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Rinaldi B, Bayat A, Zachariassen LG, Sun JH, Ge YH, Zhao D, Bonde K, Madsen LH, Awad IAA, Bagiran D, Sbeih A, Shah SM, El-Sayed S, Lyngby SM, Pedersen MG, Stenum-Berg C, Walker LC, Krey I, Delahaye-Duriez A, Emrick LT, Sully K, Murali CN, Burrage LC, Plaud Gonzalez JA, Parnes M, Friedman J, Isidor B, Lefranc J, Redon S, Heron D, Mignot C, Keren B, Fradin M, Dubourg C, Mercier S, Besnard T, Cogne B, Deb W, Rivier C, Milani D, Bedeschi MF, Di Napoli C, Grilli F, Marchisio P, Koudijs S, Veenma D, Argilli E, Lynch SA, Au PYB, Ayala Valenzuela FE, Brown C, Masser-Frye D, Jones M, Patron Romero L, Li WL, Thorpe E, Hecher L, Johannsen J, Denecke J, McNiven V, Szuto A, Wakeling E, Cruz V, Sency V, Wang H, Piard J, Kortüm F, Herget T, Bierhals T, Condell A, Ben-Zeev B, Kaur S, Christodoulou J, Piton A, Zweier C, Kraus C, Micalizzi A, Trivisano M, Specchio N, Lesca G, Møller RS, Tümer Z, Musgaard M, Gerard B, Lemke JR, Shi YS, Kristensen AS. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function variants in GRIA3 lead to distinct neurodevelopmental phenotypes. Brain 2024; 147:1837-1855. [PMID: 38038360 PMCID: PMC11068105 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) receptors (AMPARs) mediate fast excitatory neurotransmission in the brain. AMPARs form by homo- or heteromeric assembly of subunits encoded by the GRIA1-GRIA4 genes, of which only GRIA3 is X-chromosomal. Increasing numbers of GRIA3 missense variants are reported in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD), but only a few have been examined functionally. Here, we evaluated the impact on AMPAR function of one frameshift and 43 rare missense GRIA3 variants identified in patients with NDD by electrophysiological assays. Thirty-one variants alter receptor function and show loss-of-function or gain-of-function properties, whereas 13 appeared neutral. We collected detailed clinical data from 25 patients (from 23 families) harbouring 17 of these variants. All patients had global developmental impairment, mostly moderate (9/25) or severe (12/25). Twelve patients had seizures, including focal motor (6/12), unknown onset motor (4/12), focal impaired awareness (1/12), (atypical) absence (2/12), myoclonic (5/12) and generalized tonic-clonic (1/12) or atonic (1/12) seizures. The epilepsy syndrome was classified as developmental and epileptic encephalopathy in eight patients, developmental encephalopathy without seizures in 13 patients, and intellectual disability with epilepsy in four patients. Limb muscular hypotonia was reported in 13/25, and hypertonia in 10/25. Movement disorders were reported in 14/25, with hyperekplexia or non-epileptic erratic myoclonus being the most prevalent feature (8/25). Correlating receptor functional phenotype with clinical features revealed clinical features for GRIA3-associated NDDs and distinct NDD phenotypes for loss-of-function and gain-of-function variants. Gain-of-function variants were associated with more severe outcomes: patients were younger at the time of seizure onset (median age: 1 month), hypertonic and more often had movement disorders, including hyperekplexia. Patients with loss-of-function variants were older at the time of seizure onset (median age: 16 months), hypotonic and had sleeping disturbances. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function variants were disease-causing in both sexes but affected males often carried de novo or hemizygous loss-of-function variants inherited from healthy mothers, whereas affected females had mostly de novo heterozygous gain-of-function variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berardo Rinaldi
- Medical Genetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Allan Bayat
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund 4293, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230Denmark
| | - Linda G Zachariassen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Jia-Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210032, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Yu-Han Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210032, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210032, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Kristine Bonde
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Laura H Madsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | | | - Duygu Bagiran
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Amal Sbeih
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Syeda Maidah Shah
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Shaymaa El-Sayed
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Signe M Lyngby
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Miriam G Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Stenum-Berg
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Louise Claudia Walker
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Ilona Krey
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Andrée Delahaye-Duriez
- Unité fonctionnelle de médecine génomique et génétique clinique, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Bondy 93140, France
- NeuroDiderot, UMR 1141, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Paris 75019, France
- UFR SMBH, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny 93000, France
| | - Lisa T Emrick
- Division of Neurology and Developmental Neurosciences, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Krystal Sully
- Division of Neurology and Developmental Neurosciences, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chaya N Murali
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lindsay C Burrage
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Julie Ana Plaud Gonzalez
- Division of Neurology and Developmental Neurosciences, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mered Parnes
- Division of Neurology and Developmental Neurosciences, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Pediatric Movement Disorders Clinic, Texas Children’s Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer Friedman
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes 44000, France
| | - Jérémie Lefranc
- Pediatric Neurophysiology Department, CHU de Brest, Brest 29200, France
| | - Sylvia Redon
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Brest, Brest 29200, France
- Université de Brest, CHU de Brest, UMR 1078, Brest F29200, France
| | - Delphine Heron
- APHP Sorbonne Université, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau and Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris 75013, France
- Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Paris 75013, France
| | - Cyril Mignot
- APHP Sorbonne Université, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau and Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris 75013, France
- Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Paris 75013, France
| | - Boris Keren
- Genetic Department, APHP, Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris 75013, France
| | - Mélanie Fradin
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Sud, CHU de Rennes, Rennes 35200, France
| | - Christele Dubourg
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique, CHU de Rennes, Rennes 35200, France
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, Institut de Genetique et Developpement de Rennes, UMR 6290, Rennes 35200, France
| | - Sandra Mercier
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes 44000, France
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, Nantes 44000, France
| | - Thomas Besnard
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes 44000, France
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, Nantes 44000, France
| | - Benjamin Cogne
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes 44000, France
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, Nantes 44000, France
| | - Wallid Deb
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes 44000, France
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, Nantes 44000, France
| | - Clotilde Rivier
- Department of Paediatrics, Villefranche-sur-Saône Hospital, Villefranche-sur-Saône 69655, France
| | - Donatella Milani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Bedeschi
- Medical Genetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Claudia Di Napoli
- Medical Genetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Federico Grilli
- Medical Genetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Paola Marchisio
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatria Pneumoinfettivologia, Milan 20122, Italy
- University of Milan, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Suzanna Koudijs
- Department of Neurology, ENCORE, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam 3015, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle Veenma
- Department of Pediatrics, ENCORE, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam 3015, The Netherlands
| | - Emanuela Argilli
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sally Ann Lynch
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Children’s Health Ireland Crumlin, Dublin D12 N512, Ireland
| | - Ping Yee Billie Au
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | | | | | - Diane Masser-Frye
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego School of Medicine, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Marilyn Jones
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego School of Medicine, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Leslie Patron Romero
- Facultad de Medicina y Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana 22010, Mexico
| | | | | | - Laura Hecher
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20215, Germany
| | - Jessika Johannsen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20215, Germany
| | - Jonas Denecke
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20215, Germany
| | - Vanda McNiven
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1E8, Canada
- Fred A Litwin Family Centre in Genetic Medicine, University Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Anna Szuto
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1E8, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1E8, Canada
| | - Emma Wakeling
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Vincent Cruz
- DDC Clinic Center for Special Needs Children, Middlefield, OH 44062, USA
| | - Valerie Sency
- DDC Clinic Center for Special Needs Children, Middlefield, OH 44062, USA
| | - Heng Wang
- DDC Clinic Center for Special Needs Children, Middlefield, OH 44062, USA
| | - Juliette Piard
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon 25000, France
- UMR 1231 GAD, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Fanny Kortüm
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Theresia Herget
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Tatjana Bierhals
