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Bassett AS, Reuter MS, Malecki S, Silversides C, Oechslin E. Clinically Relevant Genetic Considerations for Patients With Tetralogy of Fallot. CJC PEDIATRIC AND CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE 2023; 2:426-439. [PMID: 38161665 PMCID: PMC10755827 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjcpc.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Genetic changes affect embryogenesis, cardiac and extracardiac phenotype, development, later onset conditions, and both short- and long-term outcomes and comorbidities in the increasing population of individuals with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). In this review, we focus on current knowledge about clinically relevant genetics for patients with TOF across the lifespan. The latest findings for TOF genetics that are pertinent to day-to-day practice and lifelong management are highlighted: morbidity/mortality, cardiac/extracardiac features, including neurodevelopmental expression, and recent changes to prenatal screening and diagnostics. Genome-wide microarray is the first-line clinical genetic test for TOF across the lifespan, detecting relevant structural changes including the most common for TOF, the 22q11.2 microdeletion. Accumulating evidence illustrates opportunities for advances in understanding and care that may arise from genetic diagnosis at any age. We also glimpse into the near future when the multigenic nature of TOF will be more fully revealed, further enhancing possibilities for preventive care. Precision medicine is nigh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S. Bassett
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program, Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miriam S. Reuter
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Malecki
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Candice Silversides
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program, Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erwin Oechslin
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program, Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Matalon N, Shani S, Weinberger R, Serur Y, Somech R, Givon U, Katz U, Levy-Shraga Y, Carmel E, Weiss B, Ben-Zeev B, Hochberg Y, Gur RE, Gothelf D. The contribution of medical burden to 22q11.2 deletion syndrome quality of life and functioning. Genet Med 2023; 25:100924. [PMID: 37422717 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2023.100924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To date, there is no systematic method to quantify the medical burden of individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS). This study aimed to design a Medical Burden Scale for 22q11.2DS to evaluate the effect of medical symptoms severity on quality of life (QoL) and functioning in individuals with this syndrome. METHODS Individuals with 22q11.2DS (n = 76) were included in the study. A multidisciplinary group of physicians determined the severity of symptoms (on a scale of 0 to 4) of 8 major medical systems affected in 22q11.2DS, as well as the level of cognitive deficits and psychiatric morbidity. Regression models were used to evaluate the impact of medical, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms' severity on global assessment of functioning (GAF) and QoL. RESULTS The total Medical Burden Scale score was significantly associated with both QoL and GAF scores, beyond the effect of the psychiatric and cognitive deficits. We also found that QoL and GAF scores were associated with the severity scores of specific medical systems, particularly neurological symptoms, but also cardiovascular, ear-nose-throat, endocrinology, and orthopedics. CONCLUSION Quantifying the medical burden of 22q11.2DS individuals is feasible and indicates the overall and specific contribution of medical symptoms to QoL and functioning of 22q11.2DS individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Matalon
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Behavioral Neurogenetics Center, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shachar Shani
- Behavioral Neurogenetics Center, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ronnie Weinberger
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Behavioral Neurogenetics Center, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yaffa Serur
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Behavioral Neurogenetics Center, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Raz Somech
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Uri Givon
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Uriel Katz
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Levy-Shraga
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eldar Carmel
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Batia Weiss
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Bruria Ben-Zeev
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Doron Gothelf
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Behavioral Neurogenetics Center, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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3
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Soster E, Dyr B, Rafalko J, Almasri E, Cacheris P. Positive cfDNA screening results for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome—Clinical and laboratory considerations. Front Genet 2023; 14:1146669. [PMID: 36968594 PMCID: PMC10036386 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1146669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Non-invasive prenatal screening (NIPS) via cell-free DNA (cfDNA) screens for fetal chromosome disorders using maternal plasma, including 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS). While it is the commonest microdeletion syndrome and has potential implications for perinatal management, prenatal screening for 22q11.2DS carries some inherent technical, biological, and counseling challenges, including varying deletion sizes/locations, maternal 22q11.2 deletions, confirmatory test choice, and variable phenotype.Materials and methods: This study addresses these considerations utilizing a retrospective