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Canela-Pérez I, Azuara-Liceaga E, Cuéllar P, Saucedo-Cárdenas O, Valdés J. Multiple types of nuclear localization signals in Entamoeba histolytica. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 39:101770. [PMID: 39055170 PMCID: PMC11269297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that belongs to the Amoebozoa supergroup whose study related to the nucleocytoplasmic transport of proteins through the nucleus is poorly studied. In this work, we have performed in silico predictions of the potential nuclear localization signals (NLS) corresponding to the proteome of 8201 proteins from Entamoeba histolytica annotated in the AmoebaDB database. We have found the presence of monopartite nuclear localization signals (MNLSs), bipartite nuclear localization signals (BNLSs), and non-canonical monopartite NLSs with lengths exceeding 20 amino acid residues. Additionally, we detected a new type of NLS consisting of multiple juxtaposed bipartite NLSs (JNLSs) that have not been described in any eukaryotic organism. Also, we have generated consensus sequences for the nuclear import of proteins with the NLSs obtained. Docking experiments between EhImportin α and an MNLS, BNLS, and JNLS outlined the interacting residues between the Importin and cargo proteins, emphasizing their putative roles in nuclear import. By transfecting HA-tagged protein constructs, we assessed the nuclear localization of MNLS (U1A and U2AF1), JMNLS (U2AF2), and non-canonical NLS (N-terminus of Pol ll) in vivo. Our data provide the basis for understanding the nuclear transport process in E. histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Canela-Pérez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, CINVESTAV-México, Av. IPN 2508 colonia San Pedro Zacatenco, GAM, CDMX, 07360, Mexico
| | - Elisa Azuara-Liceaga
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Mexico City, 03100, Mexico
| | - Patricia Cuéllar
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Mexico City, 03100, Mexico
| | - Odila Saucedo-Cárdenas
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, 67700, Mexico
| | - Jesús Valdés
- Departamento de Bioquímica, CINVESTAV-México, Av. IPN 2508 colonia San Pedro Zacatenco, GAM, CDMX, 07360, Mexico
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Zanatta D, Betanzos A, Azuara-Liceaga E, Montaño S, Orozco E. Entamoeba histolytica: EhADH, an Alix Protein, Participates in Several Virulence Events through Its Different Domains. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7609. [PMID: 39062867 PMCID: PMC11277477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the protozoan causative of human amoebiasis. The EhADH adhesin (687 aa) is a protein involved in tissue invasion, phagocytosis and host-cell lysis. EhADH adheres to the prey and follows its arrival to the multivesicular bodies. It is an accessory protein of the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) machinery. Here, to study the role of different parts of EhADH during virulence events, we produced trophozoites overexpressing the three domains of EhADH, Bro1 (1-400 aa), Linker (246-446 aa) and Adh (444-687 aa) to evaluate their role in virulence. The TrophozBro11-400 slightly increased adherence and phagocytosis, but these trophozoites showed a higher ability to destroy cell monolayers, augment the permeability of cultured epithelial cells and mouse colon, and produce more damage to hamster livers. The TrophozLinker226-446 also increased the virulence properties, but with lower effect than the TrophozBro11-400. In addition, this fragment participates in cholesterol transport and GTPase binding. Interestingly, the TrophozAdh444-687 produced the highest effect on adherence and phagocytosis, but it poorly influenced the monolayers destruction; nevertheless, they augmented the colon and liver damage. To identify the protein partners of each domain, we used recombinant peptides. Pull-down assays and mass spectrometry showed that Bro1 domain interplays with EhADH, Gal/GalNAc lectin, EhCPs, ESCRT machinery components and cytoskeleton proteins. While EhADH, ubiquitin, EhRabB, EhNPC1 and EhHSP70 were associated to the Linker domain, and EhADH, EhHSP70, EhPrx and metabolic enzymes interacted to the Adh domain. The diverse protein association confirms that EhADH is a versatile molecule with multiple functions probably given by its capacity to form distinct molecular complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dxinegueela Zanatta
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Abigail Betanzos
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Elisa Azuara-Liceaga
- Postgraduate in Genomic Sciences, Autonomous University of Mexico City, Mexico City 03100, Mexico;
| | - Sarita Montaño
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Simulation, Faculty of Biological Chemistry Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Sinaloa 80030, Mexico;
| | - Esther Orozco
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
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Herrera-Martínez M, Hernández-Ramírez VI, Montaño S, Chávez-Munguía B, Hernández-Carlos B, Talamás-Rohana P. Alpha-terthienyl increases filamentous actin of Entamoeba histolytica. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2022; 252:111512. [PMID: 36084901 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to know if alpha terthienyl (α-T) affects E. histolytica viability and to analyze its effect on the actin cytoskeleton. Trophozoites of E. histolytica HM1-IMSS were treated with α-T, then, cell viability and morphology were evaluated using tetrazolium salts and scanning electron microscopy, respectively; while actin filaments (F-actin) were stained with rhodamine-phalloidin, observed by confocal microscopy and quantified by fluorometry. Data showed that α-T inhibited cell viability of trophozoites (IC50, 19.43 µg / mL), affected the cell morphology, and increased the F-actin in a dose-dependent manner. Production of reactive oxygen species and RhoA-GTP levels remained normal in α-T-treated amebas. Two inhibitors that affect the organization of the trophozoites cytoskeleton, one that interacts directly with actin, Cytochalasin D (CD), and one that affects the Rho signaling pathway by inhibiting the downstream effector Rock, Y27632, were tested. Y27632 did not affect the increase of polymerized actin observed with α-T, this compound partially ameliorates the potent disrupting effects of CD on actin filaments. Docking results suggest that α-T could be an antagonist of CD for the same interaction zone in actin, however, more studies are needed to define the action mechanism of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Herrera-Martínez
- Instituto de Farmacobiología, Universidad de la Cañada, Carretera Teotitlán - San Antonio Nanahuatipán Km 1.7 s/n., Paraje Titlacuatitla, Teotitlán de Flores Magón, Oaxaca 68540, Mexico.
| | - Verónica Ivonne Hernández-Ramírez
- Departmento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico.
| | - Sarita Montaño
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Calzada de las Américas, Norte 2771, Ciudad Universitaria, Burócrata, Culiacán Rosales, Sinaloa 80030, Mexico.
| | - Bibiana Chávez-Munguía
- Departmento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico.
| | - Beatriz Hernández-Carlos
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Agroindustrias, Universidad Tecnológica de la Mixteca, Carretera a Acatlima Km. 2.5, Acatlima, Huajuapan de León, Oaxaca 69000, Mexico.
| | - Patricia Talamás-Rohana
- Departmento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico.
