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Oliva HNP, Prudente TP, Nunes EJ, Cosgrove KP, Radhakrishnan R, Potenza MN, Angarita GA. Substance use and spine density: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02519-3. [PMID: 38561468 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02519-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The elucidation of synaptic density changes provides valuable insights into the underlying brain mechanisms of substance use. In preclinical studies, synaptic density markers, like spine density, are altered by substances of abuse (e.g., alcohol, amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine, opioids, nicotine). These changes could be linked to phenomena including behavioral sensitization and drug self-administration in rodents. However, studies have produced heterogeneous results for spine density across substances and brain regions. Identifying patterns will inform translational studies given tools that now exist to measure in vivo synaptic density in humans. We performed a meta-analysis of preclinical studies to identify consistent findings across studies. PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and EBSCO were searched between September 2022 and September 2023, based on a protocol (PROSPERO: CRD42022354006). We screened 6083 publications and included 70 for meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed drug-specific patterns in spine density changes. Hippocampal spine density increased after amphetamine. Amphetamine, cocaine, and nicotine increased spine density in the nucleus accumbens. Alcohol and amphetamine increased, and cannabis reduced, spine density in the prefrontal cortex. There was no convergence of findings for morphine's effects. The effects of cocaine on the prefrontal cortex presented contrasting results compared to human studies, warranting further investigation. Publication bias was small for alcohol or morphine and substantial for the other substances. Heterogeneity was moderate-to-high across all substances. Nonetheless, these findings inform current translational efforts examining spine density in humans with substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Nunes Pereira Oliva
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tiago Paiva Prudente
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Eric J Nunes
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kelly P Cosgrove
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rajiv Radhakrishnan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gustavo A Angarita
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA.
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2
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Ma H, Li JF, Qiao X, Zhang Y, Hou XJ, Chang HX, Chen HL, Zhang Y, Li YF. Sigma-1 receptor activation mediates the sustained antidepressant effect of ketamine in mice via increasing BDNF levels. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:704-713. [PMID: 38097715 PMCID: PMC10943013 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Sigma-1 receptor (S1R) is a unique multi-tasking chaperone protein in the endoplasmic reticulum. Since S1R agonists exhibit potent antidepressant-like activity, S1R has become a novel target for antidepression therapy. With a rapid and sustained antidepressant effect, ketamine may also interact with S1R. In this study, we investigated whether the antidepressant action of ketamine was related to S1R activation. Depression state was evaluated in the tail suspension test (TST) and a chronic corticosterone (CORT) procedure was used to induce despair-like behavior in mice. The neuronal activities and structural changes of pyramidal neurons in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) were assessed using fiber-optic recording and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. We showed that pharmacological manipulation of S1R modulated ketamine-induced behavioral effect. Furthermore, pretreatment with an S1R antagonist BD1047 (3 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.p., for 3 consecutive days) significantly weakened the structural and functional restoration of pyramidal neuron in mPFC caused by ketamine (10 mg·kg-1, i.p., once). Ketamine indirectly triggered the activation of S1R and subsequently increased the level of BDNF. Pretreatment with an S1R agonist SA4503 (1 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.p., for 3 consecutive days) enhanced the sustained antidepressant effect of ketamine, which was eliminated by knockdown of BDNF in mPFC. These results reveal a critical role of S1R in the sustained antidepressant effect of ketamine, and suggest that a combination of ketamine and S1R agonists may be more beneficial for depression patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jin-Feng Li
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xin Qiao
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | | | - Hai-Xia Chang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Hong-Lei Chen
- Graduate Collaborative Training Base of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100083, China.
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Peking University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Yun-Feng Li
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing, 100850, China.
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Ko MY, Park H, Chon S, Lee B, Cha S, Hyun S, Ka M. Prenatal Di-methoxyethyl phthalate exposure impairs cortical neurogenesis and synaptic activity in the mice. Brain Pathol 2024; 34:e13221. [PMID: 37903655 PMCID: PMC10901619 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Di-methoxyethyl phthalate (DMEP) is a well-known environmentally prevalent endocrine disruptor and may be associated with neurodevelopmental disorders including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and intellectual disability. However, the regulatory mechanisms leading to these neurodevelopmental disorders are still poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that prenatal DMEP exposure causes abnormal brain morphology and function in the mice. DMEP (50 mg/kg) was chronically administered to pregnant mice orally once a day starting on embryonic day 0 (E0) to breast-feeding cessation for the fetus. We found that prenatal DMEP exposure significantly reduced the number of neurons in the parietal cortex by impairing neurogenesis and gliogenesis during the developing cortex. Moreover, we found that prenatal DMEP exposure impaired dendritic spine architectures and synaptic activity in the parietal cortex. Finally, prenatal DMEP exposure in mice induces hyperactivity and reduces anxiety behaviors. Altogether, our study demonstrates that prenatal DMEP exposure leads to abnormal behaviors via impairment of neurogenesis and synaptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Yi Ko
- Department of Advanced Toxicology ResearchKorea Institute of ToxicologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Heejin Park
- Department of Advanced Toxicology ResearchKorea Institute of ToxicologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
- Collage of Veterinary of MedicineJeonbuk National UniversityJeonjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Sun‐Hwa Chon
- Department of Advanced Toxicology ResearchKorea Institute of ToxicologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Byoung‐Seok Lee
- Department of Advanced Toxicology ResearchKorea Institute of ToxicologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Sin‐Woo Cha
- Department of Advanced Toxicology ResearchKorea Institute of ToxicologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Sung‐Ae Hyun
- Department of Advanced Toxicology ResearchKorea Institute of ToxicologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Minhan Ka
- Department of Advanced Toxicology ResearchKorea Institute of ToxicologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
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4
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Ko MY, Park H, Chon SH, Kim YB, Cha SW, Lee BS, Hyun SA, Ka M. Differential regulations of neural activity and survival in primary cortical neurons by PFOA or PFHpA. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141379. [PMID: 38316277 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), organofluoride compounds comprising carbon-fluorine and carbon-carbon bonds, are used as water and oil repellents in textiles and pharmaceutical tablets; however, they are associated with potential neurotoxic effects. Moreover, the impact of PFCs on neuronal survival, activity, and regulation within the brain remains unclear. Additionally, the mechanisms through which PFCs induce neuronal toxicity are not well-understood because of the paucity of data. This study elucidates that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) exert differential effects on the survival and activity of primary cortical neurons. Although PFOA triggers apoptosis in cortical neurons, PFHpA does not exhibit this effect. Instead, PFHpA modifies dendritic spine morphogenesis and synapse formation in primary cortical neuronal cultures, additionally enhancing neural activity and synaptic transmission. This research uncovers a novel mechanism through which PFCs (PFHpA and PFOA) cause distinct alterations in dendritic spine morphogenesis and synaptic activity, shedding light on the molecular basis for the atypical behaviors noted following PFC exposure. Understanding the distinct effects of PFHpA and PFOA could guide regulatory policies on PFC usage and inform clinical approaches to mitigate their neurotoxic effects, especially in vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Yi Ko
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejin Park
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Collage of Veterinary of Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hwa Chon
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Bum Kim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin-Woo Cha
- Department of Nonclinical Studies, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Seok Lee
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Ae Hyun
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minhan Ka
