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Ronca R, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase IX: An atypical target for innovative therapies in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189120. [PMID: 38801961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs), are metallo-enzymes implicated in several pathophysiological processes where tissue pH regulation is required. CA IX is a tumor-associated CA isoform induced by hypoxia and involved in the adaptation of tumor cells to acidosis. Indeed, several tumor-driving pathways can induce CA IX expression, and this in turn has been associated to cancer cells invasion and metastatic features as well as to induction of stem-like features, drug resistance and recurrence. After its functional and structural characterization CA IX targeting approaches have been developed to inhibit its activity in neoplastic tissues, and to date this field has seen an incredible acceleration in terms of therapeutic options and biological readouts. Small molecules inhibitors, hybrid/dual targeting drugs, targeting antibodies and adoptive (CAR-T based) cell therapy have been developed at preclinical level, whereas a sulfonamide CA IX inhibitor and an antibody entered Phase Ib/II clinical trials for the treatment and imaging of different solid tumors. Here recent advances on CA IX biology and pharmacology in cancer, and its therapeutic targeting will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ronca
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Biotecnologie (CIB), Italy.
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Florence 50019, Italy.
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K HS, R G, Ramani P, Veeraraghavan VP. Longitudinal study on salivary IL-6 trajectories in postoperative OSCC patients after chemotherapy and radiotherapy. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2024:101909. [PMID: 38729427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2024.101909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) poses a significant healthcare challenge globally, necessitating precise biomarkers for effective management. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in saliva has emerged as a potential biomarker, yet its dynamics post-chemotherapy and radiotherapy remain underexplored. AIM The aim of our study is to investigate the longitudinal dynamics of salivary interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression in postoperative OSCC patients over a one-year follow-up period after chemotherapy and radiotherapy. METHODS This longitudinal study enrolled 60 participants, including postoperative OSCC patients and controls, collecting saliva samples over one year. RT-PCR and ELISA techniques measured IL-6 expression. Statistical analyses, including repeated measures ANOVA and univariate tests, evaluated IL-6 dynamics. RESULTS Pre-treatment, OSCC patients exhibited elevated IL-6 levels compared to controls. Post-therapy, IL-6 levels decreased significantly with p < .0001, indicating treatment response and further result to baseline normalizing at 6-month follow-up. Significant differences were observed across treatment stages, supporting IL-6 as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for OSCC. RT-PCR and ELISA results showed the statistical significance of IL-6's role as a predictive marker. CONCLUSION Salivary IL-6 emerges as a promising biomarker in OSCC management, necessitating further research to harness its diagnostic and therapeutic potential. By understanding IL-6 dynamics, personalized treatment approaches can be developed to improve patient outcomes. Longitudinal studies with larger cohorts and multi-omics approaches are warranted to validate findings and identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Shree K
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gayathri R
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Pratibha Ramani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Kanagasabai T, Hawaz M, Ellis K, Fah O, Mikhaeil H, Nguyen P, Tombo N, Shanker A, Sampath C, Khoury ZH, Cade J, Ferguson A, Gangula P. Effects of Topoisomerase II alpha Inhibition on Oral Cancer Cell Metabolism and Cancer Stem Cell Function. DENTAL RESEARCH AND ORAL HEALTH 2024; 7:58-65. [PMID: 38957610 PMCID: PMC11218736 DOI: 10.26502/droh.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A), is an enzyme involved in DNA replication, transcription, recombination, and chromatin remodeling and is found in a variety of cancers. However, the role of TOP2A regulation in oral cancer progression is not fully explained. We investigated the effect of TOP2A inhibition on cell survival, metabolism, and cancer stem cell self-renewal function in oral cancer cells. Methods Oral carcinoma cell line SCC25 was cultured in complete DMEM/F12 media and treated with 5μM of Etoposide (Topoisomerase II inhibitor) for 48h. The critical parameters of cellular metabolism, including extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation based on the oxygen consumption rate of cancer cells were assessed using Seahorse assay. Western blotting was performed to assess the proteins that are associated with proliferation (Survivin, IL-6) and cancer stem cell function (Oct4, Sox2) in cell lysates prepared from control and etoposide treated groups. Statistical analysis was performed using One-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparisons test. Results The protein expression of TOP2A was significantly (P<0.05) inhibited by etoposide. Additionally, TOP2A inhibition decreased the mitochondrial respiratory parameters including basal respiration, maximal respiration and ATP production. However, TOP2A inhibition has no impact on glycolytic function. Moreover, the proliferative marker survivin and IL-6 showed a significant (P<0.05) decrease after TOP2A inhibition. Conversely, the protein expression of cancer stem cell markers Oct-4 and Sox 2 were not altered. Conclusion These results indicate that inhibition of TOP2A is more efficacious by decreasing the mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming and thereby downregulating the key anti-apoptotic and pro-survival mediators. Thus, TOP2A represents an ideal therapeutic target and offers a potential treatment strategy for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanigaivelan Kanagasabai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Mariam Hawaz
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences and Research, School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Kayla Ellis
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences and Research, School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Orlyne Fah
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences and Research, School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Helana Mikhaeil
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences and Research, School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Philip Nguyen
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences and Research, School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Nathalie Tombo
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences and Research, School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Anil Shanker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Chethan Sampath
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences and Research, School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Zaid H Khoury
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences and Research, School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - James Cade
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences and Research, School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Alexys Ferguson
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences and Research, School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Pandu Gangula
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences and Research, School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
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Xie C, Chen X, Chen Y, Wang X, Zuo J, Zheng A, Luo Z, Cheng X, Zhong S, Jiang J, Du J, Zhao Y, Jiang P, Zhang W, Chen D, Pan H, Shen L, Zhu B, Zhou Q, Xu Y, Tang KF. Mutual communication between radiosensitive and radioresistant esophageal cancer cells modulates their radiosensitivity. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:846. [PMID: 38114473 PMCID: PMC10730729 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an important treatment modality for patients with esophageal cancer; however, the response to radiation varies among different tumor subpopulations due to tumor heterogeneity. Cancer cells that survive radiotherapy (i.e., radioresistant) may proliferate, ultimately resulting in cancer relapse. However, the interaction between radiosensitive and radioresistant cancer cells remains to be elucidated. In this study, we found that the mutual communication between radiosensitive and radioresistant esophageal cancer cells modulated their radiosensitivity. Radiosensitive cells secreted more exosomal let-7a and less interleukin-6 (IL-6) than radioresistant cells. Exosomal let-7a secreted by radiosensitive cells increased the radiosensitivity of radioresistant cells, whereas IL-6 secreted by radioresistant cells decreased the radiosensitivity of radiosensitive cells. Although the serum levels of let-7a and IL-6 before radiotherapy did not vary significantly between patients with radioresistant and radiosensitive diseases, radiotherapy induced a more pronounced decrease in serum let-7a levels and a greater increase in serum IL-6 levels in patients with radioresistant cancer compared to those with radiosensitive cancer. The percentage decrease in serum let-7a and the percentage increase in serum IL-6 levels at the early stage of radiotherapy were inversely associated with tumor regression after radiotherapy. Our findings suggest that early changes in serum let-7a and IL-6 levels may be used as a biomarker to predict the response to radiotherapy in patients with esophageal cancer and provide new insights into subsequent treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congying Xie
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Innovation and Application of Intelligent Radiotherapy Technology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Wenzhou key Laboratory of basic science and translational research of radiation oncology, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325015, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yueming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325015, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xingyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325015, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jiwei Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325015, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Anqi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325015, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Zhicheng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325015, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325015, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Shouhui Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325015, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jiayu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325015, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jizao Du
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325015, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yuemei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325015, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Peipei Jiang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325015, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325015, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Didi Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325015, wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Huanle Pan
- Department of Radiotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325015, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Lanxiao Shen
- Department of Radiotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325015, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Baoling Zhu
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Innovation and Application of Intelligent Radiotherapy Technology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Wenzhou key Laboratory of basic science and translational research of radiation oncology, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Qingyu Zhou
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Innovation and Application of Intelligent Radiotherapy Technology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Wenzhou key Laboratory of basic science and translational research of radiation oncology, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yunsheng Xu
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Fu Tang
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Innovation and Application of Intelligent Radiotherapy Technology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, Chongqing, P. R. China.
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Gavia-García G, Rosado-Pérez J, Arista-Ugalde TL, Aguiñiga-Sánchez I, Santiago-Osorio E, Mendoza-Núñez VM. The consumption of Sechium edule (chayote) has antioxidant effect and prevents telomere attrition in older adults with metabolic syndrome. Redox Rep 2023; 28:2207323. [PMID: 37140004 PMCID: PMC10165935 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2023.2207323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of the consumption of Sechium edule (1.5 g/day) for six months on oxidative stress (OxS) and inflammation markers and its association with telomere length (TL) in older adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS The study was conducted in a sample of 48 older adults: placebo (EP) and experimental (EG) groups. Lipoperoxides, protein carbonylation, 8-OHdG, total oxidant status (TOS), SOD, GPx, H2O2 inhibition, total antioxidant status (TAS), inflammatory cytokines (IL6, IL10, TNF-α), and TL were measured before and six months post-treatment. RESULTS We found a significant decrease in the levels of lipoperoxides, protein carbonylation, 8-OHdG, TOS in the EG in comparison PG. Likewise, a significante increase of TAS, IL-6, and IL-10 levels was found at six months post-treatment in EG in comparison with PG. TL showed a statistically significant decrease in PG compared to post-treatment EG. CONCLUSIONS Our findigns showed that the supplementation of Sechium edule has antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects, and diminushion of shortening of telomeric DNA in older adults with MetS. This would be the first study that shows that the intervention with Sechium edule has a possible geroprotective effect by preventing telomeres from shortening as usually happens in these patients. Therefore, suggesting a protection of telomeric DNA and genomic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Gavia-García
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juana Rosado-Pérez
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Itzen Aguiñiga-Sánchez
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edelmiro Santiago-Osorio
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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Qiu X, Ye H, Li X, Li D, Jiang L, Liu R, Zhao Z, He D. IL-6/JAK2-dependent G6PD phosphorylation promotes nucleotide synthesis and supports tumor growth. Mol Metab 2023; 78:101836. [PMID: 37949355 PMCID: PMC10692918 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumor cells hijack inflammatory mechanisms to promote their own growth. IL-6 is one of the major cytokines, and is frequently upregulated in tumors. The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) generates the indispensable building blocks to produce various nucleotides. Here we aimed to determine whether and how PPP is timely tuned in response to IL-6 to support tumor growth. METHODS Protein expression was examined by immunoblot. Protein interaction was examined by immunoprecipitation. Tumor cell proliferation in in vitro culture was examined by BrdU assay and colony formation assay. Tumor cell proliferation in mouse xenograft model was examined by Ki-67 staining. RESULTS Here we show that the metabolic flux of PPP and enzymatic activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is rapidly induced under IL-6 treatment, without obvious changes in G6PD expression level. Mechanistically, Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) phosphorylates G6PD Y437 under IL-6 treatment, which accentuates G6PD enzymatic activity by promoting G6PD binding with its substrate G6P. Further, JAK2-dependent G6PD Y437 phosphorylation is required for IL-6-induced nucleotide biosynthesis and tumor cell proliferation, and is associated with the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Our findings report a new mechanism implicated in the crosstalk between tumor cells and inflammatory microenvironment, by which JAK2-dependent activation of G6PD governs nucleotide synthesis to support tumor cell proliferation, thereby highlighting its value as a potential anti-tumor target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hongping Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610057, PR China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Lu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Nuclear Stress Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610057, PR China.
| | - Dan He
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610057, PR China.