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Bañuelos C, Betanzos A, Javier-Reyna R, Galindo A, Orozco E. Molecular interplays of the Entamoeba histolytica endosomal sorting complexes required for transport during phagocytosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:855797. [PMID: 36389174 PMCID: PMC9647190 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.855797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of human amoebiasis, exhibits a continuous membrane remodelling to exert its virulence properties. During this dynamic process, the Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery is a key player, particularly in phagocytosis, a virulence hallmark of this parasite. In addition to ESCRT, other molecules contribute to membrane remodelling, including the EhADH adhesin, EhRabs, actin, and the lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA). The endocytosis of a prey or molecules induces membrane invaginations, resulting in endosome and multivesicular bodies (MVBs) formation for cargo delivery into lysosomes. Alternatively, some proteins are recycled or secreted. Most of these pathways have been broadly characterized in other biological systems, but poorly described in protozoan parasites. Here, we encompass 10 years of ESCRT research in E. histolytica, highlighting the role of the ESCRT-I and ESCRT-III components and the EhADH and EhVps4-ATPase accessory proteins during phagocytosis. In particular, EhADH exhibits a multifunctional role along the endocytic pathway, from cargo recognition to endosome maturation and lysosomal degradation. Interestingly, the interaction of EhADH with EhVps32 seems to shape a concurrent route to the conventional one for MVBs biogenesis, that could optimize their formation. Furthermore, this adhesin is secreted, but its role in this event remains under study. Other components from the endosomal pathway, such as EhVps23 and LBPA, are also secreted. A proteomic approach performed here, using an anti-LBPA antibody, revealed that some proteins related to membrane trafficking, cellular transport, cytoskeleton dynamics, and transcriptional and translational functions are secreted and associated to LBPA. Altogether, the accumulated knowledge around the ESCRT machinery in E. histolytica, points it out as a dynamic platform facilitating the interaction of molecules participating in different cellular events. Seen as an integrated system, ESCRTs lead to a better understanding of E. histolytica phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bañuelos
- Coordinación General de Programas de Posgrado Multidisciplinarios, Programa de Doctorado Transdisciplinario en Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico para la Sociedad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Abigail Betanzos
- Investigadores por Mexico, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosario Javier-Reyna
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ausencio Galindo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Esther Orozco
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico
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Ramires MDJ, Hummel K, Hatfaludi T, Riedl P, Hess M, Bilic I. Comparative Surfaceome Analysis of Clonal Histomonas meleagridis Strains with Different Pathogenicity Reveals Strain-Dependent Profiles. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10101884. [PMID: 36296163 PMCID: PMC9610433 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Histomonas meleagridis, a poultry-specific intestinal protozoan parasite, is histomonosis’s etiological agent. Since treatment or prophylaxis options are no longer available in various countries, histomonosis can lead to significant production losses in chickens and mortality in turkeys. The surfaceome of microbial pathogens is a crucial component of host–pathogen interactions. Recent proteome and exoproteome studies on H. meleagridis produced molecular data associated with virulence and in vitro attenuation, yet the information on proteins exposed on the cell surface is currently unknown. Thus, in the present study, we identified 1485 proteins and quantified 22 and 45 upregulated proteins in the virulent and attenuated strains, respectively, by applying cell surface biotinylation in association with high-throughput proteomic analysis. The virulent strain displayed upregulated proteins that could be linked to putative virulence factors involved in the colonization and establishment of infection, with the upregulation of two candidates being confirmed by expression analysis. In the attenuated strain, structural, transport and energy production proteins were upregulated, supporting the protozoan’s adaptation to the in vitro environment. These results provide a better understanding of the surface molecules involved in the pathogenesis of histomonosis, while highlighting the pathogen’s in vitro adaptation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo de Jesus Ramires
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Hummel
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tamas Hatfaludi
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Riedl
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines (IPOV), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivana Bilic
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-12-5077-5158; Fax: +43-12-5077-5192
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6
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Goswami P, Samanta SK, Agarwal T, Ghosh SK. Stress-responsive AMP Kinase like protein regulates encystation of Entamoeba invadens. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2022; 251:111507. [PMID: 35870645 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Starvation is always accompanied by an increase in the ratio of AMP/ATP followed by activation of AMPK. It is one of the sensors for cellular energy status and is highly conserved across various species. Its role in the stage differentiation process of protozoan species like Giardia, Plasmodium, Trypanosome, and Toxoplasma has been reported. Since Entamoeba undergoes encystation in glucose-starved conditions; it intrigued us to investigate the existence and role of AMPK during the differentiation of trophozoites to the cyst. By employing in silico approaches, we have identified an AMPK homologue which is denominated here as EiAMPK (AMPK-like protein in Entamoeba invadens). Sequence and structural analysis indicate that EiAMPK is sequentially and structurally similar to the AMPK alpha subunit of other organisms. The recombinant form of EiAMPK was functionally active and in accordance, its activity was inhibited by an AMPK-specific inhibitor (eg. Compound C). The increased expression of EiAMPK during different stresses indicated that EiAMPK is a stress-responsive gene. To further investigate, whether EiAMPK has any role in encystation, we employed RNAi-mediated gene silencing that demonstrated its active involvement in encystation. It is known that Entamoeba maintains a flow of glucose from the glycolytic pathway to chitin synthesis for cyst wall formation during encystation. It is conceivable that EiAMPK might have a command over such glucose metabolism. As anticipated, the chitin synthesis was found greatly inhibited in both EiAMPK knockdown and Compound C treated cells, indicating that EiAMPK regulates the cyst wall chitin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyali Goswami
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Sintu Kumar Samanta
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Tarun Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Sudip K Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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Bosch DE, Jeck WR, Siderovski DP. Self-activating G protein α subunits engage seven-transmembrane Regulator of G protein Signaling (RGS) proteins and a Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor effector in the amoeba Naegleria fowleri. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102167. [PMID: 35738399 PMCID: PMC9283941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri is a causative agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis and is highly resistant to current therapies, resulting in mortality rates >97%. As many therapeutics target G protein-centered signal transduction pathways, further understanding the functional significance of G protein signaling within N. fowleri should aid future drug discovery against this pathogen. Here, we report that the N. fowleri genome encodes numerous transcribed G protein signaling components, including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), heterotrimeric G protein subunits, Regulator of G protein Signaling (RGS) proteins, and candidate Gα effector proteins. We found N. fowleri Gα subunits have diverse nucleotide cycling kinetics; Nf Gα5 and Gα7 exhibit more rapid nucleotide exchange than GTP hydrolysis (i.e. "self-activating" behavior). A crystal structure of Nf Gα7 highlights the stability of its nucleotide-free state, consistent with its rapid nucleotide exchange. Variations in the phosphate binding loop (P-loop) also contribute to nucleotide cycling differences among Gα subunits. Similar to plant G protein signaling pathways, N. fowleri Gα subunits selectively engage members of a large seven-transmembrane RGS protein family, resulting in acceleration of GTP hydrolysis. We show Nf Gα2 and Gα3 directly interact with a candidate Gα effector protein, RGS-RhoGEF, similar to mammalian Gα12/13 signaling pathways. We demonstrate Nf Gα2 and Gα3 each engage RGS-RhoGEF through a canonical Gα/RGS domain interface, suggesting a shared evolutionary origin with G protein signaling in the enteric pathogen Entamoeba histolytica. These findings further illuminate the evolution of G protein signaling and identify potential targets of pharmacological manipulation in Naegleria fowleri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin E Bosch
- Department of Pathology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
| | - William R Jeck
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David P Siderovski
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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Sarid L, Zanditenas E, Ye J, Trebicz-Geffen M, Ankri S. Insights into the Mechanisms of Lactobacillus acidophilus Activity against Entamoeba histolytica by Using Thiol Redox Proteomics. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:814. [PMID: 35624678 PMCID: PMC9137826 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Amebiasis is an intestinal disease transmitted by the protist parasite, Entamoeba histolytica. Lactobacillus acidophilus is a common inhabitant of healthy human gut and a probiotic that has antimicrobial properties against a number of pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and parasites. The aim of this study was to investigate the amebicide activity of L. acidophilus and its mechanisms. For this purpose, E. histolytica and L. acidophilus were co-incubated and the parasite's viability was determined by eosin dye exclusion. The level of ozidized proteins (OXs) in the parasite was determined by resin-assisted capture RAC (OX-RAC). Incubation with L. acidophilus for two hours reduced the viability of E. histolytica trophozoites by 50%. As a result of the interaction with catalase, an enzyme that degrades hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water and oxygen, this amebicide activity is lost, indicating that it is mediated by H2O2 produced by L. acidophilus. Redox proteomics shows that L. acidophilus triggers the oxidation of many essential amebic enzymes such as pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase, the lectin Gal/GalNAc, and cysteine proteases (CPs). Further, trophozoites of E. histolytica incubated with L. acidophilus show reduced binding to mammalian cells. These results support L. acidophilus as a prophylactic candidate against amebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Serge Ankri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel; (L.S.); (E.Z.); (J.Y.); (M.T.-G.)
