry by bringing mitochondria and the plasma membrane in closer proximity. The increased percentage of mitochondria beneath the plasma membrane following shape changes occurred in all 3 dimensions and correlated with an increase in the amplitude of Ca(2+) signals. The shape change-dependent mitochondrial localization close to the plasma membrane prevented CRAC channel inactivation even in T cells in which dynein motor protein-dependent mitochondria movements towards the plasma membrane were completely abolished, highlighting the importance of the shape change-dependent control of Ca(2+) influx. Our results suggest that morphological changes do not only facilitate an efficient contact with antigen presenting cells but also strongly modulate Ca(2+) dependent T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Quintana
- Department of Biophysics, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany.
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12
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Malherbe L, Mark L, Fazilleau N, McHeyzer-Williams LJ, McHeyzer-Williams MG. Vaccine adjuvants alter TCR-based selection thresholds. Immunity 2008; 28:698-709. [PMID: 18450485 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
How T cell receptor (TCR) specificity evolves in vivo after protein vaccination is central to the development of helper T (Th) cell function. Most models of clonal selection in the Th cell compartment favor TCR affinity-based thresholds. Here, we demonstrated that depot-forming vaccine adjuvants did not require Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists to induce clonal dominance in antigen-specific Th cell responses. However, readily dispersible adjuvants using TLR-9 and TLR-4 agonists skewed TCR repertoire usage by increasing TCR selection thresholds and enhancing antigen-specific clonal expansion. In this manner, vaccine adjuvants control the local accumulation of Th cells expressing TCR with the highest peptide MHC class II binding. Clonal composition was altered by mechanisms that blocked the local propagation of clonotypes independently of antigen dose and not as a consequence of interclonal competition. This capacity of adjuvants to modify antigen-specific Th cell clonal composition has fundamental implications for the design of future protein subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Malherbe
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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13
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Fazilleau N, Eisenbraun MD, Malherbe L, Ebright JN, Pogue-Caley RR, McHeyzer-Williams LJ, McHeyzer-Williams MG. Lymphoid reservoirs of antigen-specific memory T helper cells. Nat Immunol 2007; 8:753-61. [PMID: 17529982 DOI: 10.1038/ni1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
How vaccines control the development of antigen-specific effector and memory T helper cells is central to protective immunity but remains poorly understood. Here we found that protein vaccination selected high-affinity, CXCR5+ICOS(hi) follicular B-helper T cells (T(FH) cells) that developed in draining lymphoid tissue to regulate B cell responses. In the memory phase, reservoirs of antigen-specific CXCR5+ICOS(lo) T(FH) cells persisted with less effector activity but accelerated antigen-recall ability. This new compartment of memory T(FH) cells was retained in draining lymphoid sites with antigen-specific memory B cells, persistent complexes of peptide and major histocompatibility complex class II and continued expression of CD69. Thus, protein vaccination promotes B cell immunity by selecting high-affinity effector T(FH) cells and creating lymphoid reservoirs of antigen-specific memory T(FH) cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Fazilleau
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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14
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Garcia Z, Pradelli E, Celli S, Beuneu H, Simon A, Bousso P. Competition for antigen determines the stability of T cell-dendritic cell interactions during clonal expansion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:4553-8. [PMID: 17360562 PMCID: PMC1838639 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610019104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of T cell-dendritic cell (DC) contacts during clonal expansion is poorly defined. Although optimal CD4 T cell responses require prolonged exposure to antigen (Ag), it is believed that stable T cell-DC interactions occur only during the first day of the activation process. Here we show that recently activated CD4 T cells are in fact fully competent for establishing contact with Ag-bearing DC. Using two-photon imaging, we found that whereas prolonged interactions between activated T cells and Ag-bearing DCs were infrequent at high T cell precursor frequency, they were readily observed for a period of at least 2 days when lower numbers of T cells were used. We provide evidence that, when present in high numbers, Ag-specific T cells still gained access to the DC surface but were competing for the limited number of sites on DCs with sufficient peptide-MHC complexes for the establishment of a long-lived interaction. Consistent with these findings, we showed that restoration of peptide-MHC level on DCs at late time points was sufficient to recover interactions between activated T cells and DCs. Thus, the period during which CD4 T cells continue to establish stable interactions with DCs is longer than previously thought, and its duration is dictated by both Ag levels and T cell numbers, providing a feedback mechanism for the termination of CD4 T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacarias Garcia
