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Carbone F, Russo C, Colamatteo A, La Rocca C, Fusco C, Matarese A, Procaccini C, Matarese G. Cellular and molecular signaling towards T cell immunological self-tolerance. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107134. [PMID: 38432631 PMCID: PMC10981134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The binding of a cognate antigen to T cell receptor (TCR) complex triggers a series of intracellular events controlling T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation. Upon TCR engagement, different negative regulatory feedback mechanisms are rapidly activated to counterbalance T cell activation, thus preventing excessive signal propagation and promoting the induction of immunological self-tolerance. Both positive and negative regulatory processes are tightly controlled to ensure the effective elimination of foreign antigens while limiting surrounding tissue damage and autoimmunity. In this context, signals deriving from co-stimulatory molecules (i.e., CD80, CD86), co-inhibitory receptors (PD-1, CTLA-4), the tyrosine phosphatase CD45 and cytokines such as IL-2 synergize with TCR-derived signals to guide T cell fate and differentiation. The balance of these mechanisms is also crucial for the generation of CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, a cellular subset involved in the control of immunological self-tolerance. This review provides an overview of the most relevant pathways induced by TCR activation combined with those derived from co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules implicated in the cell-intrinsic modulation of T cell activation. In addition to the latter, we dissected mechanisms responsible for T cell-mediated suppression of immune cell activation through regulatory T cell generation, homeostasis, and effector functions. We also discuss how imbalanced signaling derived from TCR and accessory molecules can contribute to autoimmune disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fortunata Carbone
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli, Italy; Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy
| | - Claudia Russo
- D.A.I. Medicina di Laboratorio e Trasfusionale, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandra Colamatteo
- Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudia La Rocca
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Clorinda Fusco
- Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandro Matarese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Procaccini
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli, Italy; Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli, Italy; Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy.
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A Whole-Genome Sequencing Study Implicates GRAMD1B in Multiple Sclerosis Susceptibility. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122392. [PMID: 36553660 PMCID: PMC9777893 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While the role of common genetic variants in multiple sclerosis (MS) has been elucidated in large genome-wide association studies, the contribution of rare variants to the disease remains unclear. Herein, a whole-genome sequencing study in four affected and four healthy relatives of a consanguineous Italian family identified a novel missense c.1801T > C (p.S601P) variant in the GRAMD1B gene that is shared within MS cases and resides under a linkage peak (LOD: 2.194). Sequencing GRAMD1B in 91 familial MS cases revealed two additional rare missense and two splice-site variants, two of which (rs755488531 and rs769527838) were not found in 1000 Italian healthy controls. Functional studies demonstrated that GRAMD1B, a gene with unknown function in the central nervous system (CNS), is expressed by several cell types, including astrocytes, microglia and neurons as well as by peripheral monocytes and macrophages. Notably, GRAMD1B was downregulated in vessel-associated astrocytes of active MS lesions in autopsied brains and by inflammatory stimuli in peripheral monocytes, suggesting a possible role in the modulation of inflammatory response and disease pathophysiology.
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3
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Inal-Gultekin G, Gormez Z, Mangir N. Defining Molecular Treatment Targets for Bladder Pain Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis: Uncovering Adhesion Molecules. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:780855. [PMID: 35401223 PMCID: PMC8990855 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.780855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC) is a debilitating pain syndrome of unknown etiology that predominantly affects females. Clinically, BPS/IC presents in a wide spectrum where all patients report severe bladder pain together with one or more urinary tract symptoms. On bladder examination, some have normal-appearing bladders on cystoscopy, whereas others may have severely inflamed bladder walls with easily bleeding areas (glomerulations) and ulcerations (Hunner’s lesion). Thus, the reported prevalence of BPS/IC is also highly variable, between 0.06% and 30%. Nevertheless, it is rightly defined as a rare disease (ORPHA:37202). The aetiopathogenesis of BPS/IC remains largely unknown. Current treatment is mainly symptomatic and palliative, which certainly adds to the suffering of patients. BPS/IC is known to have a genetic component. However, the genes responsible are not defined yet. In addition to traditional genetic approaches, novel research methodologies involving bioinformatics are evaluated to elucidate the genetic basis of BPS/IC. This article aims to review the current evidence on the genetic basis of BPS/IC to determine the most promising targets for possible novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guldal Inal-Gultekin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Okan University, Tuzla, Turkey
- *Correspondence: Guldal Inal-Gultekin,
| | - Zeliha Gormez
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Bingen Technical University of Applied Sciences, Bingen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Naside Mangir
- Department of Urology, Hacettepe University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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4
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Mascia E, Clarelli F, Zauli A, Guaschino C, Sorosina M, Barizzone N, Basagni C, Santoro S, Ferrè L, Bonfiglio S, Biancolini D, Pozzato M, Guerini FR, Protti A, Liguori M, Moiola L, Vecchio D, Bresolin N, Comi G, Filippi M, Esposito F, D'Alfonso S, Martinelli-Boneschi F. Burden of rare coding variants in an Italian cohort of familial multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 362:577760. [PMID: 34922125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It is a complex and heterogeneous disease caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, and it can cluster in families. OBJECTIVE to evaluate at gene-level the aggregate contribution of predicted damaging low-frequency and rare variants to MS risk in multiplex families. METHODS We performed whole exome sequencing (WES) in 28 multiplex MS families with at least 3 MS cases (81 affected and 42 unaffected relatives) and 38 unrelated healthy controls. A gene-based burden test was then performed, focusing on two sets of candidate genes: i) literature-driven selection and ii) data-driven selection. RESULTS We identified 11 genes enriched with predicted damaging low-frequency and rare variants in MS compared to healthy individuals. Among them, UBR2 and DST were the two genes with the strongest enrichment (p = 5 × 10-4 and 3 × 10-4, respectively); interestingly enough the association signal in UBR2 is driven by rs62414610, which was present in 25% of analysed families. CONCLUSION Despite limitations, this is one of the first studies evaluating the aggregate contribution of predicted damaging low-frequency and rare variants in MS families using WES data. A replication effort in independent cohorts is warranted to validate our findings and to evaluate the role of identified genes in MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mascia
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - F Clarelli
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - A Zauli
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - C Guaschino
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology, Sant'Antonio Abate Hospital, Gallarate, Italy
| | - M Sorosina
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - N Barizzone
- Department of Health Sciences, Center on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases (CAAD), UPO, University of Eastern Piedmont, A. Avogadro, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - C Basagni
- Department of Health Sciences, Center on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases (CAAD), UPO, University of Eastern Piedmont, A. Avogadro, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - S Santoro
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - L Ferrè
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy; Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 48, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - S Bonfiglio
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - D Biancolini
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - M Pozzato
- Neurology Unit and MS Centre, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - F R Guerini
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, ONLUS, Milan, Italy
| | - A Protti
- Ospedale Niguarda, Department of Neurology, Milan, Italy
| | - M Liguori
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Bari Unit, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - L Moiola
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 48, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - D Vecchio