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Hatzipantelis CJ, Olson DE. The Effects of Psychedelics on Neuronal Physiology. Annu Rev Physiol 2024; 86:27-47. [PMID: 37931171 PMCID: PMC10922499 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-042022-020923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Psychedelics are quite unique among drugs that impact the central nervous system, as a single administration of a psychedelic can both rapidly alter subjective experience in profound ways and produce sustained effects on circuits relevant to mood, fear, reward, and cognitive flexibility. These remarkable properties are a direct result of psychedelics interacting with several key neuroreceptors distributed across the brain. Stimulation of these receptors activates a variety of signaling cascades that ultimately culminate in changes in neuronal structure and function. Here, we describe the effects of psychedelics on neuronal physiology, highlighting their acute effects on serotonergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission as well as their long-lasting effects on structural and functional neuroplasticity in the cortex. We propose that the neurobiological changes leading to the acute and sustained effects of psychedelics might be distinct, which could provide opportunities for engineering compounds with optimized safety and efficacy profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra J Hatzipantelis
- Institute for Psychedelics and Neurotherapeutics, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - David E Olson
- Institute for Psychedelics and Neurotherapeutics, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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6
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Morelos-Santana E, Islas-Preciado D, Alcalá-Lozano R, González-Olvera J, Estrada-Camarena E. Peripheral neurotrophin levels during controlled crack/cocaine abstinence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1410. [PMID: 38228745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51901-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Cocaine/crack abstinence periods have higher risk of relapse. Abstinence as initial part of the recovery process is affected by learning and memory changes that could preserve the addictive cycle. To further understand how the interruption of cocaine/crack consumption affects neurotrophin level we performed the present systematic review and meta-analysis following the PRISMA statement (number CRD42019121643). The search formula was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases. The inclusion criterion was cocaine use disorder in 18 to 60-year-old people, measuring at least one neurotrophin in blood before and after a controlled abstinence period. Studies without pre-post design were excluded. Five investigations had nine different reports, four of them were subjected to a meta-analysis (n = 146). GRADE risk of bias method was followed. Individual studies reported increased peripheral brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) after abstinence, evidence pooled by Hedge's g showed no significant change in BDNF after abstinence. Relevant heterogeneity in the length of the abstinence period (12-32 days), last cocaine/crack consumption monitoring and blood processing were detected that could help to explain non-significant results. Further improved methods are suggested, and a potential BDNF augmentation hypothesis is proposed that, if true, would help to understand initial abstinence as a re-adaptation period influenced by neurotrophins such as the BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Morelos-Santana
- Laboratorio de Neuromodulación, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - D Islas-Preciado
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicofarmacología, Dirección de Investigación en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, 101. Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, CP 14370, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R Alcalá-Lozano
- Laboratorio de Neuromodulación, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J González-Olvera
- Secretariado Técnico del Consejo Nacional de Salud Mental, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - E Estrada-Camarena
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicofarmacología, Dirección de Investigación en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, 101. Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, CP 14370, Mexico City, Mexico.
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7
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Li J, Wu Y, Xue T, He J, Zhang L, Liu Y, Zhao J, Chen Z, Xie M, Xiao B, Ye Y, Qin S, Tang Q, Huang M, Zhu H, Liu N, Guo F, Zhang L, Zhang L. Cdc42 signaling regulated by dopamine D2 receptor correlatively links specific brain regions of hippocampus to cocaine addiction. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166569. [PMID: 36243293 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hippocampus plays critical roles in drug addiction. Cocaine-induced modifications in dopamine receptor function and the downstream signaling are important regulation mechanisms in cocaine addiction. Rac regulates actin filament accumulation while Cdc42 stimulates the formation of filopodia and neurite outgrowth. Based on the region specific roles of small GTPases in brain, we focused on the hippocampal subregions to detect the regulation of Cdc42 signaling in long-term morphological and behavioral adaptations to cocaine. METHODS Genetically modified mouse models of Cdc42, dopamine receptor D1 (D1R) and D2 (D2R) and expressed Cdc42 point mutants that are defective in binding to and activation of its downstream effector molecules PAK and N-WASP were generated, respectively, in CA1 or dentate gyrus (DG) subregion. RESULTS Cocaine induced upregulation of Cdc42 signaling activity. Cdc42 knockout or mutants blocked cocaine-induced increase in spine plasticity in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, leading to a decreased conditional place preference (CPP)-associated memories and spatial learning and memory in water maze. Cdc42 knockout or mutants promoted cocaine-induced loss of neurogenesis in DG, leading to a decreased CPP-associated memories and spatial learning and memory in water maze. Furthermore, by using D1R knockout, D2R knockout, and D2R/Cdc42 double knockout mice, we found that D2R, but not D1R, regulated Cdc42 signaling in cocaine-induced neural plasticity and behavioral changes. CONCLUSIONS Cdc42 acts downstream of D2R in the hippocampus and plays an important role in cocaine-induced neural plasticity through N-WASP and PAK-LIMK-Cofilin, and Cdc42 signaling pathway correlatively links specific brain regions (CA1, dentate gyrus) to cocaine-induced CPP behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Pediatric Center of Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery of the Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Pediatric Center of Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Tao Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Pediatric Center of Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jing He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Pediatric Center of Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Pediatric Center of Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yutong Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery of the Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jinlan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Pediatric Center of Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhenzhong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Pediatric Center of Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Minjuan Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Pediatric Center of Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Pediatric Center of Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yingshan Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Pediatric Center of Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Sifei Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Pediatric Center of Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qingqiu Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Pediatric Center of Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Mengfan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Pediatric Center of Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hangfei Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Pediatric Center of Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - N Liu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Elderly Health Services Research Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fukun Guo
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery of the Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Lu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Pediatric Center of Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Ka M, Moffat JJ, Kim WY. MACF1, Involved in the 1p34.2p34.3 Microdeletion Syndrome, is Essential in Cortical Progenitor Polarity and Brain Integrity. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 42:2187-2204. [PMID: 33871731 PMCID: PMC8523589 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
1p34.2p34.3 deletion syndrome is characterized by an increased risk for autism. Microtubule Actin Crosslinking Factor 1 (MACF1) is one candidate gene for this syndrome. It is unclear, however, how MACF1 deletion is linked to brain development and neurodevelopmental deficits. Here we report on Macf1 deletion in the developing mouse cerebral cortex, focusing on radial glia polarity and morphological integrity, as these are critical factors in brain formation. We found that deleting Macf1 during cortical development resulted in double cortex/subcortical band heterotopia as well as disrupted cortical lamination. Macf1-deleted radial progenitors showed increased proliferation rates compared to control cells but failed to remain confined within their defined proliferation zone in the developing brain. The overproliferation of Macf1-deleted radial progenitors was associated with elevated cell cycle speed and re-entry. Microtubule stability and actin polymerization along the apical ventricular area were decreased in the Macf1 mutant cortex. Correspondingly, there was a disconnection between radial glial fibers and the apical and pial surfaces. Finally, we observed that Macf1-mutant mice exhibited social deficits and aberrant emotional behaviors. Together, these results suggest that MACF1 plays a critical role in cortical progenitor proliferation and localization by promoting glial fiber stabilization and polarization. Our findings may provide insights into the pathogenic mechanism underlying the 1p34.2p34.3 deletion syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhan Ka
- Research Center for Substance Abuse Pharmacology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeffrey J Moffat
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.