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Orange ST, Leslie J, Ross M, Mann DA, Wackerhage H. The exercise IL-6 enigma in cancer. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:749-763. [PMID: 37633799 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6 elicits both anticancer and procancer effects depending on the context, which we have termed the 'exercise IL-6 enigma'. IL-6 is released from skeletal muscles during exercise to regulate short-term energy availability. Exercise-induced IL-6 provokes biological effects that may protect against cancer by improving insulin sensitivity, stimulating the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, mobilising immune cells, and reducing DNA damage in early malignant cells. By contrast, IL-6 continuously produced by leukocytes in inflammatory sites drives tumorigenesis by promoting chronic inflammation and activating tumour-promoting signalling pathways. How can a molecule have such opposing effects on cancer? Here, we review the roles of IL-6 in chronic inflammation, tumorigenesis, and exercise-associated cancer prevention and define the factors that underpin the exercise IL-6 enigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Orange
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Jack Leslie
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Bioscience Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mark Ross
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Derek A Mann
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Bioscience Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Henning Wackerhage
- Department of Sport & Health Science, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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8
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Ene C, Nicolae I, Ene CD. Angiogenic systemic response to the hypoxic microenvironment in prostate tumorigenesis: A pilot study. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:483. [PMID: 37753291 PMCID: PMC10518656 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The present paper aimed to investigate the altered angiogenetic mechanisms in hypoxic conditions in patients with prostate tumours, in correlation with common clinicopathologic variables. A case-control study was developed and included 87 patients with prostate tumours [40 diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 47 diagnosed with prostate cancer (PCa), using prostate transrectal biopsy] and 40 healthy subjects. The following parameters were evaluated in the serum of volunteers: Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9, thrombospondin (TSP)-1 and soluble VEGF-1 receptor. Experimental data analysis demonstrated increasing amounts of inflammation in patients with PCa (IL-6, 18.1±4.7 ng/ml) and BPH (IL-6, 16.3±5.1 ng/ml) vs. control (IL-6, 4.1±1.2 ng/ml); overregulation of HIF1α in patients with PCa (129.3±21.8 ng/ml) compared with patients with BPH (65.6±18.2 ng/ml) and control (61.3±12.7 ng/ml); angiogenesis abnormalities in patients with PCa (upregulation of FGF-2, VEGF, MMP-2 and -9, suppression of TSP-1 and soluble VEGR-1) and BPH (upregulation FGF-2 and VEGF) compared with the control group. In conclusion, a greater understanding of the biological mechanism, the pathological roles and the clinical significance of various proangiogenic parameters and angiogenic-suppressor proteins seem useful in clinical practice for establishing an early diagnosis of prostate pathology and finding an individualized therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmin Ene
- Department of Urology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Urology, ‘St. John’ Clinical Hospital of Emergency, 042122 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ilinca Nicolae
- Research Laboratory, ‘Victor Babes’ Clinical Hospital of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, 030303 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corina Daniela Ene
- Department of Nephrology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Nephrology, ‘Carol Davila’ Clinical Hospital of Nephrology, 010731 Bucharest, Romania
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9
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Orange ST. What is the optimal type and dose of physical activity for colorectal cancer prevention? Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2023; 66:101841. [PMID: 37852708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2023.101841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence shows that higher levels of physical activity reduce the relative risk of colon cancer by up to 20%. To design optimal physical activity interventions for primary prevention, it is important to understand how the specific characteristics of physical activity (type, intensity, overall volume) influence the magnitude of colon cancer risk reduction. Improving our understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms will also help to manipulate physical activity characteristics to precisely target mechanisms of action and identify populations most likely to benefit. This review synthesizes the best available evidence to explore how the type and dose of physical activity moderate the protective effect of physical activity on colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Orange
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
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10
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Gavia-García G, Hernández-Álvarez D, Arista-Ugalde TL, Aguiñiga-Sánchez I, Santiago-Osorio E, Mendoza-Núñez VM, Rosado-Pérez J. The Supplementation of Sechium edule var. nigrum spinosum (Chayote) Promotes Nrf2-Mediated Antioxidant Protection in Older Adults with Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2023; 15:4106. [PMID: 37836390 PMCID: PMC10574595 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim was to determine the effect of Sechium edule var. nigrum spinosum (chayote) on gene expression related to antioxidant protection mechanisms and the inflammatory process in older adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS). A quasi-experimental study was carried out in a convenience sample of 46 older adults diagnosed with MetS: (i) placebo group (PG; n = 20); (ii) experimental group (EG; n = 26). The clinical, biochemical, anthropometric parameters and SOD, GPx, and CAT enzyme activity, alongside total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), oxidative stress index (OSI), cytokines (IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α), and mRNA expression of SOD, GPx, CAT, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, Nrf2, NFkB p50, and NFkB p65, were measured at baseline and 6 months post-intervention. A statistically significant decrease was observed in TOS (baseline, 28.9 ± 3.6 vs. post, 23.7 ± 3.4, p < 0.01) and OSI (baseline, 24.1 ± 3.8 vs. post, 17.7 ± 4), as well as an increase in IL-6 (baseline, 10.7 ± 1.1 vs. post, 12.3 ± 2, p = 0.03), SOD activity (baseline, 167.1 ± 11.9 vs. post, 180.6 ± 7.6, p < 0.05), CAT activity (baseline, 1.0 ± 0.2 vs. post, 1.3 ± 0.2, p < 0.01), and TAS (baseline, 1.1 ± 0.1 vs. post, 1.4 ± 0.1, p < 0.01) in the EG compared to the PG. Regarding the expression of Nrf2, SOD, and IL-6, the EG showed a significant increase vs. basal levels (47%, 44%, and 43%, respectively). Our findings suggest that Sechium edule supplementation promotes the antioxidant response and decreases oxidative stress via Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Gavia-García
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (G.G.-G.); (D.H.-Á.); (T.L.A.-U.)
| | - David Hernández-Álvarez
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (G.G.-G.); (D.H.-Á.); (T.L.A.-U.)
| | - Taide Laurita Arista-Ugalde
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (G.G.-G.); (D.H.-Á.); (T.L.A.-U.)
| | - Itzen Aguiñiga-Sánchez
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (I.A.-S.); (E.S.-O.)
| | - Edelmiro Santiago-Osorio
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (I.A.-S.); (E.S.-O.)
| | - Víctor Manuel Mendoza-Núñez
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (G.G.-G.); (D.H.-Á.); (T.L.A.-U.)
| | - Juana Rosado-Pérez
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (G.G.-G.); (D.H.-Á.); (T.L.A.-U.)
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11
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Raudenska M, Balvan J, Hanelova K, Bugajova M, Masarik M. Cancer-associated fibroblasts: Mediators of head and neck tumor microenvironment remodeling. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188940. [PMID: 37331641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are involved in critical aspects of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) pathogenesis, such as the formation of a tumor-permissive extracellular matrix structure, angiogenesis, or immune and metabolic reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment (TME), with implications for metastasis and resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The pleiotropic effect of CAFs in TME is likely to reflect the heterogeneity and plasticity of their population, with context-dependent effects on carcinogenesis. The specific properties of CAFs provide many targetable molecules that could play an important role in the future therapy of HNSCC. In this review article, we will focus on the role of CAFs in the TME of HNSCC tumors. We will also discuss clinically relevant agents targeting CAFs, their signals, and signaling pathways, which are activated by CAFs in cancer cells, with the potential for repurposing for HNSCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Raudenska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University / Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University / Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Balvan
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University / Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Hanelova
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University / Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Bugajova
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University / Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masarik
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University / Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University / Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Pathophysiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, / U Nemocnice 5, CZ-128 53 Prague, Czech Republic.