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Umarao P, Rath PP, Gourinath S. Cdc42/Rac Interactive Binding Containing Effector Proteins in Unicellular Protozoans With Reference to Human Host: Locks of the Rho Signaling. Front Genet 2022; 13:781885. [PMID: 35186026 PMCID: PMC8847673 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.781885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases are the key to actin cytoskeleton signaling, which opens the lock of effector proteins to forward the signal downstream in several cellular pathways. Actin cytoskeleton assembly is associated with cell polarity, adhesion, movement and other functions in eukaryotic cells. Rho proteins, specifically Cdc42 and Rac, are the primary regulators of actin cytoskeleton dynamics in higher and lower eukaryotes. Effector proteins, present in an inactive state gets activated after binding to the GTP bound Cdc42/Rac to relay a signal downstream. Cdc42/Rac interactive binding (CRIB) motif is an essential conserved sequence found in effector proteins to interact with Cdc42 or Rac. A diverse range of Cdc42/Rac and their effector proteins have evolved from lower to higher eukaryotes. The present study has identified and further classified CRIB containing effector proteins in lower eukaryotes, focusing on parasitic protozoans causing neglected tropical diseases and taking human proteins as a reference point to the highest evolved organism in the evolutionary trait. Lower eukaryotes’ CRIB containing proteins fall into conventional effector molecules, PAKs (p21 activated kinase), Wiskoit-Aldrich Syndrome proteins family, and some have unique domain combinations unlike any known proteins. We also highlight the correlation between the effector protein isoforms and their selective specificity for Cdc42 or Rac proteins during evolution. Here, we report CRIB containing effector proteins; ten in Dictyostelium and Entamoeba, fourteen in Acanthamoeba, one in Trypanosoma and Giardia. CRIB containing effector proteins that have been studied so far in humans are potential candidates for drug targets in cancer, neurological disorders, and others. Conventional CRIB containing proteins from protozoan parasites remain largely elusive and our data provides their identification and classification for further in-depth functional validations. The tropical diseases caused by protozoan parasites lack combinatorial drug targets as effective paradigms. Targeting signaling mechanisms operative in these pathogens can provide greater molecules in combatting their infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Umarao
- Structural Biology Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Pragyan Parimita Rath
- Structural Biology Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Samudrala Gourinath
- Structural Biology Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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10
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Le Clec’h W, Chevalier FD, McDew-White M, Menon V, Arya GA, Anderson TJ. Genetic architecture of transmission stage production and virulence in schistosome parasites. Virulence 2021; 12:1508-1526. [PMID: 34167443 PMCID: PMC8237990 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1932183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Both theory and experimental data from pathogens suggest that the production of transmission stages should be strongly associated with virulence, but the genetic bases of parasite transmission/virulence traits are poorly understood. The blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni shows extensive variation in numbers of cercariae larvae shed and in their virulence to infected snail hosts, consistent with expected trade-offs between parasite transmission and virulence. We crossed schistosomes from two populations that differ 8-fold in cercarial shedding and in their virulence to Biomphalaria glabrata snail hosts, and determined four-week cercarial shedding profiles in F0 parents, F1 parents and 376 F2 progeny from two independent crosses in inbred snails. Sequencing and linkage analysis revealed that cercarial production is polygenic and controlled by five QTLs (i.e. Quantitative Trait Loci). These QTLs act additively, explaining 28.56% of the phenotypic variation. These results demonstrate that the genetic architecture of key traits relevant to schistosome ecology can be dissected using classical linkage mapping approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winka Le Clec’h
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Vinay Menon
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Grace-Ann Arya
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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11
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Bharadwaj R, Kushwaha T, Ahmad A, Inampudi KK, Nozaki T. An atypical EhGEF regulates phagocytosis in Entamoeba histolytica through EhRho1. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010030. [PMID: 34807955 PMCID: PMC8648123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The parasite Entamoeba histolytica is the etiological agent of amoebiasis, a major cause of morbidity and mortality due to parasitic diseases in developing countries. Phagocytosis is an essential mode of obtaining nutrition and has been associated with the virulence behaviour of E. histolytica. Signalling pathways involved in activation of cytoskeletal dynamics required for phagocytosis remains to be elucidated in this parasite. Our group has been studying initiation of phagocytosis and formation of phagosomes in E. histolytica and have described some of the molecules that play key roles in the process. Here we showed the involvement of non-Dbl Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor, EhGEF in regulation of amoebic phagocytosis by regulating activation of EhRho1. EhGEF was found in the phagocytic cups during the progression of cups, until closure of phagosomes, but not in the phagosomes themselves. Our observation from imaging, pull down experiments and down regulating expression of different molecules suggest that EhGEF interacts with EhRho1 and it is required during initiation of phagocytosis and phagosome formation. Also, biophysical, and computational analysis reveals that EhGEF mediates GTP exchange on EhRho1 via an unconventional pathway. In conclusion, we describe a non-Dbl EhGEF of EhRho1 which is involved in endocytic processes of E. histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Bharadwaj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tushar Kushwaha
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Azhar Ahmad
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Krishna K. Inampudi
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TN); , (S)
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12
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Shaulov Y, Sarid L, Trebicz-Geffen M, Ankri S. Entamoeba histolytica Adaption to Auranofin: A Phenotypic and Multi-Omics Characterization. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081240. [PMID: 34439488 PMCID: PMC8389260 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Auranofin (AF), an antirheumatic agent, targets mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an important enzyme controlling redox homeostasis. AF is also highly effective against a diversity of pathogenic bacteria and protozoan parasites. Here, we report on the resistance of the parasite Entamoeba histolytica to 2 µM of AF that was acquired by gradual exposure of the parasite to an increasing amount of the drug. AF-adapted E. histolytica trophozoites (AFAT) have impaired growth and cytopathic activity, and are more sensitive to oxidative stress (OS), nitrosative stress (NS), and metronidazole (MNZ) than wild type (WT) trophozoites. Integrated transcriptomics and redoxomics analyses showed that many upregulated genes in AFAT, including genes encoding for dehydrogenase and cytoskeletal proteins, have their product oxidized in wild type trophozoites exposed to AF (acute AF trophozoites) but not in AFAT. We also showed that the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidized proteins (OXs) in AFAT is lower than that in acute AF trophozoites. Overexpression of E. histolytica TrxR (EhTrxR) did not protect the parasite against AF, which suggests that EhTrxR is not central to the mechanism of adaptation to AF.
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13
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Queuine Is a Nutritional Regulator of Entamoeba histolytica Response to Oxidative Stress and a Virulence Attenuator. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.03549-20. [PMID: 33688012 PMCID: PMC8092309 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03549-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is a unicellular parasite that causes amebiasis. The parasite resides in the colon and feeds on the colonic microbiota. Queuosine is a naturally occurring modified ribonucleoside found in the first position of the anticodon of the transfer RNAs for Asp, Asn, His, and Tyr. Eukaryotes lack pathways to synthesize queuine, the nucleobase precursor to queuosine, and must obtain it from diet or gut microbiota. Here, we describe the effects of queuine on the physiology of the eukaryotic parasite Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amebic dysentery. Queuine is efficiently incorporated into E. histolytica tRNAs by a tRNA-guanine transglycosylase (EhTGT) and this incorporation stimulates the methylation of C38 in
tRNAGUCAsp. Queuine protects the parasite against oxidative stress (OS) and antagonizes the negative effect that oxidation has on translation by inducing the expression of genes involved in the OS response, such as heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), antioxidant enzymes, and enzymes involved in DNA repair. On the other hand, queuine impairs E. histolytica virulence by downregulating the expression of genes previously associated with virulence, including cysteine proteases, cytoskeletal proteins, and small GTPases. Silencing of EhTGT prevents incorporation of queuine into tRNAs and strongly impairs methylation of C38 in
tRNAGUCAsp, parasite growth, resistance to OS, and cytopathic activity. Overall, our data reveal that queuine plays a dual role in promoting OS resistance and reducing parasite virulence.
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14
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Medina-Rosales MN, Muñoz-Ortega MH, García-Hernández MH, Talamás-Rohana P, Medina-Ramírez IE, Salas-Morón LG, Martínez-Hernández SL, Ávila-Blanco ME, Medina-Rosales B, Ventura-Juárez J. Acetylcholine Upregulates Entamoeba histolytica Virulence Factors, Enhancing Parasite Pathogenicity in Experimental Liver Amebiasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:586354. [PMID: 33585267 PMCID: PMC7876292 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.586354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is an invasive enteric protozoan, whose infections are associated to high morbidity and mortality rates. However, only less than 10% of infected patients develop invasive amebiasis. The ability of E. histolytica to adapt to the intestinal microenvironment could be determinant in triggering pathogenic behavior. Indeed, during chronic inflammation, the vagus nerve limits the immune response through the anti-inflammatory reflex, which includes acetylcholine (ACh) as one of the predominant neurotransmitters at the infection site. Consequently, the response of E. histolytica trophozoites to ACh could be implicated in the establishment of invasive disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ACh on E. histolytica virulence. Methods include binding detection of ACh to plasma membrane, quantification of the relative expression of virulence factors by RT-PCR and western blot, evaluation of the effect of ACh in different cellular processes related to E. histolytica pathogenesis, and assessment of the capability of E. histolytica to migrate and form hepatic abscesses in hamsters. Results demonstrated that E. histolytica trophozoites bind ACh on their membrane and show a clear increase of the expression of virulence factors, that were upregulated upon stimulation with the neurotransmitter. ACh treatment increased the expression of L220, Gal/GalNAc lectin heavy subunit (170 kDa), amebapore C, cysteine proteinase 2 (ehcp-a2), and cysteine proteinase 5 (ehcp-a5). Moreover, erythrophagocytosis, cytotoxicity, and actin cytoskeleton remodeling were augmented after ACh treatment. Likewise, by assessing the formation of amebic liver abscess, we found that stimulated trophozoites to develop greater hamster hepatic lesions with multiple granulomas. In conclusion, ACh enhanced parasite pathogenicity by upregulating diverse virulence factors, thereby contributing to disease severity, and could be linked to the establishment of invasive amebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Nayeli Medina-Rosales
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Martín Humberto Muñoz-Ortega
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | | | - Patricia Talamás-Rohana
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Larissa Guadalupe Salas-Morón
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Sandra Luz Martínez-Hernández
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Manuel Enrique Ávila-Blanco
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Medina-Rosales
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Javier Ventura-Juárez
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
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15
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Guillen N. Signals and signal transduction pathways in Entamoeba histolytica during the life cycle and when interacting with bacteria or human cells. Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:901-915. [PMID: 33249684 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the etiological agent of amebiasis in humans. This ameba parasite resides as a commensal in the intestine where it shares intestinal resources with the bacterial microbiome. In the intestinal ecosystem, the ameba encysts and eventually develops disease by invading the tissues. E. histolytica possesses cell surface receptors for the proper sensing of signals involved in encystation or sustaining parasite interaction with bacteria and human cells. Among those receptors are the Gal/GalNAc lectin, G protein-coupled receptors, and transmembrane kinases. In addition there are recently discovered, promising proteins, including orthologs of Toll-type receptors and β trefoil lectins. These proteins trigger a wide variety of signal transduction pathways; however, most of the players involved in the signaling pathways evoked in this parasite are unknown. This review provides an overview of amoebic receptors and their role in encystation, adherence to bacteria or human cells, as well as the reported intracellular signal transduction processes that they can trigger. This knowledge is essential for understanding the lifestyle of E. histolytica and its cytopathic effect on bacteria and human cells that are responsible for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Guillen
- Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS-ERL9195, Paris, France
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16
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Agarwal S, Rath PP, Anand G, Gourinath S. Uncovering the Cyclic AMP Signaling Pathway of the Protozoan Parasite Entamoeba histolytica and Understanding Its Role in Phagocytosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:566726. [PMID: 33102254 PMCID: PMC7546249 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.566726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Second messenger signaling controls a surprisingly diverse range of processes in several eukaryotic pathogens. Molecular machinery and pathways involving these messengers thus hold tremendous opportunities for therapeutic interventions. Relative to Ca2+ signaling, the knowledge of a crucial second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) and its signaling pathway is very scant in the intestinal parasite Entamoeba histolytica. In the current study, mining the available genomic resources, we have for the first time identified the cAMP signal transduction pathway of E. histolytica. Three heptahelical proteins with variable G-protein-coupled receptor domains, heterotrimeric G-proteins (Gα, Gβ, and Gγ subunits), soluble adenylyl cyclase, cyclase-associated protein, and enzyme carbonic anhydrase were identified in its genome. We could also identify several putative candidate genes for cAMP downstream effectors such as protein kinase A, A-kinase anchoring proteins, and exchange protein directly activated by the cAMP pathway. Using specific inhibitors against key identified targets, we could observe changes in the intracellular cAMP levels as well as defect in the rate of phagocytosis of red blood cells by the parasite E. histolytica. We thus strongly believe that characterization of some of these unexplored crucial signaling determinants will provide a paradigm shift in understanding the pathogenicity of this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Agarwal
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Gaurav Anand
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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17
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Konczal M, Przesmycka KJ, Mohammed RS, Phillips KP, Camara F, Chmielewski S, Hahn C, Guigo R, Cable J, Radwan J. Gene duplications, divergence and recombination shape adaptive evolution of the fish ectoparasite Gyrodactylus bullatarudis. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:1494-1507. [PMID: 32222008 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Determining the molecular basis of parasite adaptation to its host is an important component in understanding host-parasite coevolution and the epidemiology of parasitic infections. Here, we investigate short- and long-term adaptive evolution in the eukaryotic parasite Gyrodactylus bullatarudis infecting Caribbean guppies (Poecilia reticulata), by comparing the reference genome of Tobagonian G. bullatarudis with other Platyhelminthes, and by analysing resequenced samples from local Trinidadian populations. At the macroevolutionary timescale, we observed duplication of G-protein and serine proteases genes, which are probably important in host-parasite arms races. Serine protease also showed strong evidence of ongoing, diversifying selection at the microevolutionary timescale. Furthermore, our analyses revealed that a hybridization event, involving two divergent genomes, followed by recombination has dramatically affected the genetic composition of Trinidadian populations. The recombinant genotypes invaded Trinidad and replaced local parasites in all populations. We localized more than 300 genes in regions fixed in local populations for variants of different origin, possibly due to diversifying selection pressure from local host populations. In addition, around 70 genes were localized in regions identified as heterozygous in some, but not all, individuals. This pattern is consistent with a very recent spread of recombinant parasites. Overall, our results are consistent with the idea that recombination between divergent genomes can result in particularly successful parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Konczal
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Karolina J Przesmycka
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ryan S Mohammed
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies Zoology Museum, UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Karl P Phillips
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Marine Institute, Newport (Mayo), Ireland
| | - Francisco Camara
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastian Chmielewski
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Roderic Guigo
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jo Cable
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jacek Radwan
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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18