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9
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Ka M, Kim HG, Kim WY. WDR5-HOTTIP Histone Modifying Complex Regulates Neural Migration and Dendrite Polarity of Pyramidal Neurons via Reelin Signaling. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5104-5120. [PMID: 35672601 PMCID: PMC9378496 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02905-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
WD-repeat domain 5 (WDR5), a core component of histone methyltransferase complexes, is associated with Kabuki syndrome and Kleefstra syndrome that feature intellectual disability and neurodevelopmental delay. Despite its critical status in gene regulation and neurological disorders, the role of WDR5 in neural development is unknown. Here we show that WDR5 is required for normal neuronal placement and dendrite polarization in the developing cerebral cortex. WDR5 knockdown led to defects in both entry into the bipolar transition of pyramidal neurons within the intermediate zone and radial migration into cortical layers. Moreover, WDR5 deficiency disrupted apical and basal polarity of cortical dendrites. Aberrant dendritic spines and synapses accompanied the dendrite polarity phenotype. WDR5 deficiency reduced expression of reelin signaling receptors, ApoER and VdldR, which were associated with abnormal H3K4 methylation and H4 acetylation on their promoter regions. Finally, an lncRNA, HOTTIP, was found to be a partner of WDR5 to regulate dendritic polarity and reelin signaling via histone modification. Our results demonstrate a novel role for WDR5 in neuronal development and provide mechanistic insights into the neuropathology associated with histone methyltransferase dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhan Ka
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Goo Kim
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamid Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.
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10
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Hyun SA, Ko MY, Jang S, Lee BS, Rho J, Kim KK, Kim WY, Ka M. Bisphenol-A impairs synaptic formation and function by RGS4-mediated negative regulation of BDNF/NTRK2 signaling in the cerebral cortex. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:276081. [PMID: 35781563 PMCID: PMC9346518 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a representative endocrine disruptor, widely used in a variety of products including plastics, medical equipment and receipts. Hence, most people are exposed to BPA via the skin, digestive system or inhalation in everyday life. Furthermore, BPA crosses the blood–brain barrier and is linked to multiple neurological dysfunctions found in neurodegenerative and neuropsychological disorders. However, the mechanisms underlying BPA-associated neurological dysfunctions remain poorly understood. Here, we report that BPA exposure alters synapse morphology and function in the cerebral cortex. Cortical pyramidal neurons treated with BPA showed reduced size and number of dendrites and spines. The density of excitatory synapses was also decreased by BPA treatment. More importantly, we found that BPA disrupted normal synaptic transmission and cognitive behavior. RGS4 and its downstream BDNF/NTRK2 pathway appeared to mediate the effect of BPA on synaptic and neurological function. Our findings provide molecular mechanistic insights into anatomical and physiological neurotoxic consequences related to a potent endocrine modifier. Summary: Bisphenol-A (BPA) disrupts normal synaptic transmission and cognitive behavior in mice. Rgs4 transcription factor and its downstream BDNF/NTRK2 pathway appear to mediate the effect of BPA on synaptic and neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Ae Hyun
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Yi Ko
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Sumi Jang
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Seok Lee
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaerang Rho
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee K Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Minhan Ka
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
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11
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Zhao X, Zhang F, Kandel SR, Brau F, He JJ. HIV Tat and cocaine interactively alter genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression and exacerbate learning and memory impairments. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110765. [PMID: 35508123 PMCID: PMC9615417 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine use is a major comorbidity of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). In this study, we show that cocaine exposure worsens the learning and memory of doxycycline-inducible and brain-specific HIV Tat transgenic mice (iTat) and results in 14,838 hypermethylated CpG-related differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and 15,800 hypomethylated CpG-related DMRs, which are linked to 52 down- and 127 upregulated genes, respectively, in the hippocampus of iTat mice. These genes are mostly enriched at the neuronal function-, cell morphology-, and synapse formation-related extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor-ligand interaction pathway and mostly impacted in microglia. The accompanying neuropathological changes include swollen dendritic spines, increased synaptophysin expression, and diminished glial activation. We also find that sex (female) and age additively worsen the behavioral and pathological changes. These findings together indicate that chronic cocaine and long-term Tat expression interactively contribute to HAND, likely involving changes of DNA methylation and ECM receptor-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA; Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA; School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Suresh R Kandel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA; Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Frédéric Brau
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, Sophia-Antipolis 06560, France
| | - Johnny J He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA; Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA; School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
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12
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Ko MY, Hyun SA, Jang S, Seo JW, Rho J, Lee BS, Ka M. Butylparaben Induces the Neuronal Death Through the ER Stress-Mediated Apoptosis of Primary Cortical Neurons. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:36-43. [PMID: 34981454 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00452-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Butylparaben is an organic compound that is used as an antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics and can cause neurotoxicity. However, whether butylparaben induces neuronal death is unclear. In this study, we report that butylparaben exposure induced neuronal apoptosis mediated by ER stress in primary cortical neurons. We found that butylparaben significantly inhibited the viability of primary cortical neurons and led to lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from primary cortical neurons. Upon exposure to butylparaben, primary cortical neurons exhibited increased levels of apoptosis-related proteins such as Cleaved-caspase3 and Bax. Interestingly, butylparaben-induced activation of apoptosis involved the upstream activation of ER stress proteins such as GRP78, CHOP, and ATF4. However, pharmacological inhibition of ER stress prevented the butylparaben-induced induction of apoptosis. Taken together, our findings suggest that butylparaben exposure activates the ER stress-mediated apoptosis of primary cortical neurons, which is closely linked with neurodegeneration in the brain. Therefore, targeting ER stress may be considered a strategy for the treatment of butylparaben-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Yi Ko
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ae Hyun
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumi Jang
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung-Wook Seo
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaerang Rho
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Seok Lee
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minhan Ka
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Chan J, Hao X, Liu Q, Cang J, Gu Y. Closing the Critical Period Is Required for the Maturation of Binocular Integration in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:749265. [PMID: 34899187 PMCID: PMC8663722 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.749265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Binocular matching of orientation preference between the two eyes is a common form of binocular integration that is regarded as the basis for stereopsis. How critical period plasticity enables binocular matching under the guidance of normal visual experience has not been fully demonstrated. To investigate how critical period closure affects the binocular matching, a critical period prolonged mouse model was constructed through the administration of bumetanide, an NKCC1 transporter antagonist. Using acute in vivo extracellular recording and molecular assay, we revealed that binocular matching was transiently disrupted due to heightened plasticity after the normal critical period, together with an increase in the density of spines and synapses, and the upregulation of GluA1 expression. Diazepam (DZ)/[(R, S)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl) propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP)] could reclose the extended critical period, and rescue the deficits in binocular matching. Furthermore, the extended critical period, alone, with normal visual experience is sufficient for the completion of binocular matching in amblyopic mice. Similarly, prolonging the critical period into adulthood by knocking out Nogo-66 receptor can prevent the normal maturation of binocular matching and depth perception. These results suggest that maintaining an optimal plasticity level during adolescence is most beneficial for the systemic maturation. Extending the critical period provides new clues for the maturation of binocular vision and may have critical implications for the treatment of amblyopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangping Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangwen Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Cang
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Yu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Reinstatement of synaptic plasticity in the aging brain through specific dopamine transporter inhibition. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7076-7090. [PMID: 34244620 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01214-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging-related neurological deficits negatively impact mental health, productivity, and social interactions leading to a pronounced socioeconomic burden. Since declining brain dopamine signaling during aging is associated with the onset of neurological impairments, we produced a selective dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitor to restore endogenous dopamine levels and improve cognitive function. We describe the synthesis and pharmacological profile of (S,S)-CE-158, a highly specific DAT inhibitor, which increases dopamine levels in brain regions associated with cognition. We find both a potentiation of neurotransmission and coincident restoration of dendritic spines in the dorsal hippocampus, indicative of reinstatement of dopamine-induced synaptic plasticity in aging rodents. Treatment with (S,S)-CE-158 significantly improved behavioral flexibility in scopolamine-compromised animals and increased the number of spontaneously active prefrontal cortical neurons, both in young and aging rodents. In addition, (S,S)-CE-158 restored learning and memory recall in aging rats comparable to their young performance in a hippocampus-dependent hole board test. In sum, we present a well-tolerated, highly selective DAT inhibitor that normalizes the age-related decline in cognitive function at a synaptic level through increased dopamine signaling.