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12
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Matuszczak S, Szczepanik K, Grządziel A, Drzyzga A, Cichoń T, Czapla J, Pilny E, Smolarczyk R. The Effect of Radiotherapy on Cell Survival and Inflammatory Cytokine and Chemokine Secretion in a Co-Culture Model of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Normal Cells. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1773. [PMID: 37371868 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is one of the main treatments for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). Unfortunately, radioresistance is observed in many cases of HNSCCs. The effectiveness of RT depends on both the direct effect inducing cell death and the indirect effect of changing the tumor microenvironment (TME). Knowledge of interactions between TME components after RT may help to design a new combined treatment with RT. In the study, we investigated the effect of RT on cell survival and cell secretion in a co-culture model of HNSCCs in vitro. We examined changes in cell proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle phases, type of cell death, cell migration and secretion after irradiation. The obtained results suggest that the presence of fibroblasts and endothelial cells in co-culture with HNSCCs inhibits the function of cell cycle checkpoints G1/S and G2/M and allows cells to enter the next phase of the cell cycle. We showed an anti-apoptotic effect in co-culture of HNSCCs with fibroblasts or endothelial cells in relation to the execution phase of apoptosis, although we initially observed increased activation of the early phase of apoptosis in the co-cultures after irradiation. We hypothesize that the anti-apoptotic effect depends on increased secretion of IL-6 and MCP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybilla Matuszczak
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Szczepanik
- Radiotherapy Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Grządziel
- Radiotherapy Planning Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Alina Drzyzga
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Cichoń
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Justyna Czapla
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ewelina Pilny
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ryszard Smolarczyk
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland
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13
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Budi HS, Farhood B. Targeting oral tumor microenvironment for effective therapy. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:101. [PMID: 37221555 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral cancers are among the common head and neck malignancies. Different anticancer therapy modalities such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, and also targeted molecular therapy may be prescribed for targeting oral malignancies. Traditionally, it has been assumed that targeting malignant cells alone by anticancer modalities such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy suppresses tumor growth. In the last decade, a large number of experiments have confirmed the pivotal role of other cells and secreted molecules in the tumor microenvironment (TME) on tumor progression. Extracellular matrix and immunosuppressive cells such as tumor-associated macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and regulatory T cells (Tregs) play key roles in the progression of tumors like oral cancers and resistance to therapy. On the other hand, infiltrated CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells are key anti-tumor cells that suppress the proliferation of malignant cells. Modulation of extracellular matrix and immunosuppressive cells, and also stimulation of anticancer immunity have been suggested to treat oral malignancies more effectively. Furthermore, the administration of some adjuvants or combination therapy modalities may suppress oral malignancies more effectively. In this review, we discuss various interactions between oral cancer cells and TME. Furthermore, we also review the basic mechanisms within oral TME that may cause resistance to therapy. Potential targets and approaches for overcoming the resistance of oral cancers to various anticancer modalities will also be reviewed. The findings for targeting cells and potential therapeutic targets in clinical studies will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Setia Budi
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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14
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Surniyantoro HNE, Kisnanto T, Tetriana D, Yusuf D, Basri IKH, Lusiyanti Y. Study of Immune Response and Malondialdehyde Levels in Irradiated Rats Supplemented with Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb Extract. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2023; 24:1717-1723. [PMID: 37247293 PMCID: PMC10495877 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2023.24.5.1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the immune response and malondialdehyde levels in irradiated rats supplemented with Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb extract as a candidate for mitigating radiation exposure. METHODS Twenty-four male Wistar rats were grouped into eight treatment groups, then Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb extract was administered orally and irradiated at 6 Gy. Measurement of rats IL-6 and INF-γ was performed using a sandwich ELISA Kit, while the MDA concentration was quantified according to the method of Wills (1971). The statistical test is determined by one way ANOVA test. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULT The concentration of IL-6 in all groups showed no statistically significant difference (P=0.18). There was an increase in the concentration of IL-6 in the group of rats irradiated with 6 Gy for 7 days and 14 days. Meanwhile, the INF-γ concentration also showed no significant results in all treatment groups (P=0.28). The average of MDA concentration showed a significant difference in the liver and spleen of irradiated rats at 6 Gy for 14 days compared to the control (0.044 nmol/mg vs 0.008 nmol/mg, P=0.03 and 0.032 nmol/mg vs 0.014 nmol/mg, P=0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION The administration of Curcuma xanthorriza Xorb extract was able to reduce MDA concentrations in the liver and spleen although not statistically significant. In addition, exposure to ionizing radiation at a dose of 6 Gy significantly increased lipid peroxidation in the liver and spleen by 5.5 times and 2.3 times, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Nugroho Eko Surniyantoro
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency, Serpong, Indonesia.
- Doctoral Program, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.
| | - Teja Kisnanto
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency, Serpong, Indonesia.
| | - Devita Tetriana
- Research Center for Safety, Metrology, and Nuclear Quality Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Darlina Yusuf
- Research Center for Safety, Metrology, and Nuclear Quality Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Iin Kurnia Hasan Basri
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency, Serpong, Indonesia.
| | - Yanti Lusiyanti
- Research Center for Safety, Metrology, and Nuclear Quality Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia.
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15
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Hannon G, Lesch ML, Gerber SA. Harnessing the Immunological Effects of Radiation to Improve Immunotherapies in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7359. [PMID: 37108522 PMCID: PMC10138513 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is used to treat 50% of cancers. While the cytotoxic effects related to DNA damage with IR have been known since the early 20th century, the role of the immune system in the treatment response is still yet to be fully determined. IR can induce immunogenic cell death (ICD), which activates innate and adaptive immunity against the cancer. It has also been widely reported that an intact immune system is essential to IR efficacy. However, this response is typically transient, and wound healing processes also become upregulated, dampening early immunological efforts to overcome the disease. This immune suppression involves many complex cellular and molecular mechanisms that ultimately result in the generation of radioresistance in many cases. Understanding the mechanisms behind these responses is challenging as the effects are extensive and often occur simultaneously within the tumor. Here, we describe the effects of IR on the immune landscape of tumors. ICD, along with myeloid and lymphoid responses to IR, are discussed, with the hope of shedding light on the complex immune stimulatory and immunosuppressive responses involved with this cornerstone cancer treatment. Leveraging these immunological effects can provide a platform for improving immunotherapy efficacy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Hannon
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (G.H.); (M.L.L.)
- Center for Tumor Immunology Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Maggie L. Lesch
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (G.H.); (M.L.L.)
- Center for Tumor Immunology Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Scott A. Gerber
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (G.H.); (M.L.L.)
- Center for Tumor Immunology Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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16
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Lückerath K, Trajkovic-Arsic M, Mona CE. Fibroblast Activation Protein Inhibitor Theranostics. PET Clin 2023:S1556-8598(23)00019-6. [PMID: 36990945 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-radioligand therapy might be effective in some patients without being curative. FAP-radioligands deliver ionizing radiation directly to FAP+ cancer-associated fibroblasts and, in some cancers, to FAP+ tumor cells; in addition, they indirectly irradiate FAP- cells in tumor tissue via cross-fire and bystander effects. Here, we discuss the potential to improve FAP-radioligand therapy through interfering with DNA damage repair, immunotherapy, and co-targeting cancer-associated fibroblasts. As the molecular and cellular effects of FAP-radioligands on the tumor and its microenvironment have not been investigated yet, we call for future research to close this gap in knowledge, which prevents the development of more effective FAP-radioligand therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Lückerath
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Marija Trajkovic-Arsic
- Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, DKTK and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Side Essen, Hufelandstrasse 15, 45147, Germany; Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Christine E Mona
- Ahmanson Translational Theranostic Division, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Drive S, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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17
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Pathogenesis of Anemia in Canine Babesiosis: Possible Contribution of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines-A Review. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020166. [PMID: 36839438 PMCID: PMC9962459 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine babesiosis is a tick-borne protozoan disease caused by intraerythrocytic parasites of the genus Babesia. The infection may lead to anemia in infected dogs. However, anemia is not directly caused by the pathogen. The parasite's developmental stages only have a marginal role in contributing to a decreased red blood cell (RBC) count. The main cause of anemia in affected dogs is the immune response to the infection. This response includes antibody production, erythrophagocytosis, oxidative damage of RBCs, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Moreover, both infected and uninfected erythrocytes are retained in the spleen and sequestered in micro-vessels. All these actions are driven by pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, especially IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8. Additionally, imbalance between the actions of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines plays a role in patho-mechanisms leading to anemia in canine babesiosis. This article is a review of the studies on the pathogenesis of anemia in canine babesiosis and related diseases, such as bovine or murine babesiosis and human or murine malaria, and the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the mechanisms leading to anemia in infected dogs.
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18
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Cancer-associated fibroblasts induce growth and radioresistance of breast cancer cells through paracrine IL-6. Cell Death Dis 2023; 9:6. [PMID: 36635302 PMCID: PMC9837084 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01306-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In breast cancer, the most numerous stromal cells are cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which are associated with disease progression and chemoresistance. However, few studies have explored the function of CAFs in breast cancer cell radiosensitivity. Here, CAF-derived conditioned media was observed to induce breast cancer cell growth and radioresistance. CAFs secrete interleukin 6 (IL-6) which activates signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway, thus promoting the growth and radioresistance of breast cancer cells. Treatment with an inhibitor of STAT3 or an IL-6 neutralizing antibody blocked the growth and radioresistance induced by CAFs. In in vivo mouse models, tocilizumab (an IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody) abrogated CAF-induced growth and radioresistance. Moreover, in breast cancer, a poor response to radiotherapy was associated with IL-6 and p-STAT3 expression. These results indicated that IL-6 mediates cross-talk between breast cancer cells and CAFs in the tumor microenvironment. Our results identified the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway as an important therapeutic target in breast cancer radiotherapy.
