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Sun L, Yang X, Khan A, Yu X, Zhang H, Han S, Habulieti X, Sun Y, Wang R, Zhang X. Panoramic variation analysis of a family with neurodevelopmental disorders caused by biallelic loss-of-function variants in TMEM141, DDHD2, and LHFPL5. Front Med 2024; 18:81-97. [PMID: 37837560 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-023-1006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Highly clinical and genetic heterogeneity of neurodevelopmental disorders presents a major challenge in clinical genetics and medicine. Panoramic variation analysis is imperative to analyze the disease phenotypes resulting from multilocus genomic variation. Here, a Pakistani family with parental consanguinity was presented, characterized with severe intellectual disability (ID), spastic paraplegia, and deafness. Homozygosity mapping, integrated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array, whole-exome sequencing, and whole-genome sequencing were performed, and homozygous variants in TMEM141 (c.270G>A, p.Trp90*), DDHD2 (c.411+767_c.1249-327del), and LHFPL5 (c.250delC, p.Leu84*) were identified. A Tmem141p.Trp90*/p.Trp90* mouse model was generated. Behavioral studies showed impairments in learning ability and motor coordination. Brain slice electrophysiology and Golgi staining demonstrated deficient synaptic plasticity in hippocampal neurons and abnormal dendritic branching in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Transmission electron microscopy showed abnormal mitochondrial morphology. Furthermore, studies on a human in vitro neuronal model (SH-SY5Y cells) with stable shRNA-mediated knockdown of TMEM141 showed deleterious effect on bioenergetic function, possibly explaining the pathogenesis of replicated phenotypes in the cross-species mouse model. Conclusively, panoramic variation analysis revealed that multilocus genomic variations of TMEM141, DDHD2, and LHFPL5 together caused variable phenotypes in patient. Notably, the biallelic loss-of-function variants of TMEM141 were responsible for syndromic ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Sun
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory for Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Human Embryo Engineering, Center for Reproductive Medicine, National Key Clinical Speciality Construction Project (Obstetrics and Gynecology), Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, 400013, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400013, China
| | - Xueting Yang
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory for Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Amjad Khan
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory for Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Zoology, University of Lakki Marwat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 28420, Pakistan.
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany.
- Alexander von Humboldt fellowship Foundation, Berlin, 10117, Germany.
| | - Xue Yu
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory for Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Han Zhang
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory for Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory for Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Shirui Han
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory for Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Xiaerbati Habulieti
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory for Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yang Sun
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory for Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Rongrong Wang
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory for Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Xue Zhang
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory for Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
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Yu L. Cooperation of acylglycerol hydrolases in neuronal lipolysis. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100462. [PMID: 37871852 PMCID: PMC10689277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic and biochemical evidence has established DDHD-domain containing 2 (DDHD2) as the principal triacylglycerol (TAG) hydrolase in neuronal lipolysis of cytosolic lipid droplets. In this issue of Journal of Lipid Research, Hofer et al. report that DDHD2 cooperates with adipose triglyceride lipase, the principal TAG hydrolase in adipose lipolysis, contributing to cytosolic hydrolysis of both TAG and diacylglycerols in murine neuroblastoma cells and primary cortical neurons via different configurations of the lipases. This finding highlights the complexity of cytosolic acylglycerol hydrolysis and raises many new questions in the field of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Yu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Hofer P, Grabner GF, König M, Xie H, Bulfon D, Ludwig AE, Wolinski H, Zimmermann R, Zechner R, Heier C. Cooperative lipolytic control of neuronal triacylglycerol by spastic paraplegia-associated enzyme DDHD2 and ATGL. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100457. [PMID: 37832604 PMCID: PMC10665947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular lipolysis-the enzymatic breakdown of lipid droplet-associated triacylglycerol (TAG)-depends on the cooperative action of several hydrolytic enzymes and regulatory proteins, together designated as lipolysome. Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) acts as a major cellular TAG hydrolase and core effector of the lipolysome in many peripheral tissues. Neurons initiate lipolysis independently of ATGL via DDHD domain-containing 2 (DDHD2), a multifunctional lipid hydrolase whose dysfunction causes neuronal TAG deposition and hereditary spastic paraplegia. Whether and how DDHD2 cooperates with other lipolytic enzymes is currently unknown. In this study, we further investigated the enzymatic properties and functions of DDHD2 in neuroblastoma cells and primary neurons. We found that DDHD2 hydrolyzes multiple acylglycerols in vitro and substantially contributes to neutral lipid hydrolase activities of neuroblastoma cells and brain tissue. Substrate promiscuity of DDHD2 allowed its engagement at different steps of the lipolytic cascade: In neuroblastoma cells, DDHD2 functioned exclusively downstream of ATGL in the hydrolysis of sn-1,3-diacylglycerol (DAG) isomers but was dispensable for TAG hydrolysis and lipid droplet homeostasis. In primary cortical neurons, DDHD2 exhibited lipolytic control over both, DAG and TAG, and complemented ATGL-dependent TAG hydrolysis. We conclude that neuronal cells use noncanonical configurations of the lipolysome and engage DDHD2 as dual TAG/DAG hydrolase in cooperation with ATGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mario König
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hao Xie
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dominik Bulfon
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anton E Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Heimo Wolinski
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioHealth Field of Excellence, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioHealth Field of Excellence, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioHealth Field of Excellence, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Heier
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioHealth Field of Excellence, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Hellwege JN, Stallings SC, Piekos JA, Jasper EA, Aronoff DM, Edwards TL, Velez Edwards DR. Association of genetically-predicted placental gene expression with adult blood pressure traits. J Hypertens 2023; 41:1024-1032. [PMID: 37016918 PMCID: PMC10287061 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Blood pressure is a complex, polygenic trait, and the need to identify prehypertensive risks and new gene targets for blood pressure control therapies or prevention continues. We hypothesize a developmental origins model of blood pressure traits through the life course where the placenta is a conduit mediating genomic and nongenomic transmission of disease risk. Genetic control of placental gene expression has recently been described through expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) studies which have identified associations with childhood phenotypes. METHODS We conducted a transcriptome-wide gene expression analysis estimating the predicted gene expression of placental tissue in adult individuals with genome-wide association study (GWAS) blood pressure summary statistics. We constructed predicted expression models of 15 154 genes from reference placenta eQTL data and investigated whether genetically-predicted gene expression in placental tissue is associated with blood pressure traits using published GWAS summary statistics. Functional annotation of significant genes was generated using FUMA. RESULTS We identified 18, 9, and 21 genes where predicted expression in placenta was significantly associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and pulse pressure (PP), respectively. There were 14 gene-tissue associations (13 unique genes) significant only in placenta. CONCLUSIONS In this meta-analysis using S-PrediXcan and GWAS summary statistics, the predicted expression in placenta of 48 genes was statistically significantly associated with blood pressure traits. Notable findings included the association of FGFR1 expression with increased SBP and PP. This evidence of gene expression variation in placenta preceding the onset of adult blood pressure phenotypes is an example of extreme preclinical biological changes which may benefit from intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacklyn N Hellwege
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute
| | - Sarah C Stallings
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute
| | - Jacqueline A Piekos
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Quantitative Sciences
| | - Elizabeth A Jasper
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Quantitative Sciences
| | - David M Aronoff
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Todd L Edwards
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute
- Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Digna R Velez Edwards
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Quantitative Sciences
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Yari A, Etesam S, Zarifi S, Parvizpour S, Miri-Moghaddam E. Clinical Manifestations Associated with the Domain-Containing Protein 2 Gene Mutation in an Iranian Family with Spastic Paraplegia 54. NEURODEGENER DIS 2023; 22:139-150. [PMID: 36977391 DOI: 10.1159/000530375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spastic paraplegia type 54 (SPG54) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by bi-allelic mutations in the DDHD-domain-containing protein 2 (DDHD2) gene. Worldwide, over 24 SPG54 families and 24 pathogenic variants have been reported. Our study aimed to describe the clinical and molecular findings of a pediatric patient from a consanguineous Iranian family with significant motor development delay, walking problems, paraplegia, and optic atrophy. METHODS The patient was a 7-year-old boy with severe neurodevelopmental and psychomotor problems. Neurological examinations, laboratory tests, electroencephalography, computed tomography scan, and brain magnetic resonance scan (MRI) were carried out for clinical evaluation. Whole-exome sequencing and in silico analysis were undertaken to identify the genetic cause of the disorder. RESULTS The neurological examination showed developmental delay, spasticity in the lower extremities, ataxia, foot contractures, and deep tendon reflexes in the extremities. The computed tomography scan was normal, but MRI revealed corpus callosum thinning with atrophic changes in the white matter. The genetic study reported a homozygous variant (c.856 C>T, p.Gln286Ter) in the DDHD2 gene. The homozygous state was confirmed by direct sequencing in the proband and his 5-year-old brother. This variant was not reported as a pathogenic variant in the literature or genetic databases and was predicted to affect the function of the DDHD2 protein. CONCLUSION The clinical symptoms in our cases were similar to the previously reported phenotype of SPG54. Our results deepen the molecular and clinical spectrum of SPG54 to facilitate future diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Yari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Shokoofeh Etesam