- SCDU Neurology, AOU Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - N Bresolin
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - G Comi
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - M Filippi
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 48, 20132 Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 48, 20132 Milan, Italy; Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 48, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - F Esposito
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy; Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 48, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - S D'Alfonso
- Department of Health Sciences, Center on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases (CAAD), UPO, University of Eastern Piedmont, A. Avogadro, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - F Martinelli-Boneschi
- Neurology Unit and MS Centre, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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5
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Elhassan RM, Hou X, Fang H. Recent advances in the development of allosteric protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors for drug discovery. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:1064-1110. [PMID: 34791703 DOI: 10.1002/med.21871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) superfamily catalyzes tyrosine de-phosphorylation which affects a myriad of cellular processes. Imbalance in signal pathways mediated by PTPs has been associated with development of many human diseases including cancer, metabolic, and immunological diseases. Several compelling evidence suggest that many members of PTP family are novel therapeutic targets. However, the clinical development of conventional PTP-based active-site inhibitors originally was hampered by the poor selectivity and pharmacokinetic properties. In this regard, PTPs has been widely dismissed as "undruggable." Nonetheless, allosteric modulation has become increasingly an influential and alternative approach that can be exploited for drug development against PTPs. Unlike active-site inhibitors, allosteric inhibitors exhibit a remarkable target-selectivity, drug-likeness, potency, and in vivo activity. Intriguingly, there has been a high interest in novel allosteric PTPs inhibitors within the last years. In this review, we focus on the recent advances of allosteric inhibitors that have been explored in drug discovery and have shown an excellent result in the development of PTPs-based therapeutics. A special emphasis is placed on the structure-activity relationship and molecular mechanistic studies illustrating applications in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham M Elhassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xuben Hou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Fang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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6
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Gao P, Ren G. Identification of potential target genes of non-small cell lung cancer in response to resveratrol treatment by bioinformatics analysis. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:23245-23261. [PMID: 34633989 PMCID: PMC8544309 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type in lung cancer in the world, and it severely threatens the life of patients. Resveratrol has been reported to inhibit cancer. However, mechanisms of resveratrol inhibiting NSCLC were unclear. The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of NSCLC treated with resveratrol and reveal the potential targets of resveratrol in NSCLC. We obtained mRNA expression profiles of two datasets from the National Center for Biotechnology Information Gene Expression Omnibus (NCBI-GEO) and 271 DEGs were selected for further analysis. Data from STRING shown that 177 nodes and 342 edges were in the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and 10 hub genes (ANPEP, CD69, ITGAL, PECAM1, PTPRC, CD34, ITGA1, CCL2, SOX2, and EGFR) were identified by Cytoscape plus-in cytoHubba. Survival analysis revealed that NSCLC patients showing low expression of PECAM1, ANPEP, CD69, ITGAL, and PTPRC were associated with worse overall survival (OS) (P < 0.05), and high expression of SOX2 and EGFR was associated with worse OS for NSCLC patients (P < 0.05). Overall, we identified ANPEP, CD69, ITGAL, and PTPRC as potential candidate genes which were main effects of resveratrol on the treatment of NSCLC. ANPEP, ITGAL, CD69, and PTPRC are all clusters of differentiation (CD) antigens, might be the targets of resveratrol. The bioinformatic results suggested that the inhibitory effect of resveratrol on lung cancer may be related to the immune signaling pathway. Further studies are needed to validate these findings and to explore their functional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Institute of Microvascular Medicine, Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Guanghui Ren
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant, School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
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Blake D, Lynch KW. The three as: Alternative splicing, alternative polyadenylation and their impact on apoptosis in immune function. Immunol Rev 2021; 304:30-50. [PMID: 34368964 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The latest advances in next-generation sequencing studies and transcriptomic profiling over the past decade have highlighted a surprising frequency of genes regulated by RNA processing mechanisms in the immune system. In particular, two control steps in mRNA maturation, namely alternative splicing and alternative polyadenylation, are now recognized to occur in the vast majority of human genes. Both have the potential to alter the identity of the encoded protein, as well as control protein abundance or even protein localization or association with other factors. In this review, we will provide a summary of the general mechanisms by which alternative splicing (AS) and alternative polyadenylation (APA) occur, their regulation within cells of the immune system, and their impact on immunobiology. In particular, we will focus on how control of apoptosis by AS and APA is used to tune cell fate during an immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davia Blake
- Immunology Graduate Group and the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kristen W Lynch
- Immunology Graduate Group and the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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8
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Gong Y, Abudureyimu S, Kadomatsu K, Sakamoto K. Identification of PTPRσ-interacting proteins by proximity-labelling assay. J Biochem 2021; 169:187-194. [PMID: 33313879 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) are type-I transmembrane proteins and involved in various biological and pathological processes. Their functions are supposed to be exerted through tyrosine dephosphorylation of their specific substrates. However, our comprehensive understanding of specific substrates or interacting proteins for RPTPs is poor. PTPRσ belongs to class 2a RPTP family, dephosphorylates cortactin, and leads to autophagy flux disruption and axonal regeneration inhibition in response to its ligand chondroitin sulphate. Here, we applied proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) assay, a proximity-labelling assay, to PTPRσ and reproducibly identified the 99 candidates as interactors for PTPRσ including already-known interactors such as Liprin-α and Trio. Of note, cortactin was also listed up in our assay. Our results suggest that the BioID assay is a powerful and reliable tool to identify RPTP-interacting proteins including its specific substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhao Gong
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-Cho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shaniya Abudureyimu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-Cho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-Cho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.,Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuma Sakamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-Cho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.,Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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SRSF9 Regulates Cassette Exon Splicing of Caspase-2 by Interacting with Its Downstream Exon. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030679. [PMID: 33808656 PMCID: PMC8003524 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is an important posttranscriptional regulatory process. Damaged or unnecessary cells need to be removed though apoptosis to maintain physiological processes. Caspase-2 pre-mRNA produces pro-apoptotic long mRNA and anti-apoptotic short mRNA isoforms through AS. How AS of Caspase-2 is regulated remains unclear. In the present study, we identified a novel regulatory protein SRSF9 for AS of Caspase-2 cassette exon 9. Knock-down (KD) of SRSF9 increased inclusion of cassette exon and on the other hand, overexpression of SRSF9 decreased inclusion of this exon. Deletion mutagenesis demonstrated that exon 9, parts of intron 9, exon 8 and exon 10 were not required for the role of SRSF9 in Caspase-2 AS. However, deletion and substitution mutation analysis revealed that AGGAG sequence located at exon 10 provided functional target for SRSF9. In addition, RNA-pulldown mediated immunoblotting analysis showed that SRSF9 interacted with this sequence. Gene ontology analysis of RNA-seq from SRSF9 KD cells demonstrates that SRSF9 could regulate AS of a subset of apoptosis related genes. Collectively, our results reveal a basis for regulation of Caspase-2 AS.