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Takeshita H, Yoshida R, Inoue J, Ishikawa K, Shinohara K, Hirayama M, Oyama T, Kubo R, Yamana K, Nagao Y, Gohara S, Sakata J, Nakashima H, Matsuoka Y, Nakamoto M, Hirayama M, Kawahara K, Takahashi N, Hirosue A, Kuwahara Y, Fukumoto M, Toya R, Murakami R, Nakayama H. FOXM1-Mediated Regulation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Radioresistance in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100060. [PMID: 36801643 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2022.100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Radioresistance is a major obstacle to the successful treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). To help overcome this issue, we have developed clinically relevant radioresistant (CRR) cell lines generated by irradiating parental cells over time, which are useful for OSCC research. In the present study, we conducted gene expression analysis using CRR cells and their parental lines to investigate the regulation of radioresistance in OSCC cells. Based on gene expression changes over time in CRR cells and parental lines subjected to irradiation, forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) was selected for further analysis in terms of its expression in OSCC cell lines, including CRR cell lines and clinical specimens. We suppressed or upregulated the expression of FOXM1 in OSCC cell lines, including CRR cell lines, and examined radiosensitivity, DNA damage, and cell viability under various conditions. The molecular network regulating radiotolerance was also investigated, especially the redox pathway, and the radiosensitizing effect of FOXM1 inhibitors was examined as a potential therapeutic application. We found that FOXM1 was not expressed in normal human keratinocytes but was expressed in several OSCC cell lines. The expression of FOXM1 was upregulated in CRR cells compared with that detected in the parental cell lines. In a xenograft model and clinical specimens, FOXM1 expression was upregulated in cells that survived irradiation. FOXM1-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) treatment increased radiosensitivity, whereas FOXM1 overexpression decreased radiosensitivity, and DNA damage was altered significantly under both conditions, as well as the levels of redox-related molecules and reactive oxygen species production. Treatment with the FOXM1 inhibitor thiostrepton had a radiosensitizing effect and overcame radiotolerance in CRR cells. According to these results, the FOXM1-mediated regulation of reactive oxygen species could be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of radioresistant OSCC; thus, treatment strategies targeting this axis might overcome radioresistance in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Takeshita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryoji Yoshida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Junki Inoue
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kohei Ishikawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Dentistry, Self-Defense Forces Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kosuke Shinohara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mayumi Hirayama
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation in Leukemogenesis, International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toru Oyama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kubo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yamana
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuka Nagao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Gohara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Junki Sakata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hikaru Nakashima
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Masafumi Nakamoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hirayama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kenta Kawahara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Nozomu Takahashi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akiyuki Hirosue
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kuwahara
- Radiation Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Manabu Fukumoto
- Pathology Informatics Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Toya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryuji Murakami
- Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakayama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Avril D, Foy JP, Bouaoud J, Grégoire V, Saintigny P. Biomarkers of radioresistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:583-593. [PMID: 35930497 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2110301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Although HNSCC is mainly caused by tobacco and alcohol consumption, infection by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has been also associated with the increasing incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC) during the past decades. HPV-positive HNSCC is characterized by a higher radiosensitivity compared to HPV-negative tumor. While several clinical trials are evaluating de-escaladed radiation doses strategies in HPV-positive HNSCC, molecular mechanisms associated with relative radioresistance in HPV-negative HNSCC are still broadly unknown. Our goal was to review recently proposed biomarkers of radioresistance in this setting, which may be useful for stratifying tumor's patient according to predicted level of radioresistance. CONCLUSIONS most of biomarkers of radioresistance in HPV-negative HNSCC are identified using a hypothesis-driven approach, based on molecular mechanisms known to play a key role during carcinogenesis, compared to an unsupervised data-driven approach regardless the biological rational. DNA repair and hypoxia are the two most widely investigated biological and targetable pathways related to radioresistance in HNSCC. The better understanding of molecular mechanisms and biomarkers of radioresistance in HPV-negative HNSCC could help for the development of radiosensitization strategies, based on targetable biomarkers, in radioresistant tumors as well as de-escalation radiation dose strategies, based on biological level of radioresistance, in radiosensitive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Avril
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Foy
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jebrane Bouaoud
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Grégoire
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Saintigny
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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21
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Kumar S, Ahmad A, Kushwaha N, Shokeen N, Negi S, Gautam K, Singh A, Tiwari P, Garg R, Agarwal R, Mohan A, Trikha A, Thakar A, Saini V. Selection of Ideal Reference Genes for Gene Expression Analysis in COVID-19 and Mucormycosis. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0165622. [PMID: 36377893 PMCID: PMC9769637 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01656-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection of reference genes during real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) is critical to determine accurate and reliable mRNA expression. Nonetheless, not a single study has investigated the expression stability of candidate reference genes to determine their suitability as internal controls in SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM). Using qRT-PCR, we determined expression stability of the nine most commonly used housekeeping genes, namely, TATA-box binding protein (TBP), cyclophilin (CypA), β-2-microglobulin (B2M), 18S rRNA (18S), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), glucuronidase beta (GUSB), hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT-1), β-ACTIN, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in patients with COVID-19 of various severities (asymptomatic, mild, moderate, and severe) and those with CAM. We used statistical algorithms (delta-CT [threshold cycle], NormFinder, BestKeeper, GeNorm, and RefFinder) to select the most appropriate reference gene and observed that clinical severity profoundly influences expression stability of reference genes. CypA demonstrated the most consistent expression irrespective of disease severity and emerged as the most suitable reference gene in COVID-19 and CAM. Incidentally, GAPDH, the most commonly used reference gene, showed the maximum variations in expression and emerged as the least suitable. Next, we determined expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-15 using CypA and GAPDH as internal controls and show that CypA-normalized expression matches well with the RNA sequencing-based expression of these genes. Further, IL-6 expression correlated well with the plasma levels of IL-6 and C-reactive protein, a marker of inflammation. In conclusion, GAPDH emerged as the least suitable and CypA as the most suitable reference gene in COVID-19 and CAM. The results highlight the expression variability of housekeeping genes due to disease severity and provide a strong rationale for identification of appropriate reference genes in other chronic conditions as well. IMPORTANCE Gene expression studies are critical to develop new diagnostics, therapeutics, and prognostic modalities. However, accurate determination of expression requires data normalization with a reference gene, whose expression does not vary across different disease stages. Misidentification of a reference gene can produce inaccurate results. Unfortunately, despite the global impact of COVID-19 and an urgent unmet need for better treatment, not a single study has investigated the expression stability of housekeeping genes across the disease spectrum to determine their suitability as internal controls. Our study identifies CypA and then TBP as the two most suitable reference genes for COVID-19 and CAM. Further, GAPDH, the most commonly used reference gene in COVID-19 studies, turned out to be the least suitable. This work fills an important gap in the field and promises to facilitate determination of an accurate expression of genes to catalyze development of novel molecular diagnostics and therapeutics for improved patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ayaan Ahmad
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Namrata Kushwaha
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Niti Shokeen
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sheetal Negi
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kamini Gautam
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anup Singh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Pavan Tiwari
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Sleep Disorders, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Garg
- Department of Onco-Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, Pain and Palliative Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Richa Agarwal
- Department of Onco-Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, Pain and Palliative Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Anant Mohan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Sleep Disorders, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Anjan Trikha
- Department of Onco-Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, Pain and Palliative Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Alok Thakar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Vikram Saini
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Biosafety Laboratory-3, Centralized Core Research Facility (CCRF), All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
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22
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Xu H, Wu J, Zhang L, Li Y, Gao L, Cheng Y. The measurement of NRF2 and TP53 in blood expects radiotherapeutic sensitivity in patients with esophageal cancer. Mol Cell Probes 2022; 66:101860. [PMID: 36116599 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2022.101860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigates the relationship between the mRNA expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and Tumor protein p53 (TP53) in circulating tumor cells (CTC) and sensitivity to radiotherapy in patients with esophageal cancer. To investigate the relationship between cytokines IL-6, CD8+, and NRF2 during patient treatment and their predictive role for treatment. METHODS Radiosensitivity was assessed by measuring a morphological or functional change in the tumor in response to ionizing radiation. Fasting venous anticoagulated blood (EDTA anticoagulation) was drawn from patients, and the Trizol-chloroform two-step method was used for RNA extraction. Data were collected from 45 patients admitted with radiotherapy alone from January 2018 to December 2021. The expression levels of NRF2mRNA (Messenger Ribose Nucleic Acid) and TP53mRNA in CTCs were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Pre- and post-treatment changes in IL-6 and CD8+ were recorded. The correlation between their expression level and the clinical stage, radiotherapy sensitivity, and efficacy of patients was analyzed. RESULTS Twenty-six cases were sensitive to radiotherapy, and 19 were resistant, for a radiotherapy sensitivity rate of 58.8%. NRF2mRNA and TP53mRNA values increased in 19 radiotherapy-resistant patients and decreased in 26 radiotherapy-sensitive patients compared with those before radiotherapy (P = 0.001, P<0.05). The ΔCT values of NRF2mRNA and TP53mRNA before treatment were moderately correlated with prognosis (P < 0.002). Inflammatory cytokine IL-6 was elevated in 22 of 45 patients after radiation, P = 0.04. NRF2 mRNA level was consistently elevated with CD8+ in 10 patients, P = 0.02. CONCLUSIONS The expression of NRF2mRNA and TP53mRNA in the CTCs found in the peripheral blood of patients with esophageal squamous carcinoma was significantly associated with the sensitivity to radiotherapy. NRF2 mRNA level was consistently elevated with CD8+ and IL-6 in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqin Xu
- Radiotherapy Center, Qilu hospital of Shandong University, Jinan city, Shandong Province, 25000, China; Radiotherapy Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University (Xuzhou Mining Group General Hospital), Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, 221000, China.
| | - Jinchang Wu
- Radiotherapy Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University (Xuzhou Mining Group General Hospital), Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, 221000, China
| | - Lansheng Zhang
- Radiotherapy Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University (Xuzhou Mining Group General Hospital), Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, 221000, China
| | - Yang Li
- Radiotherapy Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University (Xuzhou Mining Group General Hospital), Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, 221000, China
| | - Liyan Gao
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, 221000, China
| | - Yufeng Cheng
- Radiotherapy Center, Qilu hospital of Shandong University, Jinan city, Shandong Province, 25000, China.
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23
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The Role of IL-6 in Cancer Cell Invasiveness and Metastasis-Overview and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223698. [PMID: 36429126 PMCID: PMC9688109 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) belongs to a broad class of cytokines involved in the regulation of various homeostatic and pathological processes. These activities range from regulating embryonic development, wound healing and ageing, inflammation, and immunity, including COVID-19. In this review, we summarise the role of IL-6 signalling pathways in cancer biology, with particular emphasis on cancer cell invasiveness and metastasis formation. Targeting principal components of IL-6 signalling (e.g., IL-6Rs, gp130, STAT3, NF-κB) is an intensively studied approach in preclinical cancer research. It is of significant translational potential; numerous studies strongly imply the remarkable potential of IL-6 signalling inhibitors, especially in metastasis suppression.
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24
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Pszczółkowska B, Olejarz W, Filipek M, Tartas A, Kubiak-Tomaszewska G, Żołnierzak A, Życieńska K, Ginter J, Lorenc T, Brzozowska B. Exosome secretion and cellular response of DU145 and PC3 after exposure to alpha radiation. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2022; 61:639-650. [PMID: 36098819 PMCID: PMC9630248 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-022-00991-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are spherical membrane nanovesicles secreted from cells, and they play an important role in tumor immune response, metastasis, angiogenesis, and survival. Studies investigating exosomes isolated from cells exposed to photon radiation commonly used in conventional radiotherapy demonstrate the influence of this type of radiation on exosome characteristics and secretion. There is currently no research investigating the effects of densely ionizing particles such as protons and alpha radiation on exosomes. Thus we have evaluated the cellular response of human prostate cancer cells exposed to 0, 2, and 6 Gy of alpha radiation emitted from the Am-241 source. Irradiated PC3 and DU145 cell lines, characterized by differences in radiosensitivity, were studied using apoptosis, LDH, and IL-6 assays. Additionally, the corresponding concentration and size of isolated exosomes were measured using NTA. We found that exposure to ionizing radiation resulted in gross changes in viability and cell damage. There were increased amounts of apoptotic or necrotic cells as a function of radiation dose. We demonstrated that irradiated PC3 cells secrete higher quantities of exosomes compared to DU145 cells. Additionally, we also found no statistical difference in exosome size for control and irradiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Pszczółkowska
- Biomedical Physics Division, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 5 Pasteura Street, Warsaw, 02-093 Poland
| | - Wioletta Olejarz
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, Warsaw, 02-097 Poland
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, Warsaw, 02-097 Poland
| | - Mateusz Filipek
- Biomedical Physics Division, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 5 Pasteura Street, Warsaw, 02-093 Poland
| | - Adrianna Tartas
- Biomedical Physics Division, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 5 Pasteura Street, Warsaw, 02-093 Poland
| | - Grażyna Kubiak-Tomaszewska
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, Warsaw, 02-097 Poland
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, Warsaw, 02-097 Poland
| | - Aleksandra Żołnierzak
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, Warsaw, 02-097 Poland
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, Warsaw, 02-097 Poland
| | - Katarzyna Życieńska
- Biomedical Physics Division, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 5 Pasteura Street, Warsaw, 02-093 Poland
| | - Józef Ginter
- Biomedical Physics Division, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 5 Pasteura Street, Warsaw, 02-093 Poland
| | - Tomasz Lorenc
- 1st Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 5 Chałubińskiego Street, Warsaw, 02-004 Poland
| | - Beata Brzozowska
- Biomedical Physics Division, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 5 Pasteura Street, Warsaw, 02-093 Poland
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25
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Craig DJ, Ambrose S, Stanbery L, Walter A, Nemunaitis J. Systemic benefit of radiation therapy via abscopal effect. Front Oncol 2022; 12:987142. [PMID: 36387120 PMCID: PMC9641206 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.987142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence of a systemic response related to localized radiation therapy (RT) in cancer management is rare. However, enhancing the immune response via immunotherapy followed by localized RT has shown evidence of tumor shrinkage to non-irradiated metastatic disease thereby inducing an "abscopal effect." Combined induction of the cGAS-STING pathway and activation of IFN-gamma signaling cascade related to RT within an activated immune environment promotes neoantigen presentation and expansion of cytotoxic effector cells enabling enhancement of systemic immune response. A proposed mechanism, case examples, and clinical trial evidence of "abscopal effect" benefit are reviewed. Results support strategic therapeutic testing to enhance "abscopal effect."