- Nikou Counseling Center, Social Welfare Organization of South Khorasan, Birjand, Iran
| | - Shannaz Zarifi
- Social Welfare Organization of South Khorasan, Birjand, Iran
| | - Sepideh Parvizpour
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology (RCPN), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Miri-Moghaddam
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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Dang X, Liu J, Zhang Z, Luo XJ. Mendelian Randomization Study Using Dopaminergic Neuron-Specific eQTL Identifies Novel Risk Genes for Schizophrenia. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1537-1546. [PMID: 36517655 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03160-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple integrative studies have been performed to identify the potential target genes of the non-coding schizophrenia (SCZ) risk variants. However, all the integrative studies used expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data from bulk tissues. Considering the cell type-specific regulatory effect of many genetic variants, it is important to conduct integrative studies using cell type-specific eQTL data. Here, we conduct a Mendelian randomization (MR) study by integrating genome-wide associations of SCZ (74,776 cases and 101,023 controls) and eQTL data (N = 215) from dopaminergic neurons, which were differentiated from human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines. For eQTL from young post-mitotic dopaminergic neurons (differentiation of iPSC for 30 days, D30), we identified 34 genes whose genetically regulated expression in dopaminergic neurons may have a causal role in SCZ. Among which, ARL3 showed the most significant associations with SCZ. For eQTL from more mature dopaminergic neurons (D52), we identified 37 potential SCZ causal genes, and ARL3 and GNL3 showed the most significant associations. Only 12 genes showed significant associations with SCZ in both D30 and D52 eQTL datasets, indicating the time point-specific genetic regulatory effects in young post-mitotic dopaminergic neurons and more mature dopaminergic neurons. Comparing the results from dopaminergic neurons with bulk brain tissues prioritized 2 high-confidence risk genes, including DDHD2 and GALNT10. Our study identifies multiple risk genes whose genetically regulated expression in dopaminergic neurons may have a causal role in SCZ. Further mechanistic investigation will provide pivotal insights into SCZ pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglun Dang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiewei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Zhongda Hospital, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Research Institution of Neuropsychiatry, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiong-Jian Luo
- Zhongda Hospital, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Research Institution of Neuropsychiatry, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Synofzik M, Rugarli E, Reid E, Schüle R. Ataxia and spastic paraplegia in mitochondrial disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 194:79-98. [PMID: 36813322 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821751-1.00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Degenerative ataxias and hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) form a continuous, often overlapping disease spectrum sharing not only phenotypic features and underlying genes, but also cellular pathways and disease mechanisms. Mitochondrial metabolism presents a major molecular theme underlying both multiple ataxias and HSPs, thus indicating a heightened vulnerability of Purkinje cells, spinocerebellar tracts, and motor neurons to mitochondrial dysfunction, which is of particular interest for translational approaches. Mitochondrial dysfunction might be the primary (upstream) or secondary (downstream) result of a genetic defect, with underlying genetic defects in nuclear-encoded genes being much more frequent than in mtDNA genes in both, ataxias and HSPs. Here, we outline the substantial number of ataxias, spastic ataxias and HSPs caused by mutated genes implicated in (primary or secondary) mitochondrial dysfunction, highlighting several key "mitochondrial" ataxias and HSPs which are of particular interest for their frequency, pathogenesis and translational opportunities. We then showcase prototypic mitochondrial mechanisms by which disruption of these ataxia and HSP genes contributes to Purkinje cells or corticospinal neuron dysfunction, thus elucidating hypotheses on Purkinje cells and corticospinal neuron vulnerability to mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Neurology & Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Elena Rugarli
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Evan Reid
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Schüle
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Neurology & Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
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Mulkerrin G, França MC, Lope J, Tan EL, Bede P. Neuroimaging in hereditary spastic paraplegias: from qualitative cues to precision biomarkers. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2022; 22:745-760. [PMID: 36042576 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2022.2118048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION : Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) include a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of conditions. Novel imaging modalities have been increasingly applied to HSP cohorts which helps to quantitatively evaluate the integrity of specific anatomical structures and develop monitoring markers for both clinical care and future clinical trials. AREAS COVERED : Advances in HSP imaging are systematically reviewed with a focus on cohort sizes, imaging modalities, study design, clinical correlates, methodological approaches, and key findings. EXPERT OPINION : A wide range of imaging techniques have been recently applied to HSP cohorts. Common shortcomings of existing studies include the evaluation of genetically unconfirmed or admixed cohorts, limited sample sizes, unimodal imaging approaches, lack of postmortem validation, and a limited clinical battery, often exclusively focusing on motor aspects of the condition. A number of innovative methodological approaches have also be identified, such as robust longitudinal study designs, the implementation of multimodal imaging protocols, complementary cognitive assessments, and the comparison of HSP cohorts to MND cohorts. Collaborative multicentre initiatives may overcome sample limitations, and comprehensive clinical profiling with motor, extrapyramidal, cerebellar, and neuropsychological assessments would permit systematic clinico-radiological correlations. Academic achievements in HSP imaging have the potential to be developed into viable clinical applications to expedite the diagnosis and monitor disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcondes C França
- Department of Neurology, The State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jasmin Lope
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ee Ling Tan
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter Bede
- Department of Neurology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Computational Neuroimaging Group, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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Angelotti T. Exploring the eukaryotic Yip and REEP/Yop superfamily of membrane-shaping adapter proteins (MSAPs): A cacophony or harmony of structure and function? Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:912848. [PMID: 36060263 PMCID: PMC9437294 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.912848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polytopic cargo proteins are synthesized and exported along the secretory pathway from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), through the Golgi apparatus, with eventual insertion into the plasma membrane (PM). While searching for proteins that could enhance cell surface expression of olfactory receptors, a new family of proteins termed “receptor expression-enhancing proteins” or REEPs were identified. These membrane-shaping hairpin proteins serve as adapters, interacting with intracellular transport machinery, to regulate cargo protein trafficking. However, REEPs belong to a larger family of proteins, the Yip (Ypt-interacting protein) family, conserved in yeast and higher eukaryotes. To date, eighteen mammalian Yip family members, divided into four subfamilies (Yipf, REEP, Yif, and PRAF), have been identified. Yeast research has revealed many intriguing aspects of yeast Yip function, functions that have not completely been explored with mammalian Yip family members. This review and analysis will clarify the different Yip family nomenclature that have encumbered prior comparisons between yeast, plants, and eukaryotic family members, to provide a more complete understanding of their interacting proteins, membrane topology, organelle localization, and role as regulators of cargo trafficking and localization. In addition, the biological role of membrane shaping and sensing hairpin and amphipathic helical domains of various Yip proteins and their potential cellular functions will be described. Lastly, this review will discuss the concept of Yip proteins as members of a larger superfamily of membrane-shaping adapter proteins (MSAPs), proteins that both shape membranes via membrane-sensing and hairpin insertion, and well as act as adapters for protein-protein interactions. MSAPs are defined by their localization to specific membranes, ability to alter membrane structure, interactions with other proteins via specific domains, and specific interactions/effects on cargo proteins.
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Li P, Lei Y, Qi J, Liu W, Yao K. Functional roles of ADP-ribosylation writers, readers and erasers. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:941356. [PMID: 36035988 PMCID: PMC9404506 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.941356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation is a reversible post-translational modification (PTM) tightly regulated by the dynamic interplay between its writers, readers and erasers. As an intricate and versatile PTM, ADP-ribosylation plays critical roles in various physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we discuss the major players involved in the ADP-ribosylation cycle, which may facilitate the investigation of the ADP-ribosylation function and contribute to the understanding and treatment of ADP-ribosylation associated disease.
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Current Knowledge on Mammalian Phospholipase A1, Brief History, Structures, Biochemical and Pathophysiological Roles. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082487. [PMID: 35458682 PMCID: PMC9031518 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A1 (PLA1) is an enzyme that cleaves an ester bond at the sn-1 position of glycerophospholipids, producing a free fatty acid and a lysophospholipid. PLA1 activities have been detected both extracellularly and intracellularly, which are well conserved in higher eukaryotes, including fish and mammals. All extracellular PLA1s belong to the lipase family. In addition to PLA1 activity, most mammalian extracellular PLA1s exhibit lipase activity to hydrolyze triacylglycerol, cleaving the fatty acid and contributing to its absorption into the intestinal tract and tissues. Some extracellular PLA1s exhibit PLA1 activities specific to phosphatidic acid (PA) or phosphatidylserine (PS) and serve to produce lysophospholipid mediators such as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and lysophosphatidylserine (LysoPS). A high level of PLA1 activity has been detected in the cytosol fractions, where PA-PLA1/DDHD1/iPLA1 was responsible for the activity. Many homologs of PA-PLA1 and PLA2 have been shown to exhibit PLA1 activity. Although much has been learned about the pathophysiological roles of PLA1 molecules through studies of knockout mice and human genetic diseases, many questions regarding their biochemical properties, including their genuine in vivo substrate, remain elusive.
