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Cigalotto L, Martinvalet D. Granzymes in health and diseases: the good, the bad and the ugly. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1371743. [PMID: 38646541 PMCID: PMC11026543 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1371743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Granzymes are a family of serine proteases, composed of five human members: GA, B, H, M and K. They were first discovered in the 1980s within cytotoxic granules released during NK cell- and T cell-mediated killing. Through their various proteolytic activities, granzymes can trigger different pathways within cells, all of which ultimately lead to the same result, cell death. Over the years, the initial consideration of granzymes as mere cytotoxic mediators has changed due to surprising findings demonstrating their expression in cells other than immune effectors as well as new intracellular and extracellular activities. Additional roles have been identified in the extracellular milieu, following granzyme escape from the immunological synapse or their release by specific cell types. Outside the cell, granzyme activities mediate extracellular matrix alteration via the degradation of matrix proteins or surface receptors. In certain contexts, these processes are essential for tissue homeostasis; in others, excessive matrix degradation and extensive cell death contribute to the onset of chronic diseases, inflammation, and autoimmunity. Here, we provide an overview of both the physiological and pathological roles of granzymes, highlighting their utility while also recognizing how their unregulated presence can trigger the development and/or worsening of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Cigalotto
- Laboratory of Reactive Oxygen Species and Cytotoxic Immunity, Department Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute Of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Denis Martinvalet
- Laboratory of Reactive Oxygen Species and Cytotoxic Immunity, Department Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute Of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
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2
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Oladapo A, Jackson T, Menolascino J, Periyasamy P. Role of pyroptosis in the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 117:428-446. [PMID: 38336022 PMCID: PMC10911058 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis, an inflammatory programmed cell death process, has recently garnered significant attention due to its pivotal role in various neurological diseases. This review delves into the intricate molecular signaling pathways governing pyroptosis, encompassing both caspase-1 dependent and caspase-1 independent routes, while emphasizing the critical role played by the inflammasome machinery in initiating cell death. Notably, we explore the Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) containing protein family, the Absent in melanoma 2-like receptor family, and the Pyrin receptor family as essential activators of pyroptosis. Additionally, we comprehensively examine the Gasdermin family, renowned for their role as executioner proteins in pyroptosis. Central to our review is the interplay between pyroptosis and various central nervous system (CNS) cell types, including astrocytes, microglia, neurons, and the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Pyroptosis emerges as a significant factor in the pathophysiology of each cell type, highlighting its far-reaching impact on neurological diseases. This review also thoroughly addresses the involvement of pyroptosis in specific neurological conditions, such as HIV infection, drug abuse-mediated pathologies, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. These discussions illuminate the intricate connections between pyroptosis, chronic inflammation, and cell death in the development of these disorders. We also conducted a comparative analysis, contrasting pyroptosis with other cell death mechanisms, thereby shedding light on their unique aspects. This approach helps clarify the distinct contributions of pyroptosis to neuroinflammatory processes. In conclusion, this review offers a comprehensive exploration of the role of pyroptosis in various neurological diseases, emphasizing its multifaceted molecular mechanisms within various CNS cell types. By elucidating the link between pyroptosis and chronic inflammation in the context of neurodegenerative disorders and infections, it provides valuable insights into potential therapeutic targets for mitigating these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiola Oladapo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Thomas Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Jueliet Menolascino
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA.
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3
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Montalvo MJ, Bandey IN, Rezvan A, Wu KL, Saeedi A, Kulkarni R, Li Y, An X, Sefat KMSR, Varadarajan N. Decoding the mechanisms of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-mediated killing of tumors: insights from granzyme and Fas inhibition. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:109. [PMID: 38307835 PMCID: PMC10837176 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06461-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell show promise in cancer treatments, but their mechanism of action is not well understood. Decoding the mechanisms used by individual T cells can help improve the efficacy of T cells while also identifying mechanisms of T cell failure leading to tumor escape. Here, we used a suite of assays including dynamic single-cell imaging of cell-cell interactions, dynamic imaging of fluorescent reporters to directly track cytotoxin activity in tumor cells, and scRNA-seq on patient infusion products to investigate the cytotoxic mechanisms used by individual CAR T cells in killing tumor cells. We show that surprisingly, overexpression of the Granzyme B (GZMB) inhibitor, protease inhibitor-9 (PI9), does not alter the cytotoxicity mediated by CD19-specific CAR T cells against either the leukemic cell line, NALM6; or the ovarian cancer cell line, SkOV3-CD19. We designed and validated reporters to directly assay T cell delivered GZMB activity in tumor cells and confirmed that while PI9 overexpression inhibits GZMB activity at the molecular level, this is not sufficient to impact the kinetics or magnitude of killing mediated by the CAR T cells. Altering cytotoxicity mediated by CAR T cells required combined inhibition of multiple pathways that are tumor cell specific: (a) B-cell lines like NALM6, Raji and Daudi were sensitive to combined GZMB and granzyme A (GZMA) inhibition; whereas (b) solid tumor targets like SkOV3-CD19 and A375-CD19 (melanoma) were sensitive to combined GZMB and Fas ligand inhibition. We realized the translational relevance of these findings by examining the scRNA-seq profiles of Tisa-cel and Axi-cel infusion products and show a significant correlation between GZMB and GZMA expression at the single-cell level in a T cell subset-dependent manner. Our findings highlight the importance of the redundancy in killing mechanisms of CAR T cells and how this redundancy is important for efficacious T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa J Montalvo
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Irfan N Bandey
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ali Rezvan
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kwan-Ling Wu
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arash Saeedi
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rohan Kulkarni
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yongshuai Li
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xingyue An
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - K M Samiur Rahman Sefat
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Navin Varadarajan
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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4
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Nies YH, Yahaya MF, Lim WL, Teoh SL. Microarray-based Analysis of Differential Gene Expression Profile in Rotenone-induced Parkinson's Disease Zebrafish Model. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:761-772. [PMID: 37291778 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230608122552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Despite much clinical and laboratory research that has been performed to explore the mechanisms of Parkinson's disease (PD), its pathogenesis remains elusive to date. Therefore, this study aimed to identify possible regulators of neurodegeneration by performing microarray analysis of the zebrafish PD model's brain following rotenone exposure. METHODS A total of 36 adult zebrafish were divided into two groups: control (n = 17) and rotenonetreated (n = 19). Fish were treated with rotenone water (5 μg/L water) for 28 days and subjected to locomotor behavior analysis. Total RNA was extracted from the brain tissue after rotenone treatment. The cDNA synthesized was subjected to microarray analysis and subsequently validated by qPCR. RESULTS Administration of rotenone has significantly reduced locomotor activity in zebrafish (p < 0.05), dysregulated dopamine-related gene expression (dat, th1, and th2, p < 0.001), and reduced dopamine level in the brain (p < 0.001). In the rotenone-treated group, genes involved in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (gzm3, cd8a, p < 0.001) and T cell receptor signaling (themis, lck, p < 0.001) were upregulated significantly. Additionally, gene expression involved in microgliosis regulation (tyrobp, p < 0.001), cellular response to IL-1 (ccl34b4, il2rb, p < 0.05), and regulation of apoptotic process (dedd1, p < 0.001) were also upregulated significantly. CONCLUSION The mechanisms of T cell receptor signaling, microgliosis regulation, cellular response to IL-1, and apoptotic signaling pathways have potentially contributed to PD development in rotenonetreated zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hui Nies
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Fairuz Yahaya
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wei Ling Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Seong Lin Teoh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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5
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Jose J, Law RHP, Leung EWW, Wai DCC, Akhlaghi H, Chandrashekaran IR, Caradoc-Davies TT, Voskoboinik I, Feutrill J, Middlemiss D, Jeevarajah D, Bashtannyk-Puhalovich T, Giddens AC, Lee TW, Jamieson SMF, Trapani JA, Whisstock JC, Spicer JA, Norton RS. Fragment-based and structure-guided discovery of perforin inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115786. [PMID: 37716187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Perforin is a pore-forming protein whose normal function enables cytotoxic T and natural killer (NK) cells to kill virus-infected and transformed cells. Conversely, unwanted perforin activity can also result in auto-immune attack, graft rejection and aberrant responses to pathogens. Perforin is critical for the function of the granule exocytosis cell death pathway and is therefore a target for drug development. In this study, by screening a fragment library using NMR and surface plasmon resonance, we identified 4,4-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (dapsone) as a perforin ligand. We also found that dapsone has modest (mM) inhibitory activity of perforin lytic activity in a red blood cell lysis assay in vitro. Sequential modification of this lead fragment, guided by structural knowledge of the ligand binding site and binding pose, and supported by SPR and ligand-detected 19F NMR, enabled the design of nanomolar inhibitors of the cytolytic activity of intact NK cells against various tumour cell targets. Interestingly, the ligands we developed were largely inert with respect to direct perforin-mediated red blood cell lysis but were very potent in the context of perforin's action on delivering granzymes in the immune synapse, the context in which it functions physiologically. Our work indicates that a fragment-based, structure-guided drug discovery strategy can be used to identify novel ligands that bind perforin. Moreover, these molecules have superior physicochemical properties and solubility compared to previous generations of perforin ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiney Jose