- Institut Pasteur, G5 Dynamiques des Réponses Immunes, F-75015 Paris, France; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Equipe Avenir, U668, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Pradelli
- Institut Pasteur, G5 Dynamiques des Réponses Immunes, F-75015 Paris, France; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Equipe Avenir, U668, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Susanna Celli
- Institut Pasteur, G5 Dynamiques des Réponses Immunes, F-75015 Paris, France; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Equipe Avenir, U668, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Hélène Beuneu
- Institut Pasteur, G5 Dynamiques des Réponses Immunes, F-75015 Paris, France; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Equipe Avenir, U668, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Simon
- Institut Pasteur, G5 Dynamiques des Réponses Immunes, F-75015 Paris, France; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Equipe Avenir, U668, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bousso
- Institut Pasteur, G5 Dynamiques des Réponses Immunes, F-75015 Paris, France; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Equipe Avenir, U668, F-75015 Paris, France
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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15
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Rolla S, Nicoló C, Malinarich S, Orsini M, Forni G, Cavallo F, Ria F. Distinct and non-overlapping T cell receptor repertoires expanded by DNA vaccination in wild-type and HER-2 transgenic BALB/c mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:7626-33. [PMID: 17114432 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.11.7626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Central tolerance to tumor-associated Ags is an immune-escape mechanism that significantly limits the TCR repertoires available for tumor eradication. The repertoires expanded in wild-type BALB/c and rat-HER-2/neu (rHER-2) transgenic BALB-neuT mice following DNA immunization against rHER-2 were compared by spectratyping the variable (V)beta and the joining (J)beta CDR 3. Following immunization, BALB/c mice raised a strong response. Every mouse used one or more CD8+ T cell rearrangements of the Vbeta9-Jbeta1.2 segments characterized by distinct length of the CDR3 and specific for 63-71 or 1206-1214 rHER-2 peptides. In addition, two CD4+ T cell rearrangements recurred in >50% of mice. Instead, BALB-neuT mice displayed a limited response to rHER-2. Their repertoire is smaller and uses different rearrangements confined to CD4+ T cells. Thus, central tolerance in BALB-neuT mice acts by silencing the BALB/c mice self-reactive repertoire and reducing the size of the CD8+ T cell component. CD8+ and CD4+ T cells from both wild-type and transgenic mice home to tumors. This definition of the T cell repertoires available is critical to the designing of immunological maneuvers able to elicit an effective immune reaction against HER-2-driven carcinogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Immune Tolerance
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transfection
- Tumor Escape
- Vaccines, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Rolla
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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16
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Nakayama H, Wilkin BJ, Bodi I, Molkentin JD. Calcineurin-dependent cardiomyopathy is activated by TRPC in the adult mouse heart. FASEB J 2006; 20:1660-70. [PMID: 16873889 PMCID: PMC2693319 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-5560com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The manner in which Ca2+-sensitive signaling proteins are activated in contracting cardiomyocytes is an intriguing theoretical problem given that the cytoplasm is continually bathed with systolic Ca2+ concentrations that should maximally activate most Ca2+-sensitive signaling kinases and phosphatases. Store-operated Ca2+ entry, partially attributed to transient receptor potential (TRP) proteins, can mediate activation of the Ca2+-sensitive phosphatase calcineurin in nonexcitable cells. Here we investigated the gain-of-function phenotype associated with TRPC3 expression in the mouse heart using transgenesis to examine the potential role of store-operated Ca2+ entry in regulating cardiac calcineurin activation and ensuing hypertrophy/myopathy. Adult myocytes isolated from TRPC3 transgenic mice showed abundant store-operated Ca2+ entry that was inhibited with SKF96365 but not verapamil or KB-R7943. Associated with this induction in store-operated Ca2+ entry, TRPC3 transgenic mice showed increased calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) activation in vivo, cardiomyopathy, and increased hypertrophy after neuroendocrine agonist or pressure overload stimulation. The cardiomyopathic phenotype and increased hypertrophy after pressure overload stimulation were blocked by targeted disruption of the calcineurin Abeta gene. Thus, enhanced store-operated Ca2+ entry in the heart can regulate calcineurin-NFAT signaling in vivo, which could secondarily impact the hypertrophic response and cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nakayama
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Wilkin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ilona Bodi
- University of Cincinnati. Department of Surgery, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati OH 45267, USA
| | - Jeffery D. Molkentin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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17