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Machado RA, Ayroza Rangel ALC, de Almeida Reis SR, Scariot R, Coletta RD, Martelli-Júnior H. Evaluation of genome-wide association signals for nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in a multiethnic Brazilian population. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 135:105372. [PMID: 35151029 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate previous nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL±P) associated signals in 4p16.2, 8p11.23, 12q13.13, 12q13.2 and 17q21.32 in a multiethnic Brazilian cohort. DESIGN The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs34246903 in 4p16.2, rs13317 in 8p11.23 (FGFR1, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1), rs3741442 in 12q13.13, rs705704 in 12q13.2 and rs4968247 in 17q21.32 were genotyped with TaqMan allelic discrimination assays in a case-control sample including 801 NSCL±P patients [233 nonsyndromic cleft lip (NSCLO) and 568 nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCLP)] and 881 healthy controls. Multiple logistic regression analyses, considering sex and genomic ancestry as covariates, were conducted, and the p value was adjusted with Bonferroni multiple correction testing (p ≤ 0.01). RESULTS Although several associations were identified, those that resisted the multiple correction testing involved the alleles and genotypes of rs34246903 and rs13317. The NSCLO group had a lower frequency of the minor C allele of rs34246903 compared to controls, giving an odds ratio (OR) of 0.74 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.59-0.93, p = 0.01]. The rs34246903 CC genotype (homozygous) and the recessive model revealed significant protective associations with NSCLO, yielding ORs of 0.50 (95% CI: 0.29-0.85, p = 0.005) and 0.55 (95% CI: 0.33-0.93, p = 0.01) respectively. The presence of C variant allele of rs13317 (OR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.69-0.96, p = 0.01) as well the TC genotype (OR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.62-0.94, p = 0.01) and the dominant model (OR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.63-0.94, p = 0.009) showed significant associations with reduced risk of NSCL±P. CONCLUSION Our study is the first to support the association of rs34246903 (4p16.2) with NSCLO and rs13317 within FGFR1 with NSCL±P in the highly admixed Brazilian population. Further studies are needed to determine the functionality of those SNPs or to identify the causal markers in linkage disequilibrium with those susceptibility markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Assis Machado
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ana Lúcia Carrinho Ayroza Rangel
- Center of Biological Sciences and of the Health, School of Dentistry, State University of Western Paraná, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Rafaela Scariot
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Health Science, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ricardo D Coletta
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Graduate Program in Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hercílio Martelli-Júnior
- Stomatology Clinic, Dental School, State University of Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Center for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, Dental School, University of José Rosario Vellano (UNIFENAS), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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13
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Xu X, Lu F, Du S, Zhao X, Li H, Zhang L, Tang J. Case report: Novel compound heterozygous missense mutations in the DDHD2 gene in a Chinese patient associated with spastic paraplegia type 54. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:997274. [PMID: 36090575 PMCID: PMC9458848 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.997274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spastic paraplegia type 54 (SPG54) is a rare inherited autosomal recessive disorder, and a complex hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) caused by mutations in the phospholipase DDHD2 gene. SPG54 is characterized by early onset of spastic paraplegia, intellectual disability and dysplasia of corpus callosum. CASE PRESENTATION We report a 9 years and 5 months old Chinese girl with progressive spasm of the lower limbs, muscle weakness and intellectual disability. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed periventricular leukomalacia and thinning of the corpus callosum. According to the Wechsler Intelligence Scale, her IQ is 42. By whole exome sequencing, novel compound heterozygous missense mutations in the DDHD2 gene [c.168G>C, p.(Trp56Cys) and c.1505T>C, p.(Phe502Ser)] were identified in the proband. Comparative amino acid sequence alignment across different species revealed that Trp56 and Phe502 in the DDHD2 protein were highly conserved during evolution. And multiple in silico prediction tools suggested that both mutations were deleterious. CONCLUSIONS Our study reports a very rare case of complicated HSP caused by two novel compound heterozygous mutations in the DDHD2 gene. Our findings expand the genetic spectrum of SPG54.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fen Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Senjie Du
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoke Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongying Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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14
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Grabner GF, Xie H, Schweiger M, Zechner R. Lipolysis: cellular mechanisms for lipid mobilization from fat stores. Nat Metab 2021; 3:1445-1465. [PMID: 34799702 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00493-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The perception that intracellular lipolysis is a straightforward process that releases fatty acids from fat stores in adipose tissue to generate energy has experienced major revisions over the last two decades. The discovery of new lipolytic enzymes and coregulators, the demonstration that lipophagy and lysosomal lipolysis contribute to the degradation of cellular lipid stores and the characterization of numerous factors and signalling pathways that regulate lipid hydrolysis on transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels have revolutionized our understanding of lipolysis. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms that facilitate intracellular fatty-acid mobilization, drawing on canonical and noncanonical enzymatic pathways. We summarize how intracellular lipolysis affects lipid-mediated signalling, metabolic regulation and energy homeostasis in multiple organs. Finally, we examine how these processes affect pathogenesis and how lipolysis may be targeted to potentially prevent or treat various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hao Xie
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Schweiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
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15
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Vélez-Santamaría V, Verdura E, Macmurdo C, Planas-Serra L, Schlüter A, Casas J, Martínez JJ, Casasnovas C, Si Y, Thompson SS, Maroofian R, Pujol A. Expanding the clinical and genetic spectrum of PCYT2-related disorders. Brain 2021; 143:e76. [PMID: 32889549 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vélez-Santamaría
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edgard Verdura
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Colleen Macmurdo
- Division of Medical Genetics, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Laura Planas-Serra
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Agatha Schlüter
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Josefina Casas
- RUBAM, Department of Biological Chemistry, IQAC-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Liver and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBEREHD) ISCIII 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan José Martínez
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Carlos Casasnovas
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Yue Si
- GeneDx, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Reza Maroofian
- Genetics Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Aurora Pujol
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.,Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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16
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Gunay A, Shin HH, Gozutok O, Gautam M, Ozdinler PH. Importance of lipids for upper motor neuron health and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 112:92-104. [PMID: 33323321 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Building evidence reveals the importance of maintaining lipid homeostasis for the health and function of neurons, and upper motor neurons (UMNs) are no exception. UMNs are critically important for the initiation and modulation of voluntary movement as they are responsible for conveying cerebral cortex' input to spinal cord targets. To maintain their unique cytoarchitecture with a prominent apical dendrite and a very long axon, UMNs require a stable cell membrane, a lipid bilayer. Lipids can act as building blocks for many biomolecules, and they also contribute to the production of energy. Therefore, UMNs require sustained control over the production, utilization and homeostasis of lipids. Perturbations of lipid homeostasis lead to UMN vulnerability and progressive degeneration in diseases such as hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) and primary lateral sclerosis (PLS). Here, we discuss the importance of lipids, especially for UMNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aksu Gunay
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA, 60611
| | - Heather H Shin
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA, 60611
| | - Oge Gozutok
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA, 60611
| | - Mukesh Gautam
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA, 60611
| | - P Hande Ozdinler
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA, 60611.
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17
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Gun Bilgic D, Gerik Celebi HB, Aydin Gumus A, Bilgic A, Yazici H, Ceylaner S, Yilmaz C, Polat M, Akbal Sahin M, Dereli F, Cam FS. Coinheritance of novel mutations in NAGLU causing mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB and in DDHD2 causing spastic paraplegia54 in a Turkish family. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 82:214-218. [PMID: 33246910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (MPSIIIB) is one of the lysosomal storage diseases, clinically related to developmental delay in the early phase and loss of skills in the late phases of the disease. The disease is caused by homozygous mutations in the NAGLU gene. Spastic paraplegia54 (SPG54) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by homozygous mutations in the DDHD2 gene. Clinical features are progressive spasticity and weakness in the lower limbs and corpus callosum agenesis. We report on two siblings in a consanguineous family, presenting both the clinical and molecular diagnoses of MPSIIIB and SPG54 with novel mutations by using whole exome sequencing (WES). This interesting finding shows that we should be aware of the importance of using WES for diagnosing rare diseases in consanguineous families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Gun Bilgic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Manisa Celal Bayar University Medical Faculty, Manisa, Turkey.
| | | | - Aydeniz Aydin Gumus
- Department of Medical Genetics, Manisa Celal Bayar University Medical Faculty, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Bilgic
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Manisa City Hospital, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Havva Yazici
- Department of Pediatric Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Serdar Ceylaner
- INTERGEN Genetics and Rare Diseases Diagnosis Research & Application Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Celil Yilmaz
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Manisa Celal Bayar University Medical Faculty, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Muzaffer Polat
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Manisa Celal Bayar University Medical Faculty, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Melike Akbal Sahin
- INTERGEN Genetics and Rare Diseases Diagnosis Research & Application Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Dereli
- INTERGEN Genetics and Rare Diseases Diagnosis Research & Application Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fethi Sirri Cam
- Department of Medical Genetics, Manisa Celal Bayar University Medical Faculty, Manisa, Turkey
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18
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Matoba N, Liang D, Sun H, Aygün N, McAfee JC, Davis JE, Raffield LM, Qian H, Piven J, Li Y, Kosuri S, Won H, Stein JL. Common genetic risk variants identified in the SPARK cohort support DDHD2 as a candidate risk gene for autism. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:265. [PMID: 32747698 PMCID: PMC7400671 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00953-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder. Large genetically informative cohorts of individuals with ASD have led to the identification of a limited number of common genome-wide significant (GWS) risk loci to date. However, many more common genetic variants are expected to contribute to ASD risk given the high heritability. Here, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 6222 case-pseudocontrol pairs from the Simons Foundation Powering Autism Research for Knowledge (SPARK) dataset to identify additional common genetic risk factors and molecular mechanisms underlying risk for ASD. We identified one novel GWS locus from the SPARK GWAS and four significant loci, including an additional novel locus from meta-analysis with a previous GWAS. We replicated the previous observation of significant enrichment of ASD heritability within regulatory regions of the developing cortex, indicating that disruption of gene regulation during neurodevelopment is critical for ASD risk. We further employed a massively parallel reporter assay (MPRA) and identified a putative causal variant at the novel locus from SPARK GWAS with strong impacts on gene regulation (rs7001340). Expression quantitative trait loci data demonstrated an association between the risk allele and decreased expression of DDHD2 (DDHD domain containing 2) in both adult and prenatal brains. In conclusion, by integrating genetic association data with multi-omic gene regulatory annotations and experimental validation, we fine-mapped a causal risk variant and demonstrated that DDHD2 is a novel gene associated with ASD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Matoba
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Dan Liang
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Huaigu Sun
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Nil Aygün