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ruby H P Law
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Eleanor W W Leung
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Dorothy C C Wai
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Hedieh Akhlaghi
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Indu R Chandrashekaran
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia; ARC Centre for Fragment-Based Design, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Tom T Caradoc-Davies
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Rd., Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Ilia Voskoboinik
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - John Feutrill
- SYNthesis med chem (Australia) Pty Ltd, Bio21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - David Middlemiss
- XaviaPharm, Bishop's Stortford, CM23 5EX, England, United Kingdom
| | - Devadharshini Jeevarajah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | | | - Anna C Giddens
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Tet Woo Lee
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M F Jamieson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - James C Whisstock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Julie A Spicer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Raymond S Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia; ARC Centre for Fragment-Based Design, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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6
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Bourel C, Mullins-Dansereau V, Al Khaldi M, Chabot-Roy G, Lombard-Vadnais F, Lesage S. Uncoupling of Natural Killer cell functional maturation and cytolytic function in NOD mice. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:867-874. [PMID: 37536708 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
NK cells are innate immune cells that target infected and tumor cells. Mature NK (mNK) cells undergo functional maturation characterized by four distinct stages, during which they acquire their cytotoxic properties. mNK cells from non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice exhibit a defect in functional maturation and have impaired cytotoxic functions. Hence, we tested whether the impaired cytotoxic function observed in mNK cells from NOD mice can be explained by their defect in functional maturation. By comparing the function of mNK cells from B6, B6g7 and NOD mice, we show that the expression of granzyme B is severely impaired in mNK cells from NOD mice, agreeing with their inability to control tumor growth in vivo. The low level of granzyme B expression in mNK cells from NOD mice is found at all stages of functional maturation and is therefore independent of their functional maturation defect. Consequently, this study demonstrates that phenotypic functional maturation of mNK cells can be uncoupled from the acquisition of cytotoxic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Capucine Bourel
- Immunologie-oncologie, Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Victor Mullins-Dansereau
- Immunologie-oncologie, Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maher Al Khaldi
- Immunologie-oncologie, Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Geneviève Chabot-Roy
- Immunologie-oncologie, Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Félix Lombard-Vadnais
- Immunologie-oncologie, Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Lesage
- Immunologie-oncologie, Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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7
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Nüssing S, Sutton VR, Trapani JA, Parish IA. Beyond target cell death - Granzyme serine proteases in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101152. [PMID: 36368281 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Granzymes are a family of small (∼32 kDa) serine proteases with a range of substrate specificities that are stored in, and released from, the cytoplasmic secretory vesicles ('granules') of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Granzymes are not digestive proteases but finely tuned processing enzymes that target their substrates in specific ways to activate various signalling pathways, or to inactivate viral proteins and other targets. Great emphasis has been placed on studying the pro-apoptotic functions of granzymes, which largely depend on their synergy with the pore-forming protein perforin, on which they rely for penetration into the target cell cytosol to access their substrates. While a critical role for granzyme B in target cell apoptosis is undisputed, both it and the remaining granzymes also influence a variety of other biological processes (including important immunoregulatory functions), which are discussed in this review. This includes the targeting of many extracellular as well as intracellular substrates, and can also lead to deleterious outcomes for the host if granzyme expression or function are dysregulated or abrogated. A final important consideration is that granzyme repertoire, biochemistry and function vary considerably across species, probably resulting from the pressures applied by viruses and other pathogens across evolutionary time. This has implications for the interpretation of granzyme function in preclinical models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Nüssing
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Vivien R Sutton
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
| | - Ian A Parish
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU, ACT, Australia.
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8
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Spicer JA, Huttunen KM, Jose J, Dimitrov I, Akhlaghi H, Sutton VR, Voskoboinik I, Trapani J. Small Molecule Inhibitors of Lymphocyte Perforin as Focused Immunosuppressants for Infection and Autoimmunity. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14305-14325. [PMID: 36263926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New drugs that precisely target the immune mechanisms critical for cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cell driven pathologies are desperately needed. In this perspective, we explore the cytolytic protein perforin as a target for therapeutic intervention. Perforin plays an indispensable role in CTL/NK killing and controls a range of immune pathologies, while being encoded by a single copy gene with no redundancy of function. An immunosuppressant targeting this protein would provide the first-ever therapy focused specifically on one of the principal cell death pathways contributing to allotransplant rejection and underpinning multiple autoimmune and postinfectious diseases. No drugs that selectively block perforin-dependent cell death are currently in clinical use, so this perspective will review published novel small molecule inhibitors, concluding with in vivo proof-of-concept experiments performed in mouse models of perforin-mediated immune pathologies that provide a potential pathway toward a clinically useful therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Spicer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jiney Jose
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ivo Dimitrov
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Hedieh Akhlaghi
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Vivien R Sutton
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ilia Voskoboinik
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Joseph Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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9
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Chen AXY, Derrick EB, Beavis PA, House IG. CD4
+
chimeric antigen receptor T cells in for the long journey. Immunol Cell Biol 2022; 100:304-307. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda XY Chen
- Cancer Immunology Program Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Emily B Derrick
- Cancer Immunology Program Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Paul A Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Imran G House
- Cancer Immunology Program Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
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10
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Futas J, Oppelt J, Vychodilova L, Burger P, Horin P. The deadly face of felid killer cells: the cytotoxic proteins and their genes. HLA 2022; 100:37-51. [PMID: 35263044 DOI: 10.1111/tan.14595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes are the main cell populations of the immune system able to directly kill target cells via cytotoxic granules. Different mammalian species may differ in specific features of their pore-forming protein (perforin) and granule-bound serine proteases (granzymes). One perforin gene (PRF1) and four genes encoding granzymes A, B, H, and K (GZMA, GZMB, GZMH, GZMK) were identified in the reference genomes of felids. The objective of this work was to characterize the genes PRF1, GZMA and GZMB in a panel of 17 felid species by next-generation re-sequencing. A search of available felid genomes (17 species) retrieved the coding sequences of these genes for comparison to our data. Both sets of sequences or their combinations (23 species) were used for phylogenetic and selection analyses. Nucleotide PRF1, GZMA and GZMB sequences showed high similarities between felid species (over 95% identity). All trees derived from coding sequences expressed phylogenetic relationships corresponding to the zoological taxonomy of the Felidae, except GZMA. No effects of positive selection were detected in the genes studied, however, effects of purifying selection were observed for PRF1 and GZMA. The conservation of PRF1 is in agreement with its critical biological function. The differentiation observed between granzyme sub-families may reflect an adaptation to pathogen variation. The need to maintain important gene functions and at the same time cope with various pathogens may lead to an equilibrium between positive and negative selective pressures acting on GZMB. The within-species variability in wild felid populations merits further investigation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Futas
- Department of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno (VETUNI), Brno, Czech Republic.,Research Group Animal Immunogenomics, CEITEC VETUNI, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Oppelt
- Research Group Animal Immunogenomics, CEITEC VETUNI, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Leona Vychodilova
- Department of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno (VETUNI), Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pamela Burger
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna (VETMEDUNI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Petr Horin