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Shaulov Y, Nagaraja S, Sarid L, Trebicz-Geffen M, Ankri S. Formation of oxidised (OX) proteins in Entamoeba histolytica exposed to auranofin and consequences on the parasite virulence. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13174. [PMID: 32017328 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Metronidazole (MNZ), the first line drug for amoebiasis and auranofin (AF), an emerging antiprotozoan drug, are both inhibiting Entamoeba histolytica thioredoxin reductase. The nature of oxidised proteins (OXs) formed in AF- or MNZ-treated E. histolytica trophozoites is unknown. In order to fill this knowledge gap, we performed a large-scale identification and quantification of the OXs formed in AF- or MNZ-treated E. histolytica trophozoites using resin-assisted capture coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). We detected 661 OXs in MNZ-treated trophozoites and 583 OXs in AF-treated trophozoites. More than 50% of these OXs were shared, and their functions include hydrolases, enzyme modulators, transferases, nucleic acid binding proteins, oxidoreductases, cytoskeletal proteins, chaperones, and ligases. Here, we report that the formation of actin filaments (F-actin) is impaired in AF-treated trophozoites. Consequently, their erythrophagocytosis, cytopathic activity, and their motility are impaired. We also observed that less than 15% of OXs present in H2 O2 -treated trophozoites are also present in AF- or MNZ-treated trophozoites. These results strongly suggest that the formation of OXs in AF- or MNZ-treated trophozoites and in H2 O2 -treated trophozoites occurred by two different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Shaulov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shruti Nagaraja
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lotem Sarid
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Meirav Trebicz-Geffen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Serge Ankri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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19
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Membrane associated proteins of two Trichomonas gallinae clones vary with the virulence. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224032. [PMID: 31647841 PMCID: PMC6812828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal avian trichomonosis is mainly caused by Trichomonas gallinae, a protozoan parasite that affects the upper digestive tract of birds. Lesions of the disease are characterized by severe inflammation which may result in fatality by starvation. Two genotypes of T. gallinae were found to be widely distributed in different bird species all over the world. Differences in the host distribution and association with lesions of both genotypes have been reported. However, so far no distinct virulence factors of this parasite have been described and studies might suffer from possible co-infections of different genotypes. Therefore, in this paper, we analyzed the virulence capacity of seven clones of the parasite, established by micromanipulation, representing the two most frequent genotypes. Clones of both genotypes caused the maximum score of virulence at day 3 post-inoculation in LMH cells, although significant higher cytopathogenic score was found in ITS-OBT-Tg-1 genotype clones at days 1 and 2, as compared to clones with ITS-OBT-Tg-2. By using one representative clone of each genotype, a comparative proteomic analysis of the membrane proteins enriched fraction has been carried out by a label free approach (Data available via ProteomeXchange: PXD013115). The analysis resulted in 302 proteins of varying abundance. In the clone with the highest initial virulence, proteins related to cell adhesion, such as an immuno-dominant variable surface antigen, a GP63-like protein, an armadillo/beta-catenin-like repeat protein were found more abundant. Additionally, Ras superfamily proteins and calmodulins were more abundant, which might be related to an increased activity in the cytoskeleton re-organization. On the contrary, in the clone with the lowest initial virulence, larger numbers of the identified proteins were related to the carbohydrate metabolism. The results of the present work deliver substantial differences between both clones that could be related to feeding processes and morphological changes, similarly to the closely related pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis.
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20
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Probst A, Nguyen TN, El-Sakkary N, Skinner D, Suzuki BM, Buckner FS, Gelb MH, Caffrey CR, Debnath A. Bioactivity of Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors Against Entamoeba histolytica and Schistosoma mansoni. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:180. [PMID: 31192168 PMCID: PMC6548881 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica can induce amebic colitis and amebic liver abscess. First-line drugs for the treatment of amebiasis are nitroimidazoles, particularly metronidazole. Metronidazole has side effects and potential drug resistance is a concern. Schistosomiasis, a chronic and painful infection, is caused by various species of the Schistosoma flatworm. There is only one partially effective drug, praziquantel, a worrisome situation should drug resistance emerge. As many essential metabolic pathways and enzymes are shared between eukaryotic organisms, it is possible to conceive of small molecule interventions that target more than one organism or target, particularly when chemical matter is already available. Farnesyltransferase (FT), the last common enzyme for products derived from the mevalonate pathway, is vital for diverse functions, including cell differentiation and growth. Both E. histolytica and Schistosoma mansoni genomes encode FT genes. In this study, we phenotypically screened E. histolytica and S. mansoni in vitro with the established FT inhibitors, lonafarnib and tipifarnib, and with 125 tipifarnib analogs previously screened against both the whole organism and/or the FT of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi. For E. histolytica, we also explored whether synergy arises by combining lonafarnib and metronidazole or lonafarnib with statins that modulate protein prenylation. We demonstrate the anti-amebic and anti-schistosomal activities of lonafarnib and tipifarnib, and identify 17 tipifarnib analogs with more than 75% growth inhibition at 50 μM against E. histolytica. Apart from five analogs of tipifarnib exhibiting activity against both E. histolytica and S. mansoni, 10 additional analogs demonstrated anti-schistosomal activity (severe degenerative changes at 10 μM after 24 h). Analysis of the structure-activity relationship available for the T. brucei FT suggests that FT may not be the relevant target in E. histolytica and S. mansoni. For E. histolytica, combination of metronidazole and lonafarnib resulted in synergism for growth inhibition. Also, of a number of statins tested, simvastatin exhibited moderate anti-amebic activity which, when combined with lonafarnib, resulted in slight synergism. Even in the absence of a definitive molecular target, identification of potent anti-parasitic tipifarnib analogs encourages further exploration while the synergistic combination of metronidazole and lonafarnib offers a promising treatment strategy for amebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Probst
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Thi N Nguyen
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nelly El-Sakkary
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Danielle Skinner
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Brian M Suzuki
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Frederick S Buckner
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Michael H Gelb
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Conor R Caffrey
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Anjan Debnath
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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21
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Espinosa A, Paz-Y-Miño-C G. Discrimination Experiments in Entamoeba and Evidence from Other Protists Suggest Pathogenic Amebas Cooperate with Kin to Colonize Hosts and Deter Rivals. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2019; 66:354-368. [PMID: 30055104 PMCID: PMC6349510 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is one of the least understood protists in terms of taxa, clone, and kin discrimination/recognition ability. However, the capacity to tell apart same or self (clone/kin) from different or nonself (nonclone/nonkin) has long been demonstrated in pathogenic eukaryotes like Trypanosoma and Plasmodium, free-living social amebas (Dictyostelium, Polysphondylium), budding yeast (Saccharomyces), and in numerous bacteria and archaea (prokaryotes). Kin discrimination/recognition is explained under inclusive fitness theory; that is, the reproductive advantage that genetically closely related organisms (kin) can gain by cooperating preferably with one another (rather than with distantly related or unrelated individuals), minimizing antagonism and competition with kin, and excluding genetic strangers (or cheaters = noncooperators that benefit from others' investments in altruistic cooperation). In this review, we rely on the outcomes of in vitro pairwise discrimination/recognition encounters between seven Entamoeba lineages to discuss the biological significance of taxa, clone, and kin discrimination/recognition in a range of generalist and specialist species (close or distantly related phylogenetically). We then focus our discussion on the importance of these laboratory observations for E. histolytica's life cycle, host infestation, and implications of these features of the amebas' natural history for human health (including mitigation of amebiasis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Avelina Espinosa
- Department of Biology, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island
- New England Center for the Public Understanding of Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island