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jessica C McAfee
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jessica E Davis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Quantitative and Computational Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Laura M Raffield
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Huijun Qian
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Joseph Piven
- Department of Psychiatry and the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Sriam Kosuri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Quantitative and Computational Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hyejung Won
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Jason L Stein
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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19
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Rickman OJ, Baple EL, Crosby AH. Lipid metabolic pathways converge in motor neuron degenerative diseases. Brain 2020; 143:1073-1087. [PMID: 31848577 PMCID: PMC7174042 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) encompass an extensive and heterogeneous group of upper and/or lower motor neuron degenerative disorders, in which the particular clinical outcomes stem from the specific neuronal component involved in each condition. While mutations in a large number of molecules associated with lipid metabolism are known to be implicated in MNDs, there remains a lack of clarity regarding the key functional pathways involved, and their inter-relationships. This review highlights evidence that defines defects within two specific lipid (cholesterol/oxysterol and phosphatidylethanolamine) biosynthetic cascades as being centrally involved in MND, particularly hereditary spastic paraplegia. We also identify how other MND-associated molecules may impact these cascades, in particular through impaired organellar interfacing, to propose ‘subcellular lipidome imbalance’ as a likely common pathomolecular theme in MND. Further exploration of this mechanism has the potential to identify new therapeutic targets and management strategies for modulation of disease progression in hereditary spastic paraplegias and other MNDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia J Rickman
- Medical Research (Level 4), RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Emma L Baple
- Medical Research (Level 4), RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Andrew H Crosby
- Medical Research (Level 4), RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
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20
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Joensuu M, Wallis TP, Saber SH, Meunier FA. Phospholipases in neuronal function: A role in learning and memory? J Neurochem 2020; 153:300-333. [PMID: 31745996 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the human brain being made of nearly 60% fat, the vast majority of studies on the mechanisms of neuronal communication which underpin cognition, memory and learning, primarily focus on proteins and/or (epi)genetic mechanisms. Phospholipids are the main component of all cellular membranes and function as substrates for numerous phospholipid-modifying enzymes, including phospholipases, which release free fatty acids (FFAs) and other lipid metabolites that can alter the intrinsic properties of the membranes, recruit and activate critical proteins, and act as lipid signalling molecules. Here, we will review brain specific phospholipases, their roles in membrane remodelling, neuronal function, learning and memory, as well as their disease implications. In particular, we will highlight key roles of unsaturated FFAs, particularly arachidonic acid, in neurotransmitter release, neuroinflammation and memory. In light of recent findings, we will also discuss the emerging role of phospholipase A1 and the creation of saturated FFAs in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja Joensuu
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tristan P Wallis
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Saber H Saber
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Frédéric A Meunier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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21
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Erfanian Omidvar M, Torkamandi S, Rezaei S, Alipoor B, Omrani MD, Darvish H, Ghaedi H. Genotype-phenotype associations in hereditary spastic paraplegia: a systematic review and meta-analysis on 13,570 patients. J Neurol 2019; 268:2065-2082. [PMID: 31745725 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09633-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are a heterogeneous group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders. Although, several genotype-phenotype studies have carried out on HSPs, the association between genotypes and clinical phenotypes remain incomplete since most studies are small in size or restricted to a few genes. Accordingly, this study provides the systematic meta-analysis of genotype-phenotype associations in HSP. METHODS AND RESULTS We retrieved literature on genotype-phenotype associations in patients with HSP and mutated SPAST, REEP1, ATL1, SPG11, SPG15, SPG7, SPG35, SPG54, SPG5. In total, 147 studies with 13,570 HSP patients were included in our meta-analysis. The frequency of mutations in SPAST (25%) was higher than REEP1 (3%), as well as ATL1 (5%) in AD-HSP patients. As for AR-HSP patients, the rates of mutations in SPG11 (18%), SPG15 (7%) and SPG7 (13%) were higher than SPG5 (5%), as well as SPG35 (8%) and SPG54 (7%). The mean age of AD-HSP onset for ATL1 mutation-positive patients was earlier than patients with SPAST, REEP1 mutations. Also, the tendency toward younger age at AR-HSP onset for SPG35 was higher than other mutated genes. It is noteworthy that the mean age at HSP onset ranged from infancy to adulthood. As for the gender distribution, the male proportion in SPG7-HSP (90%) and REEP1-HSP (78%) was markedly high. The frequency of symptoms was varied among patients with different mutated genes. The rates of LL weakness, superficial sensory abnormalities, neuropathy, and deep sensory impairment were noticeably high in REEP1 mutations carriers. Also, in AR-HSP patients with SPG11 mutations, the presentation of symptoms including pes cavus, Neuropathy, and UL spasticity was higher. CONCLUSION Our comprehensive genotype-phenotype assessment of available data displays that the mean age at disease onset and particular sub-phenotypes are associated with specific mutated genes which might be beneficial for a diagnostic procedure and differentiation of the specific mutated genes phenotype among diverse forms of HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Erfanian Omidvar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Torkamandi
- Department of Medical Genetics and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Somaye Rezaei
- Department of Neurology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Behnam Alipoor
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Parmedicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mir Davood Omrani
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Velenjak St., Shahid Chamran Highway, Tehran, IR, Iran
| | - Hossein Darvish
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hamid Ghaedi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Velenjak St., Shahid Chamran Highway, Tehran, IR, Iran.
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22
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Staying in Healthy Contact: How Peroxisomes Interact with Other Cell Organelles. Trends Mol Med 2019; 26:201-214. [PMID: 31727543 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes share extensive metabolic connections with other cell organelles. Membrane contact sites (MCSs) establish and maintain such interactions, and they are vital for organelle positioning and motility. In the past few years peroxisome interactions and MCSs with other cellular organelles have been explored extensively, resulting in the identification of new MCSs, the tethering molecules involved, and their functional characterization. Defective tethering and compartmental communication can lead to pathological conditions that can be termed 'organelle interaction diseases'. We review peroxisome-organelle interactions in mammals and summarize the most recent knowledge of mammalian peroxisomal organelle contacts in health and disease.
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23
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Bowman CE, Selen Alpergin ES, Ellis JM, Wolfgang MJ. Loss of ACOT7 potentiates seizures and metabolic dysfunction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E941-E951. [PMID: 31039008 PMCID: PMC6879868 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00537.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurons uniquely antagonize fatty acid utilization by hydrolyzing the activated form of fatty acids, long chain acyl-CoAs, via the enzyme acyl-CoA thioesterase 7, Acot7. The loss of Acot7 results in increased fatty acid utilization in neurons and exaggerated stimulus-evoked behavior such as an increased startle response. To understand the contribution of Acot7 to seizure susceptibility, we generated Acot7 knockout (KO) mice and assayed their response to kainate-induced seizures. Acot7 KO mice exhibited potentiated behavioral and molecular indices of seizure severity following kainic acid administration, suggesting that fatty acid metabolism in neurons can be a critical regulator of neuronal activity. These data are consistent with the presentation of seizures in a human with genomic deletion of ACOT7 demonstrating the conservation of function across species. To further understand the metabolic complications arising from a deletion in Acot7, we subjected Acot7 KO mice to a high-fat diet. While the loss of Acot7 did not result in metabolic complications following a normal chow diet, a high-fat diet induced greater body weight gain, adiposity, and glucose intolerance in Acot7 KO mice. These data demonstrate that Acot7, a fatty acid metabolic enzyme highly enriched in neurons, regulates both brain-specific metabolic processes related to seizure susceptibility and the whole body response to dietary lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn E Bowman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ebru S Selen Alpergin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jessica M Ellis
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Michael J Wolfgang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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24
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Zaidi SA, Saal HM, Espay AJ, Duker AP. The "broken wishbone" splenial sign: A diagnostic hallmark for SPG54 spastic ataxia. J Neurol Sci 2019; 403:114-116. [PMID: 31271950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Amir Zaidi
- Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Howard M Saal
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alberto J Espay
- Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Andrew P Duker
- Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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25
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Nicita F, Stregapede F, Tessa A, Bassi MT, Jezela-Stanek A, Primiano G, Pizzuti A, Barghigiani M, Nardella M, Zanni G, Servidei S, Astrea G, Panzeri E, Maghini C, Losito L, Ploski R, Gasperowicz P, Santorelli FM, Bertini E, Travaglini L. Defining the clinical-genetic and neuroradiological features in SPG54: description of eight additional cases and nine novel DDHD2 variants. J Neurol 2019; 266:2657-2664. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Shin M, Ware TB, Lee HC, Hsu KL. Lipid-metabolizing serine hydrolases in the mammalian central nervous system: endocannabinoids and beyond. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:907-921. [PMID: 30905349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic serine hydrolases hydrolyze ester, amide, or thioester bonds found in broad small molecule substrates using a conserved activated serine nucleophile. The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) express a diverse repertoire of serine hydrolases that act as (phospho)lipases or lipid amidases to regulate lipid metabolism and signaling vital for normal neurocognitive function and CNS integrity. Advances in genomic DNA sequencing have provided evidence for the role of these lipid-metabolizing serine hydrolases in neurologic, psychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. This review briefly summarizes recent progress in understanding the biochemical and (patho)physiological roles of these lipid-metabolizing serine hydrolases in the mammalian CNS with a focus on serine hydrolases involved in the endocannabinoid system. The development and application of specific inhibitors for an individual serine hydrolase, if available, are also described. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Novel functions of phospholipase A2 Guest Editors: Makoto Murakami and Gerard Lambeau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungsun Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, United States
| | - Timothy B Ware
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, United States
| | - Hyeon-Cheol Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States; University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, United States.
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27
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Loss of DDHD2, whose mutation causes spastic paraplegia, promotes reactive oxygen species generation and apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:797. [PMID: 30038238 PMCID: PMC6056544 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0815-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
DDHD2/KIAA0725p is a mammalian intracellular phospholipase A1 that exhibits phospholipase and lipase activities. Mutation of the DDHD2 gene causes hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG54), an inherited neurological disorder characterized by lower limb spasticity and weakness. Although previous studies demonstrated lipid droplet accumulation in the brains of SPG54 patients and DDHD2 knockout mice, the cause of SPG54 remains elusive. Here, we show that ablation of DDHD2 in mice induces age-dependent apoptosis of motor neurons in the spinal cord. In vitro, motor neurons and embryonic fibroblasts from DDHD2 knockout mice fail to survive and are susceptible to apoptotic stimuli. Chemical and probe-based analysis revealed a substantial decrease in cardiolipin content and an increase in reactive oxygen species generation in DDHD2 knockout cells. Reactive oxygen species production in DDHD2 knockout cells was reversed by the expression of wild-type DDHD2, but not by an active-site DDHD2 mutant, DDHD2 mutants related to hereditary spastic paraplegia, or DDHD1, another member of the intracellular phospholipase A1 family whose mutation also causes spastic paraplegia (SPG28). Our results demonstrate the protective role of DDHD2 for mitochondrial integrity and provide a clue to the pathogenic mechanism of SPG54.
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28
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Inloes JM, Kiosses WB, Wang H, Walther TC, Farese RV, Cravatt BF. Functional Contribution of the Spastic Paraplegia-Related Triglyceride Hydrolase DDHD2 to the Formation and Content of Lipid Droplets. Biochemistry 2017; 57:827-838. [PMID: 29278326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Deleterious mutations in the serine lipase DDHD2 are a causative basis of complex hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP, subtype SPG54) in humans. We recently found that DDHD2 is a principal triglyceride hydrolase in the central nervous system (CNS) and that genetic deletion of this enzyme in mice leads to ectopic lipid droplet (LD) accumulation in neurons throughout the brain. Nonetheless, how HSP-related mutations in DDHD2 relate to triglyceride metabolism and LD formation remains poorly understood. Here, we have characterized a set of HSP-related mutations in DDHD2 and found that they disrupt triglyceride hydrolase activity in vitro and impair the capacity of DDHD2 to protect cells from LD accumulation following exposure to free fatty acid, an outcome that was also observed with a DDHD2-selective inhibitor. We furthermore isolated and characterized LDs from brain tissue of DDHD2-/- mice, revealing that they contain both established LD-associated proteins identified previously in other organs and CNS-enriched proteins, including several proteins with genetic links to human neurological disease. These data, taken together, indicate that the genetic inactivation of DDHD2, as caused by HSP-associated mutations, substantially perturbs lipid homeostasis and the formation and content of LDs, underscoring the importance of triglyceride metabolism for normal CNS function and the key role that DDHD2 plays in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordon M Inloes
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - William B Kiosses
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Huajin Wang
- University Libraries, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Tobias C Walther
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Robert V Farese
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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29
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Roeben B, Schüle R, Ruf S, Bender B, Alhaddad B, Benkert T, Meitinger T, Reich S, Böhringer J, Langhans CD, Vaz FM, Wortmann SB, Marquardt T, Haack TB, Krägeloh-Mann I, Schöls L, Synofzik M. SERAC1 deficiency causes complicated HSP: evidence from a novel splice mutation in a large family. J Med Genet 2017; 55:39-47. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-104622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
ObjectiveTo demonstrate that mutations in the phosphatidylglycerol remodelling enzyme SERAC1 can cause juvenile-onset complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia (cHSP) clusters, thus adding SERAC1 to the increasing number of complex lipid cHSP genes.MethodsCombined genomic and functional validation studies (whole-exome sequencing, mRNA, cDNA and protein), biomarker investigations (3-methyl-glutaconic acid, filipin staining and phosphatidylglycerols PG34:1/PG36:1), and clinical and imaging phenotyping were performed in six affected subjects from two different branches of a large consanguineous family.Results5 of 6 affected subjects shared cHSP as a common disease phenotype. Three subjects presented with juvenile-onset oligosystemic cHSP, still able to walk several miles at age >10–20 years. This benign phenotypic cluster and disease progression is strikingly divergent to the severe infantile phenotype of all SERAC1 cases reported so far. Two family members showed a more multisystemic juvenile-onset cHSP, indicating an intermediate phenotype between the benign oligosystemic cHSP and the classic infantile SERAC1 cluster. The homozygous splice mutation led to loss of the full-length SERAC1 protein and impaired phosphatidylglycerol PG34:1/PG36:1 remodelling. These phosphatidylglycerol changes, however, were milder than in classic infantile-onset SERAC1 cases, which might partially explain the milder SERAC1 phenotype.ConclusionsOur findings add SERAC1 to the increasing list of complex lipid cHSP genes. At the same time they redefine the phenotypic spectrum of SERAC1 deficiency. It is associated not only with the severe infantile-onset ‘Methylglutaconic aciduria, Deafness, Encephalopathy, Leigh-like’ syndrome (MEGDEL syndrome), but also with oligosystemic juvenile-onset cHSP as part of the now unfolding SERAC1 deficiency spectrum.
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30
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Renvoisé B, Malone B, Falgairolle M, Munasinghe J, Stadler J, Sibilla C, Park SH, Blackstone C. Reep1 null mice reveal a converging role for hereditary spastic paraplegia proteins in lipid droplet regulation. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 25:5111-5125. [PMID: 27638887 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs; SPG1-76 plus others) are length-dependent disorders affecting long corticospinal axons, and the most common autosomal dominant forms are caused by mutations in genes that encode the spastin (SPG4), atlastin-1 (SPG3A) and REEP1 (SPG31) proteins. These proteins bind one another and shape the tubular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network throughout cells. They also are involved in lipid droplet formation, enlargement, or both in cells, though mechanisms remain unclear. Here we have identified evidence of partial lipoatrophy in Reep1 null mice in addition to prominent spastic paraparesis. Furthermore, Reep1-/- embryonic fibroblasts and neurons in the cerebral cortex both show lipid droplet abnormalities. The apparent partial lipodystrophy in Reep1 null mice, although less severe, is reminiscent of the lipoatrophy phenotype observed in the most common form of autosomal recessive lipodystrophy, Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy. Berardinelli-Seip lipodystrophy is caused by autosomal recessive mutations in the BSCL2 gene that encodes an ER protein, seipin, that is also mutated in the autosomal dominant HSP SPG17 (Silver syndrome). Furthermore, REEP1 co-immunoprecipitates with seipin in cells. This strengthens the link between alterations in ER morphogenesis and lipid abnormalities, with important pathogenic implications for the most common forms of HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeeva Munasinghe
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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31
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Ahmed MY, Al-Khayat A, Al-Murshedi F, Al-Futaisi A, Chioza BA, Pedro Fernandez-Murray J, Self JE, Salter CG, Harlalka GV, Rawlins LE, Al-Zuhaibi S, Al-Azri F, Al-Rashdi F, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Wenk MR, Al-Salmi F, Patton MA, Silver DL, Baple EL, McMaster CR, Crosby AH. A mutation of EPT1 (SELENOI) underlies a new disorder of Kennedy pathway phospholipid biosynthesis. Brain 2017; 140:547-554. [PMID: 28052917 PMCID: PMC5382949 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in genes involved in lipid metabolism have increasingly been associated with various subtypes of hereditary spastic paraplegia, a highly heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative motor neuron disorders characterized by spastic paraparesis. Here, we report an unusual autosomal recessive neurodegenerative condition, best classified as a complicated form of hereditary spastic paraplegia, associated with mutation in the ethanolaminephosphotransferase 1 (EPT1) gene (now known as SELENOI), responsible for the final step in Kennedy pathway forming phosphatidylethanolamine from CDP-ethanolamine. Phosphatidylethanolamine is a glycerophospholipid that, together with phosphatidylcholine, constitutes more than half of the total phospholipids in eukaryotic cell membranes. We determined that the mutation defined dramatically reduces the enzymatic activity of EPT1, thereby hindering the final step in phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis. Additionally, due to central nervous system inaccessibility we undertook quantification of phosphatidylethanolamine levels and species in patient and control blood samples as an indication of liver phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis. Although this revealed alteration to levels of specific phosphatidylethanolamine fatty acyl species in patients, overall phosphatidylethanolamine levels were broadly unaffected indicating that in blood EPT1 inactivity may be compensated for, in part, via alternate biochemical pathways. These studies define the first human disorder arising due to defective CDP-ethanolamine biosynthesis and provide new insight into the role of Kennedy pathway components in human neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Y Ahmed
- Medical Research (Level 4), University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Aisha Al-Khayat
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Fathiya Al-Murshedi
- Department of Genetics, College of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Amna Al-Futaisi
- Department of Paediatrics, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Barry A Chioza
- Medical Research (Level 4), University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | | | - Jay E Self
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Claire G Salter
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - Gaurav V Harlalka
- Medical Research (Level 4), University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Lettie E Rawlins
- Medical Research (Level 4), University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Sana Al-Zuhaibi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Faisal Al-Azri
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Fatma Al-Rashdi
- Department of Paediatrics, Sameal Hospital, Ministry of Health, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Amaury Cazenave-Gassiot
- SLING, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Markus R Wenk
- SLING, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fatema Al-Salmi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Michael A Patton
- Medical Research (Level 4), University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK.,Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman
| | - David L Silver
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Emma L Baple
- Medical Research (Level 4), University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | | | - Andrew H Crosby
- Medical Research (Level 4), University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
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32