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10
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Angarola BL, Anczuków O. Splicing alterations in healthy aging and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2021. [PMID: 33565261 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1643.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alternative RNA splicing is a key step in gene expression that allows generation of numerous messenger RNA transcripts encoding proteins of varied functions from the same gene. It is thus a rich source of proteomic and functional diversity. Alterations in alternative RNA splicing are observed both during healthy aging and in a number of human diseases, several of which display premature aging phenotypes or increased incidence with age. Age-associated splicing alterations include differential splicing of genes associated with hallmarks of aging, as well as changes in the levels of core spliceosomal genes and regulatory splicing factors. Here, we review the current known links between alternative RNA splicing, its regulators, healthy biological aging, and diseases associated with aging or aging-like phenotypes. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga Anczuków
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,Institute for Systems Genomics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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11
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Angarola BL, Anczuków O. Splicing alterations in healthy aging and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2021; 12:e1643. [PMID: 33565261 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alternative RNA splicing is a key step in gene expression that allows generation of numerous messenger RNA transcripts encoding proteins of varied functions from the same gene. It is thus a rich source of proteomic and functional diversity. Alterations in alternative RNA splicing are observed both during healthy aging and in a number of human diseases, several of which display premature aging phenotypes or increased incidence with age. Age-associated splicing alterations include differential splicing of genes associated with hallmarks of aging, as well as changes in the levels of core spliceosomal genes and regulatory splicing factors. Here, we review the current known links between alternative RNA splicing, its regulators, healthy biological aging, and diseases associated with aging or aging-like phenotypes. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga Anczuków
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,Institute for Systems Genomics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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12
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Castro-Sanchez P, Teagle AR, Prade S, Zamoyska R. Modulation of TCR Signaling by Tyrosine Phosphatases: From Autoimmunity to Immunotherapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:608747. [PMID: 33425916 PMCID: PMC7793860 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.608747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early TCR signaling is dependent on rapid phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of multiple signaling and adaptor proteins, leading to T cell activation. This process is tightly regulated by an intricate web of interactions between kinases and phosphatases. A number of tyrosine phosphatases have been shown to modulate T cell responses and thus alter T cell fate by negatively regulating early TCR signaling. Mutations in some of these enzymes are associated with enhanced predisposition to autoimmunity in humans, and mouse models deficient in orthologous genes often show T cell hyper-activation. Therefore, phosphatases are emerging as potential targets in situations where it is desirable to enhance T cell responses, such as immune responses to tumors. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about tyrosine phosphatases that regulate early TCR signaling and discuss their involvement in autoimmunity and their potential as targets for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Castro-Sanchez
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra R Teagle
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja Prade
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rose Zamoyska
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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13
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Kalina T, Fišer K, Pérez-Andrés M, Kuzílková D, Cuenca M, Bartol SJW, Blanco E, Engel P, van Zelm MC. CD Maps-Dynamic Profiling of CD1-CD100 Surface Expression on Human Leukocyte and Lymphocyte Subsets. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2434. [PMID: 31708916 PMCID: PMC6820661 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CD molecules are surface molecules expressed on cells of the immune system that play key roles in immune cell-cell communication and sensing the microenvironment. These molecules are essential markers for the identification and isolation of leukocytes and lymphocyte subsets. Here, we present the results of the first phase of the CD Maps study, mapping the expression of CD1–CD100 (n = 110) on 47 immune cell subsets from blood, thymus, and tonsil using an eight-color standardized EuroFlow approach and quantification of expression. The resulting dataset included median antibody binding capacities (ABCs) and percentage of positivity for all markers on all subsets and was developed into an interactive CD Maps web resource. Using the resource, we examined differentially expressed proteins between granulocyte, monocyte, and dendritic cell subsets, and profiled dynamic expression of markers during thymocyte differentiation, T-cell maturation, and between functionally distinct B-cell subset clusters. The CD Maps resource will serve as a benchmark of antibody reactivities ensuring improved reproducibility of flow cytometry-based research. Moreover, it will provide a full picture of the surfaceome of human immune cells and serves as a useful platform to increase our understanding of leukocyte biology, as well as to facilitate the identification of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets of immunological and hematological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Kalina
- CLIP - Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Karel Fišer
- CLIP - Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Pérez-Andrés
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium of Oncology (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniela Kuzílková
- CLIP - Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Marta Cuenca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sophinus J W Bartol
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elena Blanco
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium of Oncology (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Engel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Menno C van Zelm
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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14
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Castro-Sánchez P, Aguilar-Sopeña O, Alegre-Gómez S, Ramirez-Munoz R, Roda-Navarro P. Regulation of CD4 + T Cell Signaling and Immunological Synapse by Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases: Molecular Mechanisms in Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1447. [PMID: 31297117 PMCID: PMC6607956 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation and effector function is mediated by the formation of a long-lasting interaction established between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) called immunological synapse (IS). During T cell activation, different signaling molecules as well as the cytoskeleton and the endosomal compartment are polarized to the IS. This molecular dynamics is tightly regulated by phosphorylation networks, which are controlled by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). While some PTPs are known to be important regulators of adhesion, ligand discrimination or the stimulation threshold, there is still little information about the regulatory role of PTPs in cytoskeleton rearrangements and endosomal compartment dynamics. Besides, spatial and temporal regulation of PTPs and substrates at the IS is only barely known. Consistent with an important role of PTPs in T cell activation, multiple mutations as well as altered expression levels or dynamic behaviors have been associated with autoimmune diseases. However, the precise mechanism for the regulation of T cell activation and effector function by PTPs in health and autoimmunity is not fully understood. Herein, we review the current knowledge about the regulatory role of PTPs in CD4+ T cell activation, IS assembly and effector function. The potential molecular mechanisms mediating the action of these enzymes in autoimmune disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Castro-Sánchez
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Aguilar-Sopeña
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Alegre-Gómez
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocio Ramirez-Munoz
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Roda-Navarro
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
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15
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Hecker M, Rüge A, Putscher E, Boxberger N, Rommer PS, Fitzner B, Zettl UK. Aberrant expression of alternative splicing variants in multiple sclerosis - A systematic review. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:721-732. [PMID: 31059848 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alternative splicing is an important form of RNA processing that affects nearly all human genes. The differential expression of specific transcript and protein isoforms holds the potential of novel biomarkers for complex diseases. In this systematic review, we compiled the existing literature on aberrant alternative splicing events in multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS A systematic literature search in the PubMed database was carried out and supplemented by screening the reference lists of the identified articles. We selected only MS-related original research studies which compared the levels of different isoforms of human protein-coding genes. A narrative synthesis of the research findings was conducted. Additionally, we performed a case-control analysis using high-density transcriptome microarray data to reevaluate the genes that were examined in the reviewed studies. RESULTS A total of 160 records were screened. Of those, 36 studies from the last two decades were included. Most commonly, peripheral blood samples were analyzed (32 studies), and PCR-based techniques were usually employed (27 studies) for measuring the expression of selected genes. Two studies used an exploratory genome-wide approach. Overall, 27 alternatively spliced genes were investigated. Nine of these genes appeared in at least two studies (CD40, CFLAR, FOXP3, IFNAR2, IL7R, MOG, PTPRC, SP140 and TNFRSF1A). The microarray data analysis confirmed differential alternative pre-mRNA splicing for 19 genes. CONCLUSIONS An altered RNA processing of genes mediating immune signaling pathways has been repeatedly implicated in MS. The analysis of individual exon-level expression patterns is stimulated by the advancement of transcriptome profiling technologies. In particular, the examination of genes encoded in MS-associated genetic regions may provide important insights into the pathogenesis of the disease and help to identify new biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hecker
- University of Rostock, Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Annelen Rüge
- University of Rostock, Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Elena Putscher
- University of Rostock, Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Nina Boxberger
- University of Rostock, Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Paulus Stefan Rommer
- University of Rostock, Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany; Medical University of Vienna, Department of Neurology, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Brit Fitzner
- University of Rostock, Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Uwe Klaus Zettl
- University of Rostock, Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
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16