| | - Guillermo Paz-Y-Miño-C
- New England Center for the Public Understanding of Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island
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22
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Verma K, Srivastava VK, Datta S. Rab GTPases take centre stage in understanding Entamoeba histolytica biology. Small GTPases 2018; 11:320-333. [PMID: 30273093 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2018.1528840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases constitute the largest subgroup in the Ras superfamily of GTPases. It is well established that different Rab GTPases are localized in discrete subcellular localization and regulate the membrane trafficking in nearly all eukaryotic cells. Rab GTPase diversity is often regarded as an expression of vesicular trafficking complexity. The pathogenic amoeba Entamoeba histolytica harbours 91 Rab GTPases which is the highest among the currently available genome sequences from the eukaryotic kingdom. Here, we review the current status of amoebic Rab GTPases diversity, unique biochemical and structural features and summarise their predicted regulators. We discuss how amoebic Rab GTPases are involved in cellular processes such as endocytosis, phagocytosis, and invasion of host cellular components, which are essential for parasite survival and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Verma
- Institute of Science, Nirma University , Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster , Faridabad, India
| | | | - Sunando Datta
- Department of Biological Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal , Bhauri, India
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23
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Ng YL, Olivos-García A, Lim TK, Noordin R, Lin Q, Othman N. Entamoeba histolytica: Quantitative Proteomics Analysis Reveals Putative Virulence-Associated Differentially Abundant Membrane Proteins. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99:1518-1529. [PMID: 30298805 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that causes amebiasis and poses a significant health risk for populations in endemic areas. The molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis and regulation of the parasite are not well characterized. We aimed to identify and quantify the differentially abundant membrane proteins by comparing the membrane proteins of virulent and avirulent variants of E. histolytica HM-1:IMSS, and to investigate the potential associations among the differentially abundant membrane proteins. We performed quantitative proteomics analysis using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation labeling, in combination with two mass spectrometry instruments, that is, nano-liquid chromatography (nanoLC)-matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry and nanoLC-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Overall, 37 membrane proteins were found to be differentially abundant, whereby 19 and 18 membrane proteins of the virulent variant of E. histolytica increased and decreased in abundance, respectively. Proteins that were differentially abundant include Rho family GTPase, calreticulin, a 70-kDa heat shock protein, and hypothetical proteins. Analysis by Protein ANalysis THrough Evolutionary Relationships database revealed that the differentially abundant membrane proteins were mainly involved in catalytic activities (29.7%) and metabolic processes (32.4%). Differentially abundant membrane proteins that were found to be involved mainly in the catalytic activities and the metabolic processes were highlighted together with their putative roles in relation to the virulence. Further investigations should be performed to elucidate the roles of these proteins in E. histolytica pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Ling Ng
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Alfonso Olivos-García
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Teck Kwang Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rahmah Noordin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Qingsong Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nurulhasanah Othman
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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24
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Bharadwaj R, Sharma S, Arya R, Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharya A. EhRho1 regulates phagocytosis by modulating actin dynamics through EhFormin1 and EhProfilin1 inEntamoeba histolytica. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12851. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Bharadwaj
- School of Life Sciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Shalini Sharma
- School of Life Sciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Ranjana Arya
- School of Biotechnology; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Sudha Bhattacharya
- School of Environmental Sciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Alok Bhattacharya
- School of Life Sciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
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25
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Mazumdar R, Endler L, Monoyios A, Hess M, Bilic I. Establishment of a de novo Reference Transcriptome of Histomonas meleagridis Reveals Basic Insights About Biological Functions and Potential Pathogenic Mechanisms of the Parasite. Protist 2017; 168:663-685. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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26
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Herman E, Siegesmund MA, Bottery MJ, van Aerle R, Shather MM, Caler E, Dacks JB, van der Giezen M. Membrane Trafficking Modulation during Entamoeba Encystation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12854. [PMID: 28993644 PMCID: PMC5634486 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12875-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is an intestinal parasite that infects 50-100 million people and causes up to 55,000 deaths annually. The transmissive form of E. histolytica is the cyst, with a single infected individual passing up to 45 million cysts per day, making cyst production an attractive target for infection control. Lectins and chitin are secreted to form the cyst wall, although little is known about the underlying membrane trafficking processes supporting encystation. As E. histolytica does not readily form cysts in vitro, we assessed membrane trafficking gene expression during encystation in the closely related model Entamoeba invadens. Genes involved in secretion are up-regulated during cyst formation, as are some trans-Golgi network-to-endosome trafficking genes. Furthermore, endocytic and general trafficking genes are up-regulated in the mature cyst, potentially preserved as mRNA in preparation for excystation. Two divergent dynamin-related proteins found in Entamoeba are predominantly expressed during cyst formation. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that they are paralogous to, but quite distinct from, classical dynamins found in human, suggesting that they may be potential drug targets to block encystation. The membrane-trafficking machinery is clearly regulated during encystation, providing an additional facet to understanding this crucial parasitic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Herman
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2H7, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Michael J Bottery
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Ronny van Aerle
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | | | - Elisabet Caler
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9714 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6701, Rockledge Drive, Room 9144, Bethesda, MD, 20892-7950, USA
| | - Joel B Dacks
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2H7, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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27
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Bharadwaj R, Arya R, Shahid mansuri M, Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharya A. EhRho1 regulates plasma membrane blebbing through PI3 kinase inEntamoeba histolytica. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Bharadwaj
- School of Biotechnology; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Ranjana Arya
- School of Biotechnology; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | | | - Sudha Bhattacharya
- School of environmental Sciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Alok Bhattacharya
- School of Life Sciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
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28
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Barratt J, Gough R, Stark D, Ellis J. Bulky Trichomonad Genomes: Encoding a Swiss Army Knife. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:783-797. [PMID: 27312283 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The trichomonads are a remarkably successful lineage of ancient, predominantly parasitic protozoa. Recent molecular analyses have revealed extensive duplication of certain genetic loci in trichomonads. Consequently, their genomes are exceptionally large compared to other parasitic protozoa. Retention of these large gene expansions across different trichomonad families raises the question: do these duplications afford an advantage? Many duplicated genes are linked to the parasitic lifestyle and some are regulated differently to their paralogues, suggesting they have acquired new functions. It is proposed that these large genomes encode a Swiss army knife of sorts, packed with a multitude of tools for use in many different circumstances. This may have bestowed trichomonads with the extraordinary versatility that has undoubtedly contributed to their success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Barratt
- I3 Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia; School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia.