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Estrada-Cuzcano A, Martin S, Chamova T, Synofzik M, Timmann D, Holemans T, Andreeva A, Reichbauer J, De Rycke R, Chang DI, van Veen S, Samuel J, Schöls L, Pöppel T, Mollerup Sørensen D, Asselbergh B, Klein C, Zuchner S, Jordanova A, Vangheluwe P, Tournev I, Schüle R. Loss-of-function mutations in the ATP13A2/PARK9 gene cause complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG78). Brain 2017; 140:287-305. [PMID: 28137957 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias are heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive spasticity of the lower limbs due to degeneration of the corticospinal motor neurons. In a Bulgarian family with three siblings affected by complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia, we performed whole exome sequencing and homozygosity mapping and identified a homozygous p.Thr512Ile (c.1535C > T) mutation in ATP13A2. Molecular defects in this gene have been causally associated with Kufor-Rakeb syndrome (#606693), an autosomal recessive form of juvenile-onset parkinsonism, and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (#606693), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent lipopigments. Further analysis of 795 index cases with hereditary spastic paraplegia and related disorders revealed two additional families carrying truncating biallelic mutations in ATP13A2. ATP13A2 is a lysosomal P5-type transport ATPase, the activity of which critically depends on catalytic autophosphorylation. Our biochemical and immunocytochemical experiments in COS-1 and HeLa cells and patient-derived fibroblasts demonstrated that the hereditary spastic paraplegia-associated mutations, similarly to the ones causing Kufor-Rakeb syndrome and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, cause loss of ATP13A2 function due to transcript or protein instability and abnormal intracellular localization of the mutant proteins, ultimately impairing the lysosomal and mitochondrial function. Moreover, we provide the first biochemical evidence that disease-causing mutations can affect the catalytic autophosphorylation activity of ATP13A2. Our study adds complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG78) to the clinical continuum of ATP13A2-associated neurological disorders, which are commonly hallmarked by lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction. The disease presentation in our patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia was dominated by an adult-onset lower-limb predominant spastic paraparesis. Cognitive impairment was present in most of the cases and ranged from very mild deficits to advanced dementia with fronto-temporal characteristics. Nerve conduction studies revealed involvement of the peripheral motor and sensory nerves. Only one of five patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia showed clinical indication of extrapyramidal involvement in the form of subtle bradykinesia and slight resting tremor. Neuroimaging cranial investigations revealed pronounced vermian and hemispheric cerebellar atrophy. Notably, reduced striatal dopamine was apparent in the brain of one of the patients, who had no clinical signs or symptoms of extrapyramidal involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Estrada-Cuzcano
- Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Shaun Martin
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Teodora Chamova
- Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Tine Holemans
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Albena Andreeva
- Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jennifer Reichbauer
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium and Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dae-In Chang
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium and Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah van Veen
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean Samuel
- Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ludger Schöls
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Pöppel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Danny Mollerup Sørensen
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bob Asselbergh
- VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Christine Klein
- Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium.,Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Stephan Zuchner
- Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Albena Jordanova
- Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium.,Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Vangheluwe
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ivailo Tournev
- Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria.,Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rebecca Schüle
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany .,German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
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Gáliková M, Klepsatel P, Münch J, Kühnlein RP. Spastic paraplegia-linked phospholipase PAPLA1 is necessary for development, reproduction, and energy metabolism in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46516. [PMID: 28422159 PMCID: PMC5395975 DOI: 10.1038/srep46516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The human PAPLA1 phospholipase family is associated with hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), a neurodegenerative syndrome characterized by progressive spasticity and weakness of the lower limbs. Taking advantage of a new Drosophila PAPLA1 mutant, we describe here novel functions of this phospholipase family in fly development, reproduction, and energy metabolism. Loss of Drosophila PAPLA1 reduces egg hatchability, pre-adult viability, developmental speed, and impairs reproductive functions of both males and females. In addition, our work describes novel metabolic roles of PAPLA1, manifested as decreased food intake, lower energy expenditure, and reduced ATP levels of the mutants. Moreover, PAPLA1 has an important role in the glycogen metabolism, being required for expression of several regulators of carbohydrate metabolism and for glycogen storage. In contrast, global loss of PAPLA1 does not affect fat reserves in adult flies. Interestingly, several of the PAPLA1 phenotypes in fly are reminiscent of symptoms described in some HSP patients, suggesting evolutionary conserved functions of PAPLA1 family in the affected processes. Altogether, this work reveals novel physiological functions of PAPLA1, which are likely evolutionary conserved from flies to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gáliková
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Research Group Molecular Physiology, Am Faßberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Am Faßberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Stockholm University, Department of Zoology, Svante Arrhenius väg 18B, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Klepsatel
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Research Group Molecular Physiology, Am Faßberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Judith Münch
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Research Group Molecular Physiology, Am Faßberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,University of Leipzig, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronald P Kühnlein
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Research Group Molecular Physiology, Am Faßberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Humboldtstraße 50/2.OG, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Patel S. Pathogenicity-associated protein domains: The fiercely-conserved evolutionary signatures. GENE REPORTS 2017; 7:127-141. [PMID: 32363241 PMCID: PMC7185390 DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proteins have highly conserved domains that determine their functionality. Out of the thousands of domains discovered so far across all living forms, some of the predominant clinically-relevant domains include IENR1, HNHc, HELICc, Pro-kuma_activ, Tryp_SPc, Lactamase_B, PbH1, ChtBD3, CBM49, acidPPc, G3P_acyltransf, RPOL8c, KbaA, HAMP, HisKA, Hr1, Dak2, APC2, Citrate_ly_lig, DALR, VKc, YARHG, WR1, PWI, ZnF_BED, TUDOR, MHC_II_beta, Integrin_B_tail, Excalibur, DISIN, Cadherin, ACTIN, PROF, Robl_LC7, MIT, Kelch, GAS2, B41, Cyclin_C, Connexin_CCC, OmpH, Bac_rhodopsin, AAA, Knot1, NH, Galanin, IB, Elicitin, ACTH, Cache_2, CHASE, AgrB, PRP, IGR, and Antimicrobial21. These domains are distributed in nucleases/helicases, proteases, esterases, lipases, glycosylase, GTPases, phosphatases, methyltransferases, acyltransferase, acetyltransferase, polymerase, kinase, ligase, synthetase, oxidoreductase, protease inhibitors, nucleic acid binding proteins, adhesion and immunity-related proteins, cytoskeletal component-manipulating proteins, lipid biosynthesis and metabolism proteins, membrane-associated proteins, hormone-like and signaling proteins, etc. These domains are ubiquitous stretches or folds of the proteins in pathogens and allergens. Pathogenesis alleviation efforts can benefit enormously if the characteristics of these domains are known. Hence, this review catalogs and discusses the role of such pivotal domains, suggesting hypotheses for better understanding of pathogenesis at molecular level. Proteins have highly conserved regions or domains across pathogens and allergens. Knowledge on these critical domains can facilitate our understanding of pathogenesis mechanisms. Such immune manipulation-related domains include IENR1, HNHc, HELICc, ACTIN, PROF, Robl_LC7, OmpH etc. These domains are presnt in enzyme, transcription regulators, adhesion proteins, and hormones. This review discusses and hypothesizes on these domains.
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Key Words
- CARDs, caspase activation and recruitment domains
- CBM, carbohydrate binding module
- CTD, C-terminal domain
- ChtBD, chitin-binding domain
- Diversification
- HNHc, homing endonucleases
- HTH, helix-turn-helix
- IENR1, intron-encoded endonuclease repeat
- Immune manipulation
- PAMPs, pathogen associated molecular patterns
- Pathogenesis
- Phylogenetic conservation
- Protein domains
- SMART, Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool
- Shuffling
- UDG, uracil DNA glycosylase
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Patel
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego 92182, USA
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Elsaid MF, Ibrahim K, Chalhoub N, Elsotouhy A, El Mudehki N, Abdel Aleem A. NT5C2 novel splicing variant expands the phenotypic spectrum of Spastic Paraplegia (SPG45): case report of a new member of thin corpus callosum SPG-Subgroup. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2017; 18:33. [PMID: 28327087 PMCID: PMC5359868 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-017-0395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP) is a genetically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases. Thin Corpus Callosum (TCC) associated HSP is a distinguished subgroup of complex forms. Purines and pyrimidine, the basic DNA and RNA components, are regulating the cell metabolism, having roles in signal transduction, energy preservation and cellular repair. Genetic defects in nucleotide metabolism related genes have been only recently implicated in brain and neurodegenerative diseases’ pathogenesis. Case presentation We present a consanguineous Qatari family with two brothers, 9 and 3 years, who displayed a characteristic phenotype of early onset and markedly-severe spasticity with tiptoe walking, delayed dysarthric speech, persistent truncal hypotonia, and multiple variable-sized areas of brownish skin discoloration appearing at different places on the body. A clinical diagnosis suggestive of complex hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) was set after the family had the second affected child. Whole genome sequencing identified a novel homozygous NT5C2 splice site mutation (NM_012229.4/NM_001134373.2: c.1159 + 1G > T) that recessively segregated in family members. Brain MRI revealed dysgenic and thin corpus callosum (TCC) with peri-trigonal white matter cystic changes in both affected boys, whereas a well-developed corpus callosum with normal white matter was shown in their apparently normal brother, who found to be a carrier for the mutant variant. This mutation led to skipping of exon 14 with removal of 58 amino acid residues at the C-terminal half. The aberrantly spliced NT5C2 showed substantial reduction in expression level in the in-vitro study, indicating marked instability of the mutant NT5C2 protein. Conclusion The present report expands the phenotypic spectrum of SPG45 and confirms NT5C2-SPG45 as a member of the rare TCC SPG-subtypes. Homozygous alteration in NT5C2 seems essential to produce central white matter developmental defects. The study highlights the importance of cytosolic II 5’-nucleotidase (NT5C2) in maintaining the normal balance of purines’ pool in the brain, which seems to play a pivotal role in the normal development of central white matter structures. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12881-017-0395-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud F Elsaid
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khalid Ibrahim
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nader Chalhoub
- Neurogenetics Research program, Neurology Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, Qatar Foundation- Education City, 24144, Doha, Qatar.,Neurology Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Ahmed Elsotouhy
- Radiology Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Noora El Mudehki
- Physiotherapy Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alice Abdel Aleem
- Neurogenetics Research program, Neurology Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, Qatar Foundation- Education City, 24144, Doha, Qatar. .,Neurology Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA.