- Department of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno (VETUNI), Brno, Czech Republic.,Research Group Animal Immunogenomics, CEITEC VETUNI, Brno, Czech Republic
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11
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Li Z, Yang Q, Tang X, Chen Y, Wang S, Qi X, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Luo J, Liu H, Ba Y, Guo L, Wu B, Huang F, Cao G, Yin Z. Single-cell RNA-seq and chromatin accessibility profiling decipher the heterogeneity of mouse γδ T cells. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:408-426. [PMID: 36546093 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The distinct characteristics of γδ T cells determine their vital roles in the formation of local immune responses and contribute to tissue homeostasis. However, the heterogeneity of γδ T cells across tissues remains unclear. By combining transcriptional and chromatin analyses with a truly unbiased fashion, we constructed a single-cell transcriptome and chromatin accessibility landscape of mouse γδ T cells in the lymph, spleen, and thymus. We also revealed the heterogeneity of γδ T1 and γδ T17 cells across these tissues and inferred their potential regulatory mechanisms. In the thymus, we reconstructed the developmental trajectory and gained further insights into the signature genes from the mature stage, intermediate stage, and immature stage of γδ T cells on the basis of single-cell RNA sequencing and single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing data. Notably, a novel Gzma+ γδ T cell subset was identified with immature properties and only localized to the thymus. Finally, NR1D1, a circadian transcription factor (TF), was validated as a key and negative regulator of γδ T17 cell differentiation by performing a combined analysis of TF motif enrichment, regulon enrichment, and Nr1d1 knockout mice. In summary, our data represent a comprehensive mapping on the transcriptome and chromatin accessibility dynamics of mouse γδ T cells, providing a valuable resource and reference for future studies on γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, China; The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Quanli Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, China; The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xin Tang
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yiming Chen
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaojie Qi
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yawen Zhang
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zonghua Liu
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jing Luo
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yongbing Ba
- OE Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201114, China
| | - Lianxia Guo
- Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Baojian Wu
- Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Guangchao Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, China; The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Zhinan Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, China; The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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12
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Rawle DJ, Le TT, Dumenil T, Bishop C, Yan K, Nakayama E, Bird PI, Suhrbier A. Widespread discrepancy in Nnt genotypes and genetic backgrounds complicates granzyme A and other knockout mouse studies. eLife 2022; 11:e70207. [PMID: 35119362 PMCID: PMC8816380 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Granzyme A (GZMA) is a serine protease secreted by cytotoxic lymphocytes, with Gzma-/- mouse studies having informed our understanding of GZMA's physiological function. We show herein that Gzma-/- mice have a mixed C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N genetic background and retain the full-length nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (Nnt) gene, whereas Nnt is truncated in C57BL/6J mice. Chikungunya viral arthritis was substantially ameliorated in Gzma-/- mice; however, the presence of Nnt and the C57BL/6N background, rather than loss of GZMA expression, was responsible for this phenotype. A new CRISPR active site mutant C57BL/6J GzmaS211A mouse provided the first insights into GZMA's bioactivity free of background issues, with circulating proteolytically active GZMA promoting immune-stimulating and pro-inflammatory signatures. Remarkably, k-mer mining of the Sequence Read Archive illustrated that ≈27% of Run Accessions and ≈38% of BioProjects listing C57BL/6J as the mouse strain had Nnt sequencing reads inconsistent with a C57BL/6J genetic background. Nnt and C57BL/6N background issues have clearly complicated our understanding of GZMA and may similarly have influenced studies across a broad range of fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Rawle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Thuy T Le
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Troy Dumenil
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Cameron Bishop
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Kexin Yan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Eri Nakayama
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | - Phillip I Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, GVN Center of ExcellenceBrisbaneAustralia
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13
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Specialized Intercellular Communications via Tunnelling Nanotubes in Acute and Chronic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030659. [PMID: 35158927 PMCID: PMC8833474 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are cytoplasmic channels which regulate the contacts between cells and allow the transfer of several elements, including ions, mitochondria, microvesicles, exosomes, lysosomes, proteins, and microRNAs. Through this transport, TNTs are implicated in different physiological and pathological phenomena, such as immune response, cell proliferation and differentiation, embryogenesis, programmed cell death, and angiogenesis. TNTs can promote cancer progression, transferring substances capable of altering apoptotic dynamics, modifying the metabolism and energy balance, inducing changes in immunosurveillance, or affecting the response to chemotherapy. In this review, we evaluated their influence on hematologic malignancies’ progression and resistance to therapies, focusing on acute and chronic myeloid and acute lymphoid leukemia. Abstract Effectual cell-to-cell communication is essential to the development and differentiation of organisms, the preservation of tissue tasks, and the synchronization of their different physiological actions, but also to the proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells. Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are membrane-enclosed tubular connections between cells that carry a multiplicity of cellular loads, such as exosomes, non-coding RNAs, mitochondria, and proteins, and they have been identified as the main participants in healthy and tumoral cell communication. TNTs have been described in numerous tumors in in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models favoring the onset and progression of tumors. Tumor cells utilize TNT-like membranous channels to transfer information between themselves or with the tumoral milieu. As a result, tumor cells attain novel capabilities, such as the increased capacity of metastasis, metabolic plasticity, angiogenic aptitude, and chemoresistance, promoting tumor severity. Here, we review the morphological and operational characteristics of TNTs and their influence on hematologic malignancies’ progression and resistance to therapies, focusing on acute and chronic myeloid and acute lymphoid leukemia. Finally, we examine the prospects and challenges for TNTs as a therapeutic approach for hematologic diseases by examining the development of efficient and safe drugs targeting TNTs.
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14
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Opportunities and Challenges in Tunneling Nanotubes Research: How Far from Clinical Application? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052306. [PMID: 33669068 PMCID: PMC7956326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are recognized long membrane nanotubes connecting distance cells. In the last decade, growing evidence has shown that these subcellular structures mediate the specific transfer of cellular materials, pathogens, and electrical signals between cells. As intercellular bridges, they play a unique role in embryonic development, collective cell migration, injured cell recovery, cancer treatment resistance, and pathogen propagation. Although TNTs have been considered as potential drug targets for treatment, there is still a long way to go to translate the research findings into clinical practice. Herein, we emphasize the heterogeneous nature of TNTs by systemically summarizing the current knowledge on their morphology, structure, and biogenesis in different types of cells. Furthermore, we address the communication efficiency and biological outcomes of TNT-dependent transport related to diseases. Finally, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of TNTs as an exciting therapeutic approach by focusing on the development of efficient and safe drugs targeting TNTs.
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15
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Futas J, Oppelt J, Burger PA, Horin P. A Deadly Cargo: Gene Repertoire of Cytotoxic Effector Proteins in the Camelidae. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:304. [PMID: 33669939 PMCID: PMC7924851 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells can kill target cells based on their expression and release of perforin, granulysin, and granzymes. Genes encoding these molecules have been only poorly annotated in camelids. Based on bioinformatic analyses of genomic resources, sequences corresponding to perforin, granulysin, and granzymes were identified in genomes of camelids and related ungulate species, and annotation of the corresponding genes was performed. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to study evolutionary relationships between the species analyzed. Re-sequencing of all genes in a panel of 10 dromedaries and 10 domestic Bactrian camels allowed analyzing their individual genetic polymorphisms. The data showed that all extant Old World camelids possess functional genes for two pore-forming proteins (PRF1, GNLY) and six granzymes (GZMA, GZMB, GZMH, GZMK, GZMM, and GZMO). All these genes were represented as single copies in the genome except the GZMH gene exhibiting interspecific differences in the number of loci. High protein sequence similarities with other camelid and ungulate species were observed for GZMK and GZMM. The protein variability in dromedaries and Bactrian camels was rather low, except for GNLY and chymotrypsin-like granzymes (GZMB, GZMH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Futas
- CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (J.O.)
- Department of Animal Genetics, Veterinary and Pharmaceutical University, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Oppelt
- CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (J.O.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Neuropathology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6100, USA
| | - Pamela Anna Burger
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1160 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Petr Horin
- CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (J.O.)
