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Sun S, Zhang Y, Gu X, Li D, Liu W, Zhang P, Niu J, Lu J, Chai L. Chinese herbal formula, modified Guilu Erxian glue, alleviates apoptosis of hematopoietic stem cells by regulating SLAM-SAP signal pathway in aplastic anemia mice model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 335:118575. [PMID: 39009326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Guilu Erxian Glue (GEG) and Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT) are traditional Chinese herbal formulas. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, the combination of those two formulas (Modified Guilu Erxian Glue, MGEG) has the effects of tonifying the kidney and producing blood, was usually used to treat bone marrow failure diseases, including aplastic anemia (AA). AIM OF THE STUDY T lymphocytes play a crucial role in the disease pathogenesis and progression of AA. Our preliminary results confirmed that GEG can improve the damage of hematopoietic stem cells in mice, while DBT can reduce the proliferation and differentiation of T lymphocytes and inhibit the production of IFN-γ. We hypothesized that the combination of those two herbal formulas could inhibit immune attack and restore hematopoietic function through multiple mechanisms. In this study, we aim to study the curative effect of MGEG on regulating the expression of Signal lymphocyte activating molecule (SLAM), an activation-related molecule in T lymphocytes, thereby suppressing the immune function of T cells and decelerating the damage to hematopoietic stem cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS High-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry system was used to identify the components of the MGEG formulation. Induction of aplastic anemia mouse model by injecting allogeneic lymphocyte suspension into BABL/c mice after ionizing radiation. Cyclosporine A (CsA) was used as a positive control drug. Flow cytometry was used to detect the number and apoptosis rate of hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to measure the levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α. Immunofluorescence staining was used to assess the expression of T-bet and SLAM-SAP. Western Blot was conducted to examine the expression of activation-related molecules in T lymphocytes and proteins related to the Fas signal pathway. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to observe pathological changes in the bone marrow tissue. Wright-Giemsa staining was utilized to evaluate alterations in the cellular composition and basic structure of the bone marrow cells (BMCs). Transmission electron microscopy was employed to observe changes in the structure and morphology of hematopoietic stem cells. The hematology analyzer was used to detect peripheral blood parameters. RESULTS Twenty-three different components were identified in MGEG. After MGEG treatment, the expression levels of Fyn and SLAM-SAP binding were increased in AA mice, while the expression levels of T-bet were decreased and the secretion of IFN-γ was reduced significantly. Additionally, MGEG also could downregulate the protein levels of Fas, caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-3 in AA mice. CONCLUSION MGEG could attenuate the production of IFN-γ by promoting the SLAM-SAP signal pathway to regulate the generation and distribution of T-bet in T cells. Additionally, it suppresses apoptosis of HSCs through intervention in the Fas-dependent pathway, thereby mitigating immune-mediated damage to HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yingkai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xin Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Dongyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Pingxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jingmin Niu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jinsong Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Limin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
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2
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Wang Y, Quan Y, He J, Chen S, Dong Z. SLAM-family receptors promote resolution of ILC2-mediated inflammation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5056. [PMID: 38871792 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49466-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) initiate early allergic inflammation in the lung, but the factors that promote subsequent resolution of type 2 inflammation and prevent prolonged ILC2 activation are not fully known. Here we show that SLAM-family receptors (SFR) play essential roles in this process. We demonstrate dynamic expression of several SFRs on ILC2s during papain-induced type 2 immunity in mice. SFR deficiency exacerbates ILC2-driven eosinophil infiltration in the lung, and results in a significant increase in IL-13 production by ILC2s exclusively in mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN), leading to increased dendritic cell (DC) and TH2 cell numbers. In MLNs, we observe more frequent interaction between ILC2s and bystander T cells, with T cell-expressed SFRs (especially SLAMF3 and SLAMF5) acting as self-ligands to suppress IL-13 production by ILC2s. Mechanistically, homotypic engagement of SFRs at the interface between ILC2s and T cells delivers inhibitory signaling primarily mediated by SHIP-1. This prevents activation of NF-κB, driven by IL-7 and IL-33, two major drivers of ILC2-mediated type 2 immunity. Thus, our study shows that an ILC2-DC-TH2 regulatory axis may promote the resolution of pulmonary type 2 immune responses, and highlights SLAMF3/SLAMF5 as potential therapeutic targets for ameliorating type 2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuande Wang
- Department of Allergy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Institute of Clinical Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine and Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuhe Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine and Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Junming He
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine and Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shasha Chen
- Department of Allergy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Institute of Clinical Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
- Innovative Institute of Tumor Immunity and Medicine (ITIM), Hefei, 230032, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Hefei, 230032, China.
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Zhongjun Dong
- Department of Allergy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Institute of Clinical Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine and Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Innovative Institute of Tumor Immunity and Medicine (ITIM), Hefei, 230032, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Hefei, 230032, China.
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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3
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Volkmer B, Marchetti T, Aichele P, Schmid JP. Murine Models of Familial Cytokine Storm Syndromes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1448:481-496. [PMID: 39117835 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-59815-9_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a hyperinflammatory disease caused by mutations in effectors and regulators of cytotoxicity in cytotoxic T cells (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells. The complexity of the immune system means that in vivo models are needed to efficiently study diseases like HLH. Mice with defects in the genes known to cause primary HLH (pHLH) are available. However, these mice only develop the characteristic features of HLH after the induction of an immune response (typically through infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus). Nevertheless, murine models have been invaluable for understanding the mechanisms that lead to HLH. For example, the cytotoxic machinery (e.g., the transport of cytotoxic vesicles and the release of granzymes and perforin after membrane fusion) was first characterized in the mouse. Experiments in murine models of pHLH have emphasized the importance of cytotoxic cells, antigen-presenting cells (APC), and cytokines in hyperinflammatory positive feedback loops (e.g., cytokine storms). This knowledge has facilitated the development of treatments for human HLH, some of which are now being tested in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Volkmer
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tommaso Marchetti
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Aichele
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jana Pachlopnik Schmid
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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4
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Are Viral Infections Key Inducers of Autoimmune Diseases? Focus on Epstein–Barr Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091900. [PMID: 36146707 PMCID: PMC9506567 DOI: 10.3390/v14091900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that certain viral infections can trigger the development of autoimmune diseases. However, the exact mechanisms by which these viruses induce autoimmunity are still not understood. In this review, we first describe hypothetical mechanisms by which viruses induce some representative autoimmune diseases. Then, we focus on Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and discuss its role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The discussion is mainly based on our own previous findings that (A) EBV DNA and its products EBV-encoded small RNA (EBER) and latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) are present in the synovial lesions of RA, (B) mRNA expression of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule-associated protein (SAP)/SH2D1A gene that plays a critical role in cellular immune responses to EBV is reduced in the peripheral T cells of patients with RA, and (C) EBV infection of mice reconstituted with human immune system components (humanized mice) induced erosive arthritis that is pathologically similar to RA. Additionally, environmental factors may contribute to EBV reactivation as follows: Porphyromonas gingivalis peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD), an enzyme required for citrullination, engenders antigens leading to the production of citrullinated peptides both in the gingiva and synovium. Anti-citrullinated peptides autoantibody is an important marker for diagnosis and disease activity of RA. These findings, as well as various results obtained by other researchers, strongly suggest that EBV is directly involved in the pathogenesis of RA, a typical autoimmune disease.
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CD4+ Cytotoxic T Cells Involved in the Development of EBV-Associated Diseases. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080831. [PMID: 35894054 PMCID: PMC9330826 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated cytotoxic CD4 T cells (HLA-DR+) play an important role in the control of EBV infection, especially in cells with latency I (EBNA-1). One of the evasion mechanisms of these latency cells is generated by gp42, which, via peripherally binding to the β1 domain of the β chain of MHC class II (HLA-DQ, -DR, and -DP) of the infected B lymphocyte, can block/alter the HLA class II/T-cell receptor (TCR) interaction, and confer an increased level of susceptibility towards the development of EBV-associated autoimmune diseases or cancer in genetically predisposed individuals (HLA-DRB1* and DQB1* alleles). The main developments predisposing the factors of these diseases are: EBV infection; HLA class II risk alleles; sex; and tissue that is infiltrated with EBV-latent cells, forming ectopic lymphoid structures. Therefore, there is a need to identify treatments for eliminating cells with EBV latency, because the current treatments (e.g., antivirals and rituximab) are ineffective.
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6
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Mayberry CL, Logan NA, Wilson JJ, Chang CH. Providing a Helping Hand: Metabolic Regulation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Their Association With Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864949. [PMID: 35493515 PMCID: PMC9047778 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells provide support to B cells upon arrival in the germinal center, and thus are critical for the generation of a robust adaptive immune response. Tfh express specific transcription factors and cellular receptors including Bcl6, CXCR5, PD-1, and ICOS, which are critical for homing and overall function. Generally, the induction of an immune response is tightly regulated. However, deviation during this process can result in harmful autoimmunity or the inability to successfully clear pathogens. Recently, it has been shown that Tfh differentiation, activation, and proliferation may be linked with the cellular metabolic state. In this review we will highlight recent discoveries in Tfh differentiation and explore how these cells contribute to functional immunity in disease, including autoimmune-related disorders, cancer, and of particular emphasis, during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chih-Hao Chang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Chih-Hao Chang,
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7
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Fuess LE, Weber JN, den Haan S, Steinel NC, Shim KC, Bolnick DI. Between-population differences in constitutive and infection-induced gene expression in threespine stickleback. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:6791-6805. [PMID: 34582586 PMCID: PMC8796319 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate immunity is a complex system consisting of a mix of constitutive and inducible defences. Furthermore, host immunity is subject to selective pressure from a range of parasites and pathogens which can produce variation in these defences across populations. As populations evolve immune responses to parasites, they may adapt via a combination of (1) constitutive differences, (2) shared inducible responses, or (3) divergent inducible responses. Here, we leverage a powerful natural host‐parasite model system (Gasterosteus aculeatus and Schistochephalus solidus) to tease apart the relative contributions of these three types of adaptations to among‐population divergence in response to parasites. Gene expression analyses revealed limited evidence of significant divergence in constitutive expression of immune defence, and strong signatures of conserved inducible responses to the parasite. Furthermore, our results highlight a handful of immune‐related genes which show divergent inducible responses which may contribute disproportionately to functional differences in infection success or failure. In addition to investigating variation in evolutionary adaptation to parasite selection, we also leverage this unique data set to improve understanding of cellular mechanisms underlying a putative resistance phenotype (fibrosis). Combined, our results provide a case study in evolutionary immunology showing that a very small number of genes may contribute to genotype differences in infection response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Fuess
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Jesse N Weber
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Stijn den Haan
- International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics (IIIEE), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Natalie C Steinel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kum Chuan Shim
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel I Bolnick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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8
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Gartshteyn Y, Askanase AD, Mor A. SLAM Associated Protein Signaling in T Cells: Tilting the Balance Toward Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:654839. [PMID: 33936082 PMCID: PMC8086963 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.654839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation is the result of the integration of signals across the T cell receptor and adjacent co-receptors. The signaling lymphocyte activation molecules (SLAM) family are transmembrane co-receptors that modulate antigen driven T cell responses. Signal transduction downstream of the SLAM receptor is mediated by the adaptor protein SLAM Associated Protein (SAP), a small intracellular protein with a single SH2 binding domain that can recruit tyrosine kinases as well as shield phosphorylated sites from dephosphorylation. Balanced SLAM-SAP signaling within T cells is required for healthy immunity, with deficiency or overexpression prompting autoimmune diseases. Better understanding of the molecular pathways involved in the intracellular signaling downstream of SLAM could provide treatment targets for these autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniya Gartshteyn
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anca D Askanase
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adam Mor
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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9
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Trefzer A, Kadam P, Wang SH, Pennavaria S, Lober B, Akçabozan B, Kranich J, Brocker T, Nakano N, Irmler M, Beckers J, Straub T, Obst R. Dynamic adoption of anergy by antigen-exhausted CD4 + T cells. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108748. [PMID: 33567282 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhausted immune responses to chronic diseases represent a major challenge to global health. We study CD4+ T cells in a mouse model with regulatable antigen presentation. When the cells are driven through the effector phase and are then exposed to different levels of persistent antigen, they lose their T helper 1 (Th1) functions, upregulate exhaustion markers, resemble naturally anergic cells, and modulate their MAPK, mTORC1, and Ca2+/calcineurin signaling pathways with increasing dose and time. They also become unable to help B cells and, at the highest dose, undergo apoptosis. Transcriptomic analyses show the dynamic adjustment of gene expression and the accumulation of T cell receptor (TCR) signals over a period of weeks. Upon antigen removal, the cells recover their functionality while losing exhaustion and anergy markers. Our data suggest an adjustable response of CD4+ T cells to different levels of persisting antigen and contribute to a better understanding of chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Trefzer
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Pallavi Kadam
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Shu-Hung Wang
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefanie Pennavaria
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Benedikt Lober
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Batuhan Akçabozan
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jan Kranich
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thomas Brocker
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Naoko Nakano
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Experimental Genetics, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e. V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Straub
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Reinhard Obst
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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10
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Wang S, Zhang Q, Hui H, Agrawal K, Karris MAY, Rana TM. An atlas of immune cell exhaustion in HIV-infected individuals revealed by single-cell transcriptomics. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:2333-2347. [PMID: 32954948 PMCID: PMC7646563 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1826361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can cause progressive loss of immune cell function, or exhaustion, which impairs control of virus replication. However, little is known about the development and maintenance, as well as heterogeneity of immune cell exhaustion. Here, we investigated the effects of HIV infection on immune cell exhaustion at the transcriptomic level by analyzing single-cell RNA sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from four healthy subjects (37,847 cells) and six HIV-infected donors (28,610 cells). We identified nine immune cell clusters and eight T cell subclusters, and three of these (exhausted CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and interferon-responsive CD8+ T cells) were detected only in samples from HIV-infected donors. An inhibitory receptor KLRG1 was identified in a HIV-1 specific exhausted CD8+ T cell population expressing KLRG1, TIGIT, and T-betdimEomeshi markers. Ex-vivo antibody blockade of KLRG1 restored the function of HIV-specific exhausted CD8+ T cells demonstrating the contribution of KLRG1+ population to T cell exhaustion and providing an immunotherapy target to treat HIV chronic infection. These data provide a comprehensive analysis of gene signatures associated with immune cell exhaustion during HIV infection, which could be useful in understanding exhaustion mechanisms and developing new cure therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Program in Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- UCSD Center for AIDS Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Program in Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- UCSD Center for AIDS Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hui Hui
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Program in Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Bioinformatics Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kriti Agrawal
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Program in Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Bioinformatics Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maile Ann Young Karris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tariq M. Rana
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Program in Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- UCSD Center for AIDS Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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11
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Bonami RH, Nyhoff LE, McNitt DH, Hulbert C, Felton JL, Kendall PL, Thomas JW. T-B Lymphocyte Interactions Promote Type 1 Diabetes Independently of SLAM-Associated Protein. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:3263-3276. [PMID: 33199538 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule-associated protein (SAP), a critical intracellular signaling molecule for T-B lymphocyte interactions, drives T follicular helper (Tfh) cell development in germinal centers (GCs). High-affinity islet autoantibodies predict type 1 diabetes (T1D) but do not cause β cell destruction. This paradox intimates Tfh cells as key pathologic effectors, consistent with an observed Tfh signature in T1D. To understand how fully developed Tfh (GC Tfh) contribute to different autoimmune processes, we investigated the role of SAP in T1D and autoantibody-mediated arthritis. Whereas spontaneous arthritis depended on SAP in the autoantibody-mediated K/BxN model, organized insulitis and diabetes onset were unabated, despite a blocked anti-insulin vaccine response in SAP-deficient NOD mice. GC Tfh and GC B cell development were blocked by loss of SAP in K/BxN mice. In contrast, although GC B cell formation was markedly reduced in SAP-deficient NOD mice, T cells with a GC Tfh phenotype were found at disease sites. CXCR3+ CCR6- (Tfh1) subset bias was observed among GC Tfh cells infiltrating the pancreas of NOD mice, which was enhanced by loss of SAP NOD T cells override SAP requirement to undergo activation and proliferation in response to Ag presentation, demonstrating the potential for productive cognate T-B lymphocyte interactions in T1D-prone mice. We find that SAP is essential when autoantibody-driven immune complexes promote inflammation but is not required for effective organ-specific autoimmune attack. Thus, Tfh induced in classic GC reactions are dispensable for T1D, but the autoimmune process in the NOD model retains pathogenic Tfh without SAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H Bonami
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232; .,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Lindsay E Nyhoff
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232.,Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232; and
| | - Dudley H McNitt
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Chrys Hulbert
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jamie L Felton
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Peggy L Kendall
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232.,Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232; and
| | - James W Thomas
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232; .,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
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SLAM-SAP-Fyn: Old Players with New Roles in iNKT Cell Development and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194797. [PMID: 31569599 PMCID: PMC6801923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a unique T cell lineage that develop in the thymus and emerge with a memory-like phenotype. Accordingly, following antigenic stimulation, they can rapidly produce copious amounts of Th1 and Th2 cytokines and mediate activation of several immune cells. Thus, it is not surprising that iNKT cells play diverse roles in a broad range of diseases. Given their pivotal roles in host immunity, it is crucial that we understand the mechanisms that govern iNKT cell development and effector functions. Over the last two decades, several studies have contributed to the current knowledge of iNKT cell biology and activity. Collectively, these studies reveal that the thymic development of iNKT cells, their lineage expansion, and functional properties are tightly regulated by a complex network of transcription factors and signaling molecules. While prior studies have clearly established the importance of the SLAM-SAP-Fyn signaling axis in iNKT cell ontogenesis, recent studies provide exciting mechanistic insights into the role of this signaling cascade in iNKT cell development, lineage fate decisions, and functions. Here we summarize the previous literature and discuss the more recent studies that guide our understanding of iNKT cell development and functional responses.
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Yigit B, Wang N, Ten Hacken E, Chen SS, Bhan AK, Suarez-Fueyo A, Katsuyama E, Tsokos GC, Chiorazzi N, Wu CJ, Burger JA, Herzog RW, Engel P, Terhorst C. SLAMF6 as a Regulator of Exhausted CD8 + T Cells in Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1485-1496. [PMID: 31315913 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment in leukemia and solid tumors induces a shift of activated CD8+ cytotoxic T cells to an exhausted state, characterized by loss of proliferative capacity and impaired immunologic synapse formation. Efficient strategies and targets need to be identified to overcome T-cell exhaustion and further improve overall responses in the clinic. Here, we took advantage of the Eμ-TCL1 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and B16 melanoma mouse models to assess the role of the homophilic cell-surface receptor SLAMF6 as an immune-checkpoint regulator. The transfer of SLAMF6+ Eμ-TCL1 cells into SLAMF6-/- recipients, in contrast to wild-type (WT) recipients, significantly induced expansion of a PD-1+ subpopulation among CD3+CD44+CD8+ T cells, which had impaired cytotoxic functions. Conversely, administering anti-SLAMF6 significantly reduced the leukemic burden in Eμ-TCL1 recipient WT mice concomitantly with a loss of PD-1+CD3+CD44+CD8+ T cells with significantly increased effector functions. Anti-SLAMF6 significantly reduced leukemic burden in the peritoneal cavity, a niche where antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is impaired, possibly through activation of CD8+ T cells. Targeting of SLAMF6 affected tumor growth not only in B cell-related leukemia and lymphomas but also in nonhematopoietic tumors such as B16 melanoma, where SLAMF6 is not expressed. In vitro exhausted CD8+ T cells showed increased degranulation when anti-human SLAMF6 was added in culture. Taken together, anti-SLAMF6 both effectively corrected CD8+ T-cell dysfunction and had a direct effect on tumor progression. The outcomes of our studies suggest that targeting SLAMF6 is a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Yigit
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Ninghai Wang
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elisa Ten Hacken
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shih-Shih Chen
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - Atul K Bhan
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Abel Suarez-Fueyo
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eri Katsuyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - George C Tsokos
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - Catherine J Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Roland W Herzog
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Pablo Engel
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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León B, Lund FE. Compartmentalization of dendritic cell and T-cell interactions in the lymph node: Anatomy of T-cell fate decisions. Immunol Rev 2019; 289:84-100. [PMID: 30977197 PMCID: PMC6464380 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Upon receiving cognate and co-stimulatory priming signals from antigen (Ag)-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) in secondary lymphoid tissues, naïve CD4+ T cells differentiate into distinct effector and memory populations. These alternate cell fate decisions, which ultimately control the T-cell functional attributes, are dictated by programming signals provided by Ag-bearing DCs and by other cells that are present in the microenvironment in which T-cell priming occurs. We know that DCs can be subdivided into multiple populations and that the various DC subsets exhibit differential capacities to initiate development of the different CD4+ T-helper populations. What is less well understood is why different subanatomic regions of secondary lymphoid tissues are colonized by distinct populations of Ag-presenting DCs and how the location of these DCs influences the type of T-cell response that will be generated. Here we review how chemokine receptors and their ligands, which position allergen and nematode-activated DCs within different microdomains of secondary lymphoid tissues, contribute to the establishment of IL-4 committed follicular helper T and type 2 helper cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz León
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Frances E. Lund
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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15
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Yigit B, Wang N, Herzog RW, Terhorst C. SLAMF6 in health and disease: Implications for therapeutic targeting. Clin Immunol 2018; 204:3-13. [PMID: 30366106 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Yigit
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ninghai Wang
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roland W Herzog
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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16
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Dragovich MA, Mor A. The SLAM family receptors: Potential therapeutic targets for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:674-682. [PMID: 29729453 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family is comprised of nine distinct receptors (SLAMF1 through SLAMF9) that are expressed on hematopoietic cells. All of these receptors, with the exception of SLAMF4, are homotypic by nature as downstream signaling occurs when hematopoietic cells that express the same SLAM receptor interact. The SLAM family receptor function is largely controlled via SLAM associated protein (SAP) family adaptors. The SAP family adaptors consist of SAP, Ewing sarcoma associated transcript (EAT)-2, and EAT-2-related transducer (ERT). These adaptors associate with the cytoplasmic domain of the SLAM family receptors through phosphorylated tyrosines. Defects in SLAM family members and SAP adaptors have been implicated in causing immune deficiencies. This is exemplified in patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) disease, where SAP undergoes a loss of function mutation. Furthermore, evidence has been accumulating that SLAM family members are potential targets for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This review will discuss the structure and function of the SLAM family receptors and SAP family adaptors, their role in immune regulation, and potential approaches to target this family of receptors therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Dragovich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Adam Mor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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17
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Panchal N, Booth C, Cannons JL, Schwartzberg PL. X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Disease Type 1: A Clinical and Molecular Perspective. Front Immunol 2018; 9:666. [PMID: 29670631 PMCID: PMC5893764 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) was first described in the 1970s as a fatal lymphoproliferative syndrome associated with infection with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). Features include hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), lymphomas, and dysgammaglobulinemias. Molecular cloning of the causative gene, SH2D1A, has provided insight into the nature of disease, as well as helped characterize multiple features of normal immune cell function. Although XLP type 1 (XLP1) provides an example of a primary immunodeficiency in which patients have problems clearing primarily one infectious agent, it is clear that XLP1 is also a disease of severe immune dysregulation, even independent of EBV infection. Here, we describe clinical features of XLP1, how molecular and biological studies of the gene product, SAP, and the associated signaling lymphocyte activation molecule family receptors have provided insight into disease pathogenesis including specific immune cell defects, and current therapeutic approaches including the potential use of gene therapy. Together, these studies have helped change the outcome of this once almost uniformly fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Panchal
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Booth
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer L Cannons
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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18
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Pérez-Mazliah D, Nguyen MP, Hosking C, McLaughlin S, Lewis MD, Tumwine I, Levy P, Langhorne J. Follicular Helper T Cells are Essential for the Elimination of Plasmodium Infection. EBioMedicine 2017; 24:216-230. [PMID: 28888925 PMCID: PMC5652023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells have been shown to be critical for the activation of germinal center (GC) B-cell responses. Similar to other infections, Plasmodium infection activates both GC as well as non-GC B cell responses. Here, we sought to explore whether Tfh cells and GC B cells are required to eliminate a Plasmodium infection. A CD4 T cell-targeted deletion of the gene that encodes Bcl6, the master transcription factor for the Tfh program, resulted in complete disruption of the Tfh response to Plasmodium chabaudi in C57BL/6 mice and consequent disruption of GC responses and IgG responses and the inability to eliminate the otherwise self-resolving chronic P. chabaudi infection. On the other hand, and contrary to previous observations in immunization and viral infection models, Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule (SLAM)-Associated Protein (SAP)-deficient mice were able to activate Tfh cells, GC B cells, and IgG responses to the parasite. This study demonstrates the critical role for Tfh cells in controlling this systemic infection, and highlights differences in the signals required to activate GC B cell responses to this complex parasite compared with those of protein immunizations and viral infections. Therefore, these data are highly pertinent for designing malaria vaccines able to activate broadly protective B-cell responses. Chronic Plasmodium infection cannot be eliminated in the absence of Tfh cell responses. SAP-deficient mice are able to activate GC Tfh and GC B-cell responses to Plasmodium infection. There is a hierarchical requirement for the control of chronic Plasmodium infection following IL-21R > Tfh cells > SAP.
Successful vaccines work through activation of protective B-cell responses. Malaria, caused by Plasmodium infection transmitted by mosquito bites, remains a global threat. Despite substantial efforts, a vaccine able to bring about high levels of protection from Plasmodium infection remains elusive. Here, using an experimental malaria model including natural mosquito transmission, we demonstrate that proper activation of follicular helper CD4+ T cells is essential for the control and eradication of chronic Plasmodium infection through protective B-cell responses. Thus, it is strongly advisable for novel vaccine efforts to monitor the robust activation of this important immune compartment.
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19
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Restimulation-induced T-cell death through NTB-A/SAP signaling pathway is impaired in tuberculosis patients with depressed immune responses. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:716-728. [PMID: 28546549 PMCID: PMC5595630 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Production of IFN-γ contributes to host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. We previously demonstrated that Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule-associated protein (SAP) expression on cells from tuberculosis (TB) patients was inversely correlated with IFN-γ production. Here we first investigated the role of NK, T- and B-cell antigen (NTB-A)/SAP pathway in the regulation of Th1 response against Mtb. Upon antigen stimulation, NTB-A phosphorylation rapidly increases and afterwards modulates IFN-γ and IL-17 secretion. To sustain a healthy immune system, controlled expansion and contraction of lymphocytes, both during and after an adaptive immune response, is essential. Besides, restimulation-induced cell death (RICD) results in an essential homeostatic mechanism for precluding excess T-cell accumulation and associated immunopathology during the course of certain infections. Accordingly, we found that the NTB-A/SAP pathway was required for RICD during active tuberculosis. In low responder (LR) TB patients, impaired RICD was associated with diminished FASL levels, IL-2 production and CD25high expression after cell-restimulation. Interestingly, we next observed that SAP mediated the recruitment of the Src-related kinase FYNT, only in T cells from LR TB patients that were resistant to RICD. Together, we showed that the NTB-A/SAP pathway regulates T-cell activation and RICD during human TB. Moreover, the NTB-A/SAP/FYNT axis promotes polarization to an unfavorable Th2-phenotype.
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20
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Huang YH, Tsai K, Tan SY, Kang S, Ford ML, Harder KW, Priatel JJ. 2B4-SAP signaling is required for the priming of naive CD8 + T cells by antigen-expressing B cells and B lymphoma cells. Oncoimmunology 2016; 6:e1267094. [PMID: 28344876 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1267094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in SH2D1A gene that encodes SAP (SLAM-associated protein) result in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP), a rare primary immunodeficiency disease defined by exquisite sensitivity to the B-lymphotropic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and B cell lymphomas. However, the precise mechanism of how the loss of SAP function contributes to extreme vulnerability to EBV and the development of B cell lymphomas remains unclear. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that SAP is critical for CD8+ T cell immune surveillance of antigen (Ag)-expressing B cells or B lymphoma cells under conditions of defined T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Sh2d1a-/- CD8+ T cells exhibited greatly diminished proliferation relative to wild type when Ag-presenting-B cells or -B lymphoma cells served as the primary Ag-presenting cell (APC). By contrast, Sh2d1a-/- CD8+ T cells responded equivalently to wild-type CD8+ T cells when B cell-depleted splenocytes, melanoma cells or breast carcinoma cells performed Ag presentation. Through application of signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family receptor blocking antibodies or SLAM family receptor-deficient CD8+ T cells and APCs, we found that CD48 engagement on the B cell surface by 2B4 is crucial for initiating SAP-dependent signaling required for the Ag-driven CD8+ T cell proliferation and differentiation. Altogether, a pivotal role for SAP in promoting the expansion and differentiation of B cell-primed viral-specific naive CD8+ T cells may explain the selective immune deficiency of XLP patients to EBV and B cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Huang
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevin Tsai
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sara Y Tan
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sohyeong Kang
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mandy L Ford
- Department of Surgery, Emory University , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kenneth W Harder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John J Priatel
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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21
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Ruffo E, Malacarne V, Larsen SE, Das R, Patrussi L, Wülfing C, Biskup C, Kapnick SM, Verbist K, Tedrick P, Schwartzberg PL, Baldari CT, Rubio I, Nichols KE, Snow AL, Baldanzi G, Graziani A. Inhibition of diacylglycerol kinase α restores restimulation-induced cell death and reduces immunopathology in XLP-1. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:321ra7. [PMID: 26764158 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad1565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP-1) is an often-fatal primary immunodeficiency associated with the exuberant expansion of activated CD8(+) T cells after Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. XLP-1 is caused by defects in signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP), an adaptor protein that modulates T cell receptor (TCR)-induced signaling. SAP-deficient T cells exhibit impaired TCR restimulation-induced cell death (RICD) and diminished TCR-induced inhibition of diacylglycerol kinase α (DGKα), leading to increased diacylglycerol metabolism and decreased signaling through Ras and PKCθ (protein kinase Cθ). We show that down-regulation of DGKα activity in SAP-deficient T cells restores diacylglycerol signaling at the immune synapse and rescues RICD via induction of the proapoptotic proteins NUR77 and NOR1. Pharmacological inhibition of DGKα prevents the excessive CD8(+) T cell expansion and interferon-γ production that occur in SAP-deficient mice after lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection without impairing lytic activity. Collectively, these data highlight DGKα as a viable therapeutic target to reverse the life-threatening EBV-associated immunopathology that occurs in XLP-1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ruffo
- Department of Translational Medicine and Institute for Research and Cure of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Valeria Malacarne
- Department of Translational Medicine and Institute for Research and Cure of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Sasha E Larsen
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Rupali Das
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Laura Patrussi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, BS8 1TH Bristol, UK
| | - Christoph Biskup
- Biomolecular Photonics Group, Jena University Hospital, D 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Senta M Kapnick
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katherine Verbist
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Paige Tedrick
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cosima T Baldari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ignacio Rubio
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care and Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kim E Nichols
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Andrew L Snow
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Gianluca Baldanzi
- Department of Translational Medicine and Institute for Research and Cure of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Andrea Graziani
- Department of Translational Medicine and Institute for Research and Cure of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy. School of Medicine, University Vita e Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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22
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Huang B, Gomez-Rodriguez J, Preite S, Garrett LJ, Harper UL, Schwartzberg PL. CRISPR-Mediated Triple Knockout of SLAMF1, SLAMF5 and SLAMF6 Supports Positive Signaling Roles in NKT Cell Development. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156072. [PMID: 27258160 PMCID: PMC4892526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The SLAM family receptors contribute to diverse aspects of lymphocyte biology and signal via the small adaptor molecule SAP. Mutations affecting SAP lead to X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome Type 1, a severe immunodysregulation characterized by fulminant mononucleosis, dysgammaglobulinemia, and lymphoproliferation/lymphomas. Patients and mice having mutations affecting SAP also lack germinal centers due to a defect in T:B cell interactions and are devoid of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells. However, which and how SLAM family members contribute to these phenotypes remains uncertain. Three SLAM family members: SLAMF1, SLAMF5 and SLAMF6, are highly expressed on T follicular helper cells and germinal center B cells. SLAMF1 and SLAMF6 are also implicated in iNKT development. Although individual receptor knockout mice have limited iNKT and germinal center phenotypes compared to SAP knockout mice, the generation of multi-receptor knockout mice has been challenging, due to the genomic linkage of the genes encoding SLAM family members. Here, we used Cas9/CRISPR-based mutagenesis to generate mutations simultaneously in Slamf1, Slamf5 and Slamf6. Genetic disruption of all three receptors in triple-knockout mice (TKO) did not grossly affect conventional T or B cell development and led to mild defects in germinal center formation post-immunization. However, the TKO worsened defects in iNKT cells development seen in SLAMF6 single gene-targeted mice, supporting data on positive signaling and potential redundancy between these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Huang
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julio Gomez-Rodriguez
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Silvia Preite
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lisa J. Garrett
- Embryonic Stem Cell and Transgenic Mouse Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ursula L. Harper
- Genomics Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pamela L. Schwartzberg
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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van Driel BJ, Liao G, Engel P, Terhorst C. Responses to Microbial Challenges by SLAMF Receptors. Front Immunol 2016; 7:4. [PMID: 26834746 PMCID: PMC4718992 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The SLAMF family (SLAMF) of cell surface glycoproteins is comprised of nine glycoproteins and while SLAMF1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 are self-ligand receptors, SLAMF2 and SLAMF4 interact with each other. Their interactions induce signal transduction networks in trans, thereby shaping immune cell-cell communications. Collectively, these receptors modulate a wide range of functions, such as myeloid cell and lymphocyte development, and T and B cell responses to microbes and parasites. In addition, several SLAMF receptors serve as microbial sensors, which either positively or negatively modulate the function of macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and NK cells in response to microbial challenges. The SLAMF receptor-microbe interactions contribute both to intracellular microbicidal activity as well as to migration of phagocytes to the site of inflammation. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on how the SLAMF receptors and their specific adapters SLAM-associated protein and EAT-2 regulate innate and adaptive immune responses to microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Job van Driel
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Gongxian Liao
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
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Stepwise B-cell-dependent expansion of T helper clonotypes diversifies the T-cell response. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10281. [PMID: 26728651 PMCID: PMC4728444 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen receptor diversity underpins adaptive immunity by providing the ground for clonal selection of lymphocytes with the appropriate antigen reactivity. Current models attribute T cell clonal selection during the immune response to T-cell receptor (TCR) affinity for either foreign or self peptides. Here, we report that clonal selection of CD4(+) T cells is also extrinsically regulated by B cells. In response to viral infection, the antigen-specific TCR repertoire is progressively diversified by staggered clonotypic expansion, according to functional avidity, which correlates with self-reactivity. Clonal expansion of lower-avidity T-cell clonotypes depends on availability of MHC II-expressing B cells, in turn influenced by B-cell activation. B cells clonotypically diversify the CD4(+) T-cell response also to vaccination or tumour challenge, revealing a common effect.
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O’Keeffe MS, Song JH, Liao G, De Calisto J, Halibozek PJ, Mora JR, Bhan AK, Wang N, Reinecker HC, Terhorst C. SLAMF4 Is a Negative Regulator of Expansion of Cytotoxic Intraepithelial CD8+ T Cells That Maintains Homeostasis in the Small Intestine. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:991-1001.e4. [PMID: 25678452 PMCID: PMC4409516 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intraepithelial T lymphocyte cells (IEL) are the first immune cells to respond to pathogens; they help maintain the integrity of the epithelial barrier. We studied the function of the mouse glycoprotein Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule Family receptor (SLAMF) 4 (encoded by Slamf4) on the surface of CD8αβ αβ T-cell receptor (TCR)(+) IELs, and the roles of these cells in homeostasis of the small intestine in mice. METHODS SLAMF4(-) CD8(+) αβTCR(+) cells isolated from spleens of OT-I Rag1(-/-) mice were induced to express gut-homing receptors and transferred to C57BL/6J mice; levels of SLAMF4(+) cells were measured in small intestine tissues. After administration of anti-CD3 or antigen, with or without anti-SLAM4, to C57BL/6J and Slamf4(-/-) mice, CD8αβ αβTCR(+) IELs were collected; cytokine production and cytotoxicity were measured. Depletion of CX3CR1(+) phagocytes was assessed in mice by live-cell confocal imaging or by cytofluorometry; small intestine tissues were analyzed by histology and inflammation was quantified. RESULTS Splenic CD8(+) αβTCR(+) cells began to express SLAMF4 only after migrating to the small intestine. Injection of C57BL/6J mice with anti-SLAMF4 and anti-CD3 increased levels of interleukin 10 and interferon gamma secretion by IEL, compared with injection of anti-CD3 only. Similarly, the number of granzyme B(+) cytotoxic CD8(+) αβTCR(+) IELs increased in Slamf4(-/-) mice after injection of anti-CD3 and anti-SLAMF4, administration of antigen, or injection of anti-CD3. Surprisingly, in vivo activation of CD8αβ(+) IELs with anti-CD3 or antigen caused transient depletion of CX3CR1(+) phagocytes, which was prolonged by co-injection with anti-SLAMF4 or in Slamf4(-/-) mice. Anti-CD3 aggravated inflammation in the small intestines of Slamf4(-/-) mice and Eat2a(-/-)Eat2b(-/-) mice, indicated by flattened villi and crypt hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS In mice, the intestinal environment induces SLAMF4 expression and localization to the surface of CD8(+) αβTCR(+) IELs. Signaling via SLAMF4 controls expansion of cytotoxic CD8αβ(+) IELs, which regulate the reversible depletion of lamina propria phagocytes and inflammation in the small intestine.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/deficiency
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Homeostasis
- Hyperplasia
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Phagocytes/immunology
- Phagocytes/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/deficiency
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. O’Keeffe
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115. USA
| | - Joo-Hye Song
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114. USA
| | - Gongxian Liao
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115. USA. Tel: 1-617-735-4141, Fax: (617) 735-4140
| | - Jaime De Calisto
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115. USA
| | - Peter J. Halibozek
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115. USA
| | - J. Rodrigo Mora
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114. USA
| | - Atul K. Bhan
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ninghai Wang
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115. USA
| | - Hans-Christian Reinecker
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114. USA
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115. USA. Tel: (617) 735-4131; Fax: (617) 735-4135
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Wang N, Halibozek PJ, Yigit B, Zhao H, O'Keeffe MS, Sage P, Sharpe A, Terhorst C. Negative Regulation of Humoral Immunity Due to Interplay between the SLAMF1, SLAMF5, and SLAMF6 Receptors. Front Immunol 2015; 6:158. [PMID: 25926831 PMCID: PMC4396446 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas the SLAMF-associated protein (SAP) is involved in differentiation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and antibody responses, the precise requirements of SLAMF receptors in humoral immune responses are incompletely understood. By analyzing mice with targeted disruptions of the Slamf1, Slamf5, and Slamf6 genes, we found that both T-dependent and T-independent antibody responses were twofold higher compared to those in single knockout mice. These data suggest a suppressive synergy of SLAMF1, SLAMF5, and SLAMF6 in humoral immunity, which contrasts the decreased antibody responses resulting from a defective GC reaction in the absence of the adapter SAP. In adoptive co-transfer assays, both [Slamf1 + 5 + 6]−/− B and T cells were capable of inducing enhanced antibody responses, but more pronounced enhancement was observed after adoptive transfer of [Slamf1 + 5 + 6]−/− B cells compared to that of [Slamf1 + 5 + 6]−/− T cells. In support of [Slamf1 + 5 + 6]−/− B cell intrinsic activity, [Slamf1 + 5 + 6]−/− mice also mounted significantly higher antibody responses to T-independent type 2 antigen. Furthermore, treatment of mice with anti-SLAMF6 monoclonal antibody results in severe inhibition of the development of Tfh cells and GC B cells, confirming a suppressive effect of SLAMF6. Taken together, these results establish SLAMF1, SLAMF5, and SLAMF6 as important negative regulators of humoral immune response, consistent with the notion that SLAM family receptors have dual functions in immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninghai Wang
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Peter J Halibozek
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Burcu Yigit
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Hui Zhao
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Michael S O'Keeffe
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Peter Sage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Arlene Sharpe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
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27
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de Jesus AA, Canna SW, Liu Y, Goldbach-Mansky R. Molecular mechanisms in genetically defined autoinflammatory diseases: disorders of amplified danger signaling. Annu Rev Immunol 2015; 33:823-74. [PMID: 25706096 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Patients with autoinflammatory diseases present with noninfectious fever flares and systemic and/or disease-specific organ inflammation. Their excessive proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses can be life threatening and lead to organ damage over time. Studying such patients has revealed genetic defects that have helped unravel key innate immune pathways, including excessive IL-1 signaling, constitutive NF-κB activation, and, more recently, chronic type I IFN signaling. Discoveries of monogenic defects that lead to activation of proinflammatory cytokines have inspired the use of anticytokine-directed treatment approaches that have been life changing for many patients and have led to the approval of IL-1-blocking agents for a number of autoinflammatory conditions. In this review, we describe the genetically characterized autoinflammatory diseases, we summarize our understanding of the molecular pathways that drive clinical phenotypes and that continue to inspire the search for novel treatment targets, and we provide a conceptual framework for classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Almeida de Jesus
- Translational Autoinflammatory Diseases Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892;
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28
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Liu J, Tian W, Wang F, Teng W, Zhang Y, Tong C, Zhang C, Ju Y, Zhang B, Zhao S, Liu H. Maternal onset de novo SH2D1A mutation and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in a patient with X‑linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1: a case report. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:3291-4. [PMID: 25572984 PMCID: PMC4368086 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
X‑linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1 (XLP1) is a rare genetic immunodeficiency disease, which occurs due to germline mutations in the SH2D1A gene. This gene has been reported to encode the adaptor molecule signaling lymphocytic activation molecule‑associated protein XLP1 is generally triggered by the Epstein‑Barr virus (EBV) infection. The present study reported the case of a 4‑year‑old male who presented with a high fever, hypogammaglobulinemia, diffuse lung disease and encephalitis. The patient was infected with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), not EBV or any other human herpes virus. The patient was found to carry a SH2D1A c.7G>T/p.A3S mutation, which was inherited from the mother and maternal grandfather, as well as a SH2D1A c.228T>A/p.Y76X mutation, which was identified to be a maternal‑onset de novo mutation at the time of germline development of the patient's mother. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first reported case of maternal‑onset XLP1 with a de novo SH2D1A mutation and LCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Beijing Children's Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Tian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Beijing Daopei Hospital, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Wen Teng
- Department of Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Beijing Daopei Hospital, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Beijing Daopei Hospital, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Chunrong Tong
- Department of Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Beijing Daopei Hospital, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Chonglin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jinagsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Ying Ju
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Bingchang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Shunying Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Beijing Children's Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, P.R. China
| | - Hongxing Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Beijing Daopei Hospital, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
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29
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An YF, Luo XB, Yang X, Wang J, Li L, Zhao XD. Clinical and molecular characteristics of Chinese patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome type 1. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014; 61:2043-7. [PMID: 25044636 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome type 1 (XLP1) is a rare inherited, life-threatening immunodeficiency disorder caused by mutations in SH2D1A gene. It affect approximately two to three males per million. Fewer than 10 cases with definite gene mutations have been reported in Chinese mainland and no rapid diagnosis method has been established. PROCEDURE We determined the clinical and molecular characteristics of five patients with XLP1. The SH2D1A gene were amplified by PCR and sequenced, the SAP expression was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Two patients had novel SH2D1A mutations and three had mutations that have been previously reported. Three patients presented with fulminant infectious mononucleosis or hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and one presented with lymphoma. Null or decreased SAP expression on PBMCs was noted. The remaining patient presented with unique, recurrent, nonfulminant infectious mononucleosis and bimodal intracellular SAP protein expression. CONCLUSIONS The overall molecular characteristics and clinical phenotypes of Chinese patients with XLP1 matched previous reports. The unique bimodal intracellular SAP protein expression indicated the presence of some residual SAP-positive T cells that are able to respond to persistent Epstein-Barr virus infection and could explain the relatively mild clinical phenotype of this patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fei An
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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30
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Huang YH, Tsai K, Ma C, Vallance BA, Priatel JJ, Tan R. SLAM-SAP signaling promotes differentiation of IL-17-producing T cells and progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5841-53. [PMID: 25362182 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IL-17 plays critical roles in host defenses, combating bacterial and fungal infections, as well as the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The signaling adaptor SAP is essential for normal immune homeostasis and mutations within SH2D1A, the locus encoding this protein, result in serious and sometimes fatal syndromes, including X-linked lymphoproliferative disease and severe cases of common variable immunodeficiency. However, the precise cellular basis of how SAP deficiency contributes to immune dysfunction remains incompletely understood. In this study, we found that CD4 and CD8 T cells lacking SAP had a diminished capacity to differentiate into IL-17-producing Th17 and T cytotoxic (Tc17) cells relative to wild-type lymphocytes. The use of costimulating SLAM Abs was found to augment the differentiation of IL-17-secreting effectors in wild-type but not Sh2d1a(-/-) splenic T cells under IL-17-polarizing conditions. In addition, SAP's regulation of IL-17-secreting T cells was shown to be a T cell-intrinsic role, as purified naive Sh2d1a(-/-) CD4 and CD8 T cells were inherently defective at converting into Th17 and Tc17 cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, Sh2d1a(-/-) mice were protected from EAE and exhibited greatly decreased numbers of CNS-infiltrating Th17 and Tc17 effector T cells and reduced disease severity. Collectively, these results suggest that SLAM-SAP signaling drives the differentiation and function of Th17 and Tc17 cells in vitro and in vivo and contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmunity in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Huang
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Kevin Tsai
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Caixia Ma
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada; and
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada; and
| | - John J Priatel
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada;
| | - Rusung Tan
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Pathology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
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31
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Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH): A heterogeneous spectrum of cytokine-driven immune disorders. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 26:263-80. [PMID: 25466631 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) comprises a group of life-threatening immune disorders classified into primary or secondary HLH. The former is caused by mutations in genes involved in granule-mediated cytotoxicity, the latter occurs in a context of infections, malignancies or autoimmune/autoinflammatory disorders. Both are characterized by systemic inflammation, severe cytokine storms and immune-mediated organ damage. Despite recent advances, the pathogenesis of HLH remains incompletely understood. Animal models resembling different subtypes of HLH are therefore of great value to study this disease and to uncover novel treatment strategies. In this review, all known animal models of HLH will be discussed, highlighting findings on cell types, cytokines and signaling pathways involved in disease pathogenesis and extrapolating therapeutic implications for the human situation.
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32
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Prince AL, Watkin LB, Yin CC, Selin LK, Kang J, Schwartzberg PL, Berg LJ. Innate PLZF+CD4+ αβ T cells develop and expand in the absence of Itk. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:673-87. [PMID: 24928994 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
T cell development in the thymus produces multiple lineages of cells, including innate T cells. Studies in mice harboring alterations in TCR signaling proteins or transcriptional regulators have revealed an expanded population of CD4(+) innate T cells in the thymus that produce IL-4 and express the transcription factor promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF). In these mice, IL-4 produced by the CD4(+)PLZF(+) T cell population leads to the conversion of conventional CD8(+) thymocytes into innate CD8(+) T cells resembling memory T cells expressing eomesodermin. The expression of PLZF, the signature invariant NKT cell transcription factor, in these innate CD4(+) T cells suggests that they might be a subset of αβ or γδ TCR(+) NKT cells or mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. To address these possibilities, we characterized the CD4(+)PLZF(+) innate T cells in itk(-/-) mice. We show that itk(-/-) innate PLZF(+)CD4(+) T cells are not CD1d-dependent NKT cells, MR1-dependent MAIT cells, or γδ T cells. Furthermore, although the itk(-/-) innate PLZF(+)CD4(+) T cells express αβ TCRs, neither β2-microglobulin-dependent MHC class I nor any MHC class II molecules are required for their development. In contrast to invariant NKT cells and MAIT cells, this population has a highly diverse TCRα-chain repertoire. Analysis of peripheral tissues indicates that itk(-/-) innate PLZF(+)CD4(+) T cells preferentially home to spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes owing to increased expression of gut-homing receptors, and that their expansion is regulated by commensal gut flora. These data support the conclusion that itk(-/-) innate PLZF(+)CD4(+) T cells are a novel subset of innate T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Prince
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Levi B Watkin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Catherine C Yin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Liisa K Selin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Joonsoo Kang
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Leslie J Berg
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
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33
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Mathew R, Mao AP, Chiang AH, Bertozzi-Villa C, Bunker JJ, Scanlon ST, McDonald BD, Constantinides MG, Hollister K, Singer JD, Dent AL, Dinner AR, Bendelac A. A negative feedback loop mediated by the Bcl6-cullin 3 complex limits Tfh cell differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1137-51. [PMID: 24863065 PMCID: PMC4042651 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20132267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bcl6 and E3 ligase cullin 3 complexes mediate negative feedback regulation during thymocyte development and T cell activation to restrain exaggerated Tfh responses. Induction of Bcl6 (B cell lymphoma 6) is essential for T follicular helper (Tfh) cell differentiation of antigen-stimulated CD4+ T cells. Intriguingly, we found that Bcl6 was also highly and transiently expressed during the CD4+CD8+ (double positive [DP]) stage of T cell development, in association with the E3 ligase cullin 3 (Cul3), a novel binding partner of Bcl6 which ubiquitinates histone proteins. DP stage–specific deletion of the E3 ligase Cul3, or of Bcl6, induced the derepression of the Bcl6 target genes Batf (basic leucine zipper transcription factor, ATF-like) and Bcl6, in part through epigenetic modifications of CD4+ single-positive thymocytes. Although they maintained an apparently normal phenotype after emigration, they expressed increased amounts of Batf and Bcl6 at basal state and produced explosive and prolonged Tfh responses upon subsequent antigen encounter. Ablation of Cul3 in mature CD4+ splenocytes also resulted in dramatically exaggerated Tfh responses. Thus, although previous studies have emphasized the essential role of Bcl6 in inducing Tfh responses, our findings reveal that Bcl6–Cul3 complexes also provide essential negative feedback regulation during both thymocyte development and T cell activation to restrain excessive Tfh responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Mathew
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Ai-ping Mao
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Andrew H Chiang
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Clara Bertozzi-Villa
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Jeffrey J Bunker
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Seth T Scanlon
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Benjamin D McDonald
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Michael G Constantinides
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Kristin Hollister
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Jeffrey D Singer
- Biology Department, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Aaron R Dinner
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Albert Bendelac
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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Collins CM, Speck SH. Expansion of murine gammaherpesvirus latently infected B cells requires T follicular help. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004106. [PMID: 24789087 PMCID: PMC4006913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
X linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) is an inherited immunodeficiency resulting from mutations in the gene encoding the slam associated protein (SAP). One of the defining characteristics of XLP is extreme susceptibility to infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a gammaherpesvirus belonging to the genus Lymphocryptovirus, often resulting in fatal infectious mononucleosis (FIM). However, infection of SAP deficient mice with the related Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), a gammaherpesvirus in the genus Rhadinovirus, does not recapitulate XLP. Here we show that MHV68 inefficiently establishes latency in B cells in SAP deficient mice due to insufficient CD4 T cell help during the germinal center response. Although MHV68 infected B cells can be found in SAP-deficient mice, significantly fewer of these cells had a germinal center phenotype compared to SAP-sufficient mice. Furthermore, we show that infected germinal center B cells in SAP-deficient mice fail to proliferate. This failure to proliferate resulted in significantly lower viral loads, and likely accounts for the inability of MHV68 to induce a FIM-like syndrome. Finally, inhibiting differentiation of T follicular helper (TFH) cells in SAP-sufficient C57Bl/6 mice resulted in decreased B cell latency, and the magnitude of the TFH response directly correlated with the level of infection in B cells. This requirement for CD4 T cell help during the germinal center reaction by MHV68 is in contrast with EBV, which is thought to be capable of bypassing this requirement by expressing viral proteins that mimic signals provided by TFH cells. In conclusion, the outcome of MHV68 infection in mice in the setting of loss of SAP function is distinct from that observed in SAP-deficient patients infected with EBV, and may identify a fundamental difference between the strategies employed by the rhadinoviruses and lymphocryptoviruses to expand B cell latency during the early phase of infection. During an immune response, B cells respond to invading pathogens by undergoing massive expansion during the germinal center reaction. This proliferation requires signals from CD4 T cells, with some B cells then maturing into antibody secreting plasma cells, while others mature into memory B cells that may persist for the life of the host. Gammaherpesviruses take advantage of this immune response by infecting B cells, resulting in expansion of the pool of infected cells during the germinal center reaction. The human gammaherpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is thought to be able to accomplish this without the need for CD4 T cell help by expressing viral proteins that mimic signals from CD4 T cells. Here we show in a mouse model of gammaherpesvirus infection that infected B cells require signals from CD4 T cells for proliferation. Since the mouse gammaherpesvirus and EBV belong to different subgroups of gammaherpesviruses, this suggests that these subgroups utilize fundamentally different strategies to expand the pool of infected B cells during the establishment of latency. These different strategies may explain the different outcome of infection by these different subgroups of gammaherpesviruses in the context of defective germinal center responses that result from defective CD4 T cell help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Collins
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Samuel H. Speck
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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35
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De Calisto J, Wang N, Wang G, Yigit B, Engel P, Terhorst C. SAP-Dependent and -Independent Regulation of Innate T Cell Development Involving SLAMF Receptors. Front Immunol 2014; 5:186. [PMID: 24795728 PMCID: PMC4005954 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP) plays an essential role in the immune system mediating the function of several members of the SLAM family (SLAMF) of receptors, whose expression is essential for T, NK, and B-cell responses. Additionally, the expression of SAP in double-positive thymocytes is mandatory for natural killer T (NKT) cells and, in mouse, for innate CD8+ T cell development. To date, only two members of the SLAMF of receptors, Slamf1 and Slamf6, have been shown to positively cooperate during NKT cell differentiation in mouse. However, it is less clear whether other members of this family may also participate in the development of these innate T cells. Here, we show that Slamf[1 + 6]−/− and Slamf[1 + 5 + 6]−/−B6 mice have ~70% reduction of NKT cells compared to wild-type B6 mice. Unexpectedly, the proportion of innate CD8+ T cells slightly increased in the Slamf[1 + 5 + 6]−/−, but not in the Slamf[1 + 6]−/− strain, suggesting that Slamf5 may function as a negative regulator of innate CD8+ T cell development. Accordingly, Slamf5−/− B6 mice showed an exclusive expansion of innate CD8+ T cells, but not NKT cells. Interestingly, the SAP-independent Slamf7−/− strain showed an expansion of both splenic innate CD8+ T cells and thymic NKT cells. On the other hand, and similar to what was recently shown in Slamf3−/− BALB/c mice, the proportions of thymic promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZFhi) NKT cells and innate CD8+ T cells significantly increased in the SAP-independent Slamf8−/− BALB/c strain. In summary, these results show that NKT and innate CD8+ T cell development can be regulated in a SAP-dependent and -independent fashion by SLAMF receptors, in which Slamf1, Slamf6, and Slamf8 affect development of NKT cells, and that Slamf5, Slamf7, and Slamf8 affect the development of innate CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime De Calisto
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Ninghai Wang
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Guoxing Wang
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Burcu Yigit
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences, Medical School , University of Barcelona, Barcelona , Spain
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
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Identification of a new isoform of the murine Sh2d1a gene and its functional implications. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2013; 57:81-7. [PMID: 24369347 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP) is a Src homology (SH) domain 2-containing intracellular adaptor protein that is predominantly expressed in the hematopoietic system by T lymphocytes and NK cells. SAP protein is encoded by the SH2D1A gene located on the X chromosome. Loss-of-function mutations in SAP cause the X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP), a severe immunodeficiency characterized by heightened susceptibility to Epstein-Barr virus and impaired humoral immunity. Normal individuals express several functional and non-functional isoforms of SAP as a result of alternative splicing. In this study, we identify a cryptic exon in the murine Sh2d1a gene. At the mRNA level, the new isoform of SAP (SAP-2) that includes this new exon is widely expressed in lymphoid tissues by C57BL/6 and 129 strains of inbred mice. SAP-2 accounts for approximately 1%-3% of total SAP transcripts, and it is dynamically regulated during lymphocyte activation. At the protein level, the SAP-2 isoform is a 144 amino-acid protein. Compared to the dominant 126 aminoacid SAP-1 isoform, the additional 18 amino acids are inserted into a structural region that is critical for phosphotyrosine binding. Our functional analysis in vitro indicates that SAP-2 is a non-functional isoform due to decreased protein stability. Thus, both human and mouse have multiple SAP splice isoforms that may or may not function. Modulation of relative proportions of these isoforms is potentially a mechanism whereby cells can regulate SAP-mediated biological activities.
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Menard L, Cantaert T, Chamberlain N, Tangye SG, Riminton S, Church JA, Klion A, Cunningham-Rundles C, Nichols KE, Meffre E. Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)/SLAM-associated protein pathway regulates human B-cell tolerance. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 133:1149-61. [PMID: 24373350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP) can mediate the function of SLAM molecules, which have been proposed to be involved in the development of autoimmunity in mice. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether the SLAM/SAP pathway regulates the establishment of human B-cell tolerance and what mechanisms of B-cell tolerance could be affected by SAP deficiency. METHODS We tested the reactivity of antibodies isolated from single B cells from SAP-deficient patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP). The expressions of SAP and SLAM family members were assessed in human bone marrow-developing B cells. We also analyzed regulatory T (Treg) cell function in patients with XLP and healthy control subjects. RESULTS We found that new emigrant/transitional B cells from patients with XLP were enriched in autoreactive clones, revealing a defective central B-cell tolerance checkpoint in the absence of functional SAP. In agreement with a B cell-intrinsic regulation of central tolerance, we identified SAP expression in a discrete subset of bone marrow immature B cells. SAP colocalized with SLAMF6 only in association with clustered B-cell receptors likely recognizing self-antigens, suggesting that SLAM/SAP regulate B-cell receptor-mediated central tolerance. In addition, patients with XLP displayed defective peripheral B-cell tolerance, which is normally controlled by Treg cells. Treg cells in patients with XLP seem functional, but SAP-deficient T cells were resistant to Treg cell-mediated suppression. Indeed, SAP-deficient T cells were hyperresponsive to T-cell receptor stimulation, which resulted in increased secretion of IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS SAP expression is required for the counterselection of developing autoreactive B cells and prevents their T cell-dependent accumulation in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Menard
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Tineke Cantaert
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Nicolas Chamberlain
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, and St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Sean Riminton
- Department of Immunology, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joseph A Church
- Divisions of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Amy Klion
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | | | - Kim E Nichols
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.
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Detre C, Yigit B, Keszei M, Castro W, Magelky EM, Terhorst C. SAP modulates B cell functions in a genetic background-dependent manner. Immunol Lett 2013; 153:15-21. [PMID: 23806511 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutations affecting the SLAM-associated protein (SAP) are responsible for the X-linked lympho-proliferative syndrome (XLP), a severe primary immunodeficiency syndrome with disease manifestations that include fatal mononucleosis, B cell lymphoma and dysgammaglobulinemia. It is well accepted that insufficient help by SAP-/- CD4+ T cells, in particular during the germinal center reaction, is a component of dysgammaglobulinemia in XLP patients and SAP-/- animals. It is however not well understood whether in XLP patients and SAP-/- mice B cell functions are affected, even though B cells themselves do not express SAP. Here we report that B cell intrinsic responses to haptenated protein antigens are impaired in SAP-/- mice and in Rag-/- mice into which B cells derived from SAP-/- mice together with wt CD4+ T cells had been transferred. This impaired B cells functions are in part depending on the genetic background of the SAP-/- mouse, which affects B cell homeostasis. Surprisingly, stimulation with an agonistic anti-CD40 causes strong in vivo and in vitro B cell responses in SAP-/- mice. Taken together, the data demonstrate that genetic factors play an important role in the SAP-related B cell functions. The finding that anti-CD40 can in part restore impaired B cell responses in SAP-/- mice, suggests potentially novel therapeutic interventions in subsets of XLP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Detre
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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39
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Hu J, Havenar-Daughton C, Crotty S. Modulation of SAP dependent T:B cell interactions as a strategy to improve vaccination. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:363-70. [PMID: 23743125 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Generating long-term humoral immunity is a crucial component of successful vaccines and requires interactions between T cells and B cells in germinal centers (GC). In GCs, a specialized subset of CD4+ helper T cells, called T follicular helper cells (Tfh), provide help to B cells; this help directs the magnitude and quality of the antibody response. Tfh cell help influences B cell survival, proliferation, somatic hypermutation, class switch recombination, and differentiation. Sustained contact between Tfh cells and B cells is necessary for the provision of help to B cells. SAP (Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein, encoded by Sh2d1a) regulates the duration of T:B cell interactions and is required for long-term humoral immunity in animal models and in humans. SAP binds to SLAM family receptors and mediates signaling that affects cell adhesion, cytokine secretion, and TCR signaling strength. Therefore, the modulation of SAP and SLAM family receptor expression represents a major axis by which the quality and duration of an antibody response is controlled after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Hu
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
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40
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Keszei M, Detre C, Castro W, Magelky E, O'Keeffe M, Kis-Toth K, Tsokos GC, Wang N, Terhorst C. Expansion of an osteopontin-expressing T follicular helper cell subset correlates with autoimmunity in B6.Sle1b mice and is suppressed by the H1-isoform of the Slamf6 receptor. FASEB J 2013; 27:3123-31. [PMID: 23629864 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-226951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The costimulatory receptor Slamf6 partially controls lupus-related autoimmunity in congenic Sle1b mice; for instance, the presence of the protein isoform Slamf6-H1 in Sle1b.Slamf6-H1 mice mitigates disease. Here, we report that young Sle1b mice, but not Sle1b.Slamf6-H1 or B6 mice, contain a memory T-helper cell subset identified by ]mt]2-fold increase in expression of 17 genes, chief among which is Spp1, encoding the cytokine osteopontin (OPN). These T follicular helper (TFH) cells, including OPN(+) TFH cells, expand concomitantly with severity of the disease. By contrast, Sle1b.Slamf6-H1 or Sle1b.SAP(-)/(-) mice do not develop autoantibodies and the number of T(FH) cells is 5 times lower than in age-matched Sle1b mice. By comparing Sle1b and Sle1b.OPN(-)/(-) mice, we find that the lack of OPN expression impedes early autoantibody production. Furthermore, on the adoptive transfer of Sle1b.OPN(-)/(-) CD4(+) T cells into bm12 recipients autoantibody production and germinal center formation is reduced compared to recipients of Sle1b.OPN(+/+) CD4(+) T cells. We propose a model in which OPN provides a survival signal for a precursor T(FH) cell subset, which is a key factor in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marton Keszei
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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41
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Waggoner SN, Kumar V. Evolving role of 2B4/CD244 in T and NK cell responses during virus infection. Front Immunol 2012; 3:377. [PMID: 23248626 PMCID: PMC3518765 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family receptor, 2B4/CD244, was first implicated in anti-viral immunity by the discovery that mutations of the SLAM-associated protein, SAP/SH2D1A, impaired 2B4-dependent stimulation of T and natural killer (NK) cell anti-viral functions in X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome patients with uncontrolled Epstein-Barr virus infections. Engagement of 2B4 has been variably shown to either activate or inhibit lymphocytes which express this receptor. While SAP expression is required for stimulatory functions of 2B4 on lymphocytes, it remains unclear whether inhibitory signals derived from 2B4 can predominate even in the presence of SAP. Regardless, mounting evidence suggests that 2B4 expression by NK and CD8 T cells is altered by virus infection in mice as well as in humans, and 2B4-mediated signaling may be an important determinant of effective immune control of chronic virus infections. In this review, recent findings regarding the expression and function of 2B4 as well as SAP on T and NK cells during virus infection is discussed, with a focus on the role of 2B4-CD48 interactions in crosstalk between innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen N Waggoner
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, MA, USA ; Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, MA, USA
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SAP gene transfer restores cellular and humoral immune function in a murine model of X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. Blood 2012; 121:1073-6. [PMID: 23223356 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-07-445858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP1) arises from mutations in the gene encoding SLAM-associated protein (SAP) and leads to abnormalities of NKT-cell development, NK-cell cytotoxicity, and T-dependent humoral function. Curative treatment is limited to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation. We tested whether HSC gene therapy could correct the multilineage defects seen in SAP(-/-) mice. SAP(-/-) murine HSCs were transduced with lentiviral vectors containing either SAP or reporter gene before transplantation into irradiated recipients. NKT-cell development was significantly higher and NK-cell cytotoxicity restored to wild-type levels in mice receiving the SAP vector in comparison to control mice. Baseline immunoglobulin levels were significantly increased and T-dependent humoral responses to NP-CGG, including germinal center formation, were restored in SAP-transduced mice.We demonstrate for the first time that HSC gene transfer corrects the cellular and humoral defects in SAP(-/-) mice providing proof of concept for gene therapy in XLP1.
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43
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Calderón J, Maganto-Garcia E, Punzón C, Carrión J, Terhorst C, Fresno M. The receptor Slamf1 on the surface of myeloid lineage cells controls susceptibility to infection by Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002799. [PMID: 22807679 PMCID: PMC3395606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan parasite responsible for Chagas' disease, causes severe myocarditis often resulting in death. Here, we report that Slamf1-/- mice, which lack the hematopoietic cell surface receptor Slamf1, are completely protected from an acute lethal parasite challenge. Cardiac damage was reduced in Slamf1-/- mice compared to wild type mice, infected with the same doses of parasites, as a result of a decrease of the number of parasites in the heart even the parasitemia was only marginally less. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments reveal that Slamf1-defIcient myeloid cells are impaired in their ability to replicate the parasite and show altered production of cytokines. Importantly, IFN-γ production in the heart of Slamf1 deficient mice was much lower than in the heart of wt mice even though the number of infiltrating dendritic cells, macrophages, CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes were comparable. Administration of an anti-Slamf1 monoclonal antibody also reduced the number of parasites and IFN-γ in the heart. These observations not only explain the reduced susceptibility to in vivo infection by the parasite, but they also suggest human Slamf1 as a potential target for therapeutic target against T. cruzi infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antibodies, Protozoan/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chagas Cardiomyopathy/immunology
- Chagas Cardiomyopathy/parasitology
- Chagas Disease/immunology
- Chagas Disease/parasitology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Disease Susceptibility
- Heart/parasitology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Macrophages/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Myeloid Cells/metabolism
- Myeloid Cells/parasitology
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Parasitemia
- Receptors, Cell Surface/deficiency
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family Member 1
- Trypanosoma cruzi/immunology
- Trypanosoma cruzi/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jossela Calderón
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Maganto-Garcia
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Punzón
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Carrión
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cox Terhorst
- The Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Manuel Fresno
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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44
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SAP expression in invariant NKT cells is required for cognate help to support B-cell responses. Blood 2012; 120:122-9. [PMID: 22613797 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-11-395913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the manifestations of X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) is progressive agammaglobulinemia, caused by the absence of a functional signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP) in T, invariant natural killer T (NKT) cells and NK cells. Here we report that α-galactosylceramide (αGalCer) activated NKT cells positively regulate antibody responses to haptenated protein antigens at multiple checkpoints, including germinal center formation and affinity maturation. Whereas NKT cell-dependent B cell responses were absent in SAP(-/-).B6 mice that completely lack NKT cells, the small number of SAP-deficient NKT cells in SAP(-/-).BALB/c mice adjuvated antibody production, but not the germinal center reaction. To test the hypothesis that SAP-deficient NKT cells can facilitate humoral immunity, SAP was deleted after development in SAP(fl/fl).tgCreERT2.B6 mice. We find that NKT cell intrinsic expression of SAP is dispensable for noncognate helper functions, but is critical for providing cognate help to antigen-specific B cells. These results demonstrate that SLAM-family receptor-regulated cell-cell interactions are not limited to T-B cell conjugates. We conclude that in the absence of SAP, several routes of NKT cell-mediated antibody production are still accessible. The latter suggests that residual NKT cells in XLP patients might contribute to variations in dysgammaglobulinemia.
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45
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Harada Y, Tanaka S, Motomura Y, Harada Y, Ohno SI, Ohno S, Yanagi Y, Inoue H, Kubo M. The 3' enhancer CNS2 is a critical regulator of interleukin-4-mediated humoral immunity in follicular helper T cells. Immunity 2012; 36:188-200. [PMID: 22365664 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A main role for interleukin-4 (IL-4) is in humoral immunity, and follicular helper CD4(+) T (Tfh) cells may be an intrinsic IL-4 source. Here we demonstrate that conserved noncoding sequence 2 (CNS2) is an essential enhancer element for IL-4 expression in Tfh cells but not in Th2 cells. Mice with a CNS2 deletion had a reduction in IgG1 and IgE production and in IL-4 expression in Tfh cells. Tracking of CNS2 activity via a GFP reporter mouse demonstrated that CNS2-active cells expressed several markers of Tfh cells: CXCR5, PD-1, and ICOS; the transcriptional master regulator Bcl6; and the cytokines IL-21 and IL-4. These CNS2-active cells were mainly localized in B cell follicles and germinal centers. The GFP(+) Tfh cells were derived from GFP(-) naive T cells after in vivo systemic immunization. These results indicate that CNS2 is an essential enhancer element required for IL-4 expression in Tfh cells controlling humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohsuke Harada
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Research Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, 2669 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
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46
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Ploquin MJY, Eksmond U, Kassiotis G. B cells and TCR avidity determine distinct functions of CD4+ T cells in retroviral infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:3321-30. [PMID: 21841129 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The T cell-dependent B cell response relies on cognate interaction between B cells and CD4(+) Th cells. However, the consequences of this interaction for CD4(+) T cells are not entirely known. B cells generally promote CD4(+) T cell responses to pathogens, albeit to a variable degree. In contrast, CD4(+) T cell responses to self- or tumor Ags are often suppressed by B cells. In this study, we demonstrated that interaction with B cells dramatically inhibited the function of virus-specific CD4(+) T cells in retroviral infection. We have used Friend virus infection of mice as a model for retroviral infection, in which the behavior of virus-specific CD4(+) T cells was monitored according to their TCR avidity. We report that avidity for Ag and interaction with B cells determine distinct aspects of the primary CD4(+) T cell response to Friend virus infection. Virus-specific CD4(+) T cells followed exclusive Th1 and T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation. High avidity for Ag facilitated expansion during priming and enhanced the capacity for IFN-γ and IL-21 production. In contrast, Tfh differentiation was not affected by avidity for Ag. By reducing or preventing B cell interaction, we found that B cells promoted Tfh differentiation, induced programmed death 1 expression, and inhibited IFN-γ production by virus-specific CD4(+) T cells. Ultimately, B cells protected hosts from CD4(+) T cell-mediated immune pathology, at the detriment of CD4(+) T cell-mediated protective immunity. Our results suggest that B cell presentation of vaccine Ags could be manipulated to direct the appropriate CD4(+) T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël J-Y Ploquin
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
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47
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Yuan D, Thet S, Zhou XJ, Wakeland EK, Dang T. The role of NK cells in the development of autoantibodies. Autoimmunity 2011; 44:641-51. [PMID: 21689027 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2011.587852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The systemic lupus erythematosus (Sle1) interval from the NZM2410 mouse strain has been shown to be responsible for high levels of autoantibody production against antinuclear antibodies (ANA) when transferred into C57BL/6 mice. B cells derived from the B6.Sle1 strain are required for the production but help from both T-dependent and independent sources have been documented. Using radiation chimeras constructed in a strain of mice that is chronically depleted of Natural killer (NK) cells, but not NKT cells, we have examined the role of NK cells in the development of ANA in this context. Our results show that in the presence of intact T cell help depletion of NK cells does not affect ANA production. However, when T cell help is compromised, the prevalence of animals producing ANA is significantly decreased suggesting that NK cells can provide help for the T-independent production of ANA. Further experiments provide a possible mechanism for the NK-cell dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Yuan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9072, USA.
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48
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A novel animal model of Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in humanized mice. Blood 2011; 117:5663-73. [PMID: 21467545 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-09-305979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
EBV-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (EBV-HLH) is a rare yet devastating disorder caused by EBV infection in humans. However, the mechanism of this disease has yet to be elucidated because of a lack of appropriate animal models. Here, we used a human CD34(+) cell-transplanted humanized mouse model and reproduced pathologic conditions resembling EBV-HLH in humans. By 10 weeks postinfection, two-thirds of the infected mice died after exhibiting high and persistent viremia, leukocytosis, IFN-γ cytokinenemia, normocytic anemia, and thrombocytopenia. EBV-infected mice also showed systemic organ infiltration by activated CD8(+) T cells and prominent hemophagocytosis in BM, spleen, and liver. Notably, the level of EBV load in plasma correlated directly with both the activation frequency of CD8(+) T cells and the level of IFN-γ in plasma. Moreover, high levels of EBV-encoded small RNA1 were detected in plasma of infected mice, reflecting what has been observed in patients. These findings suggest that our EBV infection model mirrors virologic, hematologic, and immunopathologic aspects of EBV-HLH. Furthermore, in contrast to CD8(+) T cells, we found a significant decrease of natural killer cells, myeloid dendritic cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the spleens of infected mice, suggesting that the collapse of balanced immunity associates with the progression of EBV-HLH pathogenesis.
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49
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Rezaei N, Mahmoudi E, Aghamohammadi A, Das R, Nichols KE. X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome: a genetic condition typified by the triad of infection, immunodeficiency and lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2010; 152:13-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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50
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Cannons JL, Wu JZ, Gomez-Rodriguez J, Zhang J, Dong B, Liu Y, Shaw S, Siminovitch KA, Schwartzberg PL. Biochemical and genetic evidence for a SAP-PKC-theta interaction contributing to IL-4 regulation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 185:2819-27. [PMID: 20668219 PMCID: PMC3422635 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule-associated protein (SAP), an adaptor molecule that recruits Fyn to the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family of immunomodulatory receptors, is mutated in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. CD4(+) T cells from SAP-deficient mice have defective TCR-induced and follicular Th cell IL-4 production and impaired T cell-mediated help for germinal center formation; however, the downstream intermediates contributing to these defects remain unclear. We previously found that SAP-deficient CD4(+) T cells exhibit decreased protein kinase C (PKC)-theta recruitment upon TCR stimulation. We demonstrate in this paper using GST pulldowns and coimmunoprecipitation studies that SAP constitutively associates with PKC- in T cells. SAP-PKC-theta interactions required R78 of SAP, a residue previously implicated in Fyn recruitment, yet SAP's interactions with PKC-theta occurred independent of phosphotyrosine binding and Fyn. Overexpression of SAP in T cells increased and sustained PKC-theta recruitment to the immune synapse and elevated IL-4 production in response to TCR plus SLAM-mediated stimulation. Moreover, PKC-theta, like SAP, was required for SLAM-mediated increases in IL-4 production, and, conversely, membrane-targeted PKC-theta mutants rescued IL-4 expression in SAP(-/-) CD4(+) T cells, providing genetic evidence that PKC-theta is a critical component of SLAM/SAP-mediated pathways that influence TCR-driven IL-4 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Cannons
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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