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15
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da Silva MCM, Gomes GF, de Barros Fernandes H, da Silva AM, Teixeira AL, Moreira FA, de Miranda AS, de Oliveira ACP. Inhibition of CSF1R, a receptor involved in microglia viability, alters behavioral and molecular changes induced by cocaine. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15989. [PMID: 34362959 PMCID: PMC8346567 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Different data suggest that microglia may participate in the drug addiction process as these cells respond to neurochemical changes induced by the administration of these substances. In order to study the role of microglia in drug abuse, Swiss mice aged 8-9 weeks were treated with the CSF1R inhibitor PLX3397 (40 mg/kg, p.o.) and submitted to behavioral sensitization or conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by cocaine (15 mg/kg, i.p.). Thereafter, brains were used to evaluate the effects of CSF1R inhibition and cocaine administration on morphological, biochemical and molecular changes. CSF1R inhibition attenuated behavioral sensitization, reduced the number of Iba-1+ cells and increased ramification and lengths of the branches in the remaining microglia. Additionally, both cocaine and PLX3397 increased the cell body to total cell size ratio of Iba-1+ cells, as well as CD68+ and GFAP+ stained areas, suggesting an activated pattern of the glial cells. Besides, CSF1R inhibition increased CX3CL1 levels in the striatum, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, as well as reduced CX3CR1 expression in the hippocampus. In this region, cocaine also reduced BDNF levels, an effect that was enhanced by CSF1R inhibition. In summary, our results suggest that microglia participate in the behavioral and molecular changes induced by cocaine. This study contributes to the understanding of the role of microglia in cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carolina Machado da Silva
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Freitas Gomes
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Heliana de Barros Fernandes
- Neurobiology Laboratory Conceição Machado, Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Genes, Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Aristóbolo Mendes da Silva
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Genes, Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Antônio Lúcio Teixeira
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science McGovern School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Fabrício A Moreira
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Aline Silva de Miranda
- Neurobiology Laboratory Conceição Machado, Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Antônio Carlos Pinheiro de Oliveira
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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16
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Lee CY, Hyun SA, Ko MY, Kim HR, Rho J, Kim KK, Kim WY, Ka M. Maternal Bisphenol A (BPA) Exposure Alters Cerebral Cortical Morphogenesis and Synaptic Function in Mice. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:5598-5612. [PMID: 34171088 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), synthetic compound used in polycarbonate plastic, is associated with altered cognitive and emotional behavior later in life. However, the brain mechanism underlying the behavioral deficits is unknown. Here, we show that maternal BPA exposure disrupted self-renewal and differentiation of neural progenitors during cortical development. The BPA exposure reduced the neuron number, whereas it increased glial cells in the cerebral cortex. Also, synaptic formation and transmission in the cerebral cortex were suppressed after maternal BPA exposure. These changes appeared to be associated with autophagy as a gene ontology analysis of RNA-seq identified an autophagy domain in the BPA condition. Mouse behavioral tests revealed that maternal BPA caused hyperactivity and social deficits in adult offspring. Together, these results suggest that maternal BPA exposure leads to abnormal cortical architecture and function likely by activating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Youn Lee
- Substance Abuse Pharmacology Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ae Hyun
- Substance Abuse Pharmacology Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Yi Ko
- Substance Abuse Pharmacology Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ryeong Kim
- Substance Abuse Pharmacology Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaerang Rho
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee K Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Minhan Ka
- Substance Abuse Pharmacology Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
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17
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ABCC1 regulates cocaine-associated memory, spine plasticity and GluA1 and GluA2 surface expression. Neuroreport 2021; 32:833-839. [PMID: 34029289 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassettes C1 (ABCC1s) are expressed in the neurons of the brain, but their function in neurological diseases is far from clear. In this study, we investigated the role of ABCC1 in the hippocampus in cocaine-associated memory and spine plasticity. We also investigated the role of ABCC1 in AMPA receptors (AMPARs) surface expression in primary prefrontal cortex (PFC) neurons following dopamine treatment, which was used to mimic exposure to cocaine. We found that cocaine increased ABCC1 expression in the hippocampus, and ABCC1-siRNA blocked cocaine-induced place preference. Furthermore, a morphological study showed that ABCC1-siRNA reduced the total spine density, including thin, stubby and mushroom spines in both cocaine and basal treatments compared with controls. Meanwhile, in vitro tests showed that ABCC1-siRNA decreased GluA1 and GluA2 surface expression induced by dopamine, while a decreased number of synapses in primary PFC neurons was observed following dopamine treatment. The data show that ABCC1 in the hippocampus is critically involved in cocaine-associated memory and spine plasticity and that dopamine induces AMPARs surface expression in primary PFC neurons. ABCC1 is thus presented as a new signaling molecule involved in cocaine addiction, which may provide a new target for the treatment of cocaine addiction.
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18
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Comprehensive Analysis of Differential m6A RNA Methylomes in the Hippocampus of Cocaine-Conditioned Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3759-3768. [PMID: 33826069 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent internal modification found in mRNAs and lncRNA and plays a vital role in posttranscriptional regulation in mammals. m6A is abundant in the nervous system, where it modulates neuronal development and hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. However, the roles of RNAs m6A modification and its related enzymes in cocaine reward are still not fully understood. In this study, we found that the fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) demethylase, but not methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) and 14 (METTL14), was downregulated in the hippocampus following cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP), and the level of m6A is notably higher in the hippocampus of cocaine CPP training mice. Using methylated m6A RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-m6A-seq), we identified a total of 6516 m6A peaks within 4460 mRNAs, and 3083 m6A peaks within 850 lncRNAs were significantly dysregulated. Intriguingly, the altered m6A peaks within mRNAs and lncRNAs were enriched in synapse maturation and localization processes. Our study uncovers a critical role for an m6A epitranscriptomic dysregulation and downregulation of FTO expression in the hippocampus following cocaine-induced CPP.
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19
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López‐Gambero AJ, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Suárez J. Energy sensors in drug addiction: A potential therapeutic target. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12936. [PMID: 32638485 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Addiction is defined as the repeated exposure and compulsive seek of psychotropic drugs that, despite the harmful effects, generate relapse after the abstinence period. The psychophysiological processes associated with drug addiction (acquisition/expression, withdrawal, and relapse) imply important alterations in neurotransmission and changes in presynaptic and postsynaptic plasticity and cellular structure (neuroadaptations) in neurons of the reward circuits (dopaminergic neuronal activity) and other corticolimbic regions. These neuroadaptation mechanisms imply important changes in neuronal energy balance and protein synthesis machinery. Scientific literature links drug-induced stimulation of dopaminergic and glutamatergic pathways along with presence of neurotrophic factors with alterations in synaptic plasticity and membrane excitability driven by metabolic sensors. Here, we provide current knowledge of the role of molecular targets that constitute true metabolic/energy sensors such as AMPK, mTOR, ERK, or KATP in the development of the different phases of addiction standing out the main brain regions (ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, and amygdala) constituting the hubs in the development of addiction. Because the available treatments show very limited effectiveness, evaluating the drug efficacy of AMPK and mTOR specific modulators opens up the possibility of testing novel pharmacotherapies for an individualized approach in drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Jesús López‐Gambero
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Universidad de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga Spain
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20
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Moffat JJ, Jung EM, Ka M, Jeon BT, Lee H, Kim WY. Differential roles of ARID1B in excitatory and inhibitory neural progenitors in the developing cortex. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3856. [PMID: 33594090 PMCID: PMC7886865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82974-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic evidence indicates that haploinsufficiency of ARID1B causes intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but the neural function of ARID1B is largely unknown. Using both conditional and global Arid1b knockout mouse strains, we examined the role of ARID1B in neural progenitors. We detected an overall decrease in the proliferation of cortical and ventral neural progenitors following homozygous deletion of Arid1b, as well as altered cell cycle regulation and increased cell death. Each of these phenotypes was more pronounced in ventral neural progenitors. Furthermore, we observed decreased nuclear localization of β-catenin in Arid1b-deficient neurons. Conditional homozygous deletion of Arid1b in ventral neural progenitors led to pronounced ID- and ASD-like behaviors in mice, whereas the deletion in cortical neural progenitors resulted in minor cognitive deficits. This study suggests an essential role for ARID1B in forebrain neurogenesis and clarifies its more pronounced role in inhibitory neural progenitors. Our findings also provide insights into the pathogenesis of ID and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Moffat
- Developmental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94153, USA
| | - Eui-Man Jung
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhan Ka
- Research Center for Substance Abuse Pharmacology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Tak Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Hyunkyoung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.
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21
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Lee YJ, Kim HR, Lee CY, Hyun SA, Ko MY, Lee BS, Hwang DY, Ka M. 2-Phenylethylamine (PEA) Ameliorates Corticosterone-Induced Depression-Like Phenotype via the BDNF/TrkB/CREB Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239103. [PMID: 33265983 PMCID: PMC7729630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a serious medical illness that is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders. Corticosterone (CORT) increases depression-like behavior, with some effects on anxiety-like behavior. 2-Phenethylamine (PEA) is a monoamine alkaloid that acts as a central nervous system stimulant in humans. Here, we show that PEA exerts antidepressant effects by modulating the Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB)/cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) signaling pathway in CORT-induced depression. To investigate the potential effects of PEA on CORT-induced depression, we first treated CORT (50 μM)-induced hippocampal neurons with 100 μM PEA for 24 h. We found that treatment with CORT altered dendritic spine architecture; however, treatment with PEA rescued dendritic spine formation via regulation of BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling. Next, we used a mouse model of CORT-induced depression. Mice were treated with CORT (20 mg/kg) for 21 days, followed by assessments of a battery of depression-like behaviors. During the final four days of CORT exposure, the mice were treated with PEA (50 mg/kg). We found that CORT injection promoted depression-like behavior and significantly decreased BDNF and TrkB expression in the hippocampus. However, treatment with PEA significantly ameliorated the behavioral and biochemical changes induced by CORT. Our findings reveal that PEA exerts antidepressant effects by modulating the BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling pathway in a mouse model of CORT-induced depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ju Lee
- Pharmacology and Drug Abuse Group, Convergence Toxicology Research Division, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (Y.-J.L.); (H.R.K.); (C.Y.L.); (S.-A.H.); (M.Y.K.)
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea;
| | - Hye Ryeong Kim
- Pharmacology and Drug Abuse Group, Convergence Toxicology Research Division, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (Y.-J.L.); (H.R.K.); (C.Y.L.); (S.-A.H.); (M.Y.K.)
- Laboratory Animal Center, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 61062, Korea
| | - Chang Youn Lee
- Pharmacology and Drug Abuse Group, Convergence Toxicology Research Division, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (Y.-J.L.); (H.R.K.); (C.Y.L.); (S.-A.H.); (M.Y.K.)
| | - Sung-Ae Hyun
- Pharmacology and Drug Abuse Group, Convergence Toxicology Research Division, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (Y.-J.L.); (H.R.K.); (C.Y.L.); (S.-A.H.); (M.Y.K.)
| | - Moon Yi Ko
- Pharmacology and Drug Abuse Group, Convergence Toxicology Research Division, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (Y.-J.L.); (H.R.K.); (C.Y.L.); (S.-A.H.); (M.Y.K.)
| | - Byoung-Seok Lee
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
| | - Dae Youn Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea;
| | - Minhan Ka
- Pharmacology and Drug Abuse Group, Convergence Toxicology Research Division, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (Y.-J.L.); (H.R.K.); (C.Y.L.); (S.-A.H.); (M.Y.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-610-8095; Fax: +82-42-610-8252
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Kim HR, Lee YJ, Kim TW, Lim RN, Hwang DY, Moffat JJ, Kim S, Seo JW, Ka M. Asparagus cochinchinensis extract ameliorates menopausal depression in ovariectomized rats under chronic unpredictable mild stress. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:325. [PMID: 33109198 PMCID: PMC7590795 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a serious and common psychiatric disorder generally affecting more women than men. A woman's risk of developing depression increases steadily with age, and higher incidence is associated with the onset of menopause. Here we evaluated the antidepressant properties of Asparagus cochinchinensis (AC) extract and investigated its underlying mechanisms in a rat menopausal depression model. METHODS To model this menopausal depression, we induced a menopause-like state in rats via ovariectomy and exposed them to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 6 weeks, which promotes the development of depression-like symptoms. During the final 4 weeks of CUMS, rats were treated with either AC extract (1000 or 2000 mg/kg, PO), which has been reported to provide antidepressant effects, or with the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine (10 mg/kg, IP). RESULTS We report that CUMS promotes depression-like behavior and significantly increases serum corticosterone and inflammatory cytokine levels in the serum of ovariectomized (OVX) rats. We also found that CUMS decreases the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its primary receptor, tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), in OVX rats, and treatment with AC extract rescues both BDNF and TrkB expression levels. CONCLUSION These results suggest that AC extract exerts antidepressant effects, possibly via modulation of the BDNF-TrkB pathway, in a rat model of menopausal depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ryeong Kim
- Pharmacology and Drug Abuse Research Group, Research Center for Convergence Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory Animal Center, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 61062, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ju Lee
- Pharmacology and Drug Abuse Research Group, Research Center for Convergence Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Wan Kim
- Pharmacology and Drug Abuse Research Group, Research Center for Convergence Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Ri-Na Lim
- Pharmacology and Drug Abuse Research Group, Research Center for Convergence Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Youn Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeffrey J Moffat
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Soonil Kim
- Olmanfood Co., Ltd, Seoul, 03709, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung-Wook Seo
- Pharmacology and Drug Abuse Research Group, Research Center for Convergence Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minhan Ka
- Pharmacology and Drug Abuse Research Group, Research Center for Convergence Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
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Zagrebelsky M, Tacke C, Korte M. BDNF signaling during the lifetime of dendritic spines. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:185-199. [PMID: 32537724 PMCID: PMC7529616 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03226-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic spines are tiny membrane specialization forming the postsynaptic part of most excitatory synapses. They have been suggested to play a crucial role in regulating synaptic transmission during development and in adult learning processes. Changes in their number, size, and shape are correlated with processes of structural synaptic plasticity and learning and memory and also with neurodegenerative diseases, when spines are lost. Thus, their alterations can correlate with neuronal homeostasis, but also with dysfunction in several neurological disorders characterized by cognitive impairment. Therefore, it is important to understand how different stages in the life of a dendritic spine, including formation, maturation, and plasticity, are strictly regulated. In this context, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), belonging to the NGF-neurotrophin family, is among the most intensively investigated molecule. This review would like to report the current knowledge regarding the role of BDNF in regulating dendritic spine number, structure, and plasticity concentrating especially on its signaling via its two often functionally antagonistic receptors, TrkB and p75NTR. In addition, we point out a series of open points in which, while the role of BDNF signaling is extremely likely conclusive, evidence is still missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zagrebelsky
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, Spielmannstr 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, AG NIND, Inhoffenstr. 7, D-38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Charlotte Tacke
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, Spielmannstr 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Korte
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, Spielmannstr 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, AG NIND, Inhoffenstr. 7, D-38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Arid1b haploinsufficiency in parvalbumin- or somatostatin-expressing interneurons leads to distinct ASD-like and ID-like behavior. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7834. [PMID: 32398858 PMCID: PMC7217886 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory interneurons are essential for proper brain development and function. Dysfunction of interneurons is implicated in several neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID). We have previously shown that Arid1b haploinsufficiency interferes with interneuron development and leads to social, cognitive, and emotional impairments consistent with ASD and ID. It is unclear, however, whether interneurons play a major role for the behavioral deficits in Arid1b haploinsufficiency. Furthermore, it is critical to determine which interneuron subtypes contribute to distinct behavioral phenotypes. In the present study, we generated Arid1b haploinsufficient mice in which a copy of the Arid1b gene is deleted in either parvalbumin (PV) or somatostatin (SST) interneurons, and examined their ASD- and ID-like behaviors. We found that Arid1b haploinsufficiency in PV or SST interneurons resulted in distinct features that do not overlap with one another. Arid1b haploinsufficiency in PV neurons contributed to social and emotional impairments, while the gene deletion in the SST population caused stereotypies as well as learning and memory dysfunction. These findings demonstrate a critical role of interneurons in Arid1b haploinsufficient pathology and suggest that PV and SST interneurons may have distinct roles in modulating neurological phenotypes in Arid1b haploinsufficiency-induced ASD and ID.
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Ryskamp DA, Korban S, Zhemkov V, Kraskovskaya N, Bezprozvanny I. Neuronal Sigma-1 Receptors: Signaling Functions and Protective Roles in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:862. [PMID: 31551669 PMCID: PMC6736580 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sigma-1 receptor (S1R) is a multi-functional, ligand-operated protein situated in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes and changes in its function and/or expression have been associated with various neurological disorders including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's (AD) and Huntington's diseases (HD). S1R agonists are broadly neuroprotective and this is achieved through a diversity of S1R-mediated signaling functions that are generally pro-survival and anti-apoptotic; yet, relatively little is known regarding the exact mechanisms of receptor functioning at the molecular level. This review summarizes therapeutically relevant mechanisms by which S1R modulates neurophysiology and implements neuroprotective functions in neurodegenerative diseases. These mechanisms are diverse due to the fact that S1R can bind to and modulate a large range of client proteins, including many ion channels in both ER and plasma membranes. We summarize the effect of S1R on its interaction partners and consider some of the cell type- and disease-specific aspects of these actions. Besides direct protein interactions in the endoplasmic reticulum, S1R is likely to function at the cellular/interorganellar level by altering the activity of several plasmalemmal ion channels through control of trafficking, which may help to reduce excitotoxicity. Moreover, S1R is situated in lipid rafts where it binds cholesterol and regulates lipid and protein trafficking and calcium flux at the mitochondrial-associated membrane (MAM) domain. This may have important implications for MAM stability and function in neurodegenerative diseases as well as cellular bioenergetics. We also summarize the structural and biochemical features of S1R proposed to underlie its activity. In conclusion, S1R is incredibly versatile in its ability to foster neuronal homeostasis in the context of several neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Ryskamp
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Svetlana Korban
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir Zhemkov
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Nina Kraskovskaya
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ilya Bezprozvanny
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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26
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López OV, Gorantla S, Segarra AC, Andino Norat MC, Álvarez M, Skolasky RL, Meléndez LM. Sigma-1 Receptor Antagonist (BD1047) Decreases Cathepsin B Secretion in HIV-Infected Macrophages Exposed to Cocaine. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:226-240. [PMID: 30306495 PMCID: PMC6488453 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is mediated through the infiltration of perivascular macrophages into the brain with the secretion of viral, neurotoxic and inflammatory proteins. One of these proteins is cathepsin B (CATB), a lysosomal cysteine protease that induces neuronal apoptosis, and increases in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid from HIV-1 infected patients (Cantres-Rosario et al. AIDS 27(3):347-356, 2013). Cocaine further potentiates CATB neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo (Zenón et al. J NeuroImmune Pharmacol 9(5):703-715, 2014). Modulation of sigma-1 (Sig1R) by cocaine increases oxidative species, cytokines and other factors that promote lysosomal disruption. However, the role of Sig1R in CATB secretion and HIV-1 replication in macrophages exposed to cocaine is unknown. We hypothesized that pharmacological modulation of Sig1R would alter CATB secretion from HIV-1 infected macrophages in vitro and in vivo. To test our hypothesis, monocyte derived-macrophages (MDM) from HIV-1 seronegative donors were isolated, infected with HIV-1ADA, and pretreated with Sig1R antagonist (BD1047) or Sig1R agonist (PRE-084) prior to cocaine exposure and followed for 3,6,9 and 11 days post-infection (dpi). Experiments in vivo were conducted using the HIV encephalitis mouse model (HIVE) with BD1047 treatments prior to cocaine for 14 days. Results demonstrate that in presence of cocaine, BD1047 decreases CATB secretion at 11 dpi, while PRE-084 did not have an effect. In the mouse model, BD1047 treatment prior to cocaine decreased CATB expression, cleaved caspase-3 an p24 antigen levels, reduced astrocytosis, but did not increase MAP-2 or synaptophysin. Results demonstrate that Sig1R plays a role in the modulation of CATB levels in HIV-1 infected MDM exposed to cocaine in vitro and in vivo. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Vélez López
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Annabell C Segarra
- Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, 00921, Puerto Rico
| | - María C Andino Norat
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico Bayamón Campus, Bayamón, 00959, Puerto Rico
| | - Manuel Álvarez
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, 00921, Puerto Rico
| | - Richard L Skolasky
- Orthopaedic Surgery and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Director, Spine Outcomes Research Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Loyda M Meléndez
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, 00936-5067, Puerto Rico.
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Sil S, Niu F, Tom E, Liao K, Periyasamy P, Buch S. Cocaine Mediated Neuroinflammation: Role of Dysregulated Autophagy in Pericytes. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:3576-3590. [PMID: 30151726 PMCID: PMC6393223 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1325-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine, a known psychostimulant, results in oxidative stress and inflammation. Recent studies from our group have shown that cocaine induces inflammation in glial cells. Our current study was aimed at investigating whether cocaine exposure could also induce inflammation in non-glial cells such as the pericytes with a focus on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress/autophagy axis. Our in vitro findings demonstrated that exposure of pericytes to cocaine resulted in upregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) in both the intracellular as well as extracellular compartments, thus underpinning pericytes as yet another source of neuroinflammation. Cocaine exposure of pericytes resulted in increased formation of autophagosomes as demonstrated by a time-dependent increase of autophagy markers, with a concomitant defect in the fusion of the autophagosome with the lysosomes. Pharmacological blocking of the sigma 1 receptor underscored its role in cocaine-mediated activation of pericytes. Furthermore, it was also demonstrated that cocaine-mediated dysregulation of autophagy involved upstream activation of the ER stress pathways, with a subsequent downstream production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in pericytes. These findings were also validated in an in vivo model wherein pericytes in the isolated brain microvessels of cocaine injected mice (7 days) exhibited increased expression of both the autophagy marker-LC3 as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-6. This is the first report describing the role of pericytes in cocaine-mediated neuroinflammation. Interventions aimed at blocking either the sigma-1 receptor or the upstream ER stress mediators could likely be envisioned as promising therapeutic targets for abrogating cocaine-mediated inflammation in pericytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Sil
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Fang Niu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Eric Tom
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Ke Liao
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA.
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Thangaraj A, Periyasamy P, Guo ML, Chivero ET, Callen S, Buch S. Mitigation of cocaine-mediated mitochondrial damage, defective mitophagy and microglial activation by superoxide dismutase mimetics. Autophagy 2019; 16:289-312. [PMID: 30990365 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1607686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cocaine exposure has been shown to potentiate neuroinflammation by upregulating glial activation in the brain, the role of mitophagy in this process remains an enigma. In the present study, we sought to examine the role of impaired mitophagy in cocaine-mediated activation of microglia and to determine the ameliorative potential of superoxide dismutase mimetics in this context. Our findings demonstrated that exposure of mouse primary microglial cells (mPMs) to cocaine resulted in decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, that was accompanied by increased expression of mitophagy markers, PINK1 and PRKN. Exposure of microglia to cocaine also resulted in increased expression of DNM1L and OPTN with a concomitant decrease in the rate of mitochondrial oxygen consumption as well as impaired mitochondrial functioning. Additionally, in the presence of cocaine, microglia also exhibited upregulated expression of autophagosome markers, BECN1, MAP1LC3B-II, and SQSTM1. Taken together, these findings suggested diminished mitophagy flux and accumulation of mitophagosomes in the presence of cocaine. These findings were further confirmed by imaging techniques such as transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. Cocaine-mediated activation of microglia was further monitored by assessing the expression of the microglial marker (ITGAM) and the inflammatory cytokine (Tnf, Il1b, and Il6) mRNAs. Pharmacological, as well as gene-silencing approaches aimed at blocking both the autophagy/mitophagy and SIGMAR1 expression, underscored the role of impaired mitophagy in cocaine-mediated activation of microglia. Furthermore, superoxide dismutase mimetics such as TEMPOL and MitoTEMPO were shown to alleviate cocaine-mediated impaired mitophagy as well as microglial activation.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; Δψm: mitochondrial membrane potential; ACTB: actin, beta; AIF1: allograft inflammatory factor 1; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; BAF: bafilomycin A1; BECN1: beclin 1, autophagy related; CNS: central nervous system; DNM1L: dynamin 1 like; DMEM: Dulbecco modified Eagle medium; DAPI: 4,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole; DRD2: dopamine receptor D2; ECAR: extracellular acidification rate; FBS: fetal bovine serum; FCCP: Trifluoromethoxy carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; IL1B: interleukin 1, beta; IL6: interleukin 6; ITGAM: integrin subunit alpha M; MAP1LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; mPMs: mouse primary microglial cells; MRC: maximal respiratory capacity; NFKB: nuclear factor kappa B; NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; NTRK2: neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 2; OCR: oxygen consumption rate; OPTN: optineurin; PBS: phosphate buffered saline; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; siRNA: small interfering RNA; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annadurai Thangaraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ming-Lei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ernest T Chivero
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shannon Callen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Ionescu A, Gradus T, Altman T, Maimon R, Saraf Avraham N, Geva M, Hayden M, Perlson E. Targeting the Sigma-1 Receptor via Pridopidine Ameliorates Central Features of ALS Pathology in a SOD1 G93A Model. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:210. [PMID: 30824685 PMCID: PMC6397200 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1451-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting both the upper and lower motor neurons (MNs), with no effective treatment currently available. Early pathological events in ALS include perturbations in axonal transport (AT), formation of toxic protein aggregates and Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) disruption, which all lead to axonal degeneration and motor neuron death. Pridopidine is a small molecule that has been clinically developed for Huntington disease. Here we tested the efficacy of pridopidine for ALS using in vitro and in vivo models. Pridopidine beneficially modulates AT deficits and diminishes NMJ disruption, as well as motor neuron death in SOD1G93A MNs and in neuromuscular co-cultures. Furthermore, we demonstrate that pridopidine activates the ERK pathway and mediates its beneficial effects through the sigma-1 receptor (S1R). Strikingly, in vivo evaluation of pridopidine in SOD1G93A mice reveals a profound reduction in mutant SOD1 aggregation in the spinal cord, and attenuation of NMJ disruption, as well as subsequent muscle wasting. Taken together, we demonstrate for the first time that pridopidine improves several cellular and histological hallmark pathologies of ALS through the S1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Ionescu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Tal Gradus
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Topaz Altman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Roy Maimon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Noi Saraf Avraham
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Michal Geva
- Teva Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Petah Tikva, Israel
- Prilenia Therapeutics, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Michael Hayden
- Teva Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Petah Tikva, Israel
- Prilenia Therapeutics, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Eran Perlson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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Tsai SY, Bendriem RM, Lee CTD. The cellular basis of fetal endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress in drug-induced neurodevelopmental deficits. Neurobiol Stress 2019; 10:100145. [PMID: 30937351 PMCID: PMC6430408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal substance exposure is a growing public health concern worldwide. Although the opioid crisis remains one of the most prevalent addiction problems in our society, abuse of cocaine, methamphetamines, and other illicit drugs, particularly amongst pregnant women, are nonetheless significant and widespread. Evidence demonstrates prenatal drug exposure can affect fetal brain development and thus can have long-lasting impact on neurobehavioral and cognitive performance later in life. In this review, we highlight research examining the most prevalent drugs of abuse and their effects on brain development with a focus on endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress signaling pathways. A thorough exploration of drug-induced cellular stress mechanisms during prenatal brain development may provide insight into therapeutic interventions to combat effects of prenatal drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-Y.A. Tsai
- Integrative Neuroscience Branch, Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, National Institute on Drug Abuse, The National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Raphael M. Bendriem
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Chun-Ting D. Lee
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, USA
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Soluble Factors from Human Olfactory Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Influence the Fate Decisions of Hippocampal Neural Precursor Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8014-8037. [PMID: 29498005 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0906-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis plays a significant role during adulthood, and the observation that neural stem cells reside in the central nervous system and the olfactory epithelium has attracted attention due to their importance in neuronal regeneration. In addition, soluble factors (SFs) release by neural stem cells may modulate the neurogenic process. Thus, in this study, we identified the SFs released by olfactory human neural stem/progenitor cells (hNS/PCs-OE). These cells express Ki67, nestin, and βIII-tubulin, indicating their neural lineage. The hNS/PCs-OE also express PSD95 and tau proteins during proliferation, but increased levels are observed after differentiation. Thus, we evaluated the effects of SFs from hNS/PCs-OE on the viability, proliferation, and differentiation potential of adult murine hippocampal neural precursor cells (AHPCs). SFs from hNS/PCs-OE maintain cells in the precursor and proliferative stages and mainly promote the astrocytic differentiation of AHPCs. These effects involved the activation, as measured by phosphorylation, of several proteins (Erk1/2; Akt/PRAS40/GSK3β and JAK/STAT) involved in key events of the neurogenic process. Moreover, according to the results from the antibody-based microarray approach, among the soluble factors, hNS/PCs-OE produce interleukin-6 (IL-6) and neurotrophin 4 (NT4). However, residual epidermal growth factor (EGF) was also detected. These proteins partially reproduced the effects of SFs from hNS/PCs-OE on AHPCs, and the mechanism underlying these effects is mediated by Src proteins, which have been implicated in EGF-induced transactivation of TrkB receptor. The results of the present study suggest the potential use of SFs from hNS/PCs-OE in controlling the differentiation potential of AHPCs. Thus, the potential clinical relevance of hNS/PCs-OE is worth pursuing.
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Ka M, Kim WY. ANKRD11 associated with intellectual disability and autism regulates dendrite differentiation via the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 111:138-152. [PMID: 29274743 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of ANKRD11 due to deletion or truncation mutations causes KBG syndrome, a rare genetic disorder characterized by intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, and craniofacial abnormalities. However, little is known about the neurobiological role of ANKRD11 during brain development. Here we show that ANKRD11 regulates pyramidal neuron migration and dendritic differentiation in the developing mouse cerebral cortex. Using an in utero manipulation approach, we found that Ankrd11 knockdown delayed radial migration of cortical neurons. ANKRD11-deficient neurons displayed markedly reduced dendrite growth and branching as well as abnormal dendritic spine morphology. Ankrd11 knockdown suppressed acetylation of epigenetic molecules such as p53 and Histone H3. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of Trkb, Bdnf, and neurite growth-related genes were downregulated in ANKRD11-deficient cortical neurons. The Trkb promoter region was largely devoid of acetylated Histone H3 and p53, and was instead occupied with MeCP2 and DNMT1. Overexpression of TrkB rescued abnormal dendrite growth in these cells. Our findings demonstrate a novel role for ANKRD11 in neuron differentiation during brain development and suggest an epigenetic modification as a potential key molecular feature underlying KBG syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhan Ka
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States.
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Arid1b haploinsufficiency disrupts cortical interneuron development and mouse behavior. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:1694-1707. [PMID: 29184203 PMCID: PMC5726525 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-017-0013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of the AT-rich interactive domain 1B (ARID1B) gene causes autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability, however, the neurobiological basis for this is unknown. Here, we generated Arid1b knockout mice and examined heterozygotes to model human patients. Arid1b heterozygous mice showed a decreased number of cortical GABAergic interneurons and reduced proliferation of interneuron progenitors in the ganglionic eminence. Arid1b haploinsufficiency also led to an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory synapses in the cerebral cortex. Furthermore, we found that Arid1b haploinsufficiency suppressed histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9Ac) overall, and in particular reduced H3K9Ac of the Pvalb promoter, resulting in decreased transcription. Arid1b heterozygous mice exhibited abnormal cognitive and social behavior, which was rescued by treatment with a positive allosteric GABAA receptor modulator. Our results demonstrate a critical role for the Arid1b gene in interneuron development and behavior, and provide insight into the pathogenesis of ASD and intellectual disability.
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Ka M, Smith AL, Kim WY. MTOR controls genesis and autophagy of GABAergic interneurons during brain development. Autophagy 2017; 13:1348-1363. [PMID: 28598226 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1327927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interneuron progenitors in the ganglionic eminence of the ventral telencephalon generate most cortical interneurons during brain development. However, the regulatory mechanism of interneuron progenitors remains poorly understood. Here, we show that MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin [serine/threonine kinase]) regulates proliferation and macroautophagy/autophagy of interneuron progenitors in the developing ventral telencephalon. To investigate the role of MTOR in interneuron progenitors, we conditionally deleted the Mtor gene in mouse interneuron progenitors and their progeny by using Tg(mI56i-cre,EGFP)1Kc/Dlx5/6-Cre-IRES-EGFP and Nkx2-1-Cre drivers. We found that Mtor deletion markedly reduced the number of interneurons in the cerebral cortex. However, relative positioning of cortical interneurons was normal, suggesting that disruption of progenitor self-renewal caused the decreased number of cortical interneurons in the Mtor-deleted brain. Indeed, Mtor-deleted interneuron progenitors showed abnormal proliferation and cell cycle progression. Additionally, we detected a significant activation of autophagy in Mtor-deleted brain. Our findings suggest that MTOR plays a critical role in the regulation of cortical interneuron number and autophagy in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhan Ka
- a Department of Developmental Neuroscience , Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Amanda L Smith
- a Department of Developmental Neuroscience , Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- a Department of Developmental Neuroscience , Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
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