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Pai AA, Luca F. Environmental influences on RNA processing: Biochemical, molecular and genetic regulators of cellular response. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2019; 10:e1503. [PMID: 30216698 PMCID: PMC6294667 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RNA processing has emerged as a key mechanistic step in the regulation of the cellular response to environmental perturbation. Recent work has uncovered extensive remodeling of transcriptome composition upon environmental perturbation and linked the impacts of this molecular plasticity to health and disease outcomes. These isoform changes and their underlying mechanisms are varied-involving alternative sites of transcription initiation, alternative splicing, and alternative cleavage at the 3' end of the mRNA. The mechanisms and consequences of differential RNA processing have been characterized across a range of common environmental insults, including chemical stimuli, immune stimuli, heat stress, and cancer pathogenesis. In each case, there are perturbation-specific contributions of local (cis) regulatory elements or global (trans) factors and downstream consequences. Overall, it is clear that choices in isoform usage involve a balance between the usage of specific genetic elements (i.e., splice sites, polyadenylation sites) and the timing at which certain decisions are made (i.e., transcription elongation rate). Fine-tuned cellular responses to environmental perturbation are often dependent on the genetic makeup of the cell. Genetic analyses of interindividual variation in splicing have identified genetic effects on splicing that contribute to variation in complex traits. Finally, the increase in the number of tissue types and environmental conditions analyzed for RNA processing is paralleled by the need to develop appropriate analytical tools. The combination of large datasets, novel methods and conditions explored promises to provide a much greater understanding of the role of RNA processing response in human phenotypic variation. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > RNA Editing and Modification RNA Evolution and Genomics > Computational Analyses of RNA RNA Processing > Splicing Mechanisms RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athma A Pai
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Francesca Luca
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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17
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Lagou V, Garcia-Perez JE, Smets I, Van Horebeek L, Vandebergh M, Chen L, Mallants K, Prezzemolo T, Hilven K, Humblet-Baron S, Moisse M, Van Damme P, Boeckxstaens G, Bowness P, Dubois B, Dooley J, Liston A, Goris A. Genetic Architecture of Adaptive Immune System Identifies Key Immune Regulators. Cell Rep 2018; 25:798-810.e6. [PMID: 30332657 PMCID: PMC6205839 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is highly diverse, but characterization of its genetic architecture has lagged behind the vast progress made by genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of emergent diseases. Our GWAS for 54 functionally relevant phenotypes of the adaptive immune system in 489 healthy individuals identifies eight genome-wide significant associations explaining 6%-20% of variance. Coding and splicing variants in PTPRC and COMMD10 are involved in memory T cell differentiation. Genetic variation controlling disease-relevant T helper cell subsets includes RICTOR and STON2 associated with Th2 and Th17, respectively, and the interferon-lambda locus controlling regulatory T cell proliferation. Early and memory B cell differentiation stages are associated with variation in LARP1B and SP4. Finally, the latrophilin family member ADGRL2 correlates with baseline pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 levels. Suggestive associations reveal mechanisms of autoimmune disease associations, in particular related to pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Pinpointing these key human immune regulators offers attractive therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Lagou
- KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Josselyn E Garcia-Perez
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ide Smets
- KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies Van Horebeek
- KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marijne Vandebergh
- KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liye Chen
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Klara Mallants
- KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Teresa Prezzemolo
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kelly Hilven
- KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Humblet-Baron
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Moisse
- Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip Van Damme
- Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Boeckxstaens
- KU Leuven Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Translational Research Center for GI Disorders (TARGID), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Bowness
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Bénédicte Dubois
- KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - James Dooley
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Liston
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium.
| | - An Goris
- KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium.
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18
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Schaub A, Glasmacher E. Splicing in immune cells-mechanistic insights and emerging topics. Int Immunol 2018; 29:173-181. [PMID: 28498981 PMCID: PMC5890895 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxx026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential splicing of mRNAs not only enables regulation of gene expression levels, but also ensures a high degree of gene-product diversity. The extent to which splicing of mRNAs is utilized as a mechanism in immune cells has become evident within the last few years. Still, only a few of these mechanisms have been well studied. In this review, we discuss some of the best-understood mechanisms, for instance the differential splicing of CD45 in T cells, as well as immunoglobulin genes in B cells. Beyond that we provide general mechanistic insights on how, when and where this process takes place and discuss the current knowledge regarding these topics in immune cells. We also highlight some of the reported links to immune-related diseases, genome-wide sequencing studies that revealed thousands of differentially spliced transcripts, as well as splicing studies on immune cells that remain mechanistically not fully understood. We thereby display potential emerging topics for future studies centered on splicing mechanisms in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Schaub
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elke Glasmacher
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
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19
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Abstract
Proper regulation of the immune system is required for protection against pathogens and preventing autoimmune disorders. Inborn errors of the immune system due to inherited or de novo germline mutations can lead to the loss of protective immunity, aberrant immune homeostasis, and the development of autoimmune disease, or combinations of these. Forward genetic screens involving clinical material from patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) can vary in severity from life-threatening disease affecting multiple cell types and organs to relatively mild disease with susceptibility to a limited range of pathogens or mild autoimmune conditions. As central mediators of innate and adaptive immune responses, T cells are critical orchestrators and effectors of the immune response. As such, several PIDs result from loss of or altered T cell function. PID-associated functional defects range from complete absence of T cell development to uncontrolled effector cell activation. Furthermore, the gene products of known PID causal genes are involved in diverse molecular pathways ranging from T cell receptor signaling to regulators of protein glycosylation. Identification of the molecular and biochemical cause of PIDs can not only guide the course of treatment for patients, but also inform our understanding of the basic biology behind T cell function. In this chapter, we review PIDs with known genetic causes that intrinsically affect T cell function with particular focus on perturbations of biochemical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Comrie
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael J Lenardo
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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20
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Cao S, Guo J, He Y, Alahdal M, Tang S, Zhao Y, Yang Z, Gao H, Hu W, Jiang H, Qin L, Jin L. Nano-loaded human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells as targeted carriers of doxorubicin for breast cancer therapy. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:642-652. [PMID: 29457930 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1434185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The main challenge of anticancer drugs is poor tumor targeting. Now cellular carriers are widely investigated to deliver anticancer agents. As an ideal cellular candidate, human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) possess inherent tropism potential to tumor. Here, we constructed hUC-MSCs carrying transferrin-inspired-nanoparticles that contain doxorubicin(hUC-MSCs-Tf-inspired-NPs) to achieve enhanced anti-tumor efficacy and made an evaluation. Results represented that hUC-MSCs-Tf-inspired-NPs not only exhibit the controlled-release property of Tf-inspired-NPs, but also integrate tumor tropism and penetrative abilities of MSCs. The tumor volume of nude mice bearing breast cancer MCF-7 treated with hUC-MSCs-Tf-inspired-NPs, was remarkably reduced compared to those treated with free drug or Tf-inspired-NPs. Thus, Tf-inspired-NPs loaded hUC-MSCs have a potential to deliver anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunxiu Cao
- a School of Life Science and Technology , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Jiamin Guo
- a School of Life Science and Technology , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yujing He
- b Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Murad Alahdal
- a School of Life Science and Technology , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Shanshan Tang
- a School of Life Science and Technology , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yuekui Zhao
- a School of Life Science and Technology , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Zhaocong Yang
- a School of Life Science and Technology , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Huashan Gao
- a School of Life Science and Technology , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Wenjun Hu
- a School of Life Science and Technology , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Hulin Jiang
- b Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Lianju Qin
- c First Affiliated Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Liang Jin
- a School of Life Science and Technology , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
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21
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CD45 in human physiology and clinical medicine. Immunol Lett 2018; 196:22-32. [PMID: 29366662 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
CD45 is an evolutionary highly conserved receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase exclusively expressed on all nucleated cells of the hematopoietic system. It is characterized by the expression of several isoforms, specific to a certain cell type and the developmental or activation status of the cell. CD45 is one of the key players in the initiation of T cell receptor signaling by controlling the activation of the Src family protein-tyrosine kinases Lck and Fyn. CD45 deficiency results in T- and B-lymphocyte dysfunction in the form of severe combined immune deficiency. It also plays a significant role in autoimmune diseases and cancer as well as in infectious diseases including fungal infections. The knowledge collected on CD45 biology is rather vast, but it remains unclear whether all findings in rodent immune cells also apply to human CD45. This review focuses on human CD45 expression and function and provides an overview on its ligands and role in human pathology.