cohort of 307 samples with screen-positive 22q11.2 NIPS results on a massively parallel sequencing (MPS) platform.Results: Approximately half of the cases reported ultrasound findings at some point during pregnancy. In 63.2% of cases with diagnostic testing, observed positive predictive values were 90.7%–99.4%. cfDNA identified deletions ranging from <1 Mb to 3.55 Mb, with significant differences in confirmed fetal versus maternal deletion sizes; estimated cfDNA deletion size was highly concordant with microarray findings. Mosaicism ratio proved useful in predicting the origin of a deletion (fetal versus maternal). Prediction of deletion size, location, and origin may help guide confirmatory testing.Discussion: The data shows that MPS-based NIPS can screen for 22q11.2DS with a high PPV, and that collaboration between the laboratory and clinicians allows consideration of additional metrics that may guide diagnostic testing and subsequent management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Soster
- Labcorp, La Jolla, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Erica Soster,
| | | | - Jill Rafalko
- Labcorp, La Jolla, CA, United States
- PetDx, The Center for Novel Therapeutics, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Óskarsdóttir S, Boot E, Crowley TB, Loo JCY, Arganbright JM, Armando M, Baylis AL, Breetvelt EJ, Castelein RM, Chadehumbe M, Cielo CM, de Reuver S, Eliez S, Fiksinski AM, Forbes BJ, Gallagher E, Hopkins SE, Jackson OA, Levitz-Katz L, Klingberg G, Lambert MP, Marino B, Mascarenhas MR, Moldenhauer J, Moss EM, Nowakowska BA, Orchanian-Cheff A, Putotto C, Repetto GM, Schindewolf E, Schneider M, Solot CB, Sullivan KE, Swillen A, Unolt M, Van Batavia JP, Vingerhoets C, Vorstman J, Bassett AS, McDonald-McGinn DM. Updated clinical practice recommendations for managing children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Genet Med 2023; 25:100338. [PMID: 36729053 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to update the clinical practice guidelines for managing children and adolescents with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS). The 22q11.2 Society, the international scientific organization studying chromosome 22q11.2 differences and related conditions, recruited expert clinicians worldwide to revise the original 2011 pediatric clinical practice guidelines in a stepwise process: (1) a systematic literature search (1992-2021), (2) study selection and data extraction by clinical experts from 9 different countries, covering 24 subspecialties, and (3) creation of a draft consensus document based on the literature and expert opinion, which was further shaped by survey results from family support organizations regarding perceived needs. Of 2441 22q11.2DS-relevant publications initially identified, 2344 received full-text reviews, including 1545 meeting criteria for potential relevance to clinical care of children and adolescents. Informed by the available literature, recommendations were formulated. Given evidence base limitations, multidisciplinary recommendations represent consensus statements of good practice for this evolving field. These recommendations provide contemporary guidance for evaluation, surveillance, and management of the many 22q11.2DS-associated physical, cognitive, behavioral, and psychiatric morbidities while addressing important genetic counseling and psychosocial issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sólveig Óskarsdóttir
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Erik Boot
- Advisium, 's Heeren Loo Zorggroep, Amersfoort, The Netherlands; The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Terrence Blaine Crowley
- The 22q and You Center, Clinical Genetics Center, and Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Joanne C Y Loo
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jill M Arganbright
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO
| | - Marco Armando
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adriane L Baylis
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Elemi J Breetvelt
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Genetics & Genome Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - René M Castelein
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Madeline Chadehumbe
- Division of Neurology, 22q and You Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Christopher M Cielo
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, 22q and You Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Steven de Reuver
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Fondation Pôle Autisme, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University School of Medecine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ania M Fiksinski
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Psychology, University Medical Centre, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Brian J Forbes
- Division of Ophthalmology, The 22q and You Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Emily Gallagher
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA
| | - Sarah E Hopkins
- Division of Neurology, 22q and You Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Oksana A Jackson
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Cleft Lip and Palate Program, Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Oral Surgery, 22q and You Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lorraine Levitz-Katz
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, 22q and You Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Michele P Lambert
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Division of Hematology, 22q and You Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Bruno Marino
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria R Mascarenhas
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, 22q and You Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Julie Moldenhauer
- Richard D. Wood Jr. Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, 22q and You Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Ani Orchanian-Cheff
- Library and Information Services and The Institute of Education Research (TIER), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolina Putotto