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Shiow LR, Rosen DB, Brdicková N, Xu Y, An J, Lanier LL, Cyster JG, Matloubian M. CD69 acts downstream of interferon-alpha/beta to inhibit S1P1 and lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs. Nature 2006; 440:540-4. [PMID: 16525420 DOI: 10.1038/nature04606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 941] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Naive lymphocytes continually enter and exit lymphoid organs in a recirculation process that is essential for immune surveillance. During immune responses, the egress process can be shut down transiently. When this occurs locally it increases lymphocyte numbers in the responding lymphoid organ; when it occurs systemically it can lead to immunosuppression as a result of the depletion of recirculating lymphocytes. Several mediators of the innate immune system are known to cause shutdown, including interferon alpha/beta (IFN-alpha/beta) and tumour necrosis factor, but the mechanism has been unclear. Here we show that treatment with the IFN-alpha/beta inducer polyinosine polycytidylic acid (hereafter 'poly(I:C)') inhibited egress by a mechanism that was partly lymphocyte-intrinsic. The transmembrane C-type lectin CD69 was rapidly induced and CD69-/- cells were poorly retained in lymphoid tissues after treatment with poly(I:C) or infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Lymphocyte egress requires sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1P1), and IFN-alpha/beta was found to inhibit lymphocyte responsiveness to S1P. By contrast, CD69-/- cells retained S1P1 function after exposure to IFN-alpha/beta. In coexpression experiments, CD69 inhibited S1P1 chemotactic function and led to downmodulation of S1P1. In a reporter assay, S1P1 crosslinking led to co-crosslinking and activation of a CD69-CD3zeta chimaera. CD69 co-immunoprecipitated with S1P1 but not the related receptor, S1P3. These observations indicate that CD69 forms a complex with and negatively regulates S1P1 and that it functions downstream of IFN-alpha/beta, and possibly other activating stimuli, to promote lymphocyte retention in lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence R Shiow
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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18
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Nicolò C, Di Sante G, Orsini M, Rolla S, Columba-Cabezas S, Romano Spica V, Ricciardi G, Chan BMC, Ria F. Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the adjuvant modulates the balance of Th immune response to self-antigen of the CNS without influencing a “core” repertoire of specific T cells. Int Immunol 2006; 18:363-74. [PMID: 16415105 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we use modified CDR3 beta-chain spectratyping (immunoscope) to dissect the effect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT)-derived proteins on individual PLP139-151-specific cells in the SJL mouse strain. In this model, the immunoscope technique allows the characterization of a public TCR that involves rearrangement of Vbeta10 and Jbeta1.1 and a semi-private TCR characterized by rearrangement of Vbeta4 and Jbeta1.6. Both rearrangements are specific for PLP139-151 and sequences of the CDR3 region of the two beta-chains show a conserved motif for the public rearrangement and related but more variable sequences for the semi-private rearrangement. MT-derived proteins promote increase of IFN-gamma-secreting cells. However, we observe that the presence and amount of MT used during immunization have no effect on the frequency of usage, polarization and in vivo expansion of cells carrying the studied rearrangements. Rather, the strong Th1-promoting effect of adjuvant is possibly due to recruitment toward Th1 of a wider spectrum of TCR repertoires. Therefore, instead of having a comprehensive effect on the entire repertoire, MT modulates the immune response by affecting a subset of antigen-specific T cells whose polarization can be adapted to the environment. This step establishes the final balance between Th1 and Th2 and may be essential for the enhancement or protection of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Nicolò
- Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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19
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Huang Y, Obholzer N, Fayad R, Qiao L. Turning On/Off Tumor-Specific CTL Response during Progressive Tumor Growth. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:3110-6. [PMID: 16116200 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.3110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccinations used to induce CTLs and treat firmly established tumors are generally ineffective. To understand the mechanisms underlying the failure of therapeutic vaccinations, we investigated the fate of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in tumor-bearing mice with or without vaccinations. Our data demonstrate that tumor-specific CD8+ T cells are activated at the early stage of tumor growth, tumor-specific CTL response reaches a maximal level during progressive tumor growth, and tumor-specific CD8+ T cells lose cytolytic function at the late stage of tumor growth. The early stage therapeutic vaccination induces efficient antitumor activity by amplifying the CTL response, whereas the late-stage therapeutic vaccination is invalid due to tumor-induced dysfunction of CD8+ T cells. However, at the late stage, tumor-specific CD8+ T cells are still present in the periphery. These tumor-specific CD8+ T cells lose cytolytic activity, but retain IFN-gamma secretion function. In contrast to in vitro cultured tumor cells, in vivo growing tumor cells are more resistant to tumor-specific CTL killing, despite an increase of tumor Ag gene expression. Both tumor-induced CD8+ T cell dysfunction at the late stage and immune evasion developed by in vivo growing tumor cells contribute to an eventual inefficacy of therapeutic vaccinations. Our study suggests that it is important to design a vaccination regimen according to the stages of tumor growth and the functional states of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Huang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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20
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Abstract
Helper T (Th) cell-regulated B cell immunity progresses in an ordered cascade of cellular development that culminates in the production of antigen-specific memory B cells. The recognition of peptide MHC class II complexes on activated antigen-presenting cells is critical for effective Th cell selection, clonal expansion, and effector Th cell function development (Phase I). Cognate effector Th cell-B cell interactions then promote the development of either short-lived plasma cells (PCs) or germinal centers (GCs) (Phase II). These GCs expand, diversify, and select high-affinity variants of antigen-specific B cells for entry into the long-lived memory B cell compartment (Phase III). Upon antigen rechallenge, memory B cells rapidly expand and differentiate into PCs under the cognate control of memory Th cells (Phase IV). We review the cellular and molecular regulators of this dynamic process with emphasis on the multiple memory B cell fates that develop in vivo.
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21
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Sancho D, Gómez M, Sánchez-Madrid F. CD69 is an immunoregulatory molecule induced following activation. Trends Immunol 2005; 26:136-40. [PMID: 15745855 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2004.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Sancho
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Diego de León 62, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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22
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Malherbe L, Hausl C, Teyton L, McHeyzer-Williams MG. Clonal selection of helper T cells is determined by an affinity threshold with no further skewing of TCR binding properties. Immunity 2004; 21:669-79. [PMID: 15539153 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Revised: 09/09/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Helper T cell responses that focus the TCR repertoire of responding clones provide experimental access to the mechanisms of clonal selection in vivo. Using TCRbeta chain animals, we directly evaluate the extent of TCRalpha CDR3 diversity and the pMHCII binding attributes of individual antigen-specific Th cells. Here, we demonstrate that dominant clonotypes, as defined by TCR junctional sequence similarities, are surprisingly diverse at the level of pMHCII binding properties, before and after antigen exposure. During an immune response, we can detect and quantify the selective loss of antigen-specific clonotypes that express lower-affinity TCR. This affinity threshold selection is followed by the unbiased propagation of preferred clonotypes regardless of TCR-pMHCII half-lives or affinity. Thus, an affinity threshold mechanism discriminates Th clones with TCR of best fit and propagates clonal diversity without promoting autoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Malherbe
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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23
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Zhang Y, Joe G, Zhu J, Carroll R, Levine B, Hexner E, June C, Emerson SG. Dendritic cell–activated CD44hiCD8+ T cells are defective in mediating acute graft-versus-host disease but retain graft-versus-leukemia activity. Blood 2004; 103:3970-8. [PMID: 14764532 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-09-3135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Graft versus host disease (GVHD) is triggered by host antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that activate donor T cells to proliferate and differentiate, but which APC-activated donor T-cell subsets mediate GVHD versus beneficial antitumor effects is not known. Using a CD8+ T cell–dependent mouse model of human GVHD, we found that host dendritic cell (DC)–induced CD44hiCD8+ effector/memory T cells were functionally defective in inducing GVHD, whereas CD44loCD8+ naive phenotype T cells were extremely potent GVHD inducers. Depletion of CD44loCD8+ T cells from host DC-stimulated T cells before transplantation prevented GVHD without impairing their antitumor activity in vivo. Compared with CD44loCD8+ T cells, CD44hiCD8+ T cells expressed high levels of Fas and were efficiently deleted in vivo following transplantation. These results suggest that ex vivo allogeneic DC stimulation of donor CD8+ T cells may be useful for the prevention of GVHD and for optimizing antitumor therapies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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24