| | - Rory Gough
- I3 Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia; School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Damien Stark
- Division of Microbiology, Sydpath, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - John Ellis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
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29
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Hernandez-Flores A, Almaraz-Barrera MDJ, Lozano-Amado D, Correa-Basurto J, Rojo-Dominguez A, Luna-Rivera E, Schnoor M, Guillen N, Hernandez-Rivas R, Vargas M. A new nucleocytoplasmic RhoGAP protein contributes to control the pathogenicity ofEntamoeba histolyticaby regulating EhRacC and EhRacD activity. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1653-1672. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Hernandez-Flores
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine; Center of Research and Advanced Studies of the I.P.N; Mexico City, D.F. Mexico
| | - Ma de Jesus Almaraz-Barrera
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine; Center of Research and Advanced Studies of the I.P.N; Mexico City, D.F. Mexico
| | - Daniela Lozano-Amado
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine; Center of Research and Advanced Studies of the I.P.N; Mexico City, D.F. Mexico
| | - Jose Correa-Basurto
- High School of Medicine of the I.P.N; Molecular Modeling Laboratory and Drug Design; Mexico City, D.F. Mexico
| | - Arturo Rojo-Dominguez
- Cuajimalpa Unit., Department of Natural Sciences; Metropolitan Autonomous University; Mexico City, D.F. Mexico
| | - Eva Luna-Rivera
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine; Center of Research and Advanced Studies of the I.P.N; Mexico City, D.F. Mexico
| | - Michael Schnoor
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine; Center of Research and Advanced Studies of the I.P.N; Mexico City, D.F. Mexico
| | - Nancy Guillen
- Institut Pasteur; Department of Cell Biology and Infection; Paris France
| | - Rosaura Hernandez-Rivas
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine; Center of Research and Advanced Studies of the I.P.N; Mexico City, D.F. Mexico
| | - Miguel Vargas
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine; Center of Research and Advanced Studies of the I.P.N; Mexico City, D.F. Mexico
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30
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Espinosa A, Paz-Y-Miño-C G, Hackey M, Rutherford S. Entamoeba Clone-Recognition Experiments: Morphometrics, Aggregative Behavior, and Cell-Signaling Characterization. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2016; 63:384-93. [PMID: 26990199 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies on clone- and kin-discrimination in protists have proliferated during the past decade. We report clone-recognition experiments in seven Entamoeba lineages (E. invadens IP-1, E. invadens VK-1:NS, E. terrapinae, E. moshkovskii Laredo, E. moshkovskii Snake, E. histolytica HM-1:IMSS and E. dispar). First, we characterized morphometrically each clone (length, width, and cell-surface area) and documented how they differed statistically from one another (as per single-variable or canonical-discriminant analyses). Second, we demonstrated that amebas themselves could discriminate self (clone) from different (themselves vs. other clones). In mix-cell-line cultures between closely-related (E. invadens IP-1 vs. E. invadens VK-1:NS) or distant-phylogenetic clones (E. terrapinae vs. E. moshkovskii Laredo), amebas consistently aggregated with same-clone members. Third, we identified six putative cell-signals secreted by the amebas (RasGap/Ankyrin, coronin-WD40, actin, protein kinases, heat shock 70, and ubiquitin) and which known functions in Entamoeba spp. included: cell proliferation, cell adhesion, cell movement, and stress-induced encystation. To our knowledge, this is the first multi-clone characterization of Entamoeba spp. morphometrics, aggregative behavior, and cell-signaling secretion in the context of clone-recognition. Protists allow us to study cell-cell recognition from ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Modern protistan lineages can be central to studies about the origins and evolution of multicellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avelina Espinosa
- Department of Biology, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island, USA.,New England Center for the Public Understanding of Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Guillermo Paz-Y-Miño-C
- New England Center for the Public Understanding of Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Meagan Hackey
- Department of Biology, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Scott Rutherford
- Department of Environmental Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island, USA
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31
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Calegar DA, Nunes BC, Monteiro KJL, Santos JPD, Toma HK, Gomes TF, Lima MM, Bóia MN, Carvalho-Costa FA. Frequency and molecular characterisation of Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba moshkovskii, and Entamoeba hartmanni in the context of water scarcity in northeastern Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 111:114-9. [PMID: 26841049 PMCID: PMC4750451 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate the frequency, associated factors, and molecular
characterisation of Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba
dispar, Entamoeba moshkovskii, andEntamoeba
hartmanni infections. We performed a survey (n = 213 subjects) to obtain
parasitological, sanitation, and sociodemographic data. Faecal samples were processed
through flotation and centrifugation methods.E. histolytica,
E. dispar, E. moshkovskii, and E.
hartmanni were identified by nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The
overall prevalence of infection was 22/213 (10.3%). The infection rate among subjects
who drink rainwater collected from roofs in tanks was higher than the rate in
subjects who drink desalinated water pumped from wells; similarly, the infection rate
among subjects who practice open defecation was significantly higher than that of
subjects with latrines. Out of the 22 samples positive for morphologically
indistinguishableEntamoeba species, the differentiation by PCR
was successful for 21. The species distribution was as follows: 57.1% to E.
dispar, 23.8% to E. histolytica, 14.3% toE.
histolytica and E. dispar, and 4.8% E.
dispar and E. hartmanni. These data suggest a high
prevalence of asymptomatic infection by the group of morphologically
indistinguishable Entamoeba
histolytica/dispar/moshkovskiicomplex
and E. hartmanni species. In this context of water scarcity, the
sanitary and socioenvironmental characteristics of the region appear to favour
transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deiviane Aparecida Calegar
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Beatriz Coronato Nunes
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Kerla Joeline Lima Monteiro
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Helena Keiko Toma
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular e Hematologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Tais Ferreira Gomes
- Laboratório de Ecoepidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marli Maria Lima
- Laboratório de Ecoepidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Márcio Neves Bóia
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Filipe Anibal Carvalho-Costa
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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32
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33
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Liu Y, Munteanu CR, Fernández Blanco E, Tan Z, Santos Del Riego A, Pazos A. Prediction of Nucleotide Binding Peptides Using Star Graph Topological Indices. Mol Inform 2015; 34:736-41. [PMID: 27491034 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201500064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide binding proteins are involved in many important cellular processes, such as transmission of genetic information or energy transfer and storage. Therefore, the screening of new peptides for this biological function is an important research topic. The current study proposes a mixed methodology to obtain the first classification model that is able to predict new nucleotide binding peptides, using only the amino acid sequence. Thus, the methodology uses a Star graph molecular descriptor of the peptide sequences and the Machine Learning technique for the best classifier. The best model represents a Random Forest classifier based on two features of the embedded and non-embedded graphs. The performance of the model is excellent, considering similar models in the field, with an Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUROC) value of 0.938 and true positive rate (TPR) of 0.886 (test subset). The prediction of new nucleotide binding peptides with this model could be useful for drug target studies in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Computer Science Faculty, University of A Coruna, Campus de Elviña s/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain, phone/fax: +34-981167000/+34-981167160.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca, 50090, México.,Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agro-ecological Engineering, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, P. R. China
| | - Cristian R Munteanu
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Computer Science Faculty, University of A Coruna, Campus de Elviña s/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain, phone/fax: +34-981167000/+34-981167160.