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Craig
- University of Toledo, Department of Internal Medicine, Toledo, OH, United States
| | | | - Laura Stanbery
- Medical Affairs, Gradalis, Inc., Carrollton, TX, United States
| | - Adam Walter
- Medical Affairs, Gradalis, Inc., Carrollton, TX, United States
- Gynecologic Oncology, Promedica, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - John Nemunaitis
- Medical Affairs, Gradalis, Inc., Carrollton, TX, United States
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26
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Russ E, Davis CM, Slaven JE, Bradfield DT, Selwyn RG, Day RM. Comparison of the Medical Uses and Cellular Effects of High and Low Linear Energy Transfer Radiation. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10100628. [PMID: 36287908 PMCID: PMC9609561 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation can occur during medical treatments, from naturally occurring sources in the environment, or as the result of a nuclear accident or thermonuclear war. The severity of cellular damage from ionizing radiation exposure is dependent upon a number of factors including the absorbed radiation dose of the exposure (energy absorbed per unit mass of the exposure), dose rate, area and volume of tissue exposed, type of radiation (e.g., X-rays, high-energy gamma rays, protons, or neutrons) and linear energy transfer. While the dose, the dose rate, and dose distribution in tissue are aspects of a radiation exposure that can be varied experimentally or in medical treatments, the LET and eV are inherent characteristics of the type of radiation. High-LET radiation deposits a higher concentration of energy in a shorter distance when traversing tissue compared with low-LET radiation. The different biological effects of high and low LET with similar energies have been documented in vivo in animal models and in cultured cells. High-LET results in intense macromolecular damage and more cell death. Findings indicate that while both low- and high-LET radiation activate non-homologous end-joining DNA repair activity, efficient repair of high-LET radiation requires the homologous recombination repair pathway. Low- and high-LET radiation activate p53 transcription factor activity in most cells, but high LET activates NF-kB transcription factor at lower radiation doses than low-LET radiation. Here we review the development, uses, and current understanding of the cellular effects of low- and high-LET radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Russ
- Graduate Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Catherine M. Davis
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - John E. Slaven
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Dmitry T. Bradfield
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Reed G. Selwyn
- Department of Radiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Regina M. Day
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Correspondence:
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27
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Orange ST, Jordan AR, Odell A, Kavanagh O, Hicks KM, Todryk S, Saxton JM. Reply to "Comments on: Acute aerobic exercise-conditioned serum reduces colon cancer cell proliferation in vitro through interleukin-6-induced regulation of DNA damage". Int J Cancer 2022; 151:1642-1643. [PMID: 35716144 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Orange
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alastair R Jordan
- School of Science, Technology and Health, York St John University, York, UK
| | - Adam Odell
- School of Science, Technology and Health, York St John University, York, UK
| | - Owen Kavanagh
- School of Science, Technology and Health, York St John University, York, UK
| | - Kirsty M Hicks
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Stephen Todryk
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John M Saxton
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, UK
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28
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Xiao L, Li X, Cao P, Fei W, Zhou H, Tang N, Liu Y. Interleukin-6 mediated inflammasome activation promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma progression via JAK2/STAT3/Sox4/NLRP3 signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:166. [PMID: 35513871 PMCID: PMC9069786 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been reported to be critical in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, the set of pathways that IL-6 might activate in OSCC are not fully understood. Methods IL-6 and Sox4 expressions were first determined with RT-qPCR, ELISA, Western blot, or immunohistochemistry in OSCC tissues, and correlations between IL-6 and Sox4 expression and patient pathological characteristics were examined, and Kaplan–Meier approach was employed for evaluating the prognostic utility in OSCC patients. CCK-8, EdU stain and colony formation assays were utilized to test cell proliferation in vitro. Mechanistically, downstream regulatory proteins of IL-6 were verified through chromatin immunoprecipitation, luciferase reporter, pull-down, and the rescued experiments. Western blot was used for detecting protein expression. A nude mouse tumorigenicity assay was used to confirm the role of IL-6 and Sox4 in vivo. Results IL-6 was upregulated in OSCC tissues, and Sox4 expression was positively correlated with IL-6 expression. High IL-6 and Sox4 expression was closely related to tumor size, TNM stage, and a poorer overall survival. Besides, IL-6 could accelerate OSCC cell proliferation by activating inflammasome via JAK2/STAT3/Sox4/NLRP3 pathways in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, STAT3 played as a transcription factor which positively regulated Sox4, and IL-6 promotes Sox4 expression by activating JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Moreover, through the rescue experiments, we further confirmed that IL-6 could promote proliferation and NLRP3 inflammasome activation via JAK2/STAT3/Sox4 pathway in OSCC cells. Finally, knockdown of Sox4 suppressed OSCC growth in vivo, and antagonized the acceleration of IL-6 on tumor growth. Conclusions We confirmed that IL-6 plays an oncogenic role in OSCC progression by activating JAK2/STAT3/Sox4/NLRP3 pathway, which might be the therapeutic targets for OSCC remedy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-022-02376-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Peilin Cao
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Fei
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Na Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
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29
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Peng Y, Yang Q, Gao S, Liu Z, Kong W, Bian X, Li Z, Ye J. IL-6 protects cardiomyocytes from oxidative stress at the early stage of LPS-induced sepsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 603:144-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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30
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Cancer mutation profiles predict ICIs efficacy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Rev Mol Med 2022; 24:e16. [PMID: 35373730 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have produced remarkable responses in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, receivers still have a relatively low response rate. Initial response assessment by conventional imaging and evaluation criteria is often unable to identify whether patients can achieve durable clinical benefit from ICIs. Overall, there are sparse effective biomarkers identified to screen NSCLC patients responding to this therapy. A lot of studies have reported that patients with specific gene mutations may benefit from or resist to immunotherapy. However, the single gene mutation may be not effective enough to predict the benefit from immunotherapy for patients. With the advancement in sequencing technology, further studies indicate that many mutations often co-occur and suggest a drastic transformation of tumour microenvironment phenotype. Moreover, co-mutation events have been reported to synergise to activate or suppress signalling pathways of anti-tumour immune response, which also indicates a potential target for combining intervention. Thus, the different mutation profile (especially co-mutation) of patients may be an important concern for predicting or promoting the efficacy of ICIs. However, there is a lack of comprehensive knowledge of this field until now. Therefore, in this study, we reviewed and elaborated the value of cancer mutation profile in predicting the efficacy of immunotherapy and analysed the underlying mechanisms, to provide an alternative way for screening dominant groups, and thereby, optimising individualised therapy for NSCLC patients.