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Angelo Condell
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Bruria Ben-Zeev
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 4R73+8Q, Israel
| | - Simranpreet Kaur
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - John Christodoulou
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Discipline of Genetic Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NewSouth Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Amelie Piton
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Christiane Zweier
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Kraus
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Alessia Micalizzi
- Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00165, Italy
| | - Marina Trivisano
- Neurology, Epilepsy and Movement Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Full Member of European Reference Network EpiCARE, Rome 00165, Italy
| | - Nicola Specchio
- Neurology, Epilepsy and Movement Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Full Member of European Reference Network EpiCARE, Rome 00165, Italy
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Lyon and Claude Bernard Lyon I University, Lyon 69100, France
- Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle (PNMG), UCBL, CNRS UMR5261 - INSERM U1315, Lyon 69100, France
| | - Rikke S Møller
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund 4293, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230Denmark
| | - Zeynep Tümer
- Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Maria Musgaard
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Benedicte Gerard
- Laboratoires de diagnostic genetique, Institut de genetique Medicale d'Alsace, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Johannes R Lemke
- Center for Rare Diseases, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Yun Stone Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210032, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210032, China
- Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, Zhuhai 519031, China
| | - Anders S Kristensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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Sharawat IK, Gupta D, Mandal S, Elwadhi A, Panda PK. Mutation in the GRIA4 Gene Presenting as ESES: Expanding the Genetic Landscape of ESES. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2024; 27:336-338. [PMID: 38819422 PMCID: PMC11232815 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_1139_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Indar K. Sharawat
- Pediatric Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Diksha Gupta
- Pediatric Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sharusa Mandal
- Pediatric Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Aman Elwadhi
- Pediatric Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Prateek K. Panda
- Pediatric Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
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Neurodevelopmental Disorders Associated with PSD-95 and Its Interaction Partners. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084390. [PMID: 35457207 PMCID: PMC9025546 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The postsynaptic density (PSD) is a massive protein complex, critical for synaptic strength and plasticity in excitatory neurons. Here, the scaffolding protein PSD-95 plays a crucial role as it organizes key PSD components essential for synaptic signaling, development, and survival. Recently, variants in DLG4 encoding PSD-95 were found to cause a neurodevelopmental disorder with a variety of clinical features including intellectual disability, developmental delay, and epilepsy. Genetic variants in several of the interaction partners of PSD-95 are associated with similar phenotypes, suggesting that deficient PSD-95 may affect the interaction partners, explaining the overlapping symptoms. Here, we review the transmembrane interaction partners of PSD-95 and their association with neurodevelopmental disorders. We assess how the structural changes induced by DLG4 missense variants may disrupt or alter such protein-protein interactions, and we argue that the pathological effect of DLG4 variants is, at least partly, exerted indirectly through interaction partners of PSD-95. This review presents a direction for functional studies to elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of deficient PSD-95, providing clues for therapeutic strategies.
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Hansen KB, Wollmuth LP, Bowie D, Furukawa H, Menniti FS, Sobolevsky AI, Swanson GT, Swanger SA, Greger IH, Nakagawa T, McBain CJ, Jayaraman V, Low CM, Dell'Acqua ML, Diamond JS, Camp CR, Perszyk RE, Yuan H, Traynelis SF. Structure, Function, and Pharmacology of Glutamate Receptor Ion Channels. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:298-487. [PMID: 34753794 PMCID: PMC8626789 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many physiologic effects of l-glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, are mediated via signaling by ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). These ligand-gated ion channels are critical to brain function and are centrally implicated in numerous psychiatric and neurologic disorders. There are different classes of iGluRs with a variety of receptor subtypes in each class that play distinct roles in neuronal functions. The diversity in iGluR subtypes, with their unique functional properties and physiologic roles, has motivated a large number of studies. Our understanding of receptor subtypes has advanced considerably since the first iGluR subunit gene was cloned in 1989, and the research focus has expanded to encompass facets of biology that have been recently discovered and to exploit experimental paradigms made possible by technological advances. Here, we review insights from more than 3 decades of iGluR studies with an emphasis on the progress that has occurred in the past decade. We cover structure, function, pharmacology, roles in neurophysiology, and therapeutic implications for all classes of receptors assembled from the subunits encoded by the 18 ionotropic glutamate receptor genes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Glutamate receptors play important roles in virtually all aspects of brain function and are either involved in mediating some clinical features of neurological disease or represent a therapeutic target for treatment. Therefore, understanding the structure, function, and pharmacology of this class of receptors will advance our understanding of many aspects of brain function at molecular, cellular, and system levels and provide new opportunities to treat patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper B Hansen
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Lonnie P Wollmuth
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Derek Bowie
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Hiro Furukawa
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Frank S Menniti
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Alexander I Sobolevsky
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Geoffrey T Swanson
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Sharon A Swanger
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Ingo H Greger
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Terunaga Nakagawa
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chris J McBain
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Vasanthi Jayaraman
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chian-Ming Low
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Mark L Dell'Acqua
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Jeffrey S Diamond
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chad R Camp
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
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5
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Negrete-Díaz JV, Falcón-Moya R, Rodríguez-Moreno A. Kainate receptors: from synaptic activity to disease. FEBS J 2021; 289:5074-5088. [PMID: 34143566 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Kainate receptors (KARs) are glutamate receptors that participate in the postsynaptic transmission of information and in the control of neuronal excitability, as well as presynaptically modulating the release of the neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate. These modulatory effects, general follow a biphasic pattern, with low KA concentrations provoking an increase in GABA and glutamate release, and higher concentrations mediating a decrease in the release of these neurotransmitters. In addition, KARs are involved in different forms of long- and short-term plasticity. Importantly, altered activity of these receptors has been implicated in different central nervous system diseases and disturbances. Here, we describe the pre- and postsynaptic actions of KARs, and the possible role of these receptors in disease, a field that has seen significant progress in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Vicente Negrete-Díaz
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuroscience and Plasticity, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain.,Laboratorio de Psicología Experimental y Neurociencias, División de Ciencias de la Salud e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, México
| | - Rafael Falcón-Moya
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuroscience and Plasticity, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Moreno
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuroscience and Plasticity, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
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6
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Kainate receptors in the developing neuronal networks. Neuropharmacology 2021; 195:108585. [PMID: 33910033 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Kainate receptors (KARs) are highly expressed in the immature brain and have unique developmentally regulated functions that may be important in linking neuronal activity to morphogenesis during activity-dependent fine-tuning of the synaptic connectivity. Altered expression of KARs in the developing neural network leads to changes in glutamatergic connectivity and network excitability, which may lead to long-lasting changes in behaviorally relevant circuitries in the brain. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on physiological and morphogenic functions described for different types of KARs at immature neural circuitries, focusing on their roles in modulating synaptic transmission and plasticity as well as circuit maturation in the rodent hippocampus and amygdala. Finally, we discuss the emerging evidence suggesting that malfunction of KARs in the immature brain may contribute to the pathophysiology underlying developmentally originating neurological disorders.