- Department of Animal Genetics, Veterinary and Pharmaceutical University, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
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16
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Garzón-Tituaña M, Sierra-Monzón JL, Comas L, Santiago L, Khaliulina-Ushakova T, Uranga-Murillo I, Ramirez-Labrada A, Tapia E, Morte-Romea E, Algarate S, Couty L, Camerer E, Bird PI, Seral C, Luque P, Paño-Pardo JR, Galvez EM, Pardo J, Arias M. Granzyme A inhibition reduces inflammation and increases survival during abdominal sepsis. Theranostics 2021; 11:3781-3795. [PMID: 33664861 PMCID: PMC7914344 DOI: 10.7150/thno.49288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: Peritonitis is one of the most common causes of sepsis, a serious syndrome characterized by a dysregulated systemic inflammatory response. Recent evidence suggests that Granzyme A (GzmA), a serine protease mainly expressed by NK and T cells, could act as a proinflammatory mediator and could play an important role in the pathogenesis of sepsis. This work aims to analyze the role and the therapeutic potential of GzmA in the pathogenesis of peritoneal sepsis. Methods: The level of extracellular GzmA as well as GzmA activity were analyzed in serum from healthy volunteers and patients with confirmed peritonitis and were correlated with the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score. Peritonitis was induced in C57Bl/6 (WT) and GzmA-/- mice by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Mice were treated intraperitoneally with antibiotics alone or in combination serpinb6b, a specific GzmA inhibitor, for 5 days. Mouse survival was monitored during 14 days, levels of some proinflammatory cytokines were measured in serum and bacterial load and diversity was analyzed in blood and spleen at different times. Results: Clinically, elevated GzmA was observed in serum from patients with abdominal sepsis suggesting that GzmA plays an important role in this pathology. In the CLP model GzmA deficient mice, or WT mice treated with an extracellular GzmA inhibitor, showed increased survival, which correlated with a reduction in proinflammatory markers in both serum and peritoneal lavage fluid. GzmA deficiency did not influence bacterial load in blood and spleen and GzmA did not affect bacterial replication in macrophages in vitro, indicating that GzmA has no role in bacterial control. Analysis of GzmA in lymphoid cells following CLP showed that it was mainly expressed by NK cells. Mechanistically, we found that extracellular active GzmA acts as a proinflammatory mediator in macrophages by inducing the TLR4-dependent expression of IL-6 and TNFα. Conclusions: Our findings implicate GzmA as a key regulator of the inflammatory response during abdominal sepsis and provide solid evidences about its therapeutic potential for the treatment of this severe pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Garzón-Tituaña
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José L Sierra-Monzón
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Comas
- Instituto de Carboquímica ICB-CSIC, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Llipsy Santiago
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tatiana Khaliulina-Ushakova
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Iratxe Uranga-Murillo
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ariel Ramirez-Labrada
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Tapia
- Animal Unit, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Morte-Romea
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sonia Algarate
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ludovic Couty
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Université de Paris, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Eric Camerer
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Université de Paris, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Phillip I Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 3800, Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - Cristina Seral
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Luque
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José R Paño-Pardo
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva M Galvez
- Instituto de Carboquímica ICB-CSIC, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Julián Pardo
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon I+D Foundation (ARAID), 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
- Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), University of Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maykel Arias
- Instituto de Carboquímica ICB-CSIC, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
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17
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Zhou Z, He H, Wang K, Shi X, Wang Y, Su Y, Wang Y, Li D, Liu W, Zhang Y, Shen L, Han W, Shen L, Ding J, Shao F. Granzyme A from cytotoxic lymphocytes cleaves GSDMB to trigger pyroptosis in target cells. Science 2020; 368:science.aaz7548. [PMID: 32299851 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz7548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 669] [Impact Index Per Article: 167.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocyte-mediated immunity relies on granzymes. Granzymes are thought to kill target cells by inducing apoptosis, although the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we report that natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes kill gasdermin B (GSDMB)-positive cells through pyroptosis, a form of proinflammatory cell death executed by the gasdermin family of pore-forming proteins. Killing results from the cleavage of GSDMB by lymphocyte-derived granzyme A (GZMA), which unleashes its pore-forming activity. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) up-regulates GSDMB expression and promotes pyroptosis. GSDMB is highly expressed in certain tissues, particularly digestive tract epithelia, including derived tumors. Introducing GZMA-cleavable GSDMB into mouse cancer cells promotes tumor clearance in mice. This study establishes gasdermin-mediated pyroptosis as a cytotoxic lymphocyte-killing mechanism, which may enhance antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhou
- Research Unit of Pyroptosis and Immunity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Huabin He
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Kun Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xuyan Shi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yupeng Wang
- Research Unit of Pyroptosis and Immunity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ya Su
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Molecular and Immunology and Department of Bio-therapeutics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Da Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wang Liu
- Research Unit of Pyroptosis and Immunity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | | | | | - Weidong Han
- Department of Molecular and Immunology and Department of Bio-therapeutics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lin Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Jingjin Ding
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Feng Shao
- Research Unit of Pyroptosis and Immunity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China. .,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102206, China
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18
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Schanoski AS, Le TT, Kaiserman D, Rowe C, Prow NA, Barboza DD, Santos CA, Zanotto PMA, Magalhães KG, Aurelio L, Muller D, Young P, Zhao P, Bird PI, Suhrbier A. Granzyme A in Chikungunya and Other Arboviral Infections. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3083. [PMID: 31993061 PMCID: PMC6971054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Granzyme A (GzmA) is secreted by cytotoxic lymphocytes and has traditionally been viewed as a mediator of cell death. However, a growing body of data suggests the physiological role of GzmA is promotion of inflammation. Here, we show that GzmA is significantly elevated in the sera of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) patients and that GzmA levels correlated with viral loads and disease scores in these patients. Serum GzmA levels were also elevated in CHIKV mouse models, with NK cells the likely source. Infection of mice deficient in type I interferon responses with CHIKV, Zika virus, or dengue virus resulted in high levels of circulating GzmA. We also show that subcutaneous injection of enzymically active recombinant mouse GzmA was able to mediate inflammation, both locally at the injection site as well as at a distant site. Protease activated receptors (PARs) may represent targets for GzmA, and we show that treatment with PAR antagonist ameliorated GzmA- and CHIKV-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thuy T Le
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dion Kaiserman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Caitlin Rowe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie A Prow
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Diego D Barboza
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cliomar A Santos
- Health Foundation Parreiras Horta, Central Laboratory of Public Health, State Secretary for Health, Aracajú, Brazil
| | - Paolo M A Zanotto
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution and Bioinformatics, Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kelly G Magalhães
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Luigi Aurelio
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David Muller
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul Young
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peishen Zhao
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Phillip I Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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19
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Goettig P, Brandstetter H, Magdolen V. Surface loops of trypsin-like serine proteases as determinants of function. Biochimie 2019; 166:52-76. [PMID: 31505212 PMCID: PMC7615277 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trypsin and chymotrypsin-like serine proteases from family S1 (clan PA) constitute the largest protease group in humans and more generally in vertebrates. The prototypes chymotrypsin, trypsin and elastase represent simple digestive proteases in the gut, where they cleave nearly any protein. Multidomain trypsin-like proteases are key players in the tightly controlled blood coagulation and complement systems, as well as related proteases that are secreted from diverse immune cells. Some serine proteases are expressed in nearly all tissues and fluids of the human body, such as the human kallikreins and kallikrein-related peptidases with specialization for often unique substrates and accurate timing of activity. HtrA and membrane-anchored serine proteases fulfill important physiological tasks with emerging roles in cancer. The high diversity of all family members, which share the tandem β-barrel architecture of the chymotrypsin-fold in the catalytic domain, is conferred by the large differences of eight surface loops, surrounding the active site. The length of these loops alters with insertions and deletions, resulting in remarkably different three-dimensional arrangements. In addition, metal binding sites for Na+, Ca2+ and Zn2+ serve as regulatory elements, as do N-glycosylation sites. Depending on the individual tasks of the protease, the surface loops determine substrate specificity, control the turnover and allow regulation of activation, activity and degradation by other proteins, which are often serine proteases themselves. Most intriguingly, in some serine proteases, the surface loops interact as allosteric network, partially tuned by protein co-factors. Knowledge of these subtle and complicated molecular motions may allow nowadays for new and specific pharmaceutical or medical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Goettig
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, München, Germany
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Abstract
Perforin is an indispensable effector protein of primary cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL or NK cells) that typically defend the host against virus infection, or gene-modified (chimeric antigen receptor-CAR) anticancer T cells. Perforin's pore-forming activity is necessary for the delivery of proapoptotic serine proteases, granzymes, into the cytosol of infected or cancerous target cells. The complete loss of perforin function is detrimental for the function of cytotoxic lymphocytes, and leads to fatal immune dysregulation in infants and predisposes the carriers of hypomorphic perforin mutations to various chronic inflammatory sequelae and blood cancers. Here, we describe several optimized and validated functional assays using purified effector proteins and cytotoxic lymphocytes that enable detailed analysis of perforin-mediated target cell death pathways.