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22
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Ohtake Y, Kong W, Hussain R, Horiuchi M, Tremblay ML, Ganea D, Li S. Protein tyrosine phosphatase σ regulates autoimmune encephalomyelitis development. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 65:111-124. [PMID: 28559011 PMCID: PMC6275552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) play essential roles in regulating signaling events in multiple cells by tyrosine dephosphorylation. One of them, PTPσ, appears important in regulating function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC). Here we report that PTPσ deletion in knockout mice and inhibition with a selective antagonist peptide exacerbated symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by enhancing axon and myelin damage in the spinal cord. PTPσ-/- mice displayed pro-inflammatory profiles in the spinal cord and lymphoid organs following MOG peptide immunization. PTPσ deletion promoted a pro-inflammatory phenotype in conventional DCs and directly regulated differentiation of CD4+ T cells. It also facilitated infiltration of T lymphocytes, activation of macrophages in the CNS and development of EAE. Therefore, PTPσ is a key negative regulator in EAE initiation and progression, which acts by regulating functions of DCs, T cells, and other immune cells. PTPσ may become an important molecular target for treating autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ohtake
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Weimin Kong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Rashad Hussain
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Makoto Horiuchi
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Michel L. Tremblay
- Goodman Cancer Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 1160 Pine Ave., Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Doina Ganea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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23
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Landskron J, Kraggerud SM, Wik E, Dørum A, Bjørnslett M, Melum E, Helland Ø, Bjørge L, Lothe RA, Salvesen HB, Taskén K. C77G in PTPRC (CD45) is no risk allele for ovarian cancer, but associated with less aggressive disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182030. [PMID: 28759630 PMCID: PMC5536273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pan lymphocyte marker CD45 exists in various isoforms arising from alternative splicing of the exons 4, 5 and 6. While naïve T cells express CD45RA translated from an mRNA containing exon 4, exons 4–6 are spliced out to encode the shorter CD45R0 in antigen-experienced effector/memory T cells. The SNP C77G (rs17612648) is located in exon 4 and blocks the exon’s differential splicing from the pre-mRNA, enforcing expression of CD45RA. Several studies have linked C77G to autoimmune diseases but lack of validation in other cohorts has left its role elusive. An incidental finding in an ovarian cancer patient cohort from West Norway (Bergen region, n = 312), suggested that the frequency of C77G was higher among ovarian cancer patients than in healthy Norwegians (n = 1,357) (3.0% vs. 1.8% allele frequency). However, this finding could not be validated in a larger patient cohort from South-East Norway (Oslo region, n = 1,198) with 1.2% allele frequency. Hence, C77G is not associated with ovarian cancer in the Norwegian population. However, its frequency was increased in patients with FIGO stage II, endometrioid histology or an age at diagnosis of 60 years or older indicating a possible association with a less aggressive cancer type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Landskron
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrid M. Kraggerud
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Wik
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne Dørum
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Merete Bjørnslett
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Melum
- Norwegian PSC Research Centre, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, The National Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein Helland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Line Bjørge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ragnhild A. Lothe
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helga B. Salvesen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Multiple Sclerosis and EIF2B5: A Paradox or a Missing Link. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: BENCH TO BEDSIDE 2017; 958:57-64. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47861-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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25
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No evidence for a role of Ile587Val polymorphism of EIF2B5 gene in multiple sclerosis in Kashmir Valley of India. J Neurol Sci 2015; 359:172-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cole BS, Tapescu I, Allon SJ, Mallory MJ, Qiu J, Lake RJ, Fan HY, Fu XD, Lynch KW. Global analysis of physical and functional RNA targets of hnRNP L reveals distinct sequence and epigenetic features of repressed and enhanced exons. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 21:2053-66. [PMID: 26437669 PMCID: PMC4647460 DOI: 10.1261/rna.052969.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
HnRNP L is a ubiquitous splicing-regulatory protein that is critical for the development and function of mammalian T cells. Previous work has identified a few targets of hnRNP L-dependent alternative splicing in T cells and has described transcriptome-wide association of hnRNP L with RNA. However, a comprehensive analysis of the impact of hnRNP L on mRNA expression remains lacking. Here we use next-generation sequencing to identify transcriptome changes upon depletion of hnRNP L in a model T-cell line. We demonstrate that hnRNP L primarily regulates cassette-type alternative splicing, with minimal impact of hnRNP L depletion on transcript abundance, intron retention, or other modes of alternative splicing. Strikingly, we find that binding of hnRNP L within or flanking an exon largely correlates with exon repression by hnRNP L. In contrast, exons that are enhanced by hnRNP L generally lack proximal hnRNP L binding. Notably, these hnRNP L-enhanced exons share sequence and context features that correlate with poor nucleosome positioning, suggesting that hnRNP may enhance inclusion of a subset of exons via a cotranscriptional or epigenetic mechanism. Our data demonstrate that hnRNP L controls inclusion of a broad spectrum of alternative cassette exons in T cells and suggest both direct RNA regulation as well as indirect mechanisms sensitive to the epigenetic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Cole
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Iulia Tapescu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Samuel J Allon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Michael J Mallory
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jinsong Qiu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Robert J Lake
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA Epigenetics Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Hua-Ying Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA Epigenetics Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Xiang-Dong Fu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Kristen W Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Overexpression of CD45RA isoforms in carriers of the C77G mutation leads to hyporeactivity of CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ regulatory T cells. Genes Immun 2015; 16:519-27. [PMID: 26355564 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2015.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Disorders in regulatory T-cell (T(reg)) function can result in the breakdown of immunological self-tolerance. Thus, the identification of mechanisms controlling the activity of T(reg) is of great relevance. We used T(reg) from individuals carrying the C77G polymorphism as models to study the role of CD45 molecules in humans. C77G prevents splicing of CD45 exon A thereby leading to an aberrant expression pattern of CD45 isoforms in affected individuals. Resting and in vitro expanded/activated CD4(+)CD25(high)Foxp3(+) T(reg) from carriers of C77G strongly expressed CD45RA isoforms whereas these isoforms were almost absent in cells from individuals with wild-type CD45. C77G T(reg) showed diminished upregulation of activation markers, lower phosphorylation of p56(lck)(Y505) and a reduced proliferative potential when stimulated with anti-TcR or anti-TcR plus CD28 mAb suggesting decreased responsiveness to activating stimuli. In addition, the capacity to suppress proliferation of conventional CD4(+) T cells was impaired in C77G T(reg). Furthermore, microarray studies revealed distinct gene expression patterns in T(reg) from C77G carriers. These data suggest that the changes in CD45 isoform combination resulting from the C77G mutation alter the responsiveness of T(reg) to TcR-mediated signaling. Targeting CD45 isoform expression might be a useful approach to modulate T(reg) function.
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Splicing Regulation of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines: At the Interface of the Neuroendocrine and Immune Systems. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2073-100. [PMID: 26371053 PMCID: PMC4598789 DOI: 10.3390/biom5032073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing plays a key role in posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression, allowing a single gene to encode multiple protein isoforms. As such, alternative splicing amplifies the coding capacity of the genome enormously, generates protein diversity, and alters protein function. More than 90% of human genes undergo alternative splicing, and alternative splicing is especially prevalent in the nervous and immune systems, tissues where cells need to react swiftly and adapt to changes in the environment through carefully regulated mechanisms of cell differentiation, migration, targeting, and activation. Given its prevalence and complexity, this highly regulated mode of gene expression is prone to be affected by disease. In the following review, we look at how alternative splicing of signaling molecules—cytokines and their receptors—changes in different pathological conditions, from chronic inflammation to neurologic disorders, providing means of functional interaction between the immune and neuroendocrine systems. Switches in alternative splicing patterns can be very dynamic and can produce signaling molecules with distinct or antagonistic functions and localization to different subcellular compartments. This newly discovered link expands our understanding of the biology of immune and neuroendocrine cells, and has the potential to open new windows of opportunity for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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29
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Contributing factors in multiple sclerosis and the female sex bias. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:223-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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He RJ, Yu ZH, Zhang RY, Zhang ZY. Protein tyrosine phosphatases as potential therapeutic targets. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:1227-46. [PMID: 25220640 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a key regulatory process in virtually all aspects of cellular functions. Dysregulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a major cause of human diseases, such as cancers, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, and neurological diseases. Indeed, protein tyrosine phosphorylation-mediated signaling events offer ample therapeutic targets, and drug discovery efforts to date have brought over two dozen kinase inhibitors to the clinic. Accordingly, protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are considered next-generation drug targets. For instance, PTP1B is a well-known targets of type 2 diabetes and obesity, and recent studies indicate that it is also a promising target for breast cancer. SHP2 is a bona-fide oncoprotein, mutations of which cause juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and solid tumors. In addition, LYP is strongly associated with type 1 diabetes and many other autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes recent findings on several highly recognized PTP family drug targets, including PTP1B, Src homology phosphotyrosyl phosphatase 2(SHP2), lymphoid-specific tyrosine phosphatase (LYP), CD45, Fas associated phosphatase-1 (FAP-1), striatal enriched tyrosine phosphatases (STEP), mitogen-activated protein kinase/dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (MKP-1), phosphatases of regenerating liver-1 (PRL), low molecular weight PTPs (LMWPTP), and CDC25. Given that there are over 100 family members, we hope this review will serve as a road map for innovative drug discovery targeting PTPs.
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31
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Cellular adhesion gene SELP is associated with rheumatoid arthritis and displays differential allelic expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103872. [PMID: 25147926 PMCID: PMC4141704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a key event is infiltration of inflammatory immune cells into the synovial lining, possibly aggravated by dysregulation of cellular adhesion molecules. Therefore, single nucleotide polymorphisms of 14 genes involved in cellular adhesion processes (CAST, ITGA4, ITGB1, ITGB2, PECAM1, PTEN, PTPN11, PTPRC, PXN, SELE, SELP, SRC, TYK2, and VCAM1) were analyzed for association with RA. Association analysis was performed consecutively in three European RA family sample groups (Nfamilies = 407). Additionally, we investigated differential allelic expression, a possible functional consequence of genetic variants. SELP (selectin P, CD62P) SNP-allele rs6136-T was associated with risk for RA in two RA family sample groups as well as in global analysis of all three groups (ptotal = 0.003). This allele was also expressed preferentially (p<10-6) with a two- fold average increase in regulated samples. Differential expression is supported by data from Genevar MuTHER (p1 = 0.004; p2 = 0.0177). Evidence for influence of rs6136 on transcription factor binding was also found in silico and in public datasets reporting in vitro data. In summary, we found SELP rs6136-T to be associated with RA and with increased expression of SELP mRNA. SELP is located on the surface of endothelial cells and crucial for recruitment, adhesion, and migration of inflammatory cells into the joint. Genetically determined increased SELP expression levels might thus be a novel additional risk factor for RA.
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Ju A, Seo H, Kim H, Park BC, Park SG, Kim JH, Choi HK, Min KH, Cho S. Identification of a Novel SHP-2 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Inhibitor. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20130221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ju
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University
| | - Huiyun Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University
| | - Heemun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University
| | - Byoung Chul Park
- Medical Proteomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology
| | - Sung Goo Park
- Medical Proteomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology
| | - Jeong Hoon Kim
- Medical Proteomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology
| | | | | | - Sayeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University
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Perron MD, Chowdhury S, Aubry I, Purisima E, Tremblay ML, Saragovi HU. Allosteric noncompetitive small molecule selective inhibitors of CD45 tyrosine phosphatase suppress T-cell receptor signals and inflammation in vivo. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 85:553-63. [PMID: 24473749 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.089847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CD45 is a receptor-like member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. We screened in silico for small molecules binding at a predicted allosteric pocket unique to the CD45 intracellular domain, and validated inhibitors by in vitro phosphatase assays. Compound 211 exhibited a CD45 IC50 value of 200 nM and had >100-fold selectivity over six related PTPs. The relevance of the allosteric pocket was verified through site-directed mutagenesis. Compound 211 has a noncompetitive mechanism of action, and it is extremely effective at preventing dephosphorylation of substrate Lck phosphotyrosine (pY)-505 versus preventing dephosphorylation of Lck pY-393. In cultured primary T cells, compound 211 prevents T-cell receptor-mediated activation of Lck, Zap-70, and mitogen-activated protein kinase, and interleukin-2 production. In a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in vivo, compound 211 abolished inflammation. This work demonstrates a novel approach to develop effective allosteric inhibitors that can be expanded to target the corresponding allosteric domains of other receptor PTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Perron
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital (M.P., S.C., H.U.S.), Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.P., H.U.S.), Biochemistry (I.A., E.P., M.L.T.), and Oncology (H.U.S.), Goodman Cancer Research Center (M.L.T.), and Segal Cancer Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (H.U.S.); and Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (E.P.)
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34
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Muise A, Rotin D. Apical junction complex proteins and ulcerative colitis: a focus on thePTPRSgene. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 8:465-77. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.8.4.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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35
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An J, Nakajima T, Shibata H, Arimura T, Yasunami M, Kimura A. A novel link of HLA locus to the regulation of immunity and infection: NFKBIL1 regulates alternative splicing of human immune-related genes and influenza virus M gene. J Autoimmun 2013; 47:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Transcriptome-wide RNA interaction profiling reveals physical and functional targets of hnRNP L in human T cells. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 34:71-83. [PMID: 24164894 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00740-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA processing factor hnRNP L is required for T cell development and function. However, the spectrum of direct targets of hnRNP L activity in T cells has yet to be defined. In this study, we used cross-linking and immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (CLIP-seq) to identify the RNA binding sites of hnRNP L within the transcriptomes of human CD4(+) and cultured Jurkat T cells. We find that hnRNP L binds preferentially to transcripts encoding proteins involved in RNA processing and in Wnt and T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. This binding is largely conserved across both quiescent and activated T cells, in agreement with the critical role of hnRNP L throughout T cell biology. Importantly, based on the binding profile of hnRNP L, we validate numerous instances of hnRNP L-dependent alternative splicing of genes critical to T cell function. We further show that alternative exons with weak 5' splice site sequences specifically show a strong correlation between hnRNP L binding and hnRNP L-dependent splicing regulation. Together, these data provide the first transcriptome-wide analysis of the RNA targets of hnRNP L in lymphoid cells and add to the functional understanding of hnRNP L in human biology.