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriela M Repetto
- Rare Diseases Program, Institute for Sciences and Innovation in Medicine, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Erica Schindewolf
- Richard D. Wood Jr. Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, 22q and You Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Maude Schneider
- Clinical Psychology Unit for Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cynthia B Solot
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Center for Childhood Communication, 22q and You Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kathleen E Sullivan
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Division of Allergy and Immunology, 22q and You Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ann Swillen
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, and Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marta Unolt
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Jason P Van Batavia
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Division of Urology, 22q and You Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Claudia Vingerhoets
- Advisium, 's Heeren Loo Zorggroep, Amersfoort, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Genetics & Genome Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne S Bassett
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Genetics & Genome Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- The 22q and You Center, Clinical Genetics Center, and Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Human Biology and Medical Genetics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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Boot E, Óskarsdóttir S, Loo JCY, Crowley TB, Orchanian-Cheff A, Andrade DM, Arganbright JM, Castelein RM, Cserti-Gazdewich C, de Reuver S, Fiksinski AM, Klingberg G, Lang AE, Mascarenhas MR, Moss EM, Nowakowska BA, Oechslin E, Palmer L, Repetto GM, Reyes NGD, Schneider M, Silversides C, Sullivan KE, Swillen A, van Amelsvoort TAMJ, Van Batavia JP, Vingerhoets C, McDonald-McGinn DM, Bassett AS. Updated clinical practice recommendations for managing adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Genet Med 2023; 25:100344. [PMID: 36729052 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to update the clinical practice guidelines for managing adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS). The 22q11.2 Society recruited expert clinicians worldwide to revise the original clinical practice guidelines for adults in a stepwise process according to best practices: (1) a systematic literature search (1992-2021), (2) study selection and synthesis by clinical experts from 8 countries, covering 24 subspecialties, and (3) formulation of consensus recommendations based on the literature and further shaped by patient advocate survey results. Of 2441 22q11.2DS-relevant publications initially identified, 2344 received full-text review, with 2318 meeting inclusion criteria (clinical care relevance to 22q11.2DS) including 894 with potential relevance to adults. The evidence base remains limited. Thus multidisciplinary recommendations represent statements of current best practice for this evolving field, informed by the available literature. These recommendations provide guidance for the recognition, evaluation, surveillance, and management of the many emerging and chronic 22q11.2DS-associated multisystem morbidities relevant to adults. The recommendations also address key genetic counseling and psychosocial considerations for the increasing numbers of adults with this complex condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Boot
- Advisium, 's Heeren Loo Zorggroep, Amersfoort, The Netherlands; The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Sólveig Óskarsdóttir
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Joanne C Y Loo
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Terrence Blaine Crowley
- 22q and You Center, Clinical Genetics Center, and Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ani Orchanian-Cheff
- Library and Information Services, and The Institute of Education Research (TIER), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle M Andrade
- Adult Genetic Epilepsy Program, Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jill M Arganbright
- Division of Otolaryngology, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO
| | - René M Castelein
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Steven de Reuver
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ania M Fiksinski
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Psychology, University Medical Centre, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anthony E Lang
- The Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria R Mascarenhas
- Division of Gastroenterology and 22q and You Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Erwin Oechslin
- Toronto Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa Palmer
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gabriela M Repetto
- Rare Diseases Program, Institute for Sciences and Innovation in Medicine, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nikolai Gil D Reyes
- The Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maude Schneider
- Clinical Psychology Unit for Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Candice Silversides
- Toronto ACHD Program, Mount Sinai and Toronto General Hospitals, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathleen E Sullivan
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Division of Allergy and Immunology and 22q and You Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ann Swillen
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jason P Van Batavia
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Division of Urology and 22q and You Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Claudia Vingerhoets
- Advisium, 's Heeren Loo Zorggroep, Amersfoort, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- 22q and You Center, Clinical Genetics Center, and Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Human Biology and Medical Genetics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Anne S Bassett