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21
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Prager I, Watzl C. Mechanisms of natural killer cell-mediated cellular cytotoxicity. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:1319-1329. [PMID: 31107565 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0718-269r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular cytotoxicity, the ability to kill other cells, is an important effector mechanism of the immune system to combat viral infections and cancer. Cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells are the major mediators of this activity. Here, we summarize the cytotoxic mechanisms of NK cells. NK cells can kill virally infected of transformed cells via the directed release of lytic granules or by inducing death receptor-mediated apoptosis via the expression of Fas ligand or TRAIL. The biogenesis of perforin and granzymes, the major components of lytic granules, is a highly regulated process to prevent damage during the synthesis of these cytotoxic molecules. Additionally, NK cells have developed several strategies to protect themselves from the cytotoxic activity of granular content upon degranulation. While granule-mediated apoptosis is a fast process, death receptor-mediated cytotoxicity requires more time. Current data suggest that these 2 cytotoxic mechanisms are regulated during the serial killing activity of NK cells. As many modern approaches of cancer immunotherapy rely on cellular cytotoxicity for their effectiveness, unraveling these pathways will be important to further progress these therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Prager
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
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22
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Kim JS, Kim B, Lee HK, Kim HS, Park EJ, Choi YJ, Ahn GB, Yun J, Hong JT, Kim Y, Han SB. Characterization of morphological changes of B16 melanoma cells under natural killer cell attack. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 67:366-371. [PMID: 30583235 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell killing of melanoma cells involves perforin-mediated delivery of granzymes from NK cells to cancer cells; however, how melanoma cells die remains poorly characterized. Here, we examined the dying process of melanoma cells by using time-lapse imaging. Upon contact with NK cells, B16-F10 cells rounded and most of them showed membrane rupture (98 min); however, B16 parent cells showed writhing and delayed membrane rupture (235 min). This morphological difference depended on the expression levels of myosin regulatory light chain 9 (MYL9) but not activating ligands (CD112, CD155, Rae-1, and MULT-1), SPI, FasL, or PD-L1. Taken together, our data show that melanoma cells show two distinct types of morphological changes upon contact with NK cells and suggest that a strategy to decrease MYL9 expression by melanoma cells may improve the efficacy of NK cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Boyeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Kyung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Sook Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jae Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Jin Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Beom Ahn
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Yun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Cheongju University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28503, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Su X, Zhang L, Kang H, Zhang B, Bao G, Wang J. Mechanical, nanomorphological and biological reconstruction of early‑stage apoptosis in HeLa cells induced by cytochalasin B. Oncol Rep 2018; 41:928-938. [PMID: 30535459 PMCID: PMC6313055 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the fact that mechanical signals may be as important as biological signals in evaluating cell viability. To investigate the alterations in biomechanics, nanomorphology and biological apoptotic signals during early apoptosis, an apoptosis model was established for cervical cancer HeLa cells induced by cytochalasin B (CB). The cellular mechanical properties, geometry, morphology and expression of key apoptotic proteins were systematically analyzed. The findings indicated a marked decline in cellular elastic modulus and volume and a considerable increase in surface roughness occurring prior to the activation of biological apoptosis signals (such as phosphatidylserine exposure or activation of CD95/Fas). Moreover, the depolymerization of filamentous actin aggravated the intracellular crowding degree, which induced the redistribution of different-sized protein molecules and protrusions across the cell membrane arising from excluded volume interactions. Statistical analysis revealed that the disassembly of the actin cytoskeleton was negatively correlated with the cellular elastic modulus and volume, but was positively correlated with surface roughness and CD95/Fas activation. The results of the present study suggest that compared with biological signals, mechanical and geometrical reconstruction is more sensitive during apoptosis and the increase in cell surface roughness arises from the redistribution of biophysical molecules. These results contribute to our in-depth understanding of the apoptosis mechanisms of cancer cells mediated by cytochalasin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Su
- College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, The Ministry of Education of China, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Hong Kang
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, The Ministry of Education of China, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Baoping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, The Ministry of Education of China, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Guangjie Bao
- Key Laboratory of Stomatology of The State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Jizeng Wang
- College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
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24
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Guillerey C. Roles of cytotoxic and helper innate lymphoid cells in cancer. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:777-789. [PMID: 30178306 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9781-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have long been recognized for their anti-cancer activity and are now included in the large family of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). The discovery of new ILC subsets that, similarly to NK cells, are able to kill tumor cells encourages us to redefine NK cell role in anti-tumor immunity. Conventional NK cells circulate through the blood and screen the body for "stressed" cells. Therefore, NK cells are believed to play a key role in cancer immunosurveillance by the early elimination of cells undergoing malignant transformation. Tissue-resident ILCs might play a similar role since they are ideally located to detect the early signs of malignant transformation in their organ of residence. We are only beginning to appreciate the importance of the whole ILC family in cancer. Confusingly, these cells have been reported to both inhibit and fuel cancer progression and the factors regulating these dual functions remain unclear. Here, I review the recent advances in our understanding of cytotoxic and cytokine-producing helper ILC subsets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Guillerey
- Immunology of Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia. .,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia.
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25
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Saito A, Okiyama N, Kubota N, Nakamura Y, Fujisawa Y, Watanabe R, Ishitsuka Y, Bleackley RC, Fujimoto M. Blockade of Granzyme B Remarkably Improves Mucocutaneous Diseases with Keratinocyte Death in Interface Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:2079-2083. [PMID: 29577918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akimasa Saito
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoko Okiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Noriko Kubota
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fujisawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Rei Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ishitsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - R Chris Bleackley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Manabu Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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26
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Klein T, Eckhard U, Dufour A, Solis N, Overall CM. Proteolytic Cleavage-Mechanisms, Function, and "Omic" Approaches for a Near-Ubiquitous Posttranslational Modification. Chem Rev 2017; 118:1137-1168. [PMID: 29265812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteases enzymatically hydrolyze peptide bonds in substrate proteins, resulting in a widespread, irreversible posttranslational modification of the protein's structure and biological function. Often regarded as a mere degradative mechanism in destruction of proteins or turnover in maintaining physiological homeostasis, recent research in the field of degradomics has led to the recognition of two main yet unexpected concepts. First, that targeted, limited proteolytic cleavage events by a wide repertoire of proteases are pivotal regulators of most, if not all, physiological and pathological processes. Second, an unexpected in vivo abundance of stable cleaved proteins revealed pervasive, functionally relevant protein processing in normal and diseased tissue-from 40 to 70% of proteins also occur in vivo as distinct stable proteoforms with undocumented N- or C-termini, meaning these proteoforms are stable functional cleavage products, most with unknown functional implications. In this Review, we discuss the structural biology aspects and mechanisms of catalysis by different protease classes. We also provide an overview of biological pathways that utilize specific proteolytic cleavage as a precision control mechanism in protein quality control, stability, localization, and maturation, as well as proteolytic cleavage as a mediator in signaling pathways. Lastly, we provide a comprehensive overview of analytical methods and approaches to study activity and substrates of proteolytic enzymes in relevant biological models, both historical and focusing on state of the art proteomics techniques in the field of degradomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Klein
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ulrich Eckhard
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nestor Solis
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Christopher M Overall
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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27
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Mollah ZUA, Quah HS, Graham KL, Jhala G, Krishnamurthy B, Dharma JFM, Chee J, Trivedi PM, Pappas EG, Mackin L, Chu EPF, Akazawa S, Fynch S, Hodson C, Deans AJ, Trapani JA, Chong MMW, Bird PI, Brodnicki TC, Thomas HE, Kay TWH. Granzyme A Deficiency Breaks Immune Tolerance and Promotes Autoimmune Diabetes Through a Type I Interferon-Dependent Pathway. Diabetes 2017; 66:3041-3050. [PMID: 28733313 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Granzyme A is a protease implicated in the degradation of intracellular DNA. Nucleotide complexes are known triggers of systemic autoimmunity, but a role in organ-specific autoimmune disease has not been demonstrated. To investigate whether such a mechanism could be an endogenous trigger for autoimmunity, we examined the impact of granzyme A deficiency in the NOD mouse model of autoimmune diabetes. Granzyme A deficiency resulted in an increased incidence in diabetes associated with accumulation of ssDNA in immune cells and induction of an interferon response in pancreatic islets. Central tolerance to proinsulin in transgenic NOD mice was broken on a granzyme A-deficient background. We have identified a novel endogenous trigger for autoimmune diabetes and an in vivo role for granzyme A in maintaining immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong Sheng Quah