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Hendriks WJAJ, Pulido R. Protein tyrosine phosphatase variants in human hereditary disorders and disease susceptibilities. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1673-96. [PMID: 23707412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reversible tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins is a key regulatory mechanism to steer normal development and physiological functioning of multicellular organisms. Phosphotyrosine dephosphorylation is exerted by members of the super-family of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) enzymes and many play such essential roles that a wide variety of hereditary disorders and disease susceptibilities in man are caused by PTP alleles. More than two decades of PTP research has resulted in a collection of PTP genetic variants with corresponding consequences at the molecular, cellular and physiological level. Here we present a comprehensive overview of these PTP gene variants that have been linked to disease states in man. Although the findings have direct bearing for disease diagnostics and for research on disease etiology, more work is necessary to translate this into therapies that alleviate the burden of these hereditary disorders and disease susceptibilities in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiljan J A J Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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38
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Martinez NM, Lynch KW. Control of alternative splicing in immune responses: many regulators, many predictions, much still to learn. Immunol Rev 2013; 253:216-36. [PMID: 23550649 PMCID: PMC3621013 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most mammalian pre-mRNAs are alternatively spliced in a manner that alters the resulting open reading frame. Consequently, alternative pre-mRNA splicing provides an important RNA-based layer of protein regulation and cellular function. The ubiquitous nature of alternative splicing coupled with the advent of technologies that allow global interrogation of the transcriptome have led to an increasing awareness of the possibility that widespread changes in splicing patterns contribute to lymphocyte function during an immune response. Indeed, a few notable examples of alternative splicing have clearly been demonstrated to regulate T-cell responses to antigen. Moreover, several proteins key to the regulation of splicing in T cells have recently been identified. However, much remains to be done to truly identify the spectrum of genes that are regulated at the level of splicing in immune cells and to determine how many of these are controlled by currently known factors and pathways versus unknown mechanisms. Here, we describe the proteins, pathways, and mechanisms that have been shown to regulate alternative splicing in human T cells and discuss what is and is not known about the genes regulated by such factors. Finally, we highlight unifying themes with regards to the mechanisms and consequences of alternative splicing in the adaptive immune system and give our view of important directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Martinez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6059, USA
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Stanford SM, Rapini N, Bottini N. Regulation of TCR signalling by tyrosine phosphatases: from immune homeostasis to autoimmunity. Immunology 2012; 137:1-19. [PMID: 22862552 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2012.03591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
More than half of the known protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in the human genome are expressed in T cells, and significant progress has been made in elucidating the biology of these enzymes in T-cell development and function. Here we provide a systematic review of the current understanding of the roles of PTPs in T-cell activation, providing insight into their mechanisms of action and regulation in T-cell receptor signalling, the phenotypes of their genetically modified mice, and their possible involvement in T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Our projection is that the interest in PTPs as mediators of T-cell homeostasis will continue to rise with further functional analysis of these proteins, and PTPs will be increasingly considered as targets of immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Stanford
- Division of Cellular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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40
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Hendriks WJAJ, Elson A, Harroch S, Pulido R, Stoker A, den Hertog J. Protein tyrosine phosphatases in health and disease. FEBS J 2012; 280:708-30. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ari Elson
- Department of Molecular Genetics; The Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot; Israel
| | - Sheila Harroch
- Department of Neuroscience; Institut Pasteur; Paris; France
| | - Rafael Pulido
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe; Valencia; Spain
| | - Andrew Stoker
- Neural Development Unit; Institute of Child Health; University College London; UK
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41
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He R, Zeng LF, He Y, Zhang S, Zhang ZY. Small molecule tools for functional interrogation of protein tyrosine phosphatases. FEBS J 2012; 280:731-50. [PMID: 22816879 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The importance of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in the regulation of cellular signalling is well established. Malfunction of PTP activity is also known to be associated with cancer, metabolic syndromes and autoimmune disorders, as well as neurodegenerative and infectious diseases. However, a detailed understanding of the roles played by the PTPs in normal physiology and in pathogenic conditions has been hampered by the absence of PTP-specific small molecule agents. In addition, the therapeutic benefits of modulating this target class are underexplored as a result of a lack of suitable chemical probes. Potent and specific PTP inhibitors could significantly facilitate functional analysis of the PTPs in complex cellular signal transduction pathways and may constitute valuable therapeutics in the treatment of several human diseases. We highlight the current challenges to and opportunities for developing PTP-specific small molecule agents. We also review available selective small molecule inhibitors developed for a number of PTPs, including PTP1B, TC-PTP, SHP2, lymphoid-specific tyrosine phosphatase, haematopoietic protein tyrosine phosphatase, CD45, PTPβ, PTPγ, PTPRO, Vaccinia H1-related phosphatase, mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1, mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-3, Cdc25, YopH, mPTPA and mPTPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Schmidt F, van den Eijnden M, Pescini Gobert R, Saborio GP, Carboni S, Alliod C, Pouly S, Staugaitis SM, Dutta R, Trapp B, Hooft van Huijsduijnen R. Identification of VHY/Dusp15 as a regulator of oligodendrocyte differentiation through a systematic genomics approach. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40457. [PMID: 22792334 PMCID: PMC3394735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disease characterized by a progressive loss of myelin and a failure of oligodendrocyte (OL)-mediated remyelination, particularly in the progressive phases of the disease. An improved understanding of the signaling mechanisms that control differentiation of OL precursors may lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets for remyelination in MS. About 100 mammalian Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases (PTPs) are known, many of which are involved in signaling both in health and disease. We have undertaken a systematic genomic approach to evaluate PTP gene activity in multiple sclerosis autopsies and in related in vivo and in vitro models of the disease. This effort led to the identification of Dusp15/VHY, a PTP previously believed to be expressed only in testis, as being transcriptionally regulated during OL differentiation and in MS lesions. Subsequent RNA interference studies revealed that Dusp15/VHY is a key regulator of OL differentiation. Finally, we identified PDGFR-beta and SNX6 as novel and specific Dusp15 substrates, providing an indication as to how this PTP might exert control over OL differentiation.