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31
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Tan KX, Chang T, Lin XL. Secretomes as an emerging class of bioactive ingredients for enhanced cosmeceutical applications. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:674-688. [PMID: 35338666 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Skin aging is predominantly caused by either intrinsic or extrinsic factors, leading to undesirable skin features. Advancements in both molecular and cellular fields have created possibilities in developing novel stem cell-derived active ingredients for cosmeceutical applications and the beauty industry. Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-derived secretomes or conditioned media hold great promise for advancing skin repair and regeneration due to the presence of varying cytokines. These cytokines signal our cells and trigger biological mechanisms associated with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-aging, proliferative, and immunomodulatory effects. In this review, we discuss the potential of MSC secretomes as novel biomaterials for skincare and rejuvenation by illustrating their mechanism of action related to wound healing, anti-aging, and whitening properties. The advantages and disadvantages of secretomes are compared to both plant-based and animal-derived extracts. In addition, this paper reviews the current safety standards, regulations, market products and research work related to the cosmeceutical applications of secretomes along with strategies to maintain and improve the therapeutic efficacy and production of secretomes. The future outlook of beauty industry is also presented. Lastly, we highlight significant challenges to be addressed for the clinical realization of MSC secretomes-based skin therapies as well as providing perspectives for the future direction of secretomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei-Xian Tan
- Esco Aster, Block 67, Ayer Rajah Crescent, 139950, Singapore
| | - Trixie Chang
- Esco Aster, Block 67, Ayer Rajah Crescent, 139950, Singapore
| | - Xiang-Liang Lin
- Esco Aster, Block 67, Ayer Rajah Crescent, 139950, Singapore
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32
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Wang H, Man Q, Huo F, Gao X, Lin H, Li S, Wang J, Su F, Cai, L, Shi Y, Liu, B, Bu L. STAT3 pathway in cancers: Past, present, and future. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e124. [PMID: 35356799 PMCID: PMC8942302 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a member of the STAT family, discovered in the cytoplasm of almost all types of mammalian cells, plays a significant role in biological functions. The duration of STAT3 activation in normal tissues is a transient event and is strictly regulated. However, in cancer tissues, STAT3 is activated in an aberrant manner and is induced by certain cytokines. The continuous activation of STAT3 regulates the expression of downstream proteins associated with the formation, progression, and metastasis of cancers. Thus, elucidating the mechanisms of STAT3 regulation and designing inhibitors targeting the STAT3 pathway are considered promising strategies for cancer treatment. This review aims to introduce the history, research advances, and prospects concerning the STAT3 pathway in cancer. We review the mechanisms of STAT3 pathway regulation and the consequent cancer hallmarks associated with tumor biology that are induced by the STAT3 pathway. Moreover, we summarize the emerging development of inhibitors that target the STAT3 pathway and novel drug delivery systems for delivering these inhibitors. The barriers against targeting the STAT3 pathway, the focus of future research on promising targets in the STAT3 pathway, and our perspective on the overall utility of STAT3 pathway inhibitors in cancer treatment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han‐Qi Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education School & Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Qi‐Wen Man
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education School & Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University Wuhan China
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Head Neck Oncology School & Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Fang‐Yi Huo
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education School & Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Xin Gao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education School & Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Hao Lin
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education School & Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Su‐Ran Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education School & Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Jing Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education School & Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Fu‐Chuan Su
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education School & Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Lulu Cai,
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Department of Pharmacy School of Medicine Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China
| | - Yi Shi
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China
| | - Bing Liu,
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education School & Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University Wuhan China
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Head Neck Oncology School & Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Lin‐Lin Bu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education School & Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University Wuhan China
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Head Neck Oncology School & Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University Wuhan China
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33
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Orange ST, Jordan AR, Odell A, Kavanagh O, Hicks KM, Eaglen T, Todryk S, Saxton JM. Acute aerobic exercise-conditioned serum reduces colon cancer cell proliferation through IL-6-induced regulation of DNA damage in vitro. Int J Cancer 2022; 151:265-274. [PMID: 35213038 PMCID: PMC9314683 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence shows that regular physical activity is associated with reduced risk of primary and recurrent colon cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms of action are poorly understood. We evaluated the effects of stimulating a human colon cancer cell line (LoVo) with human serum collected before and after an acute exercise bout vs non-exercise control serum on cancer cell proliferation. We also measured exercise-induced changes in serum cytokines and intracellular protein expression to explore potential biological mechanisms. Blood samples were collected from 16 men with lifestyle risk factors for colon cancer (age ≥ 50 years; body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 ; physically inactive) before and immediately after an acute bout of moderate-intensity aerobic interval exercise (6 x 5 min intervals at 60% heart rate reserve) and a non-exercise control condition. Stimulating LoVo cells with serum obtained immediately after exercise reduced cancer cell proliferation compared with control (-5.7%; P = 0.002). This was accompanied by a decrease in LoVo cell γ-H2AX expression (-24.6%; P = 0.029), indicating a reduction in DNA damage. Acute exercise also increased serum IL-6 (24.6%, P = 0.002). Furthermore, stimulating LoVo cells with recombinant IL-6 reduced γ-H2AX expression (β = -22.7%; P < 0.001) and cell proliferation (β = -5.3%; P < 0.001) in a linear dose-dependent manner, mimicking the effect of exercise. These findings suggest that the systemic responses to acute aerobic exercise inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation in vitro, and this may be driven by IL-6-induced regulation of DNA damage and repair. This mechanism of action may partly underlie epidemiological associations linking regular physical activity with reduced colon cancer risk. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Orange
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alistair R Jordan
- School of Science, Technology and Health, York St John University, York, UK
| | - Adam Odell
- School of Science, Technology and Health, York St John University, York, UK
| | - Owen Kavanagh
- School of Science, Technology and Health, York St John University, York, UK
| | - Kirsty M Hicks
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tristan Eaglen
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Stephen Todryk
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John M Saxton
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, UK
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34
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Matsuoka Y, Yoshida R, Kawahara K, Sakata J, Arita H, Nkashima H, Takahashi N, Hirayama M, Nagata M, Hirosue A, Kuwahara Y, Fukumoto M, Toya R, Murakami R, Nakayama H. The antioxidative stress regulator Nrf2 potentiates radioresistance of oral squamous cell carcinoma accompanied with metabolic modulation. J Transl Med 2022; 102:896-907. [PMID: 35414650 PMCID: PMC9309095 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-022-00776-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which regulates the expression of critical antioxidant proteins, was recently demonstrated to play a key role in cancer progression. Resistance to radiotherapy is a major obstacle in treating oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, little is known about the association between Nrf2 and radioresistance in OSCC. Two OSCC cell lines (SAS and HSC-2) and their clinically relevant radioresistant (CRR) clones (SAS-R, HSC-2-R) were used. The effects of Nrf2 downregulation on radiosensitivity and the involvement of glycolysis in Nrf2-mediated radioresistance were evaluated. Immunohistochemistry of phosphorylated Nrf2 (p-Nrf2) was performed in 110 patients with OSCC who underwent preoperative chemoradiotherapy and surgery. Nrf2 was stably upregulated in CRR cells in vitro and in a mouse xenograft model. Moreover, elevated Nrf2 expression was associated with radioresistance. The enhancement of Nrf2-dependent glycolysis and glutathione synthesis was involved in the development of radioresistance. Additionally, p-Nrf2 expression was closely related to the pathological response to chemoradiotherapy, and its expression was predictive of prognosis in patients with advanced OSCC. Our results suggest that Nrf2 plays an important role in the radioresistance of OSCC accompanied by metabolic reprogramming. Targeting Nrf2 antioxidant pathway may represent a promising treatment strategy for highly malignant OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Matsuoka
- grid.274841.c0000 0001 0660 6749Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556 Japan
| | - Ryoji Yoshida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Kenta Kawahara
- grid.274841.c0000 0001 0660 6749Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556 Japan
| | - Junki Sakata
- grid.274841.c0000 0001 0660 6749Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556 Japan
| | - Hidetaka Arita
- grid.274841.c0000 0001 0660 6749Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556 Japan
| | - Hikaru Nkashima
- grid.274841.c0000 0001 0660 6749Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556 Japan
| | - Nozomu Takahashi
- grid.274841.c0000 0001 0660 6749Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556 Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hirayama
- grid.274841.c0000 0001 0660 6749Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556 Japan
| | - Masashi Nagata
- grid.274841.c0000 0001 0660 6749Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556 Japan
| | - Akiyuki Hirosue
- grid.274841.c0000 0001 0660 6749Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556 Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kuwahara
- grid.412755.00000 0001 2166 7427Division of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, 981-8558 Japan
| | - Manabu Fukumoto
- grid.410793.80000 0001 0663 3325Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, 160-8402 Japan
| | - Ryo Toya
- grid.274841.c0000 0001 0660 6749Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556 Japan
| | - Ryuji Murakami
- grid.274841.c0000 0001 0660 6749Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0976 Japan
| | - Hideki Nakayama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
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35
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Li M, Jin S, Zhang Z, Ma H, Yang X. Interleukin-6 facilitates tumor progression by inducing ferroptosis resistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2021; 527:28-40. [PMID: 34902522 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis resistance is an important mechanism of tumor progression. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a representative inflammatory cytokine during chronic inflammation; however, our current understanding of its regulatory role of ferroptosis during carcinogenesis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is limited. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and functional observations were performed to investigate xCT-regulatory function of IL-6. We observed a gradual increase in lipid peroxide 4-hydroxynonenal and IL-6 levels during progression from normal oral mucosa to leukoplakia and HNSCC. Meanwhile, the expression of xCT, a key amino acid antiporter assisting ferroptosis resistance, was correlated with IL-6 levels. The upregulated expression of xCT in HNSCC is associated with poor prognosis. Silencing of xCT inhibited HNSCC cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo, inducing ferroptosis. Mechanistically, IL-6 transcriptionally activates xCT expression through the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Furthermore, IL-6 reversed ferroptosis and growth suppression that was induced by xCT knockdown or ferroptosis inducer erastin. Our results demonstrate the critical role of IL-6-induced ferroptosis resistance during HNSCC carcinogenesis. The IL-6/STAT3/xCT axis acts as a novel mechanism driving tumor progression and thus may potentially be utilized as a target for tumor prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Li
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China; National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No. 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China; Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Shufang Jin
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China; National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No. 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China; Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China; National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No. 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China; Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Hailong Ma
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China; National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No. 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China; Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China; National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No. 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China; Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 639, Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Yamana K, Inoue J, Yoshida R, Sakata J, Nakashima H, Arita H, Kawaguchi S, Gohara S, Nagao Y, Takeshita H, Maeshiro M, Liu R, Matsuoka Y, Hirayama M, Kawahara K, Nagata M, Hirosue A, Toya R, Murakami R, Kuwahara Y, Fukumoto M, Nakayama H. Extracellular vesicles derived from radioresistant oral squamous cell carcinoma cells contribute to the acquisition of radioresistance via the miR-503-3p-BAK axis. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12169. [PMID: 34894384 PMCID: PMC8665688 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advancements in treatments, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has not significantly improved in prognosis or survival rate primarily due to the presence of treatment-resistant OSCC. The intercellular communication between tumour cells is a molecular mechanism involved in acquiring OSCC treatment resistance. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and encapsulated miRNAs are important mediators of intercellular communication. Here, we focused on EVs released from clinically relevant radioresistant (CRR) OSCC cells. Additionally, we evaluated the correlation between miRNA expression in the serum samples of patients who showed resistance to radiotherapy and in EVs released from CRR OSCC cells. We found that EVs released from CRR OSCC cells conferred radioresistance to radiosensitive OSCC cells via miR-503-3p contained in EVs. This miR-503-3p inhibited BAK and impaired the caspase cascade to suppress radiation-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, OSCC cells with BAK knockdown had increased radioresistance. Additionally, the expression of circulating miR-503-3p in patients with OSCC was correlated with a poor treatment response and prognosis of radiotherapy. Our results provide new insights into the relationship between EVs and the radioresistance of OSCC and suggest that the miR-503-3p-BAK axis may be a therapeutic target and that circulating miR-503-3p is a useful prognostic biomarker in the radiotherapy of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yamana
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Junki Inoue
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryoji Yoshida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Junki Sakata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hikaru Nakashima
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Arita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Sho Kawaguchi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Gohara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuka Nagao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hisashi Takeshita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Manabu Maeshiro
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Rin Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Matsuoka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hirayama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kenta Kawahara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Nagata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akiyuki Hirosue
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Toya
- Department of Radiation OncologyKumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryuji Murakami
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kuwahara
- Radiation Biology and Medicine, Faculty of MedicineTohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Manabu Fukumoto
- Department of Molecular PathologyTokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakayama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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37
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Rühle A, Wiedenmann N, Fennell JT, Mix M, Ruf J, Stoian R, Thomsen AR, Vaupel P, Baltas D, Grosu AL, Nicolay NH. Interleukin-6 as surrogate marker for imaging-based hypoxia dynamics in patients with head-and-neck cancers undergoing definitive chemoradiation-results from a prospective pilot trial. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:1650-1660. [PMID: 34773163 PMCID: PMC8940848 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05602-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Intratumoral hypoxia increases resistance of head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) to radiotherapy. [18F]FMISO PET imaging enables noninvasive hypoxia monitoring, though requiring complex logistical efforts. We investigated the role of plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) as potential surrogate parameter for intratumoral hypoxia in HNSCC using [18F]FMISO PET/CT as reference. Methods Within a prospective trial, serial blood samples of 27 HNSCC patients undergoing definitive chemoradiation were collected to analyze plasma IL-6 levels. Intratumoral hypoxia was assessed in treatment weeks 0, 2, and 5 using [18F]FMISO PET/CT imaging. The association between PET-based hypoxia and IL-6 was examined using Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analyses, and the diagnostic power of IL-6 for tumor hypoxia response prediction was determined with receiver-operating characteristic analyses. Results Mean IL-6 concentrations were 15.1, 19.6, and 31.0 pg/mL at baseline, week 2 and week 5, respectively. Smoking (p=0.050) and reduced performance status (p=0.011) resulted in higher IL-6 levels, whereas tumor (p=0.427) and nodal stages (p=0.334), tumor localization (p=0.439), and HPV status (p=0.294) had no influence. IL-6 levels strongly correlated with the intratumoral hypoxic subvolume during treatment (baseline: r=0.775, p<0.001; week 2: r=0.553, p=0.007; week 5: r=0.734, p<0.001). IL-6 levels in week 2 were higher in patients with absent early tumor hypoxia response (p=0.016) and predicted early hypoxia response (AUC=0.822, p=0.031). Increased IL-6 levels at week 5 resulted in a trend towards reduced progression-free survival (p=0.078) and overall survival (p=0.013). Conclusion Plasma IL-6 is a promising surrogate marker for tumor hypoxia dynamics in HNSCC patients and may facilitate hypoxia-directed personalized radiotherapy concepts. Trial registration The prospective trial was registered in the German Clinical Trial Register (DRKS00003830). Registered 20 August 2015 Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00259-021-05602-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rühle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 3, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Wiedenmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 3, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jamina T Fennell
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 3, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mix
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juri Ruf
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Raluca Stoian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 3, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas R Thomsen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 3, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Vaupel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 3, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dimos Baltas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 3, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anca-L Grosu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 3, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nils H Nicolay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 3, 79106, Freiburg, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Moving towards the Future of Radio-Immunotherapy: Could We “Tailor” the Abscopal Effect on Head and Neck Cancer Patients? IMMUNO 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno1040029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The abscopal effect (AbE) is defined as radiation-induced shrinkage of distant, non-treated, neoplastic lesions and it is considered the best clinical picture of the efficient immune stimulation by irradiation. The first report about abscopal tumor regression upon radiotherapy dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. The growing preclinical and clinical synergism between radiation and immunotherapy gave birth the purpose to more easily reproduce the abscopal effect, nevertheless, it is still rare in clinical practice. In this review we summarize immunological modulation of radiotherapy, focusing on the well-balanced equilibrium of tumor microenvironment and how radio-immunotherapy combinations can perturb it, with particular attention on head and neck squamous cell cancer. Finally, we investigate future perspectives, with the aim to “tailor” the abscopal effect to the patient.
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IL-6 in the Ecosystem of Head and Neck Cancer: Possible Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011027. [PMID: 34681685 PMCID: PMC8540903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a highly potent cytokine involved in multiple biological processes. It was previously reported to play a distinct role in inflammation, autoimmune and psychiatric disorders, ageing and various types of cancer. Furthermore, it is understood that IL-6 and its signaling pathways are substantial players in orchestrating the cancer microenvironment. Thus, they appear to be potential targets in anti-tumor therapy. The aim of this article is to elucidate the role of IL-6 in the tumor ecosystem and to review the possible therapeutic approaches in head and neck cancer.
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Iorio GC, Ammendolia A, Marotta N, Ricardi U, de Sire A. A bond between rheumatic diseases and cancer in the elderly: The interleukin-6 pathway. Int J Rheum Dis 2021; 24:1317-1320. [PMID: 34347374 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6 is a soluble factor secreted by T lymphocytes, involved in antibody generation by B lymphocytes. The IL-6 pathway has risen as a pivotal pathway implicated in immune regulation and dysregulation in various rheumatic diseases. Nonetheless, elevated IL-6 levels can also play a role in cancer. Targeting the IL-6 pathway has led to innovative therapeutic approaches for rheumatic diseases and for COVID-19, particularly in the elderly. Indeed, tocilizumab, an agent targeting IL-6, has recently amassed significant attention as a promising univocal agent for different conditions. In this viewpoint, we sought to recall and describe the common pathway among osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer, suggesting that anti-IL-6 may be considered a jack-of-all-trades against inflammaging in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Ammendolia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicola Marotta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Umberto Ricardi
- Department of Oncology, Radiation Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro de Sire
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
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Silva TF, Gonçalves MD, Concato VM, Bortoleti BTDS, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Sanfelice RA, Rodrigues ACJ, Detoni MB, Simão ANC, Custodio LA, Mazzuco TL, da Costa IN, Miranda-Sapla MM, Pavanelli WR, Conchon-Costa I. Impairment of effector molecules response in diabetes induces susceptibility to Leishmania amazonensis infection. Immunol Lett 2021; 237:58-65. [PMID: 34246712 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes is a chronic disease resulting from insulin dysfunction that triggers a low-grade inflammatory state and immune impairment. Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease characterized by chronic inflammation resulted from the parasite's immunomodulation ability. Thus, due to the delicate immune balance required in the combat and resistance to Leishmania infection and the chronic deregulation of the inflammatory response observed in type 2 diabetes, we evaluated the response of PBMC from diabetic patients to in vitro Leishmania amazonensis infection. For that, peripheral blood was collected from 25 diabetic patients and 25 healthy controls matched for age for cells extraction and subsequent experimental infection for 2 or 24 h and analyzed for phagocytic and leishmanicidal capacity by optical microscopy, oxidative stress by GSSG generation, labeling of intracellular mediators by enzyme-Linked immunosorbent assay, and cytokines measurement with cytometric beads array technique. We found that the diabetic group had a higher percentage of infected cells and a greater number of amastigotes per cell. Also, even inducing NF-kB phosphorylation and increasing TNF production after infection, cells from diabetic patients were unable to downregulate NRF2 and generate oxidative stress, which may be associated with the exacerbated levels of IL-6 observed. PBMC of diabetic individuals are more susceptible to infection by L. amazonensis and fail to control the infection over time due to the inability to generate effector microbicidal molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylon Felipe Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer-LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.
| | - Manoela Daiele Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Biotransformation and Phytochemistry, Department of Chemistry, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Virgínia Márcia Concato
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer-LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Bruna Taciane da Silva Bortoleti
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer-LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; Biosciences and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Fiocruz, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tomiotto-Pellissier
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer-LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; Biosciences and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Fiocruz, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Raquel Arruda Sanfelice
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer-LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Jacob Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer-LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; Biosciences and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Fiocruz, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Mariana Barbosa Detoni
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer-LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Andréa Name Colado Simão
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis, and Toxicology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Custodio
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis, and Toxicology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Tânia Longo Mazzuco
- Endocrine Interactions Research Group, Department of Medical Clinic, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Idessania Nazareth da Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer-LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Milena Menegazzo Miranda-Sapla
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer-LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer-LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer-LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.
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Wu R, Zuo W, Xu X, Bi L, Zhang C, Chen H, Liu H. MCU That Is Transcriptionally Regulated by Nrf2 Augments Malignant Biological Behaviors in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6650791. [PMID: 34189138 PMCID: PMC8195654 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6650791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the role and molecular mechanism of mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) in the malignant biological behaviors of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells through clinical and cellular experiments. METHODS Immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR techniques were used to observe the expression of MCU, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), mitochondrial calcium uptake 1 (MICU1), and MICU2 in OSCC and normal tissues. After treatment with si-MCU, spermine, and/or sh-Nrf2, malignant biological behaviors of OSCC cells including proliferation, migration, and apoptosis were detected by clone formation, migration, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) assays. Furthermore, MCU, MICU1, MICU2, Nrf2, and other proteins related to malignant biological behaviors were examined using western blot, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence assays. RESULTS MCU, Nrf2, and MICU1 were strongly expressed in OSCC as compared to normal tissues, while MICU2 was relatively weakly expressed in OSCC tissues. Knockdown of MCU distinctly weakened proliferation and migration and lowered MMP level in CAL 27 cells. Conversely, its activation reinforced migrated capacity and increased MMP level in CAL 27 cells, which was reversed after cotransfection with sh-Nrf2. After treatment with si-MCU or spermine, Nrf2 expression was not affected in CAL 27 cells. However, MCU expression was distinctly suppressed in CAL 27 cells transfected with sh-Nrf2. Furthermore, knockdown of Nrf2 significantly reversed the increase in expression of MICU1 and MICU2 induced by MCU activation in CAL 27 cells. CONCLUSION MCU, as a novel oncogene of OSCC, augments malignant biological behaviors of OSCC cells, which could be transcriptionally regulated by Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wu
- Department of Stomatology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, 063000 Hebei, China
| | - Weiwen Zuo
- Department of Stomatology, Tangshan Vocational and Technical College, Tangshan, 063000 Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoliang Xu
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Hospital of Tangshan, Tangshan, 063000 Hebei, China
| | - Lei Bi
- Department of Stomatology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, 063000 Hebei, China
| | - Chunguang Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, 063000 Hebei, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Stomatology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, 063000 Hebei, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Stomatology, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, 063000 Hebei, China
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Galeaz C, Totis C, Bisio A. Radiation Resistance: A Matter of Transcription Factors. Front Oncol 2021; 11:662840. [PMID: 34141616 PMCID: PMC8204019 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.662840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, radiation therapy is one of the standard therapies for cancer treatment. Since the first applications, the field of radiotherapy has constantly improved, both in imaging technologies and from a dose-painting point of view. Despite this, the mechanisms of resistance are still a great problem to overcome. Therefore, a more detailed understanding of these molecular mechanisms will allow researchers to develop new therapeutic strategies to eradicate cancer effectively. This review focuses on different transcription factors activated in response to radiotherapy and, unfortunately, involved in cancer cells’ survival. In particular, ionizing radiations trigger the activation of the immune modulators STAT3 and NF-κB, which contribute to the development of radiation resistance through the up-regulation of anti-apoptotic genes, the promotion of proliferation, the alteration of the cell cycle, and the induction of genes responsible for the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). Moreover, the ROS-dependent damaging effects of radiation therapy are hampered by the induction of antioxidant enzymes by NF-κB, NRF2, and HIF-1. This protective process results in a reduced effectiveness of the treatment, whose mechanism of action relies mainly on the generation of free oxygen radicals. Furthermore, the previously mentioned transcription factors are also involved in the maintenance of stemness in Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs), a subset of tumor cells that are intrinsically resistant to anti-cancer therapies. Therefore, combining standard treatments with new therapeutic strategies targeted against these transcription factors may be a promising opportunity to avoid resistance and thus tumor relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Galeaz
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Cristina Totis
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bisio
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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Tang YC, Hsiao JR, Jiang SS, Chang JY, Chu PY, Liu KJ, Fang HL, Lin LM, Chen HH, Huang YW, Chen YT, Tsai FY, Lin SF, Chuang YJ, Kuo CC. c-MYC-directed NRF2 drives malignant progression of head and neck cancer via glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and transketolase activation. Theranostics 2021; 11:5232-5247. [PMID: 33859744 PMCID: PMC8039948 DOI: 10.7150/thno.53417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: NRF2, a redox sensitive transcription factor, is up-regulated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), however, the associated impact and regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: The protein expression of NRF2 in HNSCC specimens was examined by IHC. The regulatory effect of c-MYC on NRF2 was validated by ChIP-qPCR, RT-qPCR and western blot. The impacts of NRF2 on malignant progression of HNSCC were determined through genetic manipulation and pharmacological inhibition in vitro and in vivo. The gene-set enrichment analysis (GSEA) on expression data of cDNA microarray combined with ChIP-qPCR, RT-qPCR, western blot, transwell migration/ invasion, cell proliferation and soft agar colony formation assays were used to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of NRF2. Results: NRF2 expression is positively correlated with malignant features of HNSCC. In addition, carcinogens, such as nicotine and arecoline, trigger c-MYC-directed NRF2 activation in HNSCC cells. NRF2 reprograms a wide range of cancer metabolic pathways and the most notable is the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Furthermore, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and transketolase (TKT) are critical downstream effectors of NRF2 that drive malignant progression of HNSCC; the coherently expressed signature NRF2/G6PD/TKT gene set is a potential prognostic biomarker for prediction of patient overall survival. Notably, G6PD- and TKT-regulated nucleotide biosynthesis is more important than redox regulation in determining malignant progression of HNSCC. Conclusions: Carcinogens trigger c-MYC-directed NRF2 activation. Over-activation of NRF2 promotes malignant progression of HNSCC through reprogramming G6PD- and TKT-mediated nucleotide biosynthesis. Targeting NRF2-directed cellular metabolism is an effective strategy for development of novel treatments for head and neck cancer.
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The prospects of nanotherapeutic approaches for targeting tumor-associated macrophages in oral cancer. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 34:102371. [PMID: 33662592 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OSCC (oral squamous cell carcinoma) is currently one of the most formidable cancers plagued by challenges like low overall survivability, lymph node associated metastasis, drug resistance, and poor diagnostics. The tumor microenvironment (TME) and its constituent stromal elements are crucial modulators of tumor growth and treatment response, more specifically so with regards to resident tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and their liaison with the different stromal elements in the tumor niche (Figure 1). Interestingly, there isn't much information on TAM-targeted nanotherapy in OSCC where the first line of therapeutics for oral cancer is surgery with other therapeutics such as chemo- and radiotherapy acting only as adjuvant therapy for oral cancer. In the face of this real time situation, there have been some successful attempts at targeted therapy for OSCC cells and we believe they might elicit favorable responses against TAMs as well. Demanding our immediate attention, this review intends to provide a glimpse of the prevailing anti-TAM treatment strategies, which present great prospect for an uncharted territory like OSCC.
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Nguyen TQ, Hamada A, Yamada K, Higaki M, Shintani T, Yoshioka Y, Toratani S, Okamoto T. Enhanced KRT13 gene expression bestows radiation resistance in squamous cell carcinoma cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:300-314. [PMID: 33537930 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00542-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis and recurrence are potentially lethal. A small number of cancer cell groups called cancer stem cells (CSCs) have both stem cell capacity and cancer-forming ability and are reported to play important roles in cancer metastasis and recurrence. These CSCs are considered to be radiation-resistant (RR). Therefore, understanding the biological effects of radiation on squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines in vitro and in vivo might be worthwhile to circumvent radiation resistance. Currently, there are no reports on the establishment of RR-SCC cells in serum-free defined culture, which mimics biological mechanisms and prevents instability of using serum in the culture medium. We isolated radiation-resistant strains, designated A431-LDR and A431-HDR, from A431 cells derived from vulval SCC and irradiated them with a total dose of 60 Gy at a low-dose rate (2.2 Gy/d) (RM1000) and a high-dose rate (5 Gy/5.75min) in serum-free defined culture. These cells exhibited high sphere-forming and migration ability in vitro and high tumor-forming ability in nude mice xenografts. Overexpression of KRT13 in A431-RR cells might play a role in its radiation-resistant characteristics. These cells might be useful not only to study cancer stem cells but also to study the circumvention of radiation resistance by novel cancer treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam Quang Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
- National Hospital of Odonto Stomatology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Atsuko Hamada
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kaori Yamada
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mirai Higaki
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Shintani
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukio Yoshioka
- Department of Molecular Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Toratani
- Department of Molecular Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Okamoto
- Department of Molecular Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
- School of Medical Sciences, University of East Asia, Shimonoseki 751-8503, Japan.
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Uz U, Eskiizmir G. Association Between Interleukin-6 and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 14:50-60. [PMID: 33587847 PMCID: PMC7904429 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2019.00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a proinflammatory cytokine which plays an important role in several regulatory mechanisms of cancer. Moreover, experimental and clinical studies have reported that IL-6 targeted therapies might provide significant benefits for cancer treatment. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate IL-6 activity in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). A systematic review of the association between serum, saliva and tumor IL-6 and HNSCC was developed on PubMed/Medline in the publication range from January 1995 to January 2019. Our literature analysis demonstrated that overexpression and elevated serum and/or saliva IL-6 concentrations in patients with HNSCC are related to poor survival and oncological outcomes. Although there is a correlation between IL-6 concentrations and tumorigenicity, it is noteworthy that IL-6 targeted therapies are generally performed in vitro and in experimental studies. Therefore, prospective, randomized clinical trials are required that focus on IL-6 targeted therapies for the treatment of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzdan Uz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Izmir Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Görkem Eskiizmir
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
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Shishido K, Kuroishi T, Sugawara S. P2 purinergic receptor signaling and interleukin-1 synergistically induce interleukin-6 production in a human oral squamous carcinoma cell line. J Oral Biosci 2021; 63:80-90. [PMID: 33497843 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the inflammatory roles of P2 purinergic receptor (P2R) signaling in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS Human OSCC cell lines HSC-2, Ca9-22, and HO-1-u-1 were stimulated with P2R agonists. The concentration of interleukin (IL)-6 in culture supernatants was measured using an enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay. Expression levels of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were analyzed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Phosphorylation of intracellular signaling molecules was analyzed using western blotting. RESULTS HSC-2 cells expressed the mRNAs for P2X4-6 and all P2YRs. ATP or ADP induced significantly greater production of IL-6 by HSC-2 cells. Ca9-22 cells expressed mRNAs for P2X4-6 and all P2YRs except P2Y4. ATP or ADP induced the production of IL-6 by Ca9-22 cells, but the IL-6 concentration was much lower than that in HSC-2 cells. Although HO-1-u-1 cells expressed the mRNAs for P2X4-6 and all P2YRs, ATP or ADP did not induce IL-6 production. The production of IL-6 by HSC-2 cells stimulated with adenine nucleotides was significantly inhibited by P2R antagonists and a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, but not by extracellular signal-related kinase or c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitors. The proinflammatory cytokine IL-1 significantly augmented P2R-induced IL-6 production by HSC-2 cells via the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that P2Rs signaling and IL-1 synergistically induce chronic inflammation in OSCC. Because chronic inflammation is a well-known driving force of tumor progression, these results support therapeutic strategies that target P2Rs signaling in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Shishido
- Division of Oral Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan; Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Kuroishi
- Division of Oral Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Shunji Sugawara
- Division of Oral Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
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Immunostimulatory Effects of Radiotherapy for Local and Systemic Control of Melanoma: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239324. [PMID: 33297519 PMCID: PMC7730562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, modern therapies involving immune checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines, and oncolytic virus have been developed. Because of the limited treatment effect of modern therapy alone, the immunostimulatory effect of radiotherapy attracted increasing attention. The combined use of radiotherapy and modern therapy has been examined clinically and non-clinically, and its effectiveness has been confirmed recently. Because melanomas have high immunogenicity, better therapeutic outcomes are desired when using immunotherapy. However, sufficient therapeutic effects have not yet been achieved. Thus far, radiotherapy has been used only for local control of tumors. Although extremely rare, radiotherapy has also been reported for systemic control, i.e., abscopal effect. This is thought to be due to an antitumor immune response. Therefore, we herein summarize past information on not only the mechanism of immune effects on radiotherapy but also biomarkers reported in case reports on abscopal effects. We also reviewed the animal model suitable for evaluating abscopal effects. These results pave the way for further basic research or clinical studies on new treatment methods for melanoma. Currently, palliative radiation is administered to patients with metastatic melanoma for local control. If it is feasible to provide both systemic and local control, the treatment benefit for the patients is very large.
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50
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Chen S, He Z, Xu J. Application of adipose-derived stem cells in photoaging: basic science and literature review. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:491. [PMID: 33225962 PMCID: PMC7682102 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01994-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoaging is mainly induced by continuous exposure to sun light, causing multiple unwanted skin characters and accelerating skin aging. Adipose-derived stem cells(ADSCs) are promising in supporting skin repair because of their significant antioxidant capacity and strong proliferation, differentiation, and migration ability, as well as their enriched secretome containing various growth factors and cytokines. The identification of the mechanisms by which ADSCs perform these functions for photoaging has great potential to explore therapeutic applications and combat skin aging. We also review the basic mechanisms of UV-induced skin aging and recent improvement in pre-clinical applications of ADSCs associated with photoaging. Results showed that ADSCs are potential to address photoaging problem and might treat skin cancer. Compared with ADSCs alone, the secretome-based approaches and different preconditionings of ADSCs are more promising to overcome the current limitations and enhance the anti-photoaging capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidie Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Zhigang He
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Jinghong Xu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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