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate L Graham
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gaurang Jhala
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Balasubramanian Krishnamurthy
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanna Francisca M Dharma
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan Chee
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Prerak M Trivedi
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Evan G Pappas
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leanne Mackin
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edward P F Chu
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Stacey Fynch
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Andrew J Deans
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark M W Chong
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Phillip I Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas C Brodnicki
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen E Thomas
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas W H Kay
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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28
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Martín-Antonio B, Suñe G, Perez-Amill L, Castella M, Urbano-Ispizua A. Natural Killer Cells: Angels and Devils for Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091868. [PMID: 28850071 PMCID: PMC5618517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the relevance of the immune system to fight cancer has led to the development of immunotherapy, including the adoptive cell transfer of immune cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells and chimeric antigen receptors (CAR)-modified T cells. The discovery of donor NK cells’ anti-tumor activity in acute myeloid leukemia patients receiving allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) was the trigger to conduct many clinical trials infusing NK cells. Surprisingly, many of these studies did not obtain optimal results, suggesting that many different NK cell parameters combined with the best clinical protocol need to be optimized. Various parameters including the high array of activating receptors that NK cells have, the source of NK cells selected to treat patients, different cytotoxic mechanisms that NK cells activate depending on the target cell and tumor cell survival mechanisms need to be considered before choosing the best immunotherapeutic strategy using NK cells. In this review, we will discuss these parameters to help improve current strategies using NK cells in cancer therapy. Moreover, the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modification, which has revolutionized the concept of immunotherapy, will be discussed in the context of NK cells. Lastly, the dark side of NK cells and their involvement in inflammation will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Martín-Antonio
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Suñe
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Lorena Perez-Amill
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Maria Castella
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alvaro Urbano-Ispizua
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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29
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Salvesen GS, Hempel A, Coll NS. Protease signaling in animal and plant-regulated cell death. FEBS J 2016; 283:2577-98. [PMID: 26648190 PMCID: PMC5606204 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to highlight the proteases required for regulated cell death mechanisms in animals and plants. The aim is to be incisive, and not inclusive of all the animal proteases that have been implicated in various publications. The review also aims to focus on instances when several publications from disparate groups have demonstrated the involvement of an animal protease, and also when there is substantial biochemical, mechanistic and genetic evidence. In doing so, the literature can be culled to a handful of proteases, covering most of the known regulated cell death mechanisms: apoptosis, regulated necrosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis and NETosis in animals. In plants, the literature is younger and not as extensive as for mammals, although the molecular drivers of vacuolar death, necrosis and the hypersensitive response in plants are becoming clearer. Each of these death mechanisms has at least one proteolytic component that plays a major role in controlling the pathway, and sometimes they combine in networks to regulate cell death/survival decision nodes. Some similarities are found among animal and plant cell death proteases but, overall, the pathways that they govern are kingdom-specific with very little overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy S. Salvesen
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anne Hempel
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nuria Sanchez Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, Campus UAB, Edifici CRAG, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Yang H, Gu J, Zhu Q, Lu H, Wang K, Ni X, Lu Y, Lu L. Protection of acute GVHD by all-trans retinoic acid through suppression of T cell expansion and induction of regulatory T cells through IL-2 signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:911-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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32
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Live cell evaluation of granzyme delivery and death receptor signaling in tumor cells targeted by human natural killer cells. Blood 2015; 126:e1-e10. [PMID: 26124495 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-03-632273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing interest in natural killer (NK) cell-based therapy for treating human cancer has made it imperative to develop new tools to measure early events in cell death. We recently demonstrated that protease-cleavable luciferase biosensors detect granzyme B and pro-apoptotic caspase activation within minutes of target cell recognition by murine cytotoxic lymphocytes. Here we report successful adaptation of the biosensor technology to assess perforin-dependent and -independent induction of death pathways in tumor cells recognized by human NK cell lines and primary cells. Cell-cell signaling via both Fc receptors and NK-activating receptors led to measurable luciferase signal within 15 minutes. In addition to the previously described aspartase-cleavable biosensors, we report development of granzyme A and granzyme K biosensors, for which no other functional reporters are available. The strength of signaling for granzyme biosensors was dependent on perforin expression in IL-2-activated NK effectors. Perforin-independent induction of apoptotic caspases was mediated by death receptor ligation and was detectable after 45 minutes of conjugation. Evidence of both FasL and TRAIL-mediated signaling was seen after engagement of Jurkat cells by perforin-deficient human cytotoxic lymphocytes. Although K562 cells have been reported to be insensitive to TRAIL, robust activation of pro-apoptotic caspases by NK cell-derived TRAIL was detectable in K562 cells. These studies highlight the sensitivity of protease-cleaved luciferase biosensors to measure previously undetectable events in live cells in real time. Further development of caspase and granzyme biosensors will allow interrogation of additional features of granzyme activity in live cells including localization, timing, and specificity.
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Velaga S, Ukena SN, Dringenberg U, Alter C, Pardo J, Kershaw O, Franzke A. Granzyme A Is Required for Regulatory T-Cell Mediated Prevention of Gastrointestinal Graft-versus-Host Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124927. [PMID: 25928296 PMCID: PMC4415808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In our previous work we could identify defects in human regulatory T cells (Tregs) likely favoring the development of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) following allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Treg transcriptome analyses comparing GvHD and immune tolerant patients uncovered regulated gene transcripts highly relevant for Treg cell function. Moreover, granzyme A (GZMA) also showed a significant lower expression at the protein level in Tregs of GvHD patients. GZMA induces cytolysis in a perforin-dependent, FAS-FASL independent manner and represents a cell-contact dependent mechanism for Tregs to control immune responses. We therefore analyzed the functional role of GZMA in a murine standard model for GvHD. For this purpose, adoptively transferred CD4+CD25+ Tregs from gzmA-/- mice were analyzed in comparison to their wild type counterparts for their capability to prevent murine GvHD. GzmA-/- Tregs home efficiently to secondary lymphoid organs and do not show phenotypic alterations with respect to activation and migration properties to inflammatory sites. Whereas gzmA-/- Tregs are highly suppressive in vitro, Tregs require GZMA to rescue hosts from murine GvHD, especially regarding gastrointestinal target organ damage. We herewith identify GZMA as critical effector molecule of human Treg function for gastrointestinal immune response in an experimental GvHD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvari Velaga
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sya N. Ukena
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Dringenberg
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Alter
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julian Pardo
- Immune Effector Cells Group (ICE), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Olivia Kershaw
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Franzke
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Jenkins MR, Rudd-Schmidt JA, Lopez JA, Ramsbottom KM, Mannering SI, Andrews DM, Voskoboinik I, Trapani JA. Failed CTL/NK cell killing and cytokine hypersecretion are directly linked through prolonged synapse time. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:307-17. [PMID: 25732304 PMCID: PMC4354371 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Jenkins et al. discover that failure of perforin and granzyme cytotoxicity by human and mouse CTLs/NK cells prolongs the immunological synapse, leading to repetitive calcium signaling and hypersecretion of inflammatory mediators that subsequently activate macrophages. Disengagement from target cells is dependent on apoptotic caspase signaling. The findings may provide mechanistic understanding for immunopathology in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Failure of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) or natural killer (NK) cells to kill target cells by perforin (Prf)/granzyme (Gzm)-induced apoptosis causes severe immune dysregulation. In familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, Prf-deficient infants suffer a fatal “cytokine storm” resulting from macrophage overactivation, but the link to failed target cell death is not understood. We show that prolonged target cell survival greatly amplifies the quanta of inflammatory cytokines secreted by CTLs/NK cells and that interferon-γ (IFN-γ) directly invokes the activation and secondary overproduction of proinflammatory IL-6 from naive macrophages. Furthermore, using live cell microscopy to visualize hundreds of synapses formed between wild-type, Prf-null, or GzmA/B-null CTLs/NK cells and their targets in real time, we show that hypersecretion of IL-2, TNF, IFN-γ, and various chemokines is linked to failed disengagement of Prf- or Gzm-deficient lymphocytes from their targets, with mean synapse time increased fivefold, from ∼8 to >40 min. Surprisingly, the signal for detachment arose from the dying target cell and was caspase dependent, as delaying target cell death with various forms of caspase blockade also prevented their disengagement from fully competent CTLs/NK cells and caused cytokine hypersecretion. Our findings provide the cellular mechanism through which failed killing by lymphocytes causes systemic inflammation involving recruitment and activation of myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misty R Jenkins