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7
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Mesman S, Bakker R, Smidt MP. Tcf4 is required for correct brain development during embryogenesis. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 106:103502. [PMID: 32474139 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tcf4 has been linked to autism, schizophrenia, and Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome (PTHS) in humans, suggesting a role for Tcf4 in brain development and importantly cortical development. However, the mechanisms behind its role in disease and brain development are still elusive. We provide evidence that Tcf4 has a critical function in the differentiation of cortical regions, corpus callosum and anterior commissure formation, and development of the hippocampus during murine embryonic development. In the present study, we show that Tcf4 is expressed throughout the developing brain at the peak of neurogenesis. Deletion of Tcf4 results in mis-specification of the cortical neurons, malformation of the corpus callosum and anterior commissure, and hypoplasia of the hippocampus. Furthermore, the Tcf4 mutant shows an absence of midline remodeling, underlined by the loss of GFAP-expressing midline glia in the indusium griseum and callosal wedge and midline zipper glia in the telencephalic midline. RNA-sequencing on E14.5 cortex material shows that Tcf4 functions as a transcriptional activator and loss of Tcf4 results in downregulation of genes linked to neurogenesis and neuronal maturation. Furthermore, many genes that are differentially expressed after Tcf4 ablation are linked to other neurodevelopmental disorders. Taken together, we show that correct brain development and neuronal differentiation are severely affected in Tcf4 mutants, phenocopying morphological brain defects detected in PTHS patients. The presented data identifies new leads to understand the mechanisms behind brain and specifically cortical development and can provide novel insights in developmental mechanisms underlying human brain defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mesman
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, FNWI University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Reinier Bakker
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, FNWI University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marten P Smidt
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, FNWI University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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8
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Poot M. Syndromes Hidden within the 16p11.2 Deletion Region. Mol Syndromol 2018; 9:171-174. [PMID: 30140194 DOI: 10.1159/000490845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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9
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Arora V, Pecoraro V, Aller MI, Román C, Paternain AV, Lerma J. Increased Grik4 Gene Dosage Causes Imbalanced Circuit Output and Human Disease-Related Behaviors. Cell Rep 2018; 23:3827-3838. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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10
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Dascal N, Rubinstein M. Lithium reduces the span of G protein-activated K + (GIRK) channel inhibition in hippocampal neurons. Bipolar Disord 2017; 19:568-574. [PMID: 28895268 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lithium (Li+ ) is one of the most widely used treatments for bipolar disorder (BD). However, the molecular and neuronal basis of BD, as well as the mechanisms of Li+ actions are poorly understood. Cellular and biochemical studies identified G proteins as being among the cellular targets for Li+ action, while genetic studies indicated an association with the KCNJ3 gene, which encodes the G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels. GIRK channels regulate neuronal excitability by mediating the inhibitory effects of multiple neurotransmitters and contribute to the resting potassium conductance. Here, we explored the effects of therapeutic dose of Li+ on neuronal excitability and the role of GIRK channels in Li+ actions. METHODS Effects of Li+ on excitability were studied in hippocampal brain slices using whole-cell electrophysiological recordings. RESULTS A therapeutic dose of Li+ (1 mM) dually regulated the function of GIRK channels in hippocampal slices. Li+ hyperpolarized the resting membrane potential of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons and prolonged the latency to reach the action potential threshold and peak. These effects were abolished in the presence of tertiapin, a specific GIRK channel blocker, and at doses above the therapeutic window (2 mM). In contrast, Li+ reduced GIRK channel opening induced by GABAB receptor (GABAB R) activation, causing reduced hyperpolarization of the membrane potential, attenuated reduction of input resistance, and a smaller decrease of neuronal firing. CONCLUSIONS A therapeutic dose of Li+ reduces the span of GIRK channel-mediated inhibition due to enhancement of basal GIRK currents and inhibition of GABAB R evoked responses, providing an important link between Li+ action, neuronal excitability, and cellular and genetic targets of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Dascal
- The Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moran Rubinstein
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,The Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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11
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Strunk D, Weber P, Röthlisberger B, Filges I. Autism and intellectual disability in a patient with two microdeletions in 6q16: a contiguous gene deletion syndrome? Mol Cytogenet 2016; 9:88. [PMID: 27980676 PMCID: PMC5135825 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-016-0299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Copy number variations play a significant role in the aetiology of developmental disabilities including non-syndromic intellectual disability and autism. Case presentation We describe a 19-year old patient with intellectual disability and autism for whom chromosomal microarray (CMA) analysis showed the unusual finding of two de novo microdeletions in cis position on chromosome 6q16.1q16.2 and 6q16.3. The two deletions span 10 genes, including FBXL4, POU3F2, PRDM13, CCNC, COQ3 and GRIK2. We compared phenotypes of patients with similar deletions and looked at the involvement of the genes in neuronal networks in order to determine the pathogenicity of our patient’s deletions. Conclusions We suggest that both deletions on 6q are causing his disease phenotype since they harbour several genes which are implicated in pathways of neuronal development and function. Further studies regarding the interaction between PRDM13 and GRIK2 specifically may be interesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Strunk
- Medical Genetics, University Hospital Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 40, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Weber
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Developmental Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Spitalstrasse 33, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benno Röthlisberger
- Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Tellstrasse, CH-5001 Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Filges
- Medical Genetics, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 40, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Increased Dosage of High-Affinity Kainate Receptor Gene grik4 Alters Synaptic Transmission and Reproduces Autism Spectrum Disorders Features. J Neurosci 2016; 35:13619-28. [PMID: 26446216 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2217-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The understanding of brain diseases requires the identification of the molecular, synaptic, and cellular disruptions underpinning the behavioral features that define the disease. The importance of genes related to synaptic function in brain disease has been implied in studies describing de novo germline mutations and copy number variants. Indeed, de novo copy number variations (deletion or duplication of a chromosomal region) of synaptic genes have been recently implicated as risk factors for mental retardation or autism. Among these genes is GRIK4, a gene coding for a glutamate receptor subunit of the kainate type. Here we show that mice overexpressing grik4 in the forebrain displayed social impairment, enhanced anxiety, and depressive states, accompanied by altered synaptic transmission, showing more efficient information transfer through the hippocampal trisynaptic circuit. Together, these data indicate that a single gene variation in the glutamatergic system results in behavioral symptomatology consistent with autism spectrum disorders as well as in alterations in synaptic function in regions involved in social activity. Autistic features of these mice represent powerful tools for improving diagnosis and testing of specific treatments targeting abnormalities in glutamatergic signaling related to autism spectrum disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A genetic overlap exists between autism spectrum disorders (ASD), currently thought to represent a continuum of the same disorder with varying degrees of severity, and other neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric endophenotypes. We show that the duplication of a single gene coding for a high-affinity kainate receptor subunit (i.e., grik4) in a limited area of the brain recapitulates behavioral endophenotypes seen in humans diagnosed with autism (anhedonia, depression, anxiety, and altered social interaction), including some humans with GRIK4 duplications. Therefore, it should be possible to use mice overexpressing grik4 to directly address circuit dysfunctions associated with ASDs and test specific treatments of autism-related behaviors.