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Yadav PK, Rajasekharan R. Misregulation of a DDHD Domain-containing Lipase Causes Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Yeast. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18562-81. [PMID: 27402848 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.733378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The DDHD domain-containing proteins, which belong to the intracellular phospholipase A1 (iPLA1) family, have been predicted to be involved in phospholipid metabolism, lipid trafficking, membrane turnover, and signaling. Defective cardiolipin (CL), phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol remodeling cause Barth syndrome and mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we report that Yor022c is a Ddl1 (DDHD domain-containing lipase 1) that hydrolyzes CL, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol. Ddl1 has been implicated in the remodeling of mitochondrial phospholipids and CL degradation. Our data also suggested that the accumulation of monolysocardiolipin is deleterious to the cells. We show that Aft1 and Aft2 transcription factors antagonistically regulate the DDL1 gene. This study reveals that the misregulation of DDL1 by Aft1/2 transcription factors alters CL metabolism and causes mitochondrial dysfunction in the cells. In humans, mutations in the DDHD1 and DDHD2 genes cause specific types of hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG28 and SPG54, respectively), and the yeast DDL1-defective strain produces similar phenotypes of hereditary spastic paraplegia (mitochondrial dysfunction and defects in lipid metabolism). Therefore, the DDL1-defective strain could be a good model system for understanding hereditary spastic paraplegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Yadav
- From the Lipidomic Centre, Department of Lipid Science and the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - Ram Rajasekharan
- From the Lipidomic Centre, Department of Lipid Science and the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India
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37
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Araki M, Ohshima N, Aso C, Konishi A, Obinata H, Tatei K, Izumi T. Enzymatic characterization of recombinant rat DDHD2: a soluble diacylglycerol lipase. J Biochem 2016; 160:269-279. [PMID: 27198176 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvw034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DDHD2 has been reported to exhibit phospholipase A1, triacylglycerol (TG) lipase and diacylglycerol (DG) lipase activities. However, the detailed enzymatic properties of DDHD2 have not yet been elucidated. In the current study, the substrate specificity of DDHD2 towards DG, TG and phosphatidic acid (PA) has been examined using highly purified recombinant rat DDHD2 (rDDHD2) with a liquid chromatography mass spectrometer. The k cat/Km value for DG (18:0/20:4) was much higher than those for TG (18:1/18:1/18:1), and PA (18:0/20:4) in the presence of sodium deoxycholate. The enzyme activity of rDDHD2 towards DG (18:0/20:4) was highest among all of the substrates tested. In addition, rDDHD2 was highly specific to DG substrates with a polyunsaturated fatty acid at their sn-2 position. The levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in CHO cells were quantified by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, showing that CHO cells expressing recombinant rDDHD2 contained higher levels of 2-AG when cells were treated with a monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor, URB602. These results therefore support the idea that DDHD2 functions as a DG lipase in vivo and produces 2-AG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Araki
- Department of Biochemistry.,Education and Research Support Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | | | - Chizu Aso
- National Hospital Organization Takasaki General Medical Center, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0829, Japan
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38
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Marras C, Lang A, van de Warrenburg BP, Sue CM, Tabrizi SJ, Bertram L, Mercimek-Mahmutoglu S, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Warner TT, Durr A, Assmann B, Lohmann K, Kostic V, Klein C. Nomenclature of genetic movement disorders: Recommendations of the international Parkinson and movement disorder society task force. Mov Disord 2016; 31:436-57. [PMID: 27079681 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The system of assigning locus symbols to specify chromosomal regions that are associated with a familial disorder has a number of problems when used as a reference list of genetically determined disorders,including (I) erroneously assigned loci, (II) duplicated loci, (III) missing symbols or loci, (IV) unconfirmed loci and genes, (V) a combination of causative genes and risk factor genes in the same list, and (VI) discordance between phenotype and list assignment. In this article, we report on the recommendations of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Task Force for Nomenclature of Genetic Movement Disorders and present a system for naming genetically determined movement disorders that addresses these problems. We demonstrate how the system would be applied to currently known genetically determined parkinsonism, dystonia, dominantly inherited ataxia, spastic paraparesis, chorea, paroxysmal movement disorders, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, and primary familial brain calcifications. This system provides a resource for clinicians and researchers that, unlike the previous system, can be considered an accurate and criterion-based list of confirmed genetically determined movement disorders at the time it was last updated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Marras
- Toronto Western Hospital Morton, Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anthony Lang
- Toronto Western Hospital Morton, Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bart P van de Warrenburg
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carolyn M Sue
- Department of Neurology, Royal North Shore Hospital and Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah J Tabrizi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lars Bertram
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics (LIGA), Institutes of Neurogenetics and Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Saadet Mercimek-Mahmutoglu
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology & F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas T Warner
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, Department of Molecular Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Durr
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC, Inserm and Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Birgit Assmann
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics I, Heidelberg University Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vladimir Kostic
- Institute of Neurology, School of Medicine University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Schüle R, Wiethoff S, Martus P, Karle KN, Otto S, Klebe S, Klimpe S, Gallenmüller C, Kurzwelly D, Henkel D, Rimmele F, Stolze H, Kohl Z, Kassubek J, Klockgether T, Vielhaber S, Kamm C, Klopstock T, Bauer P, Züchner S, Liepelt-Scarfone I, Schöls L. Hereditary spastic paraplegia: Clinicogenetic lessons from 608 patients. Ann Neurol 2016; 79:646-58. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.24611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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40
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Aso C, Araki M, Ohshima N, Tatei K, Hirano T, Obinata H, Kishi M, Kishimoto K, Konishi A, Goto F, Sugimoto H, Izumi T. Protein purification and cloning of diacylglycerol lipase from rat brain. J Biochem 2016; 159:585-97. [PMID: 26790472 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvw002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol (DG) lipase, which hydrolyses 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycerol to produce an endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, was purified from the soluble fraction of rat brain lysates. DG lipase was purified about 1,200-fold by a sequential column chromatographic procedure. Among proteins identified by mass spectrometry analysis in the partially purified DG lipase sample, only DDHD domain containing two (DDHD2), which was formerly regarded as a phospholipase A1, exhibited significant DG lipase activity. Rat DDHD2 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells showed similar enzymatic properties to partially purified DG lipase from rat brain. The source of DG lipase activity in rat brain was immunoprecipitated using anti-DDHD2 antibody. Thus, we concluded that the DG lipase activity in the soluble fraction of rat brain is derived from DDHD2. DDHD2 is distributed widely in the rat brain. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that DDHD2 is expressed in hippocampal neurons, but not in glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chizu Aso
- Department of Biochemistry; Department of Anesthesiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511; and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fumio Goto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511; and
| | - Hiroyuki Sugimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
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41
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Narayana V, Tomatis VM, Wang T, Kvaskoff D, Meunier F. Profiling of Free Fatty Acids Using Stable Isotope Tagging Uncovers a Role for Saturated Fatty Acids in Neuroexocytosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:1552-1561. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Alrayes N, Mohamoud HSA, Jelani M, Ahmad S, Vadgama N, Bakur K, Simpson M, Al-Aama JY, Nasir J. Truncating mutation in intracellular phospholipase A₁ gene (DDHD2) in hereditary spastic paraplegia with intellectual disability (SPG54). BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:271. [PMID: 26113134 PMCID: PMC4482296 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1227-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP), a group of genetically heterogeneous neurological disorders with more than 56 documented loci (SPG1-56), are described either as uncomplicated (or pure), or complicated where in addition to spasticity and weakness of lower extremeties, additional neurological symptoms are present, including dementia, loss of vision, epilepsy, mental retardation and ichthyosis. We identified a large consanguineous family of Indian descent with four affected members with childhood onset HSP (SPG54), presenting with upper and lower limb spasticity, mental retardation and agenesis of the corpus callosum. Results A common region of homozygosity on chromosome 8 spanning seven megabases (Mb) was identified in the affected individuals using the Illumina human cytoSNP-12 DNA Analysis BeadChip Kit. Exome sequencing identified a homozygous stop gain mutation (pR287X) in the phospholipase A1 gene DDHD2, in the affected individuals, resulting in a premature stop codon and a severely truncated protein lacking the SAM and DDHD domains crucial for phosphoinositide binding and phospholipase activity. Conclusion This mutation adds to the knowledge of HSP, suggests a possible founder effect for the pR287X mutation, and adds to the list of genes involved in lipid metabolism with a role in HSP and other neurodegenerative disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1227-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuha Alrayes
- Princess Al-Jawhara Albrahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 80205, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. .,Division of Biomedical Sciences (BMS), Human Genetics Research Center, St. George's University of London (SGUL), London, SW17 0RE, UK.
| | - Hussein Sheikh Ali Mohamoud
- Princess Al-Jawhara Albrahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 80205, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. .,Division of Biomedical Sciences (BMS), Human Genetics Research Center, St. George's University of London (SGUL), London, SW17 0RE, UK.
| | - Musharraf Jelani
- Princess Al-Jawhara Albrahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 80205, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. .,Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology Unit, Biochemistry Department, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, 25000, Pakistan.
| | - Saleem Ahmad
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nirmal Vadgama
- Division of Biomedical Sciences (BMS), Human Genetics Research Center, St. George's University of London (SGUL), London, SW17 0RE, UK.
| | - Khadijah Bakur
- Princess Al-Jawhara Albrahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 80205, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Michael Simpson
- Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Jumana Yousuf Al-Aama
- Princess Al-Jawhara Albrahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 80205, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jamal Nasir
- Division of Biomedical Sciences (BMS), Human Genetics Research Center, St. George's University of London (SGUL), London, SW17 0RE, UK.
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43
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Kumar KR, Blair NF, Sue CM. An Update on the Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias: New Genes and New Disease Models. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2015; 2:213-223. [PMID: 30838228 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by spasticity in the lower limbs. We provide an overview of HSP with an emphasis on recent developments. Methods A PubMed search using the term "hereditary spastic paraplegia" and "hereditary spastic paraparesis" was conducted for a period from January 2012 to January 2015. We discuss and critique the major studies in the field over this 36-month period. Results A total of 346 publications were identified, of which 47 were selected for review. We provide an update of the common forms of HSP and include patient videos. We also discuss how next-generation sequencing (NGS) has led to the accelerated discovery of new HSP genes, including B4GALNT1,DDHD1, C19orf12,GBA2,TECPR2,DDHD2, C12orf65,REEP2, and IBA57. Moreover, a single study alone identified 18 previously unknown putative HSP genes and created a model for the protein interactions of HSP, called the "HSPome." Many of the newly reported genes cause rare, complicated, autosomal recessive forms of HSP. NGS also has important clinical applications by facilitating the molecular diagnosis of HSP. Furthermore, common genetic forms of HSP have been studied using new disease models, such as neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. These models have been used to elucidate important disease mechanisms and have served as platforms to screen for candidate drug compounds. Conclusion The field of HSP research has been progressing at a rapid pace. The challenge remains in translating these advances into new targeted disease therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore R Kumar
- Departments of Neurology and Neurogenetics Kolling Institute of Medical Research and Royal North Shore Hospital University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Nicholas F Blair
- Departments of Neurology and Neurogenetics Kolling Institute of Medical Research and Royal North Shore Hospital University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Carolyn M Sue
- Departments of Neurology and Neurogenetics Kolling Institute of Medical Research and Royal North Shore Hospital University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
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44
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Lu YW, Claypool SM. Disorders of phospholipid metabolism: an emerging class of mitochondrial disease due to defects in nuclear genes. Front Genet 2015; 6:3. [PMID: 25691889 PMCID: PMC4315098 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The human nuclear and mitochondrial genomes co-exist within each cell. While the mitochondrial genome encodes for a limited number of proteins, transfer RNAs, and ribosomal RNAs, the vast majority of mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nuclear genome. Of the multitude of mitochondrial disorders known to date, only a fifth are maternally inherited. The recent characterization of the mitochondrial proteome therefore serves as an important step toward delineating the nosology of a large spectrum of phenotypically heterogeneous diseases. Following the identification of the first nuclear gene defect to underlie a mitochondrial disorder, a plenitude of genetic variants that provoke mitochondrial pathophysiology have been molecularly elucidated and classified into six categories that impact: (1) oxidative phosphorylation (subunits and assembly factors); (2) mitochondrial DNA maintenance and expression; (3) mitochondrial protein import and assembly; (4) mitochondrial quality control (chaperones and proteases); (5) iron–sulfur cluster homeostasis; and (6) mitochondrial dynamics (fission and fusion). Here, we propose that an additional class of genetic variant be included in the classification schema to acknowledge the role of genetic defects in phospholipid biosynthesis, remodeling, and metabolism in mitochondrial pathophysiology. This seventh class includes a small but notable group of nuclear-encoded proteins whose dysfunction impacts normal mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism. The resulting human disorders present with a diverse array of pathologic consequences that reflect the variety of functions that phospholipids have in mitochondria and highlight the important role of proper membrane homeostasis in mitochondrial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven M Claypool
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
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Late-onset spastic ataxia phenotype in a patient with a homozygous DDHD2 mutation. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7132. [PMID: 25417924 PMCID: PMC5384088 DOI: 10.1038/srep07132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias and autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegias (ARHSPs) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurological disorders. Herein we describe Japanese siblings with a midlife-onset, slowly progressive type of cerebellar ataxia and spastic paraplegia, without intellectual disability. Using whole exome sequencing, we identified a homozygous missense mutation in DDHD2, whose mutations were recently identified as the cause of early-onset ARHSP with intellectual disability. Brain MRI of the patient showed a thin corpus callosum. Cerebral proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed an abnormal lipid peak in the basal ganglia, which has been reported as the hallmark of DDHD2-related ARHSP (SPG 54). The mutation caused a marked reduction of phospholipase A1 activity, supporting that this mutation is the cause of SPG54. Our cases indicate that the possibility of SPG54 should also be considered when patients show a combination of adult-onset spastic ataxia and a thin corpus callosum. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy may be helpful in the differential diagnosis of patients with spastic ataxia phenotype.
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The hereditary spastic paraplegia-related enzyme DDHD2 is a principal brain triglyceride lipase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:14924-9. [PMID: 25267624 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1413706111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a genetic disorder that causes lower limb spasticity and weakness and intellectual disability. Deleterious mutations in the poorly characterized serine hydrolase DDHD2 are a causative basis for recessive complex HSP. DDHD2 exhibits phospholipase activity in vitro, but its endogenous substrates and biochemical functions remain unknown. Here, we report the development of DDHD2(-/-) mice and a selective, in vivo-active DDHD2 inhibitor and their use in combination with mass spectrometry-based lipidomics to discover that DDHD2 regulates brain triglycerides (triacylglycerols, or TAGs). DDHD2(-/-) mice show age-dependent TAG elevations in the central nervous system, but not in several peripheral tissues. Large lipid droplets accumulated in DDHD2(-/-) brains and were localized primarily to the intracellular compartments of neurons. These metabolic changes were accompanied by impairments in motor and cognitive function. Recombinant DDHD2 displays TAG hydrolase activity, and TAGs accumulated in the brains of wild-type mice treated subchronically with a selective DDHD2 inhibitor. These findings, taken together, indicate that the central nervous system possesses a specialized pathway for metabolizing TAGs, disruption of which leads to massive lipid accumulation in neurons and complex HSP syndrome.
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Kunduri G, Yuan C, Parthibane V, Nyswaner KM, Kanwar R, Nagashima K, Britt SG, Mehta N, Kotu V, Porterfield M, Tiemeyer M, Dolph PJ, Acharya U, Acharya JK. Phosphatidic acid phospholipase A1 mediates ER-Golgi transit of a family of G protein-coupled receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 206:79-95. [PMID: 25002678 PMCID: PMC4085702 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201405020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic phosphatidic acid phospholipase A1 interacts with COPII protein family members and is required for the anterograde trafficking of GPCRs. The coat protein II (COPII)–coated vesicular system transports newly synthesized secretory and membrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi complex. Recruitment of cargo into COPII vesicles requires an interaction of COPII proteins either with the cargo molecules directly or with cargo receptors for anterograde trafficking. We show that cytosolic phosphatidic acid phospholipase A1 (PAPLA1) interacts with COPII protein family members and is required for the transport of Rh1 (rhodopsin 1), an N-glycosylated G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR), from the ER to the Golgi complex. In papla1 mutants, in the absence of transport to the Golgi, Rh1 is aberrantly glycosylated and is mislocalized. These defects lead to decreased levels of the protein and decreased sensitivity of the photoreceptors to light. Several GPCRs, including other rhodopsins and Bride of sevenless, are similarly affected. Our findings show that a cytosolic protein is necessary for transit of selective transmembrane receptor cargo by the COPII coat for anterograde trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govind Kunduri
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Changqing Yuan
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Velayoudame Parthibane
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Katherine M Nyswaner
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Ritu Kanwar
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Kunio Nagashima
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Steven G Britt
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Nickita Mehta
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Varshika Kotu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Mindy Porterfield
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Michael Tiemeyer
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Patrick J Dolph
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Usha Acharya
- Program in Gene Function and Expression, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Jairaj K Acharya
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
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Wei QQ, Chen Y, Zheng ZZ, Chen X, Huang R, Yang Y, Burgunder J, Shang HF. Spastin mutation screening in Chinese patients with pure hereditary spastic paraplegia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2014; 20:845-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Baba T, Kashiwagi Y, Arimitsu N, Kogure T, Edo A, Maruyama T, Nakao K, Nakanishi H, Kinoshita M, Frohman MA, Yamamoto A, Tani K. Phosphatidic acid (PA)-preferring phospholipase A1 regulates mitochondrial dynamics. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:11497-11511. [PMID: 24599962 PMCID: PMC4036285 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.531921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that phosphatidic acid (PA), a cone-shaped phospholipid that can generate negative curvature of lipid membranes, participates in mitochondrial fusion. However, precise mechanisms underling the production and consumption of PA on the mitochondrial surface are not fully understood. Phosphatidic acid-preferring phospholipase A1 (PA-PLA1)/DDHD1 is the first identified intracellular phospholipase A1 and preferentially hydrolyzes PA in vitro. Its cellular and physiological functions have not been elucidated. In this study, we show that PA-PLA1 regulates mitochondrial dynamics. PA-PLA1, when ectopically expressed in HeLa cells, induced mitochondrial fragmentation, whereas its depletion caused mitochondrial elongation. The effects of PA-PLA1 on mitochondrial morphology appear to counteract those of MitoPLD, a mitochondrion-localized phospholipase D that produces PA from cardiolipin. Consistent with high levels of expression of PA-PLA1 in testis, PA-PLA1 knock-out mice have a defect in sperm formation. In PA-PLA1-deficient sperm, the mitochondrial structure is disorganized, and an abnormal gap structure exists between the middle and principal pieces. A flagellum is bent at that position, leading to a loss of motility. Our results suggest a possible mechanism of PA regulation of the mitochondrial membrane and demonstrate an in vivo function of PA-PLA1 in the organization of mitochondria during spermiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Baba
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yuriko Kashiwagi
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Nagisa Arimitsu
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kogure
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Ayumi Edo
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Maruyama
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakao
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nakanishi
- Research Center for Biosignal, Akita University, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Makoto Kinoshita
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Michael A Frohman
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5140, and
| | - Akitsugu Yamamoto
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Katsuko Tani
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan,.
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Noreau A, Dion PA, Rouleau GA. Molecular aspects of hereditary spastic paraplegia. Exp Cell Res 2014; 325:18-26. [PMID: 24631291 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive lower limbs spasticity and weakness. What was first thought to be a small group of rare Mendelian disorder has now become a large group that includes many complex syndromes. While large families with defined modes of inheritance were used for the initial HSP gene discovery, new sequencing technologies have recently allowed the study of small families, with the identification of many new disease causative genes. These discoveries are slowly leading to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying HSP with the identification of precise disease pathways. These insights may lead to new therapeutic strategies for what is a group of largely untreatable diseases. This review looks at the key players involved in HSP and where they act in their specific pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Noreau
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Université de Montréal, Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick A Dion
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Université de Montréal, Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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