- Cancer Cell Death and Killer Cell Biology Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; Department of Genetics; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jesse A Rudd-Schmidt
- Cancer Cell Death and Killer Cell Biology Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; Department of Genetics; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jamie A Lopez
- Cancer Cell Death and Killer Cell Biology Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; Department of Genetics; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kelly M Ramsbottom
- Cancer Cell Death and Killer Cell Biology Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; Department of Genetics; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stuart I Mannering
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; Department of Genetics; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Daniel M Andrews
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; Department of Genetics; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ilia Voskoboinik
- Cancer Cell Death and Killer Cell Biology Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; Department of Genetics; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; Department of Genetics; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Cell Death and Killer Cell Biology Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; Department of Genetics; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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36
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Kurioka A, Ussher JE, Cosgrove C, Clough C, Fergusson JR, Smith K, Kang YH, Walker LJ, Hansen TH, Willberg CB, Klenerman P. MAIT cells are licensed through granzyme exchange to kill bacterially sensitized targets. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:429-40. [PMID: 25269706 PMCID: PMC4288950 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an innate-like T-cell population restricted by the non-polymorphic, major histocompatibility complex class I-related protein 1, MR1. MAIT cells are activated by a broad range of bacteria through detection of riboflavin metabolites bound by MR1, but their direct cytolytic capacity upon recognition of cognate target cells remains unclear. We show that resting human MAIT cells are uniquely characterized by a lack of granzyme (Gr) B and low perforin expression, key granule proteins required for efficient cytotoxic activity, but high levels of expression of GrA and GrK. Bacterial activation of MAIT cells rapidly induced GrB and perforin, licensing these cells to kill their cognate target cells. Using a novel flow cytometry-based killing assay, we show that licensed MAIT cells, but not ex vivo MAIT cells from the same donors, can efficiently kill Escherichia coli-exposed B-cell lines in an MR1- and degranulation-dependent manner. Finally, we show that MAIT cells are highly proliferative in response to antigenic and cytokine stimulation, maintaining high expression of GrB, perforin, and GrA, but reduced expression of GrK following antigenic proliferation. The tightly regulated cytolytic capacity of MAIT cells may have an important role in the control of intracellular bacterial infections, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kurioka
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,
| | - J E Ussher
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C Cosgrove
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C Clough
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J R Fergusson
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - K Smith
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Y-H Kang
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - L J Walker
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - T H Hansen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - C B Willberg
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - P Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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37
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Tang BL. The Cell Biology of Systemic Hyperinflammation Resulting from Failed Cytolytic Target Cell Killing. Cell 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/cellbio.2015.43005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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A natural genetic variant of granzyme B confers lethality to a common viral infection. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004526. [PMID: 25502180 PMCID: PMC4263754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many immune response genes are highly polymorphic, consistent with the selective pressure imposed by pathogens over evolutionary time, and the need to balance infection control with the risk of auto-immunity. Epidemiological and genomic studies have identified many genetic variants that confer susceptibility or resistance to pathogenic micro-organisms. While extensive polymorphism has been reported for the granzyme B (GzmB) gene, its relevance to pathogen immunity is unexplored. Here, we describe the biochemical and cytotoxic functions of a common allele of GzmB (GzmBW) common in wild mouse. While retaining ‘Asp-ase’ activity, GzmBW has substrate preferences that differ considerably from GzmBP, which is common to all inbred strains. In vitro, GzmBW preferentially cleaves recombinant Bid, whereas GzmBP activates pro-caspases directly. Recombinant GzmBW and GzmBP induced equivalent apoptosis of uninfected targets cells when delivered with perforin in vitro. Nonetheless, mice homozygous for GzmBW were unable to control murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection, and succumbed as a result of excessive liver damage. Although similar numbers of anti-viral CD8 T cells were generated in both mouse strains, GzmBW-expressing CD8 T cells isolated from infected mice were unable to kill MCMV-infected targets in vitro. Our results suggest that known virally-encoded inhibitors of the intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptotic pathway account for the increased susceptibility of GzmBW mice to MCMV. We conclude that different natural variants of GzmB have a profound impact on the immune response to a common and authentic viral pathogen. Granzymes (Gzm) are serine proteases expressed by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells, and are important for the destruction of virally infected cells. To date, the function of these molecules has been assessed exclusively in common laboratory mouse strains that express identical granzyme proteins. In wild mouse populations, variants of granzyme B have been identified, but how these function, especially in the context of infections, is unknown. We have generated a novel mouse strain expressing a granzyme B variant found in wild mice (GzmBW), and exposed these mice to viral infections. The substrates cleaved by GzmBW were found to differ significantly from those cleaved by the GzmBP protein, which is normally expressed by laboratory mice. Alterations in substrate specificity resulted in GzmBW mice being significantly more susceptible to infection with murine cytomegalovirus, a common mouse pathogen. Our findings demonstrate that polymorphisms in granzyme B can profoundly affect the outcome of infections with some viral pathogens.
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39
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Plasman K, Demol H, Bird PI, Gevaert K, Van Damme P. Substrate specificities of the granzyme tryptases A and K. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:6067-77. [PMID: 25383893 DOI: 10.1021/pr500968d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The physiological roles of the granzymes A and K have been debated, especially concerning their involvement in cytotoxic and inflammatory processes. By performing N-terminal COFRADIC assisted N-terminomics on the homologous human granzymes A and K, we here provide detailed data on their substrate repertoires, their specificities, and differences in efficiency by which they cleave their substrates, all of which may aid in elucidating their key substrates. In addition, the so far uncharacterized mouse granzyme K was profiled alongside its human orthologue. While the global primary specificity profiles of these granzymes appear quite similar as they revealed only subtle differences and pointed to substrate occupancies in the P1, P1', and P2' position as the main determinants for substrate recognition, differential analyses unveiled distinguishing substrate subsite features, some of which were confirmed by the more selective cleavage of specifically designed probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Plasman
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB , B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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40
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Gu J, Lu L, Chen M, Xu L, Lan Q, Li Q, Liu Z, Chen G, Wang P, Wang X, Brand D, Olsen N, Zheng SG. TGF-β-induced CD4+Foxp3+ T cells attenuate acute graft-versus-host disease by suppressing expansion and killing of effector CD8+ cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3388-97. [PMID: 25156367 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of TGF-β-induced CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cells (induced regulatory T cells [iTregs]) is an important prevention and treatment strategy in autoimmune diseases and other disorders. However, the potential use of iTregs as a treatment modality for acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) has not been realized because they may be unstable and less suppressive in this disease. We restudied the ability of iTregs to prevent and treat aGVHD in two mouse models. Our results showed that, as long as an appropriate iTreg-generation protocol is used, these iTregs consistently displayed a potent ability to control aGVHD development and reduce mortality in the aGVHD animal models. iTreg infusion markedly suppressed the engraftment of donor CD8(+) cells and CD4(+) cells, the expression of granzyme A and B, the cytotoxic effect of donor CD8(+) cells, and the production of T cell cytokines in aGVHD. Therefore, we conclude that as long as the correct methods for generating iTregs are used, they can prevent and even treat aGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gu
- Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China; Division of Rheumatology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033; Clinical Immunology Section, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Maogen Chen
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lili Xu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qin Lan
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; and
| | - Qiang Li
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; and
| | - Guihua Chen
- Clinical Immunology Section, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China;
| | - Xuehao Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - David Brand
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38104
| | - Nancy Olsen
- Division of Rheumatology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033; Clinical Immunology Section, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China;
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41
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Kaiserman D, Stewart SE, Plasman K, Gevaert K, Van Damme P, Bird PI. Identification of Serpinb6b as a species-specific mouse granzyme A inhibitor suggests functional divergence between human and mouse granzyme A. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:9408-17. [PMID: 24505135 PMCID: PMC3979379 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.525808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The granzyme family serine proteases are key effector molecules expressed by cytotoxic lymphocytes. The physiological role of granzyme (Gzm) A is controversial, with significant debate over its ability to induce death in target cells. Here, we investigate the natural inhibitors of GzmA. We employed substrate phage display and positional proteomics to compare substrate specificities of mouse (m) and human (h) GzmA at the peptide and proteome-wide levels and we used the resulting substrate specificity profiles to search for potential inhibitors from the intracellular serpin family. We identified Serpinb6b as a potent inhibitor of mGzmA. Serpinb6b interacts with mGzmA, but not hGzmA, with an association constant of 1.9 ± 0.8 × 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) and a stoichiometry of inhibition of 1.8. Mouse GzmA is over five times more cytotoxic than hGzmA when delivered into P815 target cells with streptolysin O, whereas transfection of target cells with a Serpinb6b cDNA increases the EC50 value of mGzmA 13-fold, without affecting hGzmA cytotoxicity. Unexpectedly, we also found that Serpinb6b employs an exosite to specifically inhibit dimeric but not monomeric mGzmA. The identification of an intracellular inhibitor specific for mGzmA only indicates that a lineage-specific increase in GzmA cytotoxic potential has driven cognate inhibitor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dion Kaiserman
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sarah E. Stewart
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kim Plasman
- the Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, and
- the Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- the Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, and
- the Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petra Van Damme
- the Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, and
- the Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Phillip I. Bird
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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42
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Mielczarek-Palacz A, Sikora J, Kondera-Anasz Z, Bednarek I. Cytotoxic reaction mediators: granzymes A and B in women with ovarian cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 83:409-13. [PMID: 24673566 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was the assessment of cytotoxic reaction mediators - granzymes A and B in the serum of women with ovarian tumors. The study included 120 women with proven ovarian tumors. The control group consisted of 60 healthy women in whom no pathological changes within the reproductive system were detected. Concentrations of granzymes A and B were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assay. The highest concentrations of the studied parameters were observed in serum of women with ovarian cancer. Moreover, the concentrations of granzymes A and B in patients with ovarian cancer were substantially increased in comparison to concentrations in patients with ovarian cystadenomas (P < 0.0001) or ovarian teratomas (P < 0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mielczarek-Palacz
- Department of Immunology and Serology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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43
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Joeckel LT, Bird PI. Are all granzymes cytotoxic in vivo? Biol Chem 2014; 395:181-202. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Granzymes are serine proteases mainly found in cytotoxic lymphocytes. The most-studied member of this group is granzyme B, which is a potent cytotoxin that has set the paradigm that all granzymes are cyototoxic. In the last 5 years, this paradigm has become controversial. On one hand, there is a plethora of sometimes contradictory publications showing mainly caspase-independent cytotoxic effects of granzyme A and the so-called orphan granzymes in vitro. On the other hand, there are increasing numbers of reports of granzymes failing to induce cell death in vitro unless very high (potentially supra-physiological) concentrations are used. Furthermore, experiments with granzyme A or granzyme M knock-out mice reveal little or no deficit in their cytotoxic lymphocytes’ killing ability ex vivo, but indicate impairment in the inflammatory response. These findings of non-cytotoxic effects of granzymes challenge dogma, and thus require alternative or additional explanations to be developed of the role of granzymes in defeating pathogens. Here we review evidence for granzyme cytotoxicity, give an overview of their non-cytotoxic functions, and suggest technical improvements for future investigations.
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44
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A functional genomics screen identifies PCAF and ADA3 as regulators of human granzyme B-mediated apoptosis and Bid cleavage. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:748-60. [PMID: 24464226 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human lymphocyte toxins granzyme B (hGrzB) and perforin cooperatively induce apoptosis of virus-infected or transformed cells: perforin pores enable entry of the serine protease hGrzB into the cytosol, where it processes Bid to selectively activate the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Truncated Bid (tBid) induces Bax/Bak-dependent mitochondrial outer membrane permeability and the release of cytochrome c and Smac/Diablo. To identify cellular proteins that regulate perforin/hGrzB-mediated Bid cleavage and subsequent apoptosis, we performed a gene-knockdown (KD) screen using a lentiviral pool of short hairpin RNAs embedded within a miR30 backbone (shRNAmiR). We transduced HeLa cells with a lentiviral pool expressing shRNAmiRs that target 1213 genes known to be involved in cell death signaling and selected cells with acquired resistance to perforin/hGrzB-mediated apoptosis. Twenty-two shRNAmiRs were identified in the positive-selection screen including two, PCAF and ADA3, whose gene products are known to reside in the same epigenetic regulatory complexes. Small interfering (si)RNA-mediated gene-KD of PCAF or ADA3 also conferred resistance to perforin/hGrzB-mediated apoptosis providing independent validation of the screen results. Mechanistically, PCAF and ADA3 exerted their pro-apoptotic effect upstream of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, as indicated by reduced cytochrome c release in PCAF-KD cells exposed to perforin/hGrzB. While overall levels of Bid were unaltered, perforin/hGrzB-mediated cleavage of Bid was reduced in PCAF-KD or ADA3-KD cells. We discovered that PCAF-KD or ADA3-KD resulted in reduced expression of PACS2, a protein implicated in Bid trafficking to mitochondria and importantly, targeted PACS2-KD phenocopied the effect of PCAF-KD or ADA3-KD. We conclude that PCAF and ADA3 regulate Bid processing via PACS2, to modulate the mitochondrial cell death pathway in response to hGrzB.
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Sanchez-Martínez D, Krzywinska E, Rathore MG, Saumet A, Cornillon A, Lopez-Royuela N, Martínez-Lostao L, Ramirez-Labrada A, Lu ZY, Rossi JF, Fernández-Orth D, Escorza S, Anel A, Lecellier CH, Pardo J, Villalba M. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) induces miR-23a expression, decreases CTSC expression and granzyme B activity leading to impaired NK cell cytotoxicity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 49:42-52. [PMID: 24440757 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
NK cell is an innate immune system lymphocyte lineage with natural cytotoxicity. Its optimal use in the clinic requires in vitro expansion and activation. Cytokines and encounter with target cells activate NK cells and induce proliferation, and this could depend on the presence of other immune cells. Here we activated PBMCs during 5 days with IL-2, with IL-2 plus the tumor cell line K562 and with the lymphoblastoid cell line R69 and perform integrated analyses of microRNA and mRNA expression profiles of purified NK cells. The samples cluster depending on the stimuli and not on the donor, indicating that the pattern of NK cell stimulation is acutely well conserved between individuals. Regulation of mRNA expression is tighter than that of miRNA expression. All stimuli induce a common preserved genetic remodeling. In addition, encounter with target cells mainly activates pathways related to metabolism. Different target cells induce different NK cell remodeling which affects cytokine response and cytotoxicity, supporting the notion that encounter with different target cells significantly changing the activation pattern. We validate our analysis by showing that activation down regulates miR-23a, which is a negative regulator of cathepsin C (CTSC) mRNA, a gene up regulated by all stimuli. The peptidase CTSC activates the granzymes, the main effector proteases involved in NK cell cytotoxicity. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), which induces miR-23a expression, decreases CTSC expression and granzyme B activity leading to impaired NK cell cytotoxicity in an in vivo mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sanchez-Martínez
- Cell Immunity in Cancer, Inflammation and infection Group, Biomedical Research Center of Aragon (CIBA), Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), Aragon I+D Foundation (ARAID), IIS Aragon/University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Ewelina Krzywinska
- INSERM U1040, Université de Montpellier 1, UFR Médecine, Montpellier F-34295, France
| | - Moeez G Rathore
- INSERM U1040, Université de Montpellier 1, UFR Médecine, Montpellier F-34295, France
| | - Anne Saumet
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier INSERM U896, Université Montpellier 1, CRLC Val d'Aurelle Paul Lamarque, Montpellier F-34298, France
| | - Amelie Cornillon
- INSERM U1040, Université de Montpellier 1, UFR Médecine, Montpellier F-34295, France
| | - Nuria Lopez-Royuela
- INSERM U1040, Université de Montpellier 1, UFR Médecine, Montpellier F-34295, France
| | - Luis Martínez-Lostao
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, Department Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Ariel Ramirez-Labrada
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, Department Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Zhao-Yang Lu
- INSERM U1040, Université de Montpellier 1, UFR Médecine, Montpellier F-34295, France
| | - Jean-François Rossi
- INSERM U1040, Université de Montpellier 1, UFR Médecine, Montpellier F-34295, France
| | | | - Sergio Escorza
- Progenika Biopharma SA, Parque Tecnológico Bizkaia 504, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Alberto Anel
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, Department Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Charles-Henri Lecellier
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier UMR 5535 CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France. Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France. Université Montpellier 1, 5 Bd Henry IV, 34967 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Julian Pardo
- Cell Immunity in Cancer, Inflammation and infection Group, Biomedical Research Center of Aragon (CIBA), Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), Aragon I+D Foundation (ARAID), IIS Aragon/University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Martin Villalba
- INSERM U1040, Université de Montpellier 1, UFR Médecine, Montpellier F-34295, France; Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie (IRB), CHU Montpellier, Montpellier 34295, France.
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