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Mental Health and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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6
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Blagowidow N, Nowakowska B, Schindewolf E, Grati FR, Putotto C, Breckpot J, Swillen A, Crowley TB, Loo JCY, Lairson LA, Óskarsdóttir S, Boot E, Garcia-Minaur S, Cristina Digilio M, Marino B, Coleman B, Moldenhauer JS, Bassett AS, McDonald-McGinn DM. Prenatal Screening and Diagnostic Considerations for 22q11.2 Microdeletions. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:160. [PMID: 36672900 PMCID: PMC9858737 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of a chromosome 22q11.2 microdeletion and its associated deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is optimally made early. We reviewed the available literature to provide contemporary guidance and recommendations related to the prenatal period. Indications for prenatal diagnostic testing include a parent or child with the 22q11.2 microdeletion or suggestive prenatal screening results. Definitive diagnosis by genetic testing of chorionic villi or amniocytes using a chromosomal microarray will detect clinically relevant microdeletions. Screening options include noninvasive prenatal screening (NIPS) and imaging. The potential benefits and limitations of each screening method should be clearly conveyed. NIPS, a genetic option available from 10 weeks gestational age, has a 70-83% detection rate and a 40-50% PPV for most associated 22q11.2 microdeletions. Prenatal imaging, usually by ultrasound, can detect several physical features associated with 22q11.2DS. Findings vary, related to detection methods, gestational age, and relative specificity. Conotruncal cardiac anomalies are more strongly associated than skeletal, urinary tract, or other congenital anomalies such as thymic hypoplasia or cavum septi pellucidi dilatation. Among others, intrauterine growth restriction and polyhydramnios are additional associated, prenatally detectable signs. Preconception genetic counselling should be offered to males and females with 22q11.2DS, as there is a 50% risk of transmission in each pregnancy. A previous history of a de novo 22q11.2 microdeletion conveys a low risk of recurrence. Prenatal genetic counselling includes an offer of screening or diagnostic testing and discussion of results. The goal is to facilitate optimal perinatal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Blagowidow
- Harvey Institute for Human Genetics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21204, USA
| | - Beata Nowakowska
- Cytogenetic Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, Kasprzaka 17a, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Erica Schindewolf
- Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment and the 22q and You Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Francesca Romana Grati
- R&D Department, Menarini Biomarkers Singapore, Via Giuseppe di Vittorio 21/b3, 40013 Castel Maggiore, Italy
| | - Carolina Putotto
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome (Italy), Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Jeroen Breckpot
- Center for Human Genetics, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Swillen
- Center for Human Genetics, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Terrence Blaine Crowley
- Division of Human Genetics, The 22q and You Center, and Clinical Genetics Center, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joanne C. Y. Loo
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Lauren A. Lairson
- Division of Human Genetics, The 22q and You Center, and Clinical Genetics Center, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sólveig Óskarsdóttir
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Paediatrics, Queen Silva Children’s Hospital, 416 50 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Boot
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Advisium’s Heeren Loo, Berkenweg 11, 3818 LA Amersfoort, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sixto Garcia-Minaur
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Bruno Marino
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome (Italy), Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Beverly Coleman
- Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment and the 22q and You Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Julie S. Moldenhauer
- Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment and the 22q and You Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anne S. Bassett
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and Centre for Mental Health, and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Donna M. McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, The 22q and You Center, and Clinical Genetics Center, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Human Biology and Medical Genetics, Sapienza University, 00185 Roma, Italy
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7
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Fiksinski AM, Heung T, Corral M, Breetvelt EJ, Costain G, Marshall CR, Kahn RS, Vorstman JA, Bassett AS. Within-family influences on dimensional neurobehavioral traits in a high-risk genetic model. Psychol Med 2022; 52:3184-3192. [PMID: 33443009 PMCID: PMC9693655 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720005279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genotype-first and within-family studies can elucidate factors that contribute to psychiatric illness. Combining these approaches, we investigated the patterns of influence of parental scores, a high-impact variant, and schizophrenia on dimensional neurobehavioral phenotypes implicated in major psychiatric disorders. METHODS We quantitatively assessed cognitive (FSIQ, VIQ, PIQ), social, and motor functioning in 82 adult individuals with a de novo 22q11.2 deletion (22 with schizophrenia), and 148 of their unaffected parents. We calculated within-family correlations and effect sizes of the 22q11.2 deletion and schizophrenia, and used linear regressions to assess contributions to neurobehavioral measures. RESