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Zhang W, Le L, Ahmad G, Molehin AJ, Siddiqui AJ, Torben W, Karmakar S, Rojo JU, Sennoune S, Lazarus S, Khatoon S, Freeborn J, Sudduth J, Rezk AF, Carey D, Wolf RF, Papin JF, Damian R, Gray SA, Marks F, Carter D, Siddiqui AA. Fifteen Years of Sm-p80-Based Vaccine Trials in Nonhuman Primates: Antibodies From Vaccinated Baboons Confer Protection in vivo and in vitro From Schistosoma mansoni and Identification of Putative Correlative Markers of Protection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1246. [PMID: 32636844 PMCID: PMC7318103 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in systems biology have shifted vaccine development from a largely trial-and-error approach to an approach that promote rational design through the search for immune signatures and predictive correlates of protection. These advances will doubtlessly accelerate the development of a vaccine for schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease that currently affects over 250 million people. For over 15 years and with contributions of over 120 people, we have endeavored to test and optimize Sm-p80-based vaccines in the non-human primate model of schistosomiasis. Using RNA-sequencing on eight different Sm-p80-based vaccine strategies, we sought to elucidate immune signatures correlated with experimental protective efficacy. Furthermore, we aimed to explore the role of antibodies through in vivo passive transfer of IgG obtained from immunized baboons and in vitro killing of schistosomula using Sm-p80-specific antibodies. We report that passive transfer of IgG from Sm-p80-immunized baboons led to significant worm burden reduction, egg reduction in liver, and reduced egg hatching percentages from tissues in mice compared to controls. In addition, we observed that sera from Sm-p80-immunized baboons were able to kill a significant percent of schistosomula and that this effect was complement-dependent. While we did not find a universal signature of immunity, the large datasets generated by this study will serve as a substantial resource for further efforts to develop vaccine or therapeutics for schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Zhang
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Loc Le
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Gul Ahmad
- Department of Natural Sciences, Peru State College, Peru, NE, United States
| | - Adebayo J. Molehin
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | | | - Workineh Torben
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University of Alexandria, Alexandria, LA, United States
| | - Souvik Karmakar
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Juan U. Rojo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
| | - Souad Sennoune
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Samara Lazarus
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Sabiha Khatoon
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Jasmin Freeborn
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Justin Sudduth
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Ashraf F. Rezk
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - David Carey
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Roman F. Wolf
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Oklahoma City VA Health Care System, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - James F. Papin
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Ray Damian
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Florian Marks
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Darrick Carter
- PAI Life Sciences, Seattle, WA, United States
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Afzal A. Siddiqui
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
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Regulatory T cells in patients with early untreated rheumatoid arthritis: Phenotypic changes in the course of methotrexate treatment. Biochimie 2020; 174:9-17. [PMID: 32275944 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is frequent systemic autoimmune disease characterized by excessive activation of collagen-specific T helper cells, and elevated level of autoantibodies in the serum. Development of RA is associated with defect in compartment of regulatory CD4+Foxp3+ T cells (Treg), but data concerning suppressive potential of Treg population in RA patients are contradictory and depend on the stage of disease. In this study we aimed to characterize abundance and phenotypic markers of CD4+Foxp3+ Treg in peripheral blood of healthy donors compared to untreated early RA patients to find potential correlations with the disease activity, antibody level, and absolute numbers and proportion of different subpopulations of T cells. Moreover, we assessed the influence of methotrexate (MT) treatment on percentage and absolute numbers of CD4+Foxp3+ Treg from the peripheral blood of untreated early RA patients. We demonstrate that increase and phenotypic changes in Treg population correlate well with response to MT. Analysis of the cohorts of matched RA patients (n = 45) and healthy controls (n = 20) revealed that patients with untreated early RA demonstrate substantial decrease in blood Treg percentage and absolute number, as well as low level of activated Treg surface markers in comparison to healthy control. The defect in Treg compartment negatively correlates with both RA activity and antibody level. MT treatment of patients with early untreated RA increases both proportion and absolute number of Treg with high level of activation markers, suggesting an increase of their functional capacity. Here we speculate the role of Tregs as specific cellular marker of successful RA treatment.
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Omar HA, Tolba MF. Tackling molecular targets beyond PD-1/PD-L1: Novel approaches to boost patients' response to cancer immunotherapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 135:21-29. [PMID: 30819443 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the new era of immunotherapy, which has changed the clinical oncology practice guidelines, there is a pressing need for finding novel approaches to tune up the clinical outcomes of immunotherapy and extend its benefits to a wider cohort of cancer patients. Several non-classical molecular immune targets beyond PD-1/PD-L1 signaling were shown to be engaged as feedback resistance circuits to shut down the antitumor immune response mediated by the classical immune checkpoint inhibitors. Those include T-cell inducible co-stimulator (ICOS), CD40, CD47, V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA), cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)12, enhancer of Zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), toll-like receptors (TLRs) and OX-40 (CD134). Herein we critically discussed the latest studies concerned with understanding the mechanisms involved in the negative clinical response to classical immunotherapies and strategies to optimize the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy through novel combinatorial approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany A Omar
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt.
| | - Mai F Tolba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; Biology Department, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt.
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Lo DJ, Anderson DJ, Song M, Leopardi F, Farris AB, Strobert E, Chapin S, Devens B, Karrer E, Kirk AD. A pilot trial targeting the ICOS-ICOS-L pathway in nonhuman primate kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:984-92. [PMID: 25703015 PMCID: PMC4628789 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Costimulation blockade with the B7-CD28 pathway-specific agent belatacept is now used in clinical kidney transplantation, but its efficacy remains imperfect. Numerous alternate costimulatory pathways have been proposed as targets to synergize with belatacept, one of which being the inducible costimulator (ICOS)-ICOS ligand (ICOS-L) pathway. Combined ICOS-ICOS-L and CD28-B7 blockade has been shown to prevent rejection in mice, but has not been studied in primates. We therefore tested a novel ICOS-Ig human Fc-fusion protein in a nonhuman primate (NHP) kidney transplant model alone and in combination with belatacept. ICOS-Ig did not prolong rejection-free survival as a monotherapy or in combination with belatacept. In ICOS-Ig alone treated animals, most graft-infiltrating CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells expressed ICOS, and ICOS(+) T cells were present in peripheral blood to a lesser degree. Adding belatacept reduced the proportion of graft-infiltrating ICOS(+) T cells and virtually eliminated their presence in peripheral blood. Graft-infiltrating T cells in belatacept-resistant rejection were primarily CD8(+) CD28(-) , but importantly, very few CD8(+) CD28(-) T cells expressed ICOS. We conclude that ICOS-Ig, alone or combined with belatacept, does not prolong renal allograft survival in NHPs. This may relate to selective loss of ICOS with CD28 loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise J. Lo
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Douglas J. Anderson
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mingqing Song
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - A. Brad Farris
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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Bin Dhuban K, Kornete M, S Mason E, Piccirillo CA. Functional dynamics of Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells in mice and humans. Immunol Rev 2014; 259:140-58. [PMID: 24712464 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3)(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells are critical mediators for the establishment of self-tolerance and immune homeostasis and for the control of pathology in various inflammatory responses. While Foxp3(+) Treg cells often control immune responses in secondary lymphoid tissues, they must also traffic to and persist within non-lymphoid tissues, where they integrate various environmental cues to coordinate and adapt their effector acitvities in these sites. In recent years, our group has made use of several mouse models, including the non-obese diabetic model of type 1 diabetes, to characterize the factors, which impact the homeostasis, function, and reprogramming potential of Foxp3(+) Treg cells in situ. In addition, our recent work shows that Foxp3(+) Treg cells possess distinct post-transcriptional mechanisms of gene regulation, namely mRNA translation, to modulate tissue-specific inflammatory responses. In humans, there is a pressing need for reliable markers of FOXP3(+) Treg cells and their related function in blood and tissue. Experimental progress in our group has enabled us to discover novel markers of FOXP3(+) Treg cell (dys)function and unique gene signatures that discriminate effector and Treg cells, as well as functional and dysfunctional FOXP3(+) Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Bin Dhuban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, FOCIS Center of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Moyo NA, Marchi E, Steinbach F. Differentiation and activation of equine monocyte-derived dendritic cells are not correlated with CD206 or CD83 expression. Immunology 2013; 139:472-83. [PMID: 23461413 PMCID: PMC3719064 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are the main immune mediators inducing primary immune responses. DC generated from monocytes (MoDC) are a model system to study the biology of DC in vitro, as they represent inflammatory DC in vivo. Previous studies on the generation of MoDC in horses indicated that there was no distinct difference between immature and mature DC and that the expression profile was distinctly different from humans, where CD206 is expressed on immature MoDC whereas CD83 is expressed on mature MoDC. Here we describe the kinetics of equine MoDC differentiation and activation, analysing both phenotypic and functional characteristics. Blood monocytes were first differentiated with equine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-4 generating immature DC (iMoDC). These cells were further activated with a cocktail of cytokines including interferon-γ) but not CD40 ligand to obtain mature DC (mMoDC). To determine the expression of a broad range of markers for which no monoclonal antibodies were available to analyse the protein expression, microarray and quantitative PCR analysis were performed to carry out gene expression analysis. This study demonstrates that equine iMoDC and mMoDC can be distinguished both phenotypically and functionally but the expression pattern of some markers including CD206 and CD83 is dissimilar to the human system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathifa A Moyo
- Virology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories AgencyNew Haw, Addlestone, UK
- University of Surrey, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Microbial and Cellular SciencesGuildford, UK
| | | | - Falko Steinbach
- Virology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories AgencyNew Haw, Addlestone, UK
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Magee CN, Boenisch O, Najafian N. The role of costimulatory molecules in directing the functional differentiation of alloreactive T helper cells. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:2588-600. [PMID: 22759274 PMCID: PMC3459149 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Costimulatory molecules are a heterogenous group of cell surface molecules that act to amplify or counteract the initial activating signals provided to T cells from the T cell receptor following its interaction with an antigen/major histocompatibility complex, thereby influencing T cell differentiation and fate. Although costimulation was previously thought to be indispensable for T cell activation at all stages of development, it is now known that the requirements for costimulation, and the costimulatory molecules involved, vary according to the stage of T cell differentiation. The ability to influence T cell fate is of paramount interest in the field of transplantation as we seek therapeutic options that inhibit detrimental alloimmune responses whilst simultaneously promoting allograft tolerance. As with many immune mechanisms, there is a degree of functional overlap between certain costimulatory molecules, whereas some have diametrically opposite effects on different T cell subsets despite sharing common ligands. This is a critical point when considering these molecules as therapeutic targets in transplantation, as blockade of a costimulatory pathway, although desirable in itself, may prevent the ligation of an essential regulatory coinhibitory molecule. This review discusses the T helper cell lineages pertinent to transplantation and the costimulatory molecules involved in their differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara N. Magee
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Olaf Boenisch
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Nader Najafian
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Kornete M, Piccirillo CA. Critical co-stimulatory pathways in the stability of Foxp3+ Treg cell homeostasis in Type I diabetes. Autoimmun Rev 2011; 11:104-11. [PMID: 21875694 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of peripheral tolerance maintain a controlled balance between self-tolerance, protective immunity against a spectrum of non-self antigens, and suppressing pathology in various disorders. CD4(+) regulatory T cells (T(reg)) expressing the Foxp3 transcription factor dominantly control the activity and pathological consequences of a variety of effector T cell lineages in various inflammatory settings. This review will focus on recent advances on the roles of B7 family members in regulating Treg cell development, function and homeostasis during tolerance induction and organ-specific autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Kornete
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Fu T, He Q, Sharma P. The ICOS/ICOSL pathway is required for optimal antitumor responses mediated by anti-CTLA-4 therapy. Cancer Res 2011; 71:5445-54. [PMID: 21708958 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The anti-CTL-associated antigen 4 (anti-CTLA-4) antibody ipilimumab is the first agent to show improved survival in a randomized phase III trial that enrolled patients with metastatic melanoma. Studies are ongoing to identify mechanisms that elicit clinical benefit in the setting of anti-CTLA-4 therapy. We previously reported that treated patients had an increase in the frequency of T cells expressing the inducible costimulator (ICOS) molecule, a T-cell-specific molecule that belongs to the CD28/CTLA-4/B7 immunoglobulin superfamily. ICOS and its ligand (ICOSL) have been shown to play diverse roles in T-cell responses such as mediating autoimmunity as well as enhancing the development/activity of regulatory T cells. These seemingly opposing roles have made it difficult to determine whether the ICOS/ICOSL pathway is necessary for antitumor responses. To determine whether the ICOS/ICOSL pathway might play a causal role in the antitumor effects mediated by anti-CTLA-4, we conducted studies in ICOS-sufficient and ICOS-deficient mice bearing B16/BL6 melanoma. We show that ICOS(+) T cells comprised a population of Th1 cytokine producing and tumor antigen-specific effector cells. Furthermore, in the absence of ICOS, antitumor T-cell responses elicited by anti-CTLA-4 are significantly diminished, thereby impairing tumor rejection. Our findings establish that the ICOS/ICOSL pathway is necessary for the optimal therapeutic effect of anti-CTLA-4, thus implicating this pathway as a target for future combinatorial strategies to improve the efficacy of anti-CTLA-4 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihui Fu
- Departments of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Vocanson M, Rozieres A, Hennino A, Poyet G, Gaillard V, Renaudineau S, Achachi A, Benetiere J, Kaiserlian D, Dubois B, Nicolas JF. Inducible costimulator (ICOS) is a marker for highly suppressive antigen-specific T cells sharing features of TH17/TH1 and regulatory T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:280-9, 289.e1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Marafioti T, Paterson JC, Ballabio E, Chott A, Natkunam Y, Rodriguez-Justo M, Plonquet A, Rodriguez-Pinilla SM, Klapper W, Hansmann ML, Pileri SA, Isaacson PG, Stein H, Piris MA, Mason DY, Gaulard P. The inducible T-cell co-stimulator molecule is expressed on subsets of T cells and is a new marker of lymphomas of T follicular helper cell-derivation. Haematologica 2010; 95:432-9. [PMID: 20207847 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2009.010991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T follicular helper (T(FH)) cells reside in the light zone of germinal centers and are considered the cell of origin of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. Recently, CXCL13, PD-1 and SAP were described as useful markers for T(FH) cells and angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma but also reported in some peripheral T-cell lymphomas, not otherwise specified. DESIGN AND METHODS In the present study the expression pattern of ICOS protein was investigated by immunohistochemistry-based techniques in routine sections of normal lymphoid tissues and 633 human lymphomas. RESULTS Cells strongly positive for ICOS were restricted to the light zone of germinal centers and co-expressed T(FH)-associated molecules. In addition, weak to moderate ICOS expression was observed in a small proportion of FOXP3-positive cells. In lymphomas, ICOS expression was confined to angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (85/86), peripheral T-cell lymphomas of follicular variant (18/18) and a proportion of peripheral T-cell lymphomas, not otherwise specified (24/56) that also expressed other T(FH)-associated molecules. CONCLUSIONS ICOS is a useful molecule for identifying T(FH) cells and its restricted expression to angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma and a proportion of peripheral T-cell lymphomas, not otherwise specified (showing a T(FH)-like profile) suggests its inclusion in the antibody panel for diagnosing T(FH)-derived lymphomas. Our findings provide further evidence that the histological spectrum of T(FH)-derived lymphomas is broader than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Marafioti
- Leukaemia Research Immunodiagnostics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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Takahashi N, Matsumoto K, Saito H, Nanki T, Miyasaka N, Kobata T, Azuma M, Lee SK, Mizutani S, Morio T. Impaired CD4 and CD8 effector function and decreased memory T cell populations in ICOS-deficient patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:5515-27. [PMID: 19380800 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interaction of ICOS with its ligand is essential for germinal center formation, T cell immune responses, and development of autoimmune diseases. Human ICOS deficiency has been identified worldwide in nine patients with identical ICOS mutations. In vitro studies of the patients to date have shown only mild T cell defect. In this study, we report an in-depth analysis of T cell function in two siblings with novel ICOS deficiency. The brother displayed mild skin infections and impaired Ig class switching, whereas the sister had more severe symptoms, including immunodeficiency, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, interstitial pneumonitis, and psoriasis. Despite normal CD3/CD28-induced proliferation and IL-2 production in vitro, peripheral blood T cells in both patients showed a decreased percentage of CD4 central and effector memory T cells and impaired production of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines upon CD3/CD28 costimulation or PMA/ionophore stimulation. The defective polarization into effector cells was associated with impaired induction of T-bet, GATA3, MAF, and retinoic acid-related orphan nuclear hormone receptor (RORC). Reduced CTLA-4(+)CD45RO(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells and diminished induction of inhibitory cell surface molecules, including CTLA-4, were also observed in the patients. T cell defect was not restricted to CD4 T cells because reduced memory T cells and impaired IFN-gamma production were also noted in CD8 T cells. Further analysis of the patients demonstrated increased induction of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL), lack of IFN-gamma response, and loss of Itch expression upon activation in the female patient, who had autoimmunity. Our study suggests that extensive T cell dysfunction, decreased memory T cell compartment, and imbalance between effector and regulatory cells in ICOS-deficient patients may underlie their immunodeficiency and/or autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Hu YL, Metz DP, Chung J, Siu G, Zhang M. B7RP-1 blockade ameliorates autoimmunity through regulation of follicular helper T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:1421-8. [PMID: 19155489 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.3.1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are marked by the presence of class-switched, high-affinity autoantibodies with pathogenic potential. Costimulation plays an important role in the activation of T cells and the development of T cell-dependent B cell responses. ICOS plays an indispensable role in the development of follicular helper T cells (T(FH) cells), which provide cognate help to germinal center (GC) B cells. We show that the levels of T(FH) cells and GC B cells in two different models of autoimmunity, the New Zealand Black/New Zealand White (NZB/NZW) F(1) mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus and the collagen-induced arthritis model of rheumatoid arthritis, are dependent on the maintenance of the ICOS/B7RP-1 pathway. Treatment with an anti-B7RP-1 Ab ameliorates disease manifestations and leads to a decrease in T(FH) cells and GC B cells as well as an overall decrease in the frequency of ICOS(+) T cells. Coculture experiments of Ag-primed B cells with CXCR5(+) or CXCR5(-) T cells show that blocking B7RP-1 does not directly impact the production of IgG by B cells. These findings further support the role of ICOS in autoimmunity and suggest that the expansion of the T(FH) cell pool is an important mechanism by which ICOS regulates Ab production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Hu
- Department of Inflammation, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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14
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The costimulatory molecule ICOS regulates the expression of c-Maf and IL-21 in the development of follicular T helper cells and TH-17 cells. Nat Immunol 2008; 10:167-75. [PMID: 19098919 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The inducible costimulatory molecule ICOS has been suggested to be important in the development of interleukin 17 (IL-17)-producing helper T cells (T(H)-17 cells) and of follicular helper T cells (T(FH) cells). Here we show that ICOS-deficient mice had no defect in T(H)-17 differentiation but had fewer T(H)-17 cells after IL-23 stimulation and fewer T(FH) cells. We also show that T(FH) cells produced IL-17 and that T(FH) cells in ICOS-deficient mice were defective in IL-17 production. Both T(H)-17 and T(FH) cells had higher expression of the transcription factor c-Maf. Genetic loss of c-Maf resulted in a defect in IL-21 production and fewer T(H)-17 and T(FH) cells. Thus our data suggest that ICOS-induced c-Maf regulates IL-21 production that in turn regulates the expansion of T(H)-17 and T(FH) cells.
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Burmeister Y, Lischke T, Dahler AC, Mages HW, Lam KP, Coyle AJ, Kroczek RA, Hutloff A. ICOS controls the pool size of effector-memory and regulatory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:774-82. [PMID: 18178815 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.2.774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
ICOS is an important regulator of T cell effector function. ICOS-deficient patients as well as knockout mice show severe defects in T cell-dependent B cell responses. Several in vitro and in vivo studies attributed this phenomenon to impaired up-regulation of cell surface communication molecules and cytokine synthesis by ICOS-deficient T cells. However, we now could show with Ag-specific T cells in a murine adoptive transfer system that signaling via ICOS does not significantly affect early T cell activation. Instead, ICOS substantially contributes to the survival and expansion of effector T cells upon local challenge with Ag and adjuvant. Importantly, the observed biological function of ICOS also extends to FoxP3+ regulatory T cells, as can be observed after systemic Ag delivery without adjuvant. In line with these findings, absence of ICOS under homeostatic conditions of nonimmunized mice leads to a reduced number of both effector-memory and FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Based on these results, we propose a biological role for ICOS as a costimulatory, agonistic molecule for a variety of effector T cells with differing and partly opposing functional roles. This concept may reconcile a number of past in vivo studies with seemingly contradictory results on ICOS function.
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16
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Tan AHM, Goh SYP, Wong SC, Lam KP. T Helper Cell-specific Regulation of Inducible Costimulator Expression via Distinct Mechanisms Mediated by T-bet and GATA-3. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:128-136. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707693200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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17
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Xing L, Yang P, Wu C, Jin H, Chen X, Gao Y, Li B, Huang X, Zhou H. Inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) is upregulated in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007; 244:1650-8. [PMID: 16601981 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-005-0207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Revised: 11/06/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the expression of inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) and its association with T cell effector function in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU). METHODS Eighteen Lewis rats were immunized by retinal S-antigen (50 microg) emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Twelve normal rats served as normal controls and 18 receiving injection of CFA and PBS as CFA controls for studying the influence of CFA on the expression of ICOS in CD4+CD25+ T cells. ICOS expression on cells from the spleens, inguinal nodes and retinae on day 0 (normal rats), 7, 13 and 21 was investigated using fluorescent quantitative real-time-PCR and Western blot. Expression of B7RP-1, an ICOS ligand, was also studied by Western blot. The phenotype of the cells from the aforementioned three tissues was identified with flow cytometry using antibodies to ICOS, CD4 and CD25. ICOS+ cells from the lymph nodes, and spleens on day 13 were magnetically sorted and cultured with S-antigen to study the cytokines production with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULT An obvious uveitis was induced in all the immunized rats on day 13 after S-antigen immunization. The mRNA and protein of ICOS were scarcely detectable in normal rat spleens. In EAU rats, an up-regulation of ICOS could be observed on day 7 and was very pronounced on day 13, followed by a decrease on day 21 in the spleens, draining nodes and retinae. Similarly, B7RP-1 expression seemed to be up-regulated during EAU. Flow cytometry showed that ICOS+ cells were mostly CD4 positive. Kinetics of ICOS+CD4+CD25+ T cells was similar to that of ICOS+ cells. CFA alone was also able to induce increased expression of ICOS in CD4+CD25+ T cells. IFN-gamma was secreted predominantly by ICOS+ T cells. CONCLUSION ICOS expression is up-regulated in association with T cell effector capacity in EAU. It is presumed that the ICOS/B7RP-1 costimulatory pathway may play a role in the development of EAU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xing
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Xianlie Road 54, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
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18
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van Berkel MEAT, Oosterwegel MA. CD28 and ICOS: Similar or separate costimulators of T cells? Immunol Lett 2006; 105:115-22. [PMID: 16580736 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2006.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 02/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have revealed that the B7.1/B7.2-CD28 and B7RP-1-ICOS (Inducible COStimulator) pathways provide crucial costimulatory signals to T cells. We have compared the contribution of these pathways during primary and effector responses, in vitro and in vivo, molecularly as well as functionally. This comparison between CD28 an ICOS after initiation of T cell activation demonstrates that both CD28 and ICOS function similarly during expansion, survival and differentiation of T cells and that both CD28 and ICOS are necessary for proper IgG responses. The major differences between CD28 and ICOS are differences in expression of both receptors and ligands, and the fact that CD28 induces IL-2 production, whereas ICOS does not. In addition, ICOS is more potent in the induction of IL-10 production, a cytokine important for suppressive function of T regulatory cells. All data available at present indicate that both molecules are very suitable candidates for immunotherapy, each in their own unique way.
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Abstract
Costimulatory molecules are cell surface glycoproteins that can direct, modulate and fine-tune T-cell receptor signals. The B7-1/B7-2--CD28/CTLA-4 and ICOS-B7RP-1 pathway provides key second signals that can regulate the activation, inhibition and fine-tuning of T-lymphocyte responses. The expression of B7-1/B7-2--CD28/CTLA-4 molecules on clinical samples from patients with asthma have been well studied, and the results indicate that different extents of these molecules are expressed on the surface of various cells, and that the concentrations of soluble form of these molecules are elevated in the sera of patients with asthma. There is a burst of papers describing an important role for B7-1/B7-2--CD28/CTLA-4 pathway in the Th1/Th2 balance. Similarly, ICOS stimulates both Th1 and Th2 cytokine production but may have a preferential role in Th2 cell development. Moreover, The B7-1/B7-2-CD28/CTLA-4 and ICOS-B7RP-1 pathway has been suggested of being involved in the development of airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Further study of the functions of the pathways within the CD28/CTLA-4--CD80/CD86 and ICOS--B7RP-1 superfamily individually and their interplay should provide insights into the pathogenesis of asthma, and has great therapeutic potential for treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-Q Chen
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
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20
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Fukushima A, Yamaguchi T, Ishida W, Fukata K, Yagita H, Ueno H. The interaction between ICOS and B7RP-1 is not required for the development of experimental murine allergic conjunctivitis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 338:1726-31. [PMID: 16289109 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.10.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2005] [Accepted: 10/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is still unclear whether the interaction between inducible costimulator (ICOS) and its ligand, B7 related protein (B7RP)-1, is important for the development of allergic diseases. We investigated whether blocking the ICOS/B7RP-1 interaction affects the development of murine experimental allergic conjunctivitis (EC). EC was induced in Balb/c mice either by active immunization of ragweed (RW) or by transferring RW-primed splenocytes, followed by challenge with RW-containing eye drops. The mice were treated with anti-B7RP-1 antibody (Ab) or normal rat immunoglobulin G (IgG) during either the induction or effector phase. Regardless of the induction method or when the animals were treated, eosinophil infiltration into the conjunctiva was not affected by the anti-B7RP-1 Ab treatment. Splenocyte responses were not largely affected by this treatment. However, serum Ig levels were significantly reduced. These data suggest that blocking the ICOS/B7RP-1 in allergic diseases may not always be therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuki Fukushima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku-city 783-8505, Japan.
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21
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Stolberg VR, Chiu BC, Komuniecki E, Freeman CM, Chensue SW. Analysis of inducible costimulatory molecule participation during the induction and elicitation of granulomatous responses to mycobacterial and schistosomal antigens. Cell Immunol 2005; 237:45-54. [PMID: 16300749 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 09/22/2005] [Accepted: 09/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS) to Th1 and Th2 cell-mediated immune responses was examined in well-defined pathogen antigen-elicited models of cell-mediated granuloma formation. Th1 and Th2 granulomas were respectively induced by intravenous challenge of CBA/J mice with Mycobacteria bovis purified protein derivative (PPD) or Schistosoma mansoni egg (SEA) antigen-coated beads. Effects of anti-ICOS blocking antibody on granulomas and lymphoid responses were assessed during elicitation and sensitization. Anti-ICOS treatment during the elicitation abrogated Th1- but not Th2-cell-mediated granuloma formation. Treatment during sensitization augmented SEA-bead granulomas and Th2 cytokines in lymphoid tissue. Anti-ICOS reduced the primary inflammatory response to PPD- but not to SEA-beads, despite comparable induction of ICOS-ligand and ICOS+ T cells. Treatment did not prevent early development of IFNgamma producing cells. Thus, post-activation effector Th1 activity was subject to ICOS blockade and chronic treatment caused diversion to Th2 dominance likely by eroding Th1 effector function or survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie R Stolberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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22
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Blazar BR, Murphy WJ. Bone marrow transplantation and approaches to avoid graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2005; 360:1747-67. [PMID: 16147539 PMCID: PMC1569546 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2005.1701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) offers promise for the treatment of haematological and immune disorders, solid tumours, and as a tolerance inducing regimen for organ transplantation. Allogeneic HSCTs engraftment requires immunosuppression and the anti-tumour effects are dependent upon the immune effector cells that are contained within or generated from the donor graft. However, significant toxicities currently limit its efficacy. These problems include: (i) graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in which donor T cells attack the recipient resulting in multi-organ attack and morbidity, (ii) a profound period of immune deficiency following HSCT, and (iii) donor graft rejection. Currently available methods to prevent or treat GVHD with systemic immunosuppression can lead to impaired immune recovery, increased opportunistic infections, and higher relapse rates. This review will provide an overview of GVHD pathophysiology and discuss the roles of various cells, pathways, and factors in the GVHD generation process and in the preservation of graft-versus-tumour effects. Variables that need to be taken into consideration in attempting to extrapolate preclinical results to the clinical paradigm will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, MMC 109, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, USA.
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Tamura H, Dan K, Tamada K, Nakamura K, Shioi Y, Hyodo H, Wang SD, Dong H, Chen L, Ogata K. Expression of Functional B7-H2 and B7.2 Costimulatory Molecules and Their Prognostic Implications in De novo Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:5708-17. [PMID: 16115907 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-2672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The B7 family molecules have been shown to regulate immune responses in both positive and negative fashions. Their roles in the progression of human cancers, however, are not well established. The aim of this study was to examine whether leukemic cells of acute myeloid leukemia express functional B7 family molecules and, if so, whether such expression has any clinical significance. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The expression of four B7 family molecules, B7.1, B7.2, B7-H1, and B7-H2, on leukemic cells from acute myeloid leukemia patients was analyzed by flow cytometry. The function of the expressed molecules was examined by the allogeneic mixed lymphocyte-leukemic cell reaction, and their relationship to the clinical data and survival was analyzed. RESULTS Although B7.1 and B7-H1 expressions were rare, the cells from a substantial number of acute myeloid leukemia cases expressed B7.2 and B7-H2 molecules [mean percentages of B7.2- and B7-H2-positive cells were 28.9% (n = 58) and 15.3% (n = 59), respectively]. Patients in whom >25% of leukemic cells expressed B7-H2 had significantly shorter survival, and this B7-H2 positivity had the strongest prognostic value when B7-H2 and other prognostic factors were analyzed together by multivariate analysis (P = 0.0108). Furthermore, B7.2 expression was associated with hyperleukocytosis (P = 0.026). Consistent with this finding, acute myeloid leukemia cells expressing B7.2 and B7-H2 induced allogeneic CD4+ T cells to proliferate and secrete interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 in vitro, effects that were partially blocked by antibodies against B7.2 and B7-H2. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate the expression of functional B7.2 and B7-H2 molecules, and these molecules may facilitate progression of acute myeloid leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Analysis of Variance
- Antigens, CD
- B7-2 Antigen/analysis
- B7-2 Antigen/genetics
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Cells/pathology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Coculture Techniques
- Culture Media, Conditioned/chemistry
- Culture Media, Conditioned/metabolism
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- HL-60 Cells
- Humans
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Ligand
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Jurkat Cells
- K562 Cells
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
- Proteins/analysis
- Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Survival Analysis
- U937 Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Tamura
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
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24
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Inhibition of Chronic Rejection and Development of Tolerogenic T Cells after ICOS-ICOSL and CD40-CD40L Co-stimulation Blockade. Transplantation 2005. [DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000165429.57421.d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
The discovery of new functions for the original B7 family members, together with the identification of additional B7 and CD28 family members, have revealed new ways in which the B7:CD28 family regulates T cell activation and tolerance. B7-1/B7-2:CD28 interactions not only promote initial T cell activation but also regulate self-tolerance by supporting CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cell homeostasis. CTLA-4 can exert its inhibitory effects in both B7-1/B7-2 dependent and independent fashions. B7-1 and B7-2 can signal bidirectionally by engaging CD28 and CTLA-4 on T cells and by delivering signals into B7-expressing cells. The five new B7 family members, ICOS ligand, PD-L1 (B7-H1), PD-L2 (B7-DC), B7-H3, and B7-H4 (B7x/B7-S1) are expressed on professional antigen-presenting cells as well as on cells within nonlymphoid organs, providing new means for regulating T cell activation and tolerance in peripheral tissues. The new CD28 families members, ICOS, PD-1, and BTLA, are inducibly expressed on T cells, and they have important roles in regulating previously activated T cells. PD-1 and BTLA also are expressed on B cells and may have broader immunoregulatory functions. The ICOS:ICOSL pathway appears to be particularly important for stimulating effector T cell responses and T cell-dependent B cell responses, but it also has an important role in regulating T cell tolerance. In addition, the PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2 pathway plays a critical role in regulating T cell activation and tolerance. In this review, we revisit the roles of the B7:CD28 family members in regulating immune responses, and we discuss their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Greenwald
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Gajewska BU, Tafuri A, Swirski FK, Walker T, Johnson JR, Shea T, Shahinian A, Goncharova S, Mak TW, Stämpfli MR, Jordana M. B7RP-1 is not required for the generation of Th2 responses in a model of allergic airway inflammation but is essential for the induction of inhalation tolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:3000-5. [PMID: 15728513 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.5.3000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The recently described ICOS-B7RP-1 costimulatory pathway has been implicated in the generation of effector Th2 responses and, hence, has become an attractive therapeutic target for allergic diseases. In the present study, we used B7RP-1-deficient mice to investigate the role of B7RP-1 in the generation and maintenance of Th2 responses in a model of mucosal allergic airway inflammation. We found that exposure of B7RP-1 knockout mice to aerosolized OVA in the context of GM-CSF leads to airway eosinophilic inflammation. This response was long lasting because rechallenge of mice with the same Ag recapitulated airway eosinophilia. Moreover, significant expression of T1/ST2 on T cells and production of Th2-affiliated cytokines (IL-5, IL-4, and IL-13) and Igs (IgE and IgG1) conclusively demonstrate the generation of a Th2 response in the absence of B7RP-1. In addition, expression of two major Th2-associated costimulatory molecules-CD28 and ICOS-indicates T cell activation in the absence of B7RP-1 signaling. Finally, B7RP-1 knockout mice are resistant to the induction of inhalation tolerance as indicated by the sustained eosinophilia in the lung and IL-5 production. In summary, our results demonstrate that in a model of mucosal allergic sensitization, the ICOS-B7RP-1 pathway is redundant for the generation of Th2 responses but essential for the induction of inhalation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata U Gajewska
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, and Division of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Centre For Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Cliffe LJ, Grencis RK. The Trichuris muris system: a paradigm of resistance and susceptibility to intestinal nematode infection. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2004; 57:255-307. [PMID: 15504540 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(04)57004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal helminths infect over 1 billion people worldwide. Although rarely causing death, such diseases are associated with high levels of morbidity and furthermore bear a large economic burden within areas where infections are endemic. Trichuris muris, a natural intestinal parasite of mice has been extensively utilised as a laboratory model for the study of human whipworm Trichuris trichiura. This has proven to be an invaluable tool in dissecting the different components involved in immunity to trichuris infection. Moreover, it has become a paradigm of cytokine mediated immunity to gastrointestinal nematodes in general. It is well established that resistance and susceptibility to T. muris infection are tightly associated with the generation of a T helper 2 (TH2) or a T helper 1 (TH1) immune response, respectively. This review gives a detailed account of the experimental work which has provided us with this knowledge, and further builds upon this, by focusing upon the most recent developments and important findings from this host-parasite relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Cliffe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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28
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Biedermann T, Röcken M, Carballido JM. TH1 and TH2 lymphocyte development and regulation of TH cell-mediated immune responses of the skin. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2004; 9:5-14. [PMID: 14870978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1087-0024.2004.00829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Since the first description of the subpopulations of TH1 and TH2 cells, insights into the development and control of these cells as two polarized and physiologically balanced subsets have been generated. In particular, implications of the TH1-TH2 concept for TH cell-mediated skin disorders have been discovered. This article will review the basic factors that control the development of TH1 and TH2 cells, such as the cytokines IL-12 and IL-4 and transcription factors, the possible role of costimulatory molecules, and specialized dendritic cell populations. These regulatory mechanisms will be discussed in the context of polarized TH1 or TH2 skin disorders such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Also presented are the principles that govern how chemokines and chemokine receptors recruit TH1 and TH2 cells to inflammatory sites and how they amplify these polarized TH cell responses. All of these concepts, including a novel role for IL-4-inducing TH1 responses, can contribute to the design of better therapeutic strategies to modulate TH cell-mediated immune responses.
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Scott BG, Yang H, Tüzün E, Dong C, Flavell RA, Christadoss P. ICOS is essential for the development of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 153:16-25. [PMID: 15265659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Accepted: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocyte costimulation via the inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS) is required for effective humoral immunity development. Following immunization with Torpedo acetylcholine receptor (AChR), ICOS gene knockout (KO) mice were highly resistant to clinical experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) development, had less serum AChR-specific immunoglobulins (Igs), and exhibited a diminutive germinal center (GC) reaction in secondary lymphoid tissues. Lymphocyte proliferation and both Th1 and Th2 differentiation in response to AChR and the AChR dominant alpha146-162 peptide were inhibited by the ICOS gene deficiency. ICOS-mediated lymphocyte costimulation is thus vital to the induction of T cell-mediated humoral immunity to AChR and the development of clinical EAMG.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- Cell Count
- Cell Division/physiology
- Complement C3/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
- Flow Cytometry/methods
- Germinal Center/metabolism
- Immunization/methods
- Immunodominant Epitopes/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Class Switching/physiology
- Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry/methods
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Neuromuscular Junction/metabolism
- Peptides/immunology
- Radioimmunoassay/methods
- Receptors, Cholinergic/blood
- Receptors, Cholinergic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Time Factors
- Torpedo
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, 3.142 MRB, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
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30
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Miyahira Y, Akiba H, Ogawa SH, Ishi T, Watanabe S, Kobayashi S, Takeuchi T, Aoki T, Tezuka K, Abe R, Okumura K, Yagita H, Watanabe N. Involvement of ICOS-B7RP-1 costimulatory pathway in the regulation of immune responses to Leishmania major and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infections. Immunol Lett 2004; 89:193-9. [PMID: 14556978 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(03)00137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ICOS-B7RP-1-mediated T cell costimulatory pathway has been implicated crucial for T cell activation and differentiation. In this study, we investigated the role of this costimulation in the regulation of immune responses to parasitic infections by using blocking antibody against B7RP-1 as well as ICOS-deficient mice. The administration of anti-B7RP-1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) significantly suppressed the footpad swelling in susceptible BALB/c mice upon Leishmania major infection. The observation was consistent not only with the significant suppression of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 secretion from lymph node cells, which were derived from L. major-infected mice, but also with the significant reduction of total serum IgE and IgG(1) in anti-B7RP-1 mAb-treated BALB/c mice. Infection of ICOS-deficient mice with L. major also suggested the impaired Th2 immune responses in the absence of this costimulation. The immunological function of ICOS-B7RP-1 costimulatory pathway in infection was further confirmed by infecting anti-B7RP-1 mAb-treated wild type or ICOS-deficient mice with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. The characteristic elevation of total serum IgE and eosinophilia upon N. brasiliensis infection was suppressed by blocking this costimulation. Moreover, the protection to N. brasiliensis adult worms was suppressed in anti-B7RP-1 mAb-treated wild type or ICOS-deficient mice. These results suggest the crucial role of this costimulatory pathway in the regulation of Th2-biased T cell differentiation and in host immune responses against L. major and N. brasiliensis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Miyahira
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8421, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Deurloo DT, van Oosterhout AJM. Role of T cell co-stimulation in murine models of allergic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:17-25. [PMID: 14720257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D T Deurloo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
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32
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Valdez PA, Wang H, Seshasayee D, van Lookeren Campagne M, Gurney A, Lee WP, Grewal IS. NTB-A, a New Activating Receptor in T Cells That Regulates Autoimmune Disease. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:18662-9. [PMID: 14988414 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m312313200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD28 co-stimulatory pathway is well established for T cell activation; however, results from CD28 -/- mice suggest the existence of additional co-stimulatory pathways. Here we report the further characterization of a new member of the CD2 superfamily, NTB-A, important in T cell co-stimulation. NTB-A is expressed on T cells, and its expression is up-regulated on activated cells. Triggering of NTB-A with monoclonal antibodies in the absence of CD28 signals leads to T cell proliferation and interferon-gamma secretion but not interleukin-4. Cross-linking of NTB-A also induces phosphorylation of NTB-A and the association of SAP (SLAM-associated protein), the protein absent in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. T helper cells differentiated by cross-linking NTB-A and CD3 developed predominantly into Th1 cells not Th2 cells. In vivo blocking of NTB-A interactions with its ligands by using soluble NTB-A-Fc fusion protein inhibits B cell isotype switching to IgG2a and IgG3, commonly induced by Th1-type cytokines. Most important, treatment of mice with NTB-A-Fc delays the onset of antigen-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in myelin basic protein-T cell receptor transgenic mice, suggesting a role in T cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Regulation of interferon-gamma secretion, and not interleukin-4 in vitro, as well as inhibition of Th1 cell-induced isotype switching and attenuation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis indicate that NTB-A is important for Th1 responses. The observation that cross-linking of NTB-A induces T cell activation, expansion, and Th1-type cytokine production suggests NTB-A is a novel co-stimulatory receptor. The identification of NTB-A as a regulator of T cell response paves the way to provide novel therapeutic approaches for modulation of the immune response.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Autoimmune Diseases/drug therapy
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Glycoproteins/administration & dosage
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Class Switching/drug effects
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments
- Immunoglobulins/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulins/immunology
- Immunoglobulins/metabolism
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Phosphorylation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Associated Protein
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family Member 1
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Valdez
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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33
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Schreiner B, Wischhusen J, Mitsdoerffer M, Schneider D, Bornemann A, Melms A, Tolosa E, Weller M, Wiendl H. Expression of the B7-related molecule ICOSL by human glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. Glia 2004; 44:296-301. [PMID: 14603470 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human glioblastoma is a highly lethal tumor known for its capability of interfering with effective antitumor immune responses. Costimulatory signals are of critical relevance in both the inductive and effector phases of immune responses. Inducible costimulator-ligand (ICOSL), a member of the B7 family of costimulatory molecules related to CD80/CD86, regulates CD4 as well as CD8 T-cell responses via interaction with its receptor, ICOS, on activated T cells. We report the expression of ICOSL by glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. In contrast to CD80 (B7.1) and CD86 (B7.2), ICOSL protein and mRNA was expressed in 7 of 12 glioma cell lines. ICOSL expression is upregulated by the inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), whereas interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) has no such effect. Further, immunohistochemical analysis of human brain tumors demonstrates the expression of ICOSL in three of four tissue samples. ICOSL expression is functional in that a neutralizing ICOSL antibody (HIL-131) reduces Th1 and Th2 cytokine levels in cocultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes or T-cell subsets (CD4 and CD8) with glioma cells. However, ICOSL gene transfer into glioma cells does not alter their immunogenicity under primary or secondary alloreactive coculture assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Schreiner
- Department of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Medical School, Tübingen, Germany
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34
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Zuberek K, Ling V, Wu P, Ma HL, Leonard JP, Collins M, Dunussi-Joannopoulos K. Comparable in vivo efficacy of CD28/B7, ICOS/GL50, and ICOS/GL50B costimulatory pathways in murine tumor models: IFNgamma-dependent enhancement of CTL priming, effector functions, and tumor specific memory CTL. Cell Immunol 2004; 225:53-63. [PMID: 14643304 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2003.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that B7/CD28 interactions are important in clonal expansion and effector function of nai;ve CD4(+) T cells, whereas ICOS/GL50 interactions may optimize the responses of recently activated T(H) cells. In tumor models, it has been shown that engagement of ICOS, like CD28, by its ligands can be effective in enhancing tumor immunity. In this report, we have directly compared the in vivo efficacy of CD28 vs ICOS activation in the MethA fibrosarcoma and B16F1 melanoma tumor models. We studied the efficacy of systemic treatment of tumors with murine B7.2-IgG or GL50-IgG fusion proteins, and the therapeutic potential of B7.1 or GL50 vaccines given during various phases of the antitumor responses. In addition, we compare the efficacy of ICOS-ligand splice variants GL50 and GL50B in promoting tumor immunity. We find that each of these pathways is equally effective in promoting tumor immunity and that the efficacy of both GL50 and B7.1 vaccines is IFN-gamma but not IL-10 dependent. Our results suggest that CD28 or ICOS costimulation-based strategies may be equally efficacious as adjuvants to conventional cancer treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/therapeutic use
- B7-1 Antigen/immunology
- B7-1 Antigen/therapeutic use
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CD28 Antigens/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Ligand
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Proteins/immunology
- Proteins/therapeutic use
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Zuberek
- Wyeth Research, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
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35
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Okamoto N, Tezuka K, Kato M, Abe R, Tsuji T. PI3-kinase and MAP-kinase signaling cascades in AILIM/ICOS- and CD28-costimulated T-cells have distinct functions between cell proliferation and IL-10 production. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 310:691-702. [PMID: 14550257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Both AILIM/ICOS and CD28 provide positive costimulatory signals for T-cell activation, resulting in proliferation and cytokine production. In this study, we attempted to clarify the key signaling molecules in T-cell proliferation, and also IL-2 and IL-10 production, during T-cell activation by CD3 induced by costimulation with either AILIM/ICOS or CD28. We examined the role of both the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway and MAP kinase family members such as ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 kinase in this process. PI3-kinase and Erk1/2 were shown to potentially regulate primary T-cell activation and subsequent proliferation via both AILIM/ICOS- or CD28-mediated costimulation and the Erk signaling cascade was essential for this proliferation induction and also for IL-2 production. The JAK inhibitor, AG490, inhibited this induction. Our studies indicate that IL-2 is necessary for induction of T-cell proliferation and that the quantities of IL-2 produced by AILIM/ICOS ligation are also sufficient for T-cells to proliferate. In contrast, inhibition of Akt and p38, that are phosphorylated by both AILIM/ICOS and CD28-ligation, could downregulate IL-10 production but not T-cell proliferation. These data raise the interesting possibility that the signaling cascades between T-cell proliferation and IL-10 production are regulated by different molecules in AILIM/ICOS- and CD28-costimulated T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naokazu Okamoto
- Department of Biological Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
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36
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Abstract
Lymphocytes are important in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases. Blocking co-stimulatory signals for T-cell activation has been widely used as an approach to treating autoimmunity, but it has encountered limited clinical success. Some agonistic monoclonal antibodies to co-stimulatory molecules greatly enhance immune responses mediated by T cells, such as antiviral, anti-tumor and alloresponses. Surprisingly, recent studies have demonstrated that these agonists have profound therapeutic effects on autoimmune diseases by potentially depleting autoreactive lymphocytes or by inhibiting their function. These findings imply that signaling through co-stimulatory molecules can have diametric outcomes in modulating immune responses, thereby providing a novel approach to the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglian Sun
- Department of Pathology and Committee in Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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37
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Harada H, Salama AD, Sho M, Izawa A, Sandner SE, Ito T, Akiba H, Yagita H, Sharpe AH, Freeman GJ, Sayegh MH. The role of the ICOS-B7h T cell costimulatory pathway in transplantation immunity. J Clin Invest 2003. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200317008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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38
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Harada H, Salama AD, Sho M, Izawa A, Sandner SE, Ito T, Akiba H, Yagita H, Sharpe AH, Freeman GJ, Sayegh MH. The role of the ICOS-B7h T cell costimulatory pathway in transplantation immunity. J Clin Invest 2003; 112:234-43. [PMID: 12865411 PMCID: PMC164288 DOI: 10.1172/jci17008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2002] [Accepted: 04/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS) plays a pivotal role in T cell activation and Th1/Th2 differentiation. ICOS blockade has disparate effects on immune responses depending on the timing of blockade. Its role in transplantation immunity, however, remains incompletely defined. We used a vascularized mouse cardiac allograft model to explore the role of ICOS signaling at different time points after transplantation, targeting immune initiation (early blockade) or the immune effector phase (delayed blockade). In major histocompatibility-mismatched recipients, ICOS blockade prolonged allograft survival using both protocols but did so more effectively in the delayed-treatment group. By contrast, in minor histocompatibility-mismatched recipients, early blockade accelerated rejection and delayed blockade prolonged graft survival. Alloreactive CD4+ T cell expansion and alloantibody production were suppressed in both treatment groups, whereas only delayed blockade resulted in suppression of effector CD8+ T cell generation. After delayed ICOS blockade, there was a diminished frequency of allospecific IL-10-producing cells and an increased frequency of both IFN-gamma- and IL-4-producing cells. The beneficial effects of ICOS blockade in regulating allograft rejection were seen in the absence of CD28 costimulation but required CD8+ cells, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4, and an intact signal transducer and activator of transcription-6 pathway. These data define the complex functions of the ICOS-B7h pathway in regulating alloimmune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Harada
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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39
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Rutitzky LI, Ozkaynak E, Rottman JB, Stadecker MJ. Disruption of the ICOS-B7RP-1 costimulatory pathway leads to enhanced hepatic immunopathology and increased gamma interferon production by CD4 T cells in murine schistosomiasis. Infect Immun 2003; 71:4040-4. [PMID: 12819093 PMCID: PMC161982 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.7.4040-4044.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality in schistosomiasis are largely due to an immune response mediated by CD4 T lymphocytes. Since lymphocyte activation is shaped by costimulatory signals, the specific functions of different costimulatory pathways are of increasing interest. We now examined the role of the inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS) and its ligand B7-related protein 1 (B7RP-1) in the experimental murine schistosome infection by blocking this costimulatory pathway with monoclonal antibody against ICOS, administered daily by intraperitoneal injection during the patent phase of the disease. The treated mice exhibited enhanced hepatic immunopathology characterized by enlarged egg granulomas and pronounced parenchymal inflammation with hepatocellular necrosis, resulting in elevated liver enzyme levels in serum. Most strikingly, there was a sharp increase in gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production by schistosome egg antigen-stimulated granuloma cells, bulk mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells, and purified MLN CD4 T cells, which contrasted with a more discreet change in the Th2-type cytokines interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-10. These findings suggest that the ICOS-B7RP-1 costimulatory pathway serves primarily to control IFN-gamma production, thereby promoting a cytokine environment conducive to limited hepatic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura I Rutitzky
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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40
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Wiley RE, Goncharova S, Shea T, Johnson JR, Coyle AJ, Jordana M. Evaluation of inducible costimulator/B7-related protein-1 as a therapeutic target in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 28:722-30. [PMID: 12760969 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2002-0220oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Given its primary role in the execution of T cell, and especially Th2, effector activity, the inducible costimulator (ICOS)/B7-related protein (RP)-1 costimulatory pathway is currently being heralded as a promising therapeutic target for immune-inflammatory disorders such as asthma. This study investigates the merits of ICOS blockade in a murine model of experimental asthma in which mice are sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) through the respiratory mucosa. Intraperitoneal treatment of mice with anti-ICOS neutralizing antibody during sensitization resulted in a marked reduction in airway eosinophilia and IL-5 in bronchoalveolar lavage, but had no effect on interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and eotaxin content in bronchoalveolar lavage or the production of OVA-specific immunoglobulin E in serum. Cultured splenocytes from mice sensitized to OVA in the context of ICOS ablation produced enhanced levels of IL-4 and IL-5 upon stimulation with OVA, and this correlated with elevated inflammation and immunoglobulin E secretion upon long-term in vivo OVA recall; the deleterious effects ICOS blockade, however, were not associated with reduced IL-10 production by splenocytes. Peculiarly, anti-ICOS intervention during OVA rechallenge had no effect on airway inflammation or immunoglobulin production, despite high levels of ICOS expression on infiltrating CD4+ T cells. This study provides in vivo evidence of an exacerbated long-term immune-inflammatory response following acute ICOS blockade, and suggests that ICOS costimulation is functionally redundant in established allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Wiley
- Division of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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41
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Wiendl H, Mitsdoerffer M, Schneider D, Melms A, Lochmuller H, Hohlfeld R, Weller M. Muscle fibres and cultured muscle cells express the B7.1/2-related inducible co-stimulatory molecule, ICOSL: implications for the pathogenesis of inflammatory myopathies. Brain 2003; 126:1026-35. [PMID: 12690043 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awg114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible co-stimulator ligand (ICOSL), a member of the B7 family of co-stimulatory molecules related to B7.1/2, regulates CD4 as well as CD8 T-cell responses via interaction with its receptor ICOS on activated T cells. Here we examined the expression and the functional relevance of ICOSL in human muscle cells in vivo and in vitro. We investigated 25 muscle biopsy specimens from patients with polymyositis, dermatomyositis, inclusion body myositis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy and non-myopathic controls for ICOSL expression by immunohistochemistry. Normal muscle fibres constitutively express low levels of ICOSL. However, ICOSL expression is markedly increased in muscle fibres in inflammatory myopathies. Cell surface staining was most prominent in the contact areas between muscle fibres and inflammatory cells, which in turn show expression of ICOS as a marker of T-cell activation. Muscle endothelial cells show constitutive expression of ICOSL under normal and pathological conditions. We also detected mRNA and cell surface protein expression of ICOSL on myoblasts cultured from control subjects and patients as well as in TE671 muscle rhabdomyosarcoma cells. ICOSL expression was upregulated by tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), whereas interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) had no such effect. Co-culture experiments of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-positive myoblasts with CD4 T cells together with superantigen demonstrated that the expression of muscle-related ICOSL has functional consequences: the production of Th1 (IFN-gamma) and Th2 cytokines [interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10] by CD4 T cells was markedly reduced in the presence of a neutralizing anti-ICOSL monoclonal antibody (mAb HIL-131), thus showing the importance of ICOSL co-stimulation for T-cell activation. Taken together, our results demonstrate that human muscle cells express ICOSL, a functional co-stimulatory molecule distinct from B7.1 and B7.2. ICOSL-ICOS interactions may play an important role in inflammatory myopathies, providing further evidence for the antigen-presenting capacity of muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Medical School, Tübingen, Germany.