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McHeyzer-Williams LJ, McHeyzer-Williams MG. Developmentally Distinct Th Cells Control Plasma Cell Production In Vivo. Immunity 2004; 20:231-42. [PMID: 14975244 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(04)00028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2003] [Revised: 01/19/2004] [Accepted: 01/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Differential Ly6C expression identifies a major phenotypic division in CD44loCD62LhiCD4+ Th cells. Using two separate models of single subset adoptive transfer, we demonstrate the unique capacity of Ly6Chi Th cells to promote antigen-specific plasma cell production in vivo. In contrast, both compartments support germinal center formation and proliferate to equivalent levels upon TCR triggering in vivo and in vitro. Developmentally, CD4+CD8- thymocytes leave the thymus expressing low levels of Ly6C; 3 days later approximately 50% stably upregulate Ly6C without cell division or TCR engagement in the periphery. Interestingly, antigen-specific Th cell clonotypes unevenly assort into these peripheral compartments, creating separate TCR repertoires that underpin peripheral functional diversity. Taken together, these data reveal a developmentally distinct Ly6Chi naive Th cell compartment subspecialized to regulate plasma cell production in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise J McHeyzer-Williams
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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25
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McHeyzer-Williams L, Malherbe L, Eisenbraun M, Driver D, McHeyzer-Williams M. Development of antigen-specific helper T cell responses in vivo: antigen-specific Th cell subsets. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 512:11-20. [PMID: 12405182 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0757-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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26
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McHeyzer-Williams M, McHeyzer-Williams L, Panus J, Pogue-Caley R, Bikah G, Driver D, Eisenbraun M. Helper T-cell-regulated B-cell immunity. Microbes Infect 2003; 5:205-12. [PMID: 12681409 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(03)00012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Helper T-cell-regulated B-cell responses constitute a major component of the immune response to many pathogens. Spatially and temporally organized cognate intercellular communication within secondary lymphoid organs is the critical regulating event in this complex adaptive response to antigen. Here, we discuss what is known of these molecular exchanges and their cellular consequences in a serial synapsis model of adaptive immunity.
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27
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Abstract
How and when memory T cells form during an immune response are long-standing questions. To better understand memory CD8 T cell development, a time course of gene expression and functional changes in antigen-specific T cells during viral infection was evaluated. The expression of many genes continued to change after viral clearance in accordance with changes in CD8 T cell functional properties. Even though memory cell precursors were present at the peak of the immune response, these cells did not display hallmark functional traits of memory T cells. However, these cells gradually acquired the memory cell qualities of self-renewal and rapid recall to antigen suggesting the model that antigen-specific CD8 T cells progressively differentiate into memory cells following viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Kaech
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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28
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Bandyopadhyay J, Lee J, Lee J, Lee JI, Yu JR, Jee C, Cho JH, Jung S, Lee MH, Zannoni S, Singson A, Kim DH, Koo HS, Ahnn J. Calcineurin, a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, is involved in movement, fertility, egg laying, and growth in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Biol Cell 2002; 13:3281-93. [PMID: 12221132 PMCID: PMC124158 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e02-01-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2002] [Revised: 06/03/2002] [Accepted: 06/26/2002] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin is a Ca(2+)-calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase that has been implicated in various signaling pathways. Here we report the identification and characterization of calcineurin genes in Caenorhabditis elegans (cna-1 and cnb-1), which share high homology with Drosophila and mammalian calcineurin genes. C. elegans calcineurin binds calcium and functions as a heterodimeric protein phosphatase establishing its biochemical conservation in the nematode. Calcineurin is expressed in hypodermal seam cells, body-wall muscle, vulva muscle, neuronal cells, and in sperm and the spermatheca. cnb-1 mutants showed pleiotropic defects including lethargic movement and delayed egg-laying. Interestingly, these characteristic defects resembled phenotypes observed in gain-of-function mutants of unc-43/Ca(2+)-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and goa-1/G(o)-protein alpha-subunit. Double mutants of cnb-1 and unc-43(gf) displayed an apparent synergistic severity of movement and egg-laying defects, suggesting that calcineurin may have an antagonistic role in CaMKII-regulated phosphorylation signaling pathways in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Life Science, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Korea
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29
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Réthi B, Detre C, Gogolák P, Kolonics A, Magócsi M, Rajnavölgyi E. Flow cytometry used for the analysis of calcium signaling induced by antigen-specific T-cell activation. CYTOMETRY 2002; 47:207-16. [PMID: 11933010 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.10086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, the effect of antigen-presenting cells (APC), peptide concentration, and CD28 costimulation on calcium signaling, induced by antigen-specific T-cell activation, was studied by flow cytometry. METHODS We used two experimental approaches, which differed in their time scale and in the duration of the T cell-APC interaction, to measure the increase of intracellular free calcium levels ([Ca(2+)](i)) in activated T cells: (1) Fluo-3-loaded T cells were activated by cocentrifugation with peptide-loaded APC and the kinetics of fluorescence intensity changes was monitored continuously and (2) peptide-loaded APC and T cells were mixed, cocultured, and the fluorescence intensity was measured at various time intervals. RESULTS The calcium signal of T cells was dependent on the APC as demonstrated by the ratio of cells exhibiting high versus low fluorescence intensity and by the magnitude of the calcium signal in the activated population. Short-term interaction of T cells with less potent APC or with efficient APC in the presence of low antigen concentration resulted in decreased calcium signaling. CD28-mediated costimulation enhanced the magnitude and sustained the increase of intracellular calcium levels. In line with the strong and sustained calcium signals, the activation of the calcium-dependent transcription factors NF-AT, AP-1, and NF-kappaB was induced. CONCLUSIONS Flow cytometric methods, feasible for the rapid and flexible analysis of calcium signaling upon antigen-specific T-cell activation, were established. Kinetics of the increase of mean fluorescence intensity reflected the calcium response of the total cell population whereas statistical analysis of fluorescence intensity at selected time points provided information on the activation state of single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Réthi
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös L. University, Göd, Hungary.
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30
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Kaech SM, Wherry EJ, Ahmed R. Effector and memory T-cell differentiation: implications for vaccine development. Nat Rev Immunol 2002; 2:251-62. [PMID: 12001996 DOI: 10.1038/nri778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1317] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent work shows that after stimulation with antigen, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells embark on a programme of proliferation that is closely linked with the acquisition of effector functions and leads ultimately to memory-cell formation. Here, we discuss the signals required for commitment to this programme of development and the factors that might influence its progression. Models of the pathways of effector and memory T-cell differentiation are discussed, and we highlight the implications of this new understanding for the optimization of vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Kaech
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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31
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32
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Panus JF, McHeyzer-Williams LJ, McHeyzer-Williams MG. Antigen-specific T helper cell function: differential cytokine expression in primary and memory responses. J Exp Med 2000; 192:1301-16. [PMID: 11067879 PMCID: PMC2193351 DOI: 10.1084/jem.192.9.1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2000] [Accepted: 09/11/2000] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinguishing between the development of functional potential in antigen-specific T helper (Th) cells and the delivery of these specialized functions in vivo has been difficult to resolve. Here, we quantify the frequency of cytokine-producing cells within the primary and memory B10.BR Th cell response to pigeon cytochrome c (PCC). In vitro analysis of acquired functional potential indicated no Th1/Th2 cytokine polarity at the peak of the primary response with surprisingly little evidence for the selective preservation of interleukin (IL)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-4, and interferon (IFN)-gamma potentials into the memory compartment. However, the expression of these functional potentials appears tightly regulated in vivo. The staggered appearance of primary response cytokines directly ex vivo contrasts markedly with their rapid coordinate expression in the memory response. Frequencies of IL-2-, TNF-alpha-, IFN-gamma-, and IL-10-expressing memory responders increased over their primary response counterparts, but were still markedly lower than revealed in vitro. IL-4-, IFN-gamma-, and IL-10-expressing Th cells remained at low but stable frequencies over the first 6 d of the memory response. Analysis of T cell receptor beta chain sequences of IL-4- and TNF-alpha-expressing PCC-specific Th cells provides evidence for early functional commitment among clonal progeny. These data indicate that the development of functional potential is a consequence of initial antigen experience, but delivery of specialized functions is differentially regulated in primary and memory immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens/immunology
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Clone Cells/immunology
- Columbidae
- Cytochrome c Group/immunology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interleukins/biosynthesis
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Panus
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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