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13
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Poot M. Double, Double Toil and Trouble. Mol Syndromol 2016; 6:106-7. [PMID: 26733774 DOI: 10.1159/000437009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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14
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Krutzke SK, Engels H, Hofmann A, Schumann MM, Cremer K, Zink AM, Hilger A, Ludwig M, Gembruch U, Reutter H, Merz WM. Array-based molecular karyotyping in fetal brain malformations: Identification of novel candidate genes and chromosomal regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 106:16-26. [PMID: 26680650 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the majority of congenital brain malformations, the underlying cause remains unknown. Recent studies have implicated rare copy number variations (CNVs) in their etiology. METHODS Here, we used array-based molecular karyotyping to search for causative CNVs in 33 fetuses of terminated pregnancies with prenatally detected brain malformations and additional extracerebral anomalies. RESULTS In 11 fetuses, we identified 15 CNVs (0.08 Mb to 29.59 Mb), comprising four duplications and eleven deletions. All larger CNVs (> 5 Mb) had also been detected by prenatal conventional karyotyping. None of these CNVs was present in our 1307 healthy in-house controls (frequency < 0.0008). Among these CNVs, we prioritized six chromosomal regions (1q25.1, 5q35.1, 6q25.3-qter, 11p14.3, 15q11.2-q13.1, 18q21.1) due to their previous association with human brain malformations or owing to the presence of a single gene expressed in human brain. Prioritized genes within these regions were UBTD2, SKA1, SVIP, and, most convincingly, GPR52. However, re-sequencing of GPR52 in 100 samples from fetuses with brain malformations or patients with intellectual disability and brain malformations revealed no disease-causing mutation. CONCLUSION Our study suggests chromosomal regions 1q25.1, 5q35.1, 6q25.3-qter, 11p14.3, 15q11.2-q13.1, and 18q21.1 to be involved in human brain development. Within three of these regions, we suggest UBTD2, GPR52, and SKA1 as possible candidate genes. Because the overall detection rate of array-based molecular karyotyping was slightly higher (23%) than that of conventional prenatal karyotyping (20%), we suggest it's use for prenatal diagnostic testing in fetuses with nonisolated brain malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hartmut Engels
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea Hofmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Kirsten Cremer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Alina Hilger
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Ludwig
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gembruch
- Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heiko Reutter
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Waltraut M Merz
- Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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15
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Poot M, Haaf T. Mechanisms of Origin, Phenotypic Effects and Diagnostic Implications of Complex Chromosome Rearrangements. Mol Syndromol 2015; 6:110-34. [PMID: 26732513 DOI: 10.1159/000438812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex chromosome rearrangements (CCRs) are currently defined as structural genome variations that involve more than 2 chromosome breaks and result in exchanges of chromosomal segments. They are thought to be extremely rare, but their detection rate is rising because of improvements in molecular cytogenetic technology. Their population frequency is also underestimated, since many CCRs may not elicit a phenotypic effect. CCRs may be the result of fork stalling and template switching, microhomology-mediated break-induced repair, breakage-fusion-bridge cycles, or chromothripsis. Patients with chromosomal instability syndromes show elevated rates of CCRs due to impaired DNA double-strand break responses during meiosis. Therefore, the putative functions of the proteins encoded by ATM, BLM, WRN, ATR, MRE11, NBS1, and RAD51 in preventing CCRs are discussed. CCRs may exert a pathogenic effect by either (1) gene dosage-dependent mechanisms, e.g. haploinsufficiency, (2) mechanisms based on disruption of the genomic architecture, such that genes, parts of genes or regulatory elements are truncated, fused or relocated and thus their interactions disturbed - these mechanisms will predominantly affect gene expression - or (3) mixed mutation mechanisms in which a CCR on one chromosome is combined with a different type of mutation on the other chromosome. Such inferred mechanisms of pathogenicity need corroboration by mRNA sequencing. Also, future studies with in vitro models, such as inducible pluripotent stem cells from patients with CCRs, and transgenic model organisms should substantiate current inferences regarding putative pathogenic effects of CCRs. The ramifications of the growing body of information on CCRs for clinical and experimental genetics and future treatment modalities are briefly illustrated with 2 cases, one of which suggests KDM4C (JMJD2C) as a novel candidate gene for mental retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Poot
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Yuan H, Low CM, Moody OA, Jenkins A, Traynelis SF. Ionotropic GABA and Glutamate Receptor Mutations and Human Neurologic Diseases. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:203-17. [PMID: 25904555 PMCID: PMC4468639 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.097998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of whole exome/genome sequencing and the technology-driven reduction in the cost of next-generation sequencing as well as the introduction of diagnostic-targeted sequencing chips have resulted in an unprecedented volume of data directly linking patient genomic variability to disorders of the brain. This information has the potential to transform our understanding of neurologic disorders by improving diagnoses, illuminating the molecular heterogeneity underlying diseases, and identifying new targets for therapeutic treatment. There is a strong history of mutations in GABA receptor genes being involved in neurologic diseases, particularly the epilepsies. In addition, a substantial number of variants and mutations have been found in GABA receptor genes in patients with autism, schizophrenia, and addiction, suggesting potential links between the GABA receptors and these conditions. A new and unexpected outcome from sequencing efforts has been the surprising number of mutations found in glutamate receptor subunits, with the GRIN2A gene encoding the GluN2A N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit being most often affected. These mutations are associated with multiple neurologic conditions, for which seizure disorders comprise the largest group. The GluN2A subunit appears to be a locus for epilepsy, which holds important therapeutic implications. Virtually all α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor mutations, most of which occur within GRIA3, are from patients with intellectual disabilities, suggesting a link to this condition. Similarly, the most common phenotype for kainate receptor variants is intellectual disability. Herein, we summarize the current understanding of disease-associated mutations in ionotropic GABA and glutamate receptor families, and discuss implications regarding the identification of human mutations and treatment of neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Yuan
- Departments of Pharmacology (H.Y., A.J., S.F.T.) and Anesthesiology (O.A.M., A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia; and Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesia, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, and Neurobiology/Ageing Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.)
| | - Chian-Ming Low
- Departments of Pharmacology (H.Y., A.J., S.F.T.) and Anesthesiology (O.A.M., A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia; and Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesia, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, and Neurobiology/Ageing Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.)
| | - Olivia A Moody
- Departments of Pharmacology (H.Y., A.J., S.F.T.) and Anesthesiology (O.A.M., A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia; and Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesia, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, and Neurobiology/Ageing Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.)
| | - Andrew Jenkins
- Departments of Pharmacology (H.Y., A.J., S.F.T.) and Anesthesiology (O.A.M., A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia; and Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesia, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, and Neurobiology/Ageing Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.)
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Departments of Pharmacology (H.Y., A.J., S.F.T.) and Anesthesiology (O.A.M., A.J.), Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia; and Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesia, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, and Neurobiology/Ageing Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.)
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17
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Amaral AC, Jakovcevski M, McGaughy JA, Calderwood SK, Mokler DJ, Rushmore RJ, Galler JR, Akbarian SA, Rosene DL. Prenatal protein malnutrition decreases KCNJ3 and 2DG activity in rat prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 2014; 286:79-86. [PMID: 25446346 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal protein malnutrition (PPM) in rats causes enduring changes in brain and behavior including increased cognitive rigidity and decreased inhibitory control. A preliminary gene microarray screen of PPM rat prefrontal cortex (PFC) identified alterations in KCNJ3 (GIRK1/Kir3.1), a gene important for regulating neuronal excitability. Follow-up with polymerase chain reaction and Western blot showed decreased KCNJ3 expression in the PFC, but not hippocampus or brainstem. To verify localization of the effect to the PFC, baseline regional brain activity was assessed with (14)C-2-deoxyglucose. Results showed decreased activation in the PFC but not hippocampus. Together these findings point to the unique vulnerability of the PFC to the nutritional insult during early brain development, with enduring effects in adulthood on KCNJ3 expression and baseline metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Amaral
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States.
| | | | - J A McGaughy
- Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, United States
| | - S K Calderwood
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - D J Mokler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 02120, United States
| | - R J Rushmore
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - J R Galler
- Judge Baker Children's Center and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02120, United States
| | - S A Akbarian
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - D L Rosene
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States
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18
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Poot M. A candidate gene association study further corroborates involvement of contactin genes in autism. Mol Syndromol 2014; 5:229-35. [PMID: 25337070 DOI: 10.1159/000362891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although autism spectrum disorder (ASD) shows a high degree of heritability, only a few mutated genes and mostly de novo copy number variations (CNVs) with a high phenotypic impact have as yet been identified. In families with multiple ASD patients, transmitted CNVs often do not appear to cosegregate with disease. Therefore, also transmitted single nucleotide variants which escape detection if genetic analyses were limited to CNVs may contribute to disease risk. In several studies of ASD patients, CNVs covering at least one gene of the contactin gene family were found. To determine whether there is evidence for a contribution of transmitted variants in contactin genes, a cohort of 67 ASD patients and a population-based reference of 117 healthy individuals, who were not related to the ASD families, were compared. In total, 1,648 SNPs, spanning 12.1 Mb of genomic DNA, were examined. After Bonferroni correction for multiple testing, the strongest signal was found for a SNP located within the CNTN5 gene (rs6590473 [G], p = 4.09 × 10(-7); OR = 3.117; 95% CI = 1.603-6.151). In the ASD cohort, a combination of risk alleles of SNPs in CNTN6 (rs9878022 [A]; OR = 3.749) and in CNTNAP2 (rs7804520 [G]; OR = 2.437) was found more frequently than would be expected under random segregation, albeit this association was not statistically significant. The latter finding is consistent with a polygenic disease model in which multiple mutagenic mechanisms, operating concomitantly, elicit the ASD phenotype. Altogether, this study corroborates the possible involvement of contactins in ASD, which has been indicated by earlier studies of CNVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Poot
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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19
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Nacinovich R, Villa N, Redaelli S, Broggi F, Bomba M, Stoppa P, Scatigno A, Selicorni A, Dalprà L, Neri F. Interstitial 11q deletion: genomic characterization and neuropsychiatric follow up from early infancy to adolescence and literature review. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:248. [PMID: 24742288 PMCID: PMC4108053 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interstitial deletions of chromosome 11 long arm are rarely observed and the associated phenotype ranges from normal to severe, depending on the position and size of the deletion and on the presence of unmasked recessive genes on the normal homologous. To our knowledge 32 cases are reported in literature with three family cases. Phenotype-genotype correlation is not very clear and the most common features are characteristic facial dysmorphisms, palate anomalies and developmental delay. Growth retardation is not typical and other major malformations are reported in some cases. CASE PRESENTATION We described a child with 11q interstitial deletion diagnosed at birth with hypotonia and minor dysmorphisms using standard cytogenetic techniques; array CGH was subsequently performed to define the deletion at a molecular level. CONCLUSIONS This case gave us the opportunity to attempt a genotype-phenotype correlation reviewing the literature and to describe a rehabilitative program that improved the development perspectives of this child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Nacinovich
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- Childhood and Adolescence Neuropsychiatric Unit, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Villa
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Serena Redaelli
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Broggi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- Childhood and Adolescence Neuropsychiatric Unit, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Monica Bomba
- Childhood and Adolescence Neuropsychiatric Unit, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Patrizia Stoppa
- Childhood and Adolescence Neuropsychiatric Unit, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Agnese Scatigno
- Ambulatorio Genetica Clinica Pediatrica, Clinica Pediatrica Università Milano Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM AO S, Gerardo Monza, Italy
| | - Angelo Selicorni
- Ambulatorio Genetica Clinica Pediatrica, Clinica Pediatrica Università Milano Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM AO S, Gerardo Monza, Italy
| | - Leda Dalprà
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Francesca Neri
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- Childhood and Adolescence Neuropsychiatric Unit, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
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20
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Poot M. Late breaking chromosomes. Mol Syndromol 2014; 5:1-2. [PMID: 24550758 DOI: 10.1159/000355850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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21
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Soto D, Altafaj X, Sindreu C, Bayés A. Glutamate receptor mutations in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Commun Integr Biol 2014; 7:e27887. [PMID: 24605182 PMCID: PMC3937208 DOI: 10.4161/cib.27887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in glutamatergic neurotransmission have long been associated with psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders (PNDD), but only recent advances in high-throughput DNA sequencing have allowed interrogation of the prevalence of mutations in glutamate receptors (GluR) among afflicted individuals. In this review we discuss recent work describing GluR mutations in the context of PNDDs. Although there are no strict relationships between receptor subunit or type and disease, some interesting preliminary conclusions have arisen. Mutations in genes coding for ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits, which are central to synaptic transmission and plasticity, are mostly associated with intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorders. In contrast, mutations of metabotropic GluRs, having a role on modulating neural transmission, are preferentially associated with psychiatric disorders. Also, the prevalence of mutations among GluRs is highly heterogeneous, suggesting a critical role of certain subunits in PNDD pathophysiology. The emerging bias between GluR subtypes and specific PNDDs may have clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Soto
- Laboratori de Neurobiologia; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL) Feixa Llarga; L'Hospitalet de Llobregat; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Altafaj
- Institut de Neuropatologia; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL); L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Sindreu
- Department of Pharmacology; Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Bayés
- Molecular Physiology of the Synapse Laboratory; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau); Barcelona, Spain ; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
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22
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Poot M. Late breaking chromosomes. Mol Syndromol 2013; 4:211-2. [PMID: 23885227 DOI: 10.1159/000350003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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23
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Poot M. Towards identification of individual etiologies by resolving genomic and biological conundrums in patients with autism spectrum disorders. Mol Syndromol 2013; 4:213-26. [PMID: 23885228 DOI: 10.1159/000350041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent genomic research into autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has revealed a remarkably complex genetic architecture. Large numbers of common variants, copy number variations and single nucleotide variants have been identified, yet each of them individually afforded only a small phenotypic impact. A polygenic model in which multiple genes interact either in an additive or a synergistic way appears the most plausible for the majority of ASD patients. Based on recently identified ASD candidate genes, transgenic mouse models for neuroligins/neurorexins and genes such as Cntnap2, Cntn5, Tsc1, Tsc2, Akt3, Cyfip1, Scn1a, En2, Slc6a4, and Bckdk have been generated and studied with respect to behavioral and neuroanatomical phenotypes and sensitivity to drug treatments. From these models, a few clues for potential pharmacologic intervention emerged. The Fmr1, Shank2 and Cntn5 knockout mice exhibited alterations of glutamate receptors, which may become a target for pharmacologic modulation. Some of the phenotypes of Mecp2 knockout mice can be ameliorated by administering IGF1. In the near future, comprehensive genotyping of individual patients and siblings combined with the novel insights generated from the transgenic animal studies may provide us with personalized treatment options. Eventually, autism may indeed turn out to be a phenotypically heterogeneous group of disorders ('autisms') caused by combinations of changes in multiple possible candidate genes, being different in each patient and requiring for each combination of mutations a distinct, individually tailored treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Poot
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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24
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Iqbal Z, Vandeweyer G, van der Voet M, Waryah AM, Zahoor MY, Besseling JA, Roca LT, Vulto-van Silfhout AT, Nijhof B, Kramer JM, Van der Aa N, Ansar M, Peeters H, Helsmoortel C, Gilissen C, Vissers LELM, Veltman JA, de Brouwer APM, Frank Kooy R, Riazuddin S, Schenck A, van Bokhoven H, Rooms L. Homozygous and heterozygous disruptions of ANK3: at the crossroads of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:1960-70. [PMID: 23390136 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AnkyrinG, encoded by the ANK3 gene, is involved in neuronal development and signaling. It has previously been implicated in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia by association studies. Most recently, de novo missense mutations in this gene were identified in autistic patients. However, the causative nature of these mutations remained controversial. Here, we report inactivating mutations in the Ankyrin 3 (ANK3) gene in patients with severe cognitive deficits. In a patient with a borderline intelligence, severe attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism and sleeping problems, all isoforms of the ANK3 gene, were disrupted by a balanced translocation. Furthermore, in a consanguineous family with moderate intellectual disability (ID), an ADHD-like phenotype and behavioral problems, we identified a homozygous truncating frameshift mutation in the longest isoform of the same gene, which represents the first reported familial mutation in the ANK3 gene. The causality of ANK3 mutations in the two families and the role of the gene in cognitive function were supported by memory defects in a Drosophila knockdown model. Thus we demonstrated that ANK3 plays a role in intellectual functioning. In addition, our findings support the suggested association of ANK3 with various neuropsychiatric disorders and illustrate the genetic and molecular relation between a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognitionand Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, TheNetherlands
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25
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Pelegrino KDO, Sugayama S, Catelani AL, Lezirovitz K, Kok F, Chauffaille MDL. 7q36 deletion and 9p22 duplication: effects of a double imbalance. Mol Cytogenet 2013; 6:2. [PMID: 23317051 PMCID: PMC3557211 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-6-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of mental retardation/developmental delay (MRDD) remains a challenge to geneticists and clinicians and can be correlated to environmental and genetic factors. Chromosomal aberrations are common causes of moderate to severe mental retardation and may represent 10% of these occurrences. Here we report the case of a boy with development delay, hypoplasia of corpus callosum, microcephaly, muscular hypotonia, and facial dysmorphisms. A deletion of 7q36.1 → 36.3 and duplication of 9p22.3 → 23 was detected as a result of an unbalanced translocation of paternal origin. Breakpoint delimitation was achieved with array comparative genomic hybridization assay. Additional multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analyzes confirmed one copy loss of 7q36.3 region and one copy gain of 9p24.3 region. Patient resultant phenotype is consistent with the already described findings for both 7q deletion and 9p duplication syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla de Oliveira Pelegrino
- Research and Development Institute, Fleury Group, Av, Gal Valdomiro de Lima, 508, São Paulo, SP, Zip Code: 04344-070, Brazil.
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26
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Filges I, Suda L, Weber P, Datta AN, Fischer D, Dill P, Glanzmann R, Benzing J, Hegi L, Wenzel F, Huber AR, Mori AC, Miny P, Röthlisberger B. High resolution array in the clinical approach to chromosomal phenotypes. Gene 2012; 495:163-9. [PMID: 22240311 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Array genomic hybridization (AGH) has recently been implemented as a diagnostic tool for the detection of submicroscopic copy number variants (CNVs) in patients with developmental disorders. However, there is no consensus regarding the choice of the platform, the minimal resolution needed and systematic interpretation of CNVs. We report our experience in the clinical diagnostic use of high resolution AGH up to 100 kb on 131 patients with chromosomal phenotypes but previously normal karyotype. We evaluated the usefulness in our clinics and laboratories by the detection rate of causal CNVs and CNVs of unknown clinical significance and to what extent their interpretation would challenge the systematic use of high-resolution arrays in clinical application. Prioritizing phenotype-genotype correlation in our interpretation strategy to criteria previously described, we identified 33 (25.2%) potentially pathogenic aberrations. 16 aberrations were confirmed pathogenic (16.4% syndromic, 8.5% non-syndromic patients); 9 were new and individual aberrations, 3 of them were pathogenic although inherited and one is as small as approx 200 kb. 13 of 16 further CNVs of unknown significance were classified likely benign, for 3 the significance remained unclear. High resolution array allows the detection of up to 12.2% of pathogenic aberrations in a diagnostic clinical setting. Although the majority of aberrations are larger, the detection of small causal aberrations may be relevant for family counseling. The number of remaining unclear CNVs is limited. Careful phenotype-genotype correlations of the individual CNVs and clinical features are challenging but remain a hallmark for CNV interpretation.
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27
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Kevelam SHG, Jansen FE, Binsbergen EV, Braun KPJ, Verbeek NE, Lindhout D, Poot M, Brilstra EH. Copy number variations in patients with electrical status epilepticus in sleep. J Child Neurol 2012; 27:178-82. [PMID: 21954431 DOI: 10.1177/0883073811416006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrical status epilepticus in sleep syndrome is the association of the electroencephalographic pattern and deficits in language or global cognitive function and behavioral problems. The etiology is often unknown, but genetic risk factors have been implicated. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization was used to identify copy number variations in 13 children with electrical status epilepticus in sleep syndrome to identify possible underlying risk factors. Seven copy number variations were detected in 4 of the 13 patients, which consisted of 6 novel gains and 1 loss, the recurrent 15q13.3 microdeletion. Two patients carried a probable pathogenic copy number variation containing a gene involved in the cholinergic pathway. Genetic aberrations in patients with electrical status epilepticus in sleep syndrome can provide an entry in the investigation of the etiology of electrical status epilepticus in sleep. However, further studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sietske H G Kevelam
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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28
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Abstract
Array-based genome-wide segmental aneuploidy screening detects both de novo and inherited copy number variations (CNVs). In sporadic patients de novo CNVs are interpreted as potentially pathogenic. However, a deletion, transmitted from a healthy parent, may be pathogenic if it overlaps with a mutated second allele inherited from the other healthy parent. To detect such events, we performed multiplex enrichment and next-generation sequencing of the entire coding sequence of all genes within unique hemizygous deletion regions in 20 patients (1.53 Mb capture footprint). Out of the detected 703 non-synonymous single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), 8 represented variants being unmasked by a hemizygous deletion. Although evaluation of inheritance patterns, Grantham matrix scores, evolutionary conservation and bioinformatic predictions did not consistently indicate pathogenicity of these variants, no definitive conclusions can be drawn without functional validation. However, in one patient with severe mental retardation, lack of speech, microcephaly, cheilognathopalatoschisis and bilateral hearing loss, we discovered a second smaller deletion, inherited from the other healthy parent, resulting in loss of both alleles of the highly conserved heat shock factor binding protein 1 (HSBP1) gene. Conceivably, inherited deletions may unmask rare pathogenic variants that may exert a phenotypic impact through a recessive mode of gene action.
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29
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Webber C. Functional enrichment analysis with structural variants: pitfalls and strategies. Cytogenet Genome Res 2011; 135:277-85. [PMID: 21997137 DOI: 10.1159/000331670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpreting the phenotypic consequences of human structural variation remains challenging. Functional enrichment analysis, which can identify functional enrichments among genes affected by structural variants, is providing significant biological insights into the genotype-phenotype relationship. In this review, we discuss the different approaches and choices in the application of this technique to human structural variation. We consider the importance of choosing the right background distribution for detection, the significance of the gene selection criteria, the effects of tissue-specific gene length biases and discuss sources of functional annotations with a focus on Gene Ontology and mouse phenotypic resources. Throughout this review, we highlight potential sources of significant bias that are of particular concern to the analysis of structural variants, and illustrate the importance of examining the expectations upon which enrichment analysis techniques depend.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Webber
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, MRC Functional Genomics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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30
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Kariminejad R, Lind-Thomsen A, Tümer Z, Erdogan F, Ropers HH, Tommerup N, Ullmann R, Møller RS. High frequency of rare copy number variants affecting functionally related genes in patients with structural brain malformations. Hum Mutat 2011; 32:1427-35. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.21585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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31
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Bartsch O, Schindler D, Beyer V, Gesk S, van't Slot R, Feddersen I, Buijs A, Jaspers NGJ, Siebert R, Haaf T, Poot M. A girl with an atypical form of ataxia telangiectasia and an additional de novo 3.14 Mb microduplication in region 19q12. Eur J Med Genet 2011; 55:49-55. [PMID: 21893220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A 9-year-old girl born to healthy parents showed manifestations suggestive of ataxia telangiectasia (AT), such as short stature, sudden short bouts of horizontal and rotary nystagmus, a weak and dysarthric voice, rolling gait, unstable posture, and atactic movements. She did not show several cardinal features typical of AT such as frequent, severe infections of the respiratory tract. In contrast, she showed symptoms not generally related to AT, including microcephaly, profound motor and mental retardation, small hands and feet, severely and progressively reduced muscle tone with slackly protruding abdomen and undue drooling, excess fat on her upper arms, and severe oligoarthritis. A cranial MRI showed no cerebellar hypoplasia and other abnormalities. In peripheral blood samples she carried a de novo duplication of 3.14 Mb in chromosomal region 19q12 containing six annotated genes, UQCRFS1, VSTM2B, POP4, PLEKHF1, CCNE1, and ZNF536, and a de novo mosaic inversion 14q11q32 (96% of metaphases). In a saliva-derived DNA sample only the duplication in 19q12 was detected, suggesting that the rearrangements in blood lymphocytes were acquired. These findings reinforced the suspicion that she had AT. AT was confirmed by strongly elevated serum AFP levels, cellular radiosensitivity and two inherited mutations in the ATM gene (c.510_511delGT; paternal origin and c.2922-50_2940del69; maternal origin). This case suggest that a defective ATM-dependent DNA damage response may entail additional stochastic genomic rearrangements. Screening for genomic rearrangements appears indicated in patients suspected of defective DNA damage responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bartsch
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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32
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van Daalen E, Kemner C, Verbeek NE, van der Zwaag B, Dijkhuizen T, Rump P, Houben R, van 't Slot R, de Jonge MV, Staal WG, Beemer FA, Vorstman JAS, Burbach JPH, van Amstel HKP, Hochstenbach R, Brilstra EH, Poot M. Social Responsiveness Scale-aided analysis of the clinical impact of copy number variations in autism. Neurogenetics 2011; 12:315-23. [PMID: 21837366 PMCID: PMC3215885 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-011-0297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent array-based studies have detected a wealth of copy number variations (CNVs) in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Since CNVs also occur in healthy individuals, their contributions to the patient’s phenotype remain largely unclear. In a cohort of children with symptoms of ASD, diagnosis of the index patient using ADOS-G and ADI-R was performed, and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) was administered to the index patients, both parents, and all available siblings. CNVs were identified using SNP arrays and confirmed by FISH or array CGH. To evaluate the clinical significance of CNVs, we analyzed three families with multiple affected children (multiplex) and six families with a single affected child (simplex) in which at least one child carried a CNV with a brain-transcribed gene. CNVs containing genes that participate in pathways previously implicated in ASD, such as the phosphoinositol signaling pathway (PIK3CA, GIRDIN), contactin-based networks of cell communication (CNTN6), and microcephalin (MCPH1) were found not to co-segregate with ASD phenotypes. In one family, a loss of CNTN5 co-segregated with disease. This indicates that most CNVs may by themselves not be sufficient to cause ASD, but still may contribute to the phenotype by additive or epistatic interactions with inherited (transmitted) mutations or non-genetic factors. Our study extends the scope of genome-wide CNV profiling beyond de novo CNVs in sporadic patients and may aid in uncovering missing heritability in genome-wide screening studies of complex psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma van Daalen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Poot M, Badea A, Williams RW, Kas MJ. Identifying human disease genes through cross-species gene mapping of evolutionary conserved processes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18612. [PMID: 21572526 PMCID: PMC3087714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding complex networks that modulate development in humans is hampered by genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity within and between populations. Here we present a method that exploits natural variation in highly diverse mouse genetic reference panels in which genetic and environmental factors can be tightly controlled. The aim of our study is to test a cross-species genetic mapping strategy, which compares data of gene mapping in human patients with functional data obtained by QTL mapping in recombinant inbred mouse strains in order to prioritize human disease candidate genes. Methodology We exploit evolutionary conservation of developmental phenotypes to discover gene variants that influence brain development in humans. We studied corpus callosum volume in a recombinant inbred mouse panel (C57BL/6J×DBA/2J, BXD strains) using high-field strength MRI technology. We aligned mouse mapping results for this neuro-anatomical phenotype with genetic data from patients with abnormal corpus callosum (ACC) development. Principal Findings From the 61 syndromes which involve an ACC, 51 human candidate genes have been identified. Through interval mapping, we identified a single significant QTL on mouse chromosome 7 for corpus callosum volume with a QTL peak located between 25.5 and 26.7 Mb. Comparing the genes in this mouse QTL region with those associated with human syndromes (involving ACC) and those covered by copy number variations (CNV) yielded a single overlap, namely HNRPU in humans and Hnrpul1 in mice. Further analysis of corpus callosum volume in BXD strains revealed that the corpus callosum was significantly larger in BXD mice with a B genotype at the Hnrpul1 locus than in BXD mice with a D genotype at Hnrpul1 (F = 22.48, p<9.87*10−5). Conclusion This approach that exploits highly diverse mouse strains provides an efficient and effective translational bridge to study the etiology of human developmental disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Poot
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Badea
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert W. Williams
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Martien J. Kas
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Poot M, van der Smagt J, Brilstra E, Bourgeron T. Disentangling the Myriad Genomics of Complex Disorders, Specifically Focusing on Autism, Epilepsy, and Schizophrenia. Cytogenet Genome Res 2011; 135:228-40. [DOI: 10.1159/000334064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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A three-step workflow procedure for the interpretation of array-based comparative genome hybridization results in patients with idiopathic mental retardation and congenital anomalies. Genet Med 2010; 12:478-85. [PMID: 20734469 DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e3181e3914a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the aims of clinical genetics is to identify gene mutations or genomic rearrangements that may underlie complex presentations of phenotypic features, such as multiple congenital malformations and mental retardation. During the decade after publication of the first article on array-based comparative genome hybridization, this technique has supplemented karyotyping as the prime genome-wide screening method in patients with idiopathic multiple congenital malformations and mental retardation. The use of this novel, discovery-based, approach has dramatically increased the detection rate of genomic imbalances. Array-based comparative genome hybridization detects copy number changes in the genome of patients and healthy subjects, some of which may represent phenotypically neutral copy number variations. This prompts the need for properly distinguishing between those copy number changes that may contribute to the clinical phenotype amid a pool of neutral copy number variations. We briefly review the characteristics of copy number changes in relation to their clinical relevance. Second, we discuss several published workflow schemes to identify copy number changes putatively contributing to the phenotype, and third, we propose a three-step procedure aiming to rapidly evaluate copy number changes on a case-by-case basis as to their potential contribution to the phenotype of patients with idiopathic multiple congenital malformations and mental retardation. This workflow is gene-centered and should aid in identification of disease-related candidate genes and in estimating the recurrence risk for the disorder in the family.
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Ramayo-Caldas Y, Castelló A, Pena RN, Alves E, Mercadé A, Souza CA, Fernández AI, Perez-Enciso M, Folch JM. Copy number variation in the porcine genome inferred from a 60 k SNP BeadChip. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:593. [PMID: 20969757 PMCID: PMC3091738 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies in pigs have detected copy number variants (CNVs) using the Comparative Genomic Hybridization technique in arrays designed to cover specific porcine chromosomes. The goal of this study was to identify CNV regions (CNVRs) in swine species based on whole genome SNP genotyping chips. Results We used predictions from three different programs (cnvPartition, PennCNV and GADA) to analyze data from the Porcine SNP60 BeadChip. A total of 49 CNVRs were identified in 55 animals from an Iberian x Landrace cross (IBMAP) according to three criteria: detected in at least two animals, contained three or more consecutive SNPs and recalled by at least two programs. Mendelian inheritance of CNVRs was confirmed in animals belonging to several generations of the IBMAP cross. Subsequently, a segregation analysis of these CNVRs was performed in 372 additional animals from the IBMAP cross and its distribution was studied in 133 unrelated pig samples from different geographical origins. Five out of seven analyzed CNVRs were validated by real time quantitative PCR, some of which coincide with well known examples of CNVs conserved across mammalian species. Conclusions Our results illustrate the usefulness of Porcine SNP60 BeadChip to detect CNVRs and show that structural variants can not be neglected when studying the genetic variability in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliaxis Ramayo-Caldas
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Es-Salah-Lamoureux Z, Steele DF, Fedida D. Research into the therapeutic roles of two-pore-domain potassium channels. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2010; 31:587-95. [PMID: 20951446 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The K(2P) potassium channels are responsible for the background conductance observed in several tissues. Their ubiquitous localization and thus their potential implications in diseases have led to increased research on these channels over the last few years. In this review, we outline different aspects of the research on K(2P) channels and highlight some of the latest discoveries in this area. We focus on research into K(2P) channels as potential therapeutic targets in ischemia/hypoxia, depression, memory disorders, pain, cardiovascular disease and disorders of the immune system. We address the challenge of developing novel pharmacological compounds to target these channels. We also discuss the regulation of expression of the K(2P) gene in health and disease, as well as the value of assessing the expression of K(2P) channels as potential biomarkers of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeineb Es-Salah-Lamoureux
- Department of Anesthesiology Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) is the leading socio-economic problem of health care, but compared to autism and schizophrenia, it has received very little public attention. Important risk factors for ID are malnutrition, cultural deprivation, poor health care, and parental consanguinity. In the Western world, fetal alcohol exposure is the most common preventable cause. Most severe forms of ID have genetic causes. Cytogenetically detectable and submicroscopic chromosomal rearrangements account for approximately 25% of all cases. X-linked gene defects are responsible in 10-12% of males with ID; to date, 91 of these defects have been identified. In contrast, autosomal gene defects have been largely disregarded, but due to coordinated efforts and the advent of next-generation DNA sequencing, this is about to change. As shown for Fra(X) syndrome, this renewed focus on autosomal gene defects will pave the way for molecular diagnosis and prevention, shed more light on the pathogenesis of ID, and reveal new opportunities for therapy.
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Bochukova EG, Huang N, Keogh J, Henning E, Purmann C, Blaszczyk K, Saeed S, Hamilton-Shield J, Clayton-Smith J, O'Rahilly S, Hurles ME, Farooqi IS. Large, rare chromosomal deletions associated with severe early-onset obesity. Nature 2010; 463:666-70. [PMID: 19966786 PMCID: PMC3108883 DOI: 10.1038/nature08689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a highly heritable and genetically heterogeneous disorder. Here we investigated the contribution of copy number variation to obesity in 300 Caucasian patients with severe early-onset obesity, 143 of whom also had developmental delay. Large (>500 kilobases), rare (<1%) deletions were significantly enriched in patients compared to 7,366 controls (P < 0.001). We identified several rare copy number variants that were recurrent in patients but absent or at much lower prevalence in controls. We identified five patients with overlapping deletions on chromosome 16p11.2 that were found in 2 out of 7,366 controls (P < 5 x 10(-5)). In three patients the deletion co-segregated with severe obesity. Two patients harboured a larger de novo 16p11.2 deletion, extending through a 593-kilobase region previously associated with autism and mental retardation; both of these patients had mild developmental delay in addition to severe obesity. In an independent sample of 1,062 patients with severe obesity alone, the smaller 16p11.2 deletion was found in an additional two patients. All 16p11.2 deletions encompass several genes but include SH2B1, which is known to be involved in leptin and insulin signalling. Deletion carriers exhibited hyperphagia and severe insulin resistance disproportionate for the degree of obesity. We show that copy number variation contributes significantly to the genetic architecture of human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G Bochukova
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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