| | - Enrique Fernández Blanco
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Computer Science Faculty, University of A Coruna, Campus de Elviña s/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain, phone/fax: +34-981167000/+34-981167160
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agro-ecological Engineering, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, P. R. China
| | - Antonino Santos Del Riego
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Computer Science Faculty, University of A Coruna, Campus de Elviña s/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain, phone/fax: +34-981167000/+34-981167160
| | - Alejandro Pazos
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Computer Science Faculty, University of A Coruna, Campus de Elviña s/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain, phone/fax: +34-981167000/+34-981167160
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34
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Zhang XE, Cui Z, Wang D. Sensing of biomolecular interactions using fluorescence complementing systems in living cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 76:243-50. [PMID: 26316254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sensing biomolecule interactions in living cells allows for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms governing biological processes, and has increasing significance for improvements in clinical diagnosis. It is now possible by using molecular biosensors. One method involving molecular biosensors is called molecular fluorescence complementation, usually referred to as BiFC (bimolecular fragment/fluorescence complementary/complementation) or TriFC (trimolecular fragment complementary/complementation). This complementation method is based on the principle that two non-fluorescent fragments of a fluorescent protein are brought into sufficient lyclose proximity, upon which they are reconstructed so that fluorescence is re-established. This process relies on the interaction between the two fusion partners, which normally are proteins. This method is simple, noninvasive, sensitive, and does not require specialized tools, hence being available to most standard laboratories. Here, we selectively describe three relevant examples, although many other molecular interactions have been shown to work with this method. Recent developments of this method include multicolor BiFC, which allows for simultaneous detection of multi-biomolecule interactions, RNA-protein interactions, far red and near infrared sensing systems for deep tissue imaging. Challenges in the utilization of this method are discussed. Given the current rate of technological advancements, we believe that fluorescence fragment complementing systems have the potential to be utilized across a wide range of areas, including in routine research and clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-En Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Zongqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Center for Analytical Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Dianbing Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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35
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Aqeel Y, Siddiqui R, Manan Z, Khan NA. The role of G protein coupled receptor-mediated signaling in the biological properties of Acanthamoeba castellanii of the T4 genotype. Microb Pathog 2015; 81:22-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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36
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Bosch D, Siderovski DP. Entamoeba histolytica RacC selectively engages p21-activated kinase effectors. Biochemistry 2015; 54:404-12. [PMID: 25529118 PMCID: PMC4303316 DOI: 10.1021/bi501226f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rho family GTPases modulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics by signaling through multiple effectors, including the p21-activated kinases (PAKs). The intestinal parasite Entamoeba histolytica expresses ∼20 Rho family GTPases and seven isoforms of PAK, two of which have been implicated in pathogenesis-related processes such as amoebic motility and invasion and host cell phagocytosis. Here, we describe two previously unstudied PAK isoforms, EhPAK4 and EhPAK5, as highly specific effectors of EhRacC. A structural model based on 2.35 Å X-ray crystallographic data of a complex between EhRacC(Q65L)·GTP and the EhPAK4 p21 binding domain (PBD) reveals a fairly well-conserved Rho/effector interface despite deviation of the PBD α-helix. A structural comparison with EhRho1 in complex with EhFormin1 suggests likely determinants of Rho family GTPase signaling specificity in E. histolytica. These findings suggest a high degree of Rho family GTPase diversity and specificity in the single-cell parasite E. histolytica. Because PAKs regulate pathogenesis-related processes in E. histolytica, they may be valid pharmacologic targets for anti-amoebiasis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin
E. Bosch
- Department
of Pharmacology, The University of North
Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - David P. Siderovski
- Department
of Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia
University School of Medicine, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States,Address: 3051A Health Sciences
North, P.O. Box 9229, West Virginia University School of Medicine,
Morgantown, WV 26506-9229. E-mail: . Telephone: (304) 293-4991
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37
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Zysset-Burri DC, Müller N, Beuret C, Heller M, Schürch N, Gottstein B, Wittwer M. Genome-wide identification of pathogenicity factors of the free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:496. [PMID: 24950717 PMCID: PMC4082629 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri is the causative agent of the rapidly progressing and typically fatal primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in humans. Despite the devastating nature of this disease, which results in > 97% mortality, knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms of the amoeba is incomplete. This work presents a comparative proteomic approach based on an experimental model in which the pathogenic potential of N. fowleri trophozoites is influenced by the compositions of different media. RESULTS As a scaffold for proteomic analysis, we sequenced the genome and transcriptome of N. fowleri. Since the sequence similarity of the recently published genome of Naegleria gruberi was far lower than the close taxonomic relationship of these species would suggest, a de novo sequencing approach was chosen. After excluding cell regulatory mechanisms originating from different media compositions, we identified 22 proteins with a potential role in the pathogenesis of PAM. Functional annotation of these proteins revealed, that the membrane is the major location where the amoeba exerts its pathogenic potential, possibly involving actin-dependent processes such as intracellular trafficking via vesicles. CONCLUSION This study describes for the first time the 30 Mb-genome and the transcriptome sequence of N. fowleri and provides the basis for the further definition of effective intervention strategies against the rare but highly fatal form of amoebic meningoencephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthias Wittwer
- Biology Division, Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Austrasse, CH-3700 Spiez, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the third-leading cause of parasitic mortality globally. E. histolytica infection generally does not cause symptoms, but the parasite has potent pathogenic potential. The origins, benefits, and triggers of amoebic virulence are complex. Amoebic pathogenesis entails depletion of the host mucosal barrier, adherence to the colonic lumen, cytotoxicity, and invasion of the colonic epithelium. Parasite damage results in colitis and, in some cases, disseminated disease. Both host and parasite genotypes influence the development of disease, as do the regulatory responses they govern at the host-pathogen interface. Host environmental factors determine parasite transmission and shape the colonic microenvironment E. histolytica infects. Here we highlight research that illuminates novel links between host, parasite, and environmental factors in the regulation of E. histolytica virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Marie
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908; ,
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Evidence for a bacterial lipopolysaccharide-recognizing G-protein-coupled receptor in the bacterial engulfment by Entamoeba histolytica. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2013; 12:1433-8. [PMID: 23975887 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00150-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amoebic dysentery, a worldwide protozoal disease that results in approximately 100,000 deaths annually. The virulence of E. histolytica may be due to interactions with the host bacterial flora, whereby trophozoites engulf colonic bacteria as a nutrient source. The engulfment process depends on trophozoite recognition of bacterial epitopes that activate phagocytosis pathways. E. histolytica GPCR-1 (EhGPCR-1) was previously recognized as a putative G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) used by Entamoeba histolytica during phagocytosis. In the present study, we attempted to characterize EhGPCR-1 by using heterologous GPCR expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We discovered that bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an activator of EhGPCR-1 and that LPS stimulates EhGPCR-1 in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, we demonstrated that Entamoeba histolytica prefers to engulf bacteria with intact LPS and that this engulfment process is sensitive to suramin, which prevents the interactions of GPCRs and G-proteins. Thus, EhGPCR-1 is an LPS-recognizing GPCR that is a potential drug target for treatment of amoebiasis, especially considering the well-established drug targeting to GPCRs.
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Mar-Aguilar F, Trevino V, Salinas-Hernández JE, Taméz-Guerrero MM, Barrón-González MP, Morales-Rubio E, Treviño-Neávez J, Verduzco-Martínez JA, Morales-Vallarta MR, Reséndez-Pérez D. Identification and characterization of microRNAs from Entamoeba histolytica HM1-IMSS. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68202. [PMID: 23874540 PMCID: PMC3709888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis, a disease that is a major source of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a large group of non-coding RNAs that play important roles in regulating gene expression and protein translation in animals. Genome-wide identification of miRNAs is a critical step to facilitating our understanding of genome organization, genome biology, evolution, and post-transcriptional regulation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We sequenced a small RNA library prepared from a culture of trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica Strain HM1-IMSS using a deep DNA sequencing approach. Deep sequencing yielded 16 million high-quality short sequence reads containing a total of 5 million non-redundant sequence reads. Based on a bioinformatics pipeline, we found that only 0.5% of these non-redundant small RNA reads were a perfect match with the drafted E. histolytica genome. We did not find miRNA homologs in plant or animal miRNAs. We discovered 199 new potential Entamoeba histolytica miRNAs. The expression and sequence of these Ehi-miRNAs were further validated through microarray by µParaflo Microfluidic Biochip Technology. Ten potential miRNAs were additionally confirmed by real time RT-PCR analysis. Prediction of target genes matched 32 known genes and 34 hypothetical genes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results show that there is a number of regulatory miRNAs in Entamoeba histolytica. The collection of miRNAs in this parasite could be used as a new platform to study genomic structure, gene regulation and networks, development, and host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fermín Mar-Aguilar
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Victor Trevino
- Departamento de Ingeniería Biomédica, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Jannet E. Salinas-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Marcela M. Taméz-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - María P. Barrón-González
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Eufemia Morales-Rubio
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Jaime Treviño-Neávez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Jorge A. Verduzco-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Mario R. Morales-Vallarta
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Diana Reséndez-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
- * E-mail:
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