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42
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Matsui Y, Okamoto H, Inobe M, Jia N, Shimizu T, Akino M, Sugawara T, Tezuka K, Nakayama Y, Morimoto J, Kimura C, Kon S, Miyazaki T, Kitabatake A, Uede T. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of ICOSIg fusion protein ameliorates ongoing experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Hum Gene Ther 2003; 14:521-32. [PMID: 12718763 DOI: 10.1089/104303403764539314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) has been used as a model for human myocarditis. We previously demonstrated that blockade of B7/CD28 or CD40/CD40 ligand (CD40L) had a potential preventive effect on EAM, but less therapeutic effect on ongoing EAM. Thus, we searched for the involvement of other costimulatory molecules in EAM. We demonstrated the expression of inducible costimulator (ICOS)/ICOSL molecules in the lymph nodes, spleen, and heart in the EAM rat. We constructed adenovirus vectors containing ICOSIg (Adex1CAICOSIg) to achieve effective inhibition of ICOS/ICOSL interaction, and examined the effects of Adex1CAICOSIg on EAM. Adex1CAICOSIg treatment shortly after the immunization did not inhibit the onset and severity of EAM compared to control rats. On the other hand, delayed treatment with Adex1CAICOSIg significantly inhibited ongoing EAM. The survival rate in rats treated with Adex1CAICOSIg was significantly higher than that of the control group. Furthermore, the affected area ratio of the Adex1CAICOSIg treatment group was significantly lower than that of the control group. This study indicates that ICOS/ICOSL costimulation makes an important contribution to the progression of EAM and that the blockade of this pathway by gene transfer has therapeutic potential for ongoing autoimmune myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Matsui
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
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43
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Salama AD, Yuan X, Nayer A, Chandraker A, Inobe M, Uede T, Sayegh MH. Interaction between ICOS-B7RP1 and B7-CD28 costimulatory pathways in alloimmune responses in vivo. Am J Transplant 2003; 3:390-5. [PMID: 12694060 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-6143.2003.00085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The B7-CD28 pathway is one of the foremost costimulatory pathways involved in T-cell activation. Recently, a number of additional costimulatory pathways have been described and preliminary data suggest that they play important roles in alloimmunity. However, the interactions between these different pathways are not well understood. We studied the effect of targeting ICOS ligand, B7RP1, in a rat cardiac transplant model, with and without concomitant blockade of the B7 pathway using CTLA4Ig. In a fully mismatched WF to LEW vascularized cardiac allograft model, without therapy, grafts were acutely rejected (MST 10.8 +/- 1.6 days). Early (day of transplant) B7RP1 blockade with ICOSIg alone had little effect on graft survival and rather than being additive with B7 blockade, ICOSIg abrogated the prolonged graft survival induced by CTLA4Ig treatment. By contrast, delayed (day 2 post-transplant) blockade of B7RP1 did not have such an effect. These findings were not related to cytokine deviation but may be in part related to the pattern of down-regulation of B7.2 expression following early B7RP1 blockade. This is the first report describing the complex interactions between ICOS-B7RP1 and B7-CD28 costimulatory pathways in alloimmunity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Salama
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Transplantation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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44
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Haaning Andersen AD, Lange M, Lillevang ST. Allelic variation of the inducible costimulator (ICOS) gene: detection of polymorphisms, analysis of the promoter region, and extended haplotype estimation. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2003; 61:276-85. [PMID: 12753665 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2003.00019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The human chromosome region 2q33 including the three costimulatory molecules CD28, CTLA-4 and ICOS, has been subject to much attention due to its linkage to a number of autoimmune diseases. The search for the causal relationship of this linkage has revealed several polymorphisms, but no variations in the amino acid sequences, except for one polymorphism in the leader sequence of CTLA-4. In the present study, we examined the ICOS gene of an unrelated group of healthy donors from the Danish population. We were able to report 16 intronic SNP, one intronic G-insert and two repeat regions in intron 4, consistent with the [T]n and the [GT]n regions reported in a Japanese study. Putative haplotypes for the established SNP and repeat polymorphisms have been estimated by computational analysis. Sequencing of approximately 3500 bp of the upstream region of ICOS revealed an additional eight SNP of which two resided in putative NF-kB and Sp1 sites. In accordance with previous studies we detected no variations in the coding regions except for a rare polymorphism that was found in one donor in the last codon of exon 5, which lead to a heterozygous genotype, but no amino acid change. This suggests that regulation of transcription rather than protein structure could be a possible mechanism in the explanation of linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Haaning Andersen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark BioCentrum, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
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45
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Löhning M, Hutloff A, Kallinich T, Mages HW, Bonhagen K, Radbruch A, Hamelmann E, Kroczek RA. Expression of ICOS in vivo defines CD4+ effector T cells with high inflammatory potential and a strong bias for secretion of interleukin 10. J Exp Med 2003; 197:181-93. [PMID: 12538658 PMCID: PMC2193816 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The studies performed to date analyzed the overall participation of the inducible costimulator (ICOS) in model diseases, but did not yield information on the nature and function of ICOS-expressing T cells in vivo. We examined ICOS(+) T cells in the secondary lymphoid organs of nonmanipulated mice, in the context of an "unbiased" immune system shaped by environmental antigens. Using single cell analysis, ICOS(low) cells were found to be loosely associated with the early cytokines interleukin (IL)-2, IL-3, IL-6, and interferon (IFN)-gamma. ICOS(medium) cells, the large majority of ICOS(+) T cells in vivo, were very tightly associated with the synthesis of the T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and these cells exhibited potent inflammatory effects in vivo. In contrast, ICOS(high) T cells were highly and selectively linked to the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Overall, these data seem to indicate that ICOS cell surface density serves as a regulatory mechanism for the release of cytokines with different immunological properties. Further in vivo functional experiments with in vitro-activated T cells strongly suggested that the ICOS(+) population, although representing in vivo only around 10% of T cells bearing early or late activation markers, nevertheless encompasses virtually all effector T cells, a finding with major diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Löhning
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, Schumannstrasse 21/22, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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Moser B, Schaerli P, Loetscher P. CXCR5(+) T cells: follicular homing takes center stage in T-helper-cell responses. Trends Immunol 2002; 23:250-4. [PMID: 12102746 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4906(02)02218-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Moser
- Theodor-Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3000 Bern 9, Switzerland.
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Khayyamian S, Hutloff A, Büchner K, Gräfe M, Henn V, Kroczek RA, Mages HW. ICOS-ligand, expressed on human endothelial cells, costimulates Th1 and Th2 cytokine secretion by memory CD4+ T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:6198-203. [PMID: 11983910 PMCID: PMC122926 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.092576699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (EC) play a central role in inflammatory immune responses and efficiently induce effector functions in T cells, despite lacking the classical costimulatory ligands CD80 and CD86. By using the mAb HIL-131 we now demonstrate that human inducible costimulator-ligand (ICOS-L), a molecule related to CD80/CD86, is constitutively expressed on human EC in vivo. In vitro, ICOS-L expression was strongly enhanced on human umbilical vein EC and microvascular EC by the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-1beta, and to a lower extent by stimulation of EC by CD40 or lipopolysaccharide. Coculture of MHC class II(+) EC with resting memory CD4(+) T cells in the presence of superantigen led to a marked up-regulation of ICOS on T cells and to the production of Th1 (IFN-gamma, IL-2) and Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13). When these cocultures were performed in the presence of the inhibitory mAb HIL-131, secretion of all cytokines was reduced by about 50-80%, indicating that ICOS-L is a major costimulator in EC-mediated T cell activation. Taken together, our data suggest an important physiological role of ICOS-L in the reactivation of effector/memory T cells on the endothelium controlling the entry of immune cells into inflamed tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Khayyamian
- Molecular Immunology, Robert Koch-Institute, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
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Petroff MG, Chen L, Phillips TA, Hunt JS. B7 family molecules: novel immunomodulators at the maternal-fetal interface. Placenta 2002; 23 Suppl A:S95-101. [PMID: 11978065 DOI: 10.1053/plac.2002.0813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The placenta utilizes both active and passive mechanisms to evade rejection by the maternal immune system. Recently, the mRNA for two newly cloned members of the B7 family of immunomodulatory cell-associated proteins have been identified in the human term placenta. In this article, we review the current knowledge of the B7 family member B7-H1, and discuss how it may participate in modulation of the maternal immune system at the maternal-fetal interface. B7-H1 has been found to possess immunostimulatory or immunoinhibitory properties, and immunohistological examination of first trimester and term placenta has revealed that this protein is abundant in the placenta. B7-H1 is highly expressed by both the syncytiotrophoblast and extravillous cytotrophoblast, both of which lie in direct contact with maternal blood and tissue. Further, treatment of the choriocarcinoma cell line, JEG-3, with recombinant human interferon (IFN)-gamma resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the abundance of the message for B7-H1, suggesting that IFN-gamma could regulate expression of B7-H1 by the trophoblast. These studies document that the positioning of B7-H1 at the maternal-fetal interface is such that it could participate in suppression of activated maternal leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Petroff
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.
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Abstract
The T helper lymphocyte is responsible for orchestrating an appropriate immune response to pathogens. To do so, it has evolved into two specialized subsets that direct type 1 and type 2 immunity. Here, we discuss the genetic programs that control lineage commitment of progenitor T helper cells along each of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Cheng Ho
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, FXB-2, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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