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Martinez NM, Pan Q, Cole BS, Yarosh CA, Babcock GA, Heyd F, Zhu W, Ajith S, Blencowe BJ, Lynch KW. Alternative splicing networks regulated by signaling in human T cells. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 18:1029-40. [PMID: 22454538 PMCID: PMC3334690 DOI: 10.1261/rna.032243.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The formation and execution of a productive immune response requires the maturation of competent T cells and a robust change in cellular activity upon antigen challenge. Such changes in cellular function depend on regulated alterations to protein expression. Previous research has focused on defining transcriptional changes that regulate protein expression during T-cell maturation and antigen stimulation. Here, we globally analyze another critical process in gene regulation during T-cell stimulation, alternative splicing. Specifically, we use RNA-seq profiling to identify 178 exons in 168 genes that exhibit robust changes in inclusion in response to stimulation of a human T-cell line. Supporting an important role for the global coordination of alternative splicing following T-cell stimulation, these signal-responsive exons are significantly enriched in genes with functional annotations specifically related to immune response. The vast majority of these genes also exhibit differential alternative splicing between naive and activated primary T cells. Comparison of the responsiveness of splicing to various stimuli in the cultured and primary T cells further reveals at least three distinct networks of signal-induced alternative splicing events. Importantly, we find that each regulatory network is specifically associated with distinct sequence features, suggesting that they are controlled by independent regulatory mechanisms. These results thus provide a basis for elucidating mechanisms of signal pathway-specific regulation of alternative splicing during T-cell stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Martinez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6059, USA
| | - Qun Pan
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research and
| | - Brian S. Cole
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6059, USA
| | - Christopher A. Yarosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6059, USA
| | - Grace A. Babcock
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6059, USA
| | - Florian Heyd
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6059, USA
| | - William Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6059, USA
| | - Sandya Ajith
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6059, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Blencowe
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research and
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - Kristen W. Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6059, USA
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Rhee I, Veillette A. Protein tyrosine phosphatases in lymphocyte activation and autoimmunity. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:439-47. [PMID: 22513334 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte activation must be tightly regulated to ensure sufficient immunity to pathogens and prevent autoimmunity. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) serve critical roles in this regulation by controlling the functions of key receptors and intracellular signaling molecules in lymphocytes. In some cases, PTPs inhibit lymphocyte activation, whereas in others they promote it. Here we discuss recent progress in elucidating the roles and mechanisms of action of PTPs in lymphocyte activation. We also review the accumulating evidence that genetic alterations in PTPs are involved in human autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmoo Rhee
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Sobhia ME, Paul S, Shinde R, Potluri M, Gundam V, Kaur A, Haokip T. Protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors: a patent review (2002 – 2011). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:125-53. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.661414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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46
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Motta-Mena LB, Smith SA, Mallory MJ, Jackson J, Wang J, Lynch KW. A disease-associated polymorphism alters splicing of the human CD45 phosphatase gene by disrupting combinatorial repression by heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs). J Biol Chem 2011; 286:20043-53. [PMID: 21507955 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.218727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing is typically controlled by complexes of regulatory proteins that bind to sequences within or flanking variable exons. The identification of regulatory sequence motifs and the characterization of sequence motifs bound by splicing regulatory proteins have been essential to predicting splicing regulation. The activation-responsive sequence (ARS) motif has previously been identified in several exons that undergo changes in splicing upon T cell activation. hnRNP L binds to this ARS motif and regulates ARS-containing exons; however, hnRNP L does not function alone. Interestingly, the proteins that bind together with hnRNP L differ for different exons that contain the ARS core motif. Here we undertake a systematic mutational analysis of the best characterized context of the ARS motif, namely the ESS1 sequence from CD45 exon 4, to understand the determinants of binding specificity among the components of the ESS1 regulatory complex and the relationship between protein binding and function. We demonstrate that different mutations within the ARS motif affect specific aspects of regulatory function and disrupt the binding of distinct proteins. Most notably, we demonstrate that the C77G polymorphism, which correlates with autoimmune disease susceptibility in humans, disrupts exon silencing by preventing the redundant activity of hnRNPs K and E2 to compensate for the weakened function of hnRNP L. Therefore, these studies provide an important example of the functional relevance of combinatorial function in splicing regulation and suggest that additional polymorphisms may similarly disrupt function of the ESS1 silencer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Motta-Mena
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390-8816, USA
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Zhang S, Zheng M, Kibe R, Huang Y, Marrero L, Warren S, Zieske AW, Iwakuma T, Kolls JK, Cui Y. Trp53 negatively regulates autoimmunity via the STAT3-Th17 axis. FASEB J 2011; 25:2387-98. [PMID: 21471252 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-175299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the tumor suppressor p53 is also a crucial regulator for many physiological processes. Previous observations indicate that p53 suppresses inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory antigen-presenting cells. To investigate the potential role of p53 in autoimmune effector T cells, we generated p53(null)CD45.1 mice by crossing p53(null)CD45.2 and CD45.1 mice. We demonstrate that p53(null)CD45.1 mice spontaneously developed autoimmunity, with a significant increase in IL-17-producing Th17 effectors in their lymph nodes (4.7 ± 1.0%) compared to the age-matched counterparts (1.9 ± 0.8% for p53(null)CD45.2, 1.1 ± 0.2% for CD45.1, and 0.5 ± 0.1% for CD45.2 mice). Likewise, p53(null)CD45.1 mice possess highly elevated serum levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-17 and IL-6. This enhanced Th17 response results largely from an increased sensitivity of p53(null)CD45.1 T cells to IL-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation. Administration of STAT3 inhibitor S31-201 (IC50 of 38.0 ± 7.2 μM for IL-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation), but not PBS control, to p53(null)CD45.1 mice suppressed Th17 effectors and alleviated autoimmune pathology. This is the first report revealing that p53 activity in T cells suppresses autoimmunity by controlling Th17 effectors. This study suggests that p53 serves as a guardian of immunological functions and that the p53-STAT3-Th17 axis might be a therapeutic target for autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhong Zhang
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 533 Bolivar St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Ramanujam R, Pirskanen R, Hammarström L. The CD45 77C/G allele is not associated with myasthenia gravis - a reassessment of the potential role of CD45 in autoimmunity. BMC Res Notes 2010; 3:292. [PMID: 21067564 PMCID: PMC2991343 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-3-292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The G allele of the CD45 77C/G SNP (rs17612648), which has previously been suggested to be associated with autoimmune disorders, was genotyped in 446 Swedish myasthenia gravis (MG) patients and 2303 matched controls. Results There was no association between the polymorphism and patient group as a whole (p = 0.199), nor with clinical subgroups. Our results add to a growing number of studies unable to find association between the 77C/G polymorphism and autoimmune disorders. One control sample, from an adult blood donor, was homozygous for the G allele, yet negative for a panel of auto-antibodies, representing the first homozygous individual studied in this respect. Conclusions The 77C/G mutation does not predispose to MG, and its role in autoimmunity may have to be re-evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Ramanujam
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Arimura Y, Yagi J. Comprehensive expression profiles of genes for protein tyrosine phosphatases in immune cells. Sci Signal 2010; 3:rs1. [PMID: 20807954 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of signaling molecules play a crucial role in various cellular processes, including immune responses. To date, the global expression profile of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in various immune cells has not been described. With the RefDIC (Reference Genomics Database of Immune Cells) database compiled by RIKEN (Rikagaku Kenkyusho), we examined the expression patterns of PTP-encoding genes in mice and identified between 57 and 64 PTP-encoding genes (depending on cutoff values) that were commonly expressed in immune cells. Cells of different lineages contained additional, unique PTP-encoding genes, which resulted in a total of 58 to 76 genes. Compared with cells from nonimmune tissues, immune cells exhibited enhanced expression of the genes encoding 8 PTP-encoding genes, including Ptprc, Ptpn6, and Ptpn22, but had barely detectable expression of 11 PTP-encoding genes, including Ptprd and Tns1. Each immune cell lineage had between 2 and 18 PTP-encoding genes expressed at relatively high or low extents relative to the average expression among immune cells; for example, Ptprj in B cells, Dusp3 in macrophages, Ptpro in dendritic cells, and Ptprg in mast cells. These PTPs potentially play important roles in each cell lineage, and our analysis provides insight for future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Arimura
- Microbiology and Immunology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, 8-1 Kawada, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
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Jacobsen M, Repsilber D, Kleinsteuber K, Gutschmidt A, Schommer-Leitner S, Black G, Walzl G, Kaufmann SHE. Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 is affected in T-cells from tuberculosisTB patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 17:1323-31. [PMID: 20673263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
T-cells and T-cell-derived cytokines are crucial mediators of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, but these factors are insufficient as biomarkers for disease susceptibility. In order to define T-cell molecules involved in tuberculosis (TB), we compared gene expression profiles of T-cells from patients with active TB, healthy donors with latent M. tuberculosis infection (LTBIs) and non-infected healthy donors (NIDs) by microarray analysis. Pathway-focused analyses identified a prevalent subset of candidate genes involved in the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription signalling pathway, including those encoding suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) molecules, in the subset of protection-associated genes. Differential expression was verified by quantitative PCR analysis for the cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CISH), SOCS3, JAK3, interleukin-2 receptor α-chain (IL2RA), and the proto-oncogene serine/threonine protein kinase (PIM1). Classification analyses revealed that this set of molecules was able to discriminate efficiently between T-cells from TB patients and those from LTBIs, and, notably, to achieve optimal discrimination between LTBIs and NIDs. Further characterization by quantitative PCR revealed highly variable candidate gene expression in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells from TB patients and only minor differences between CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subpopulations. These results point to a role of cytokine receptor signalling regulation in T-cells in susceptibility to TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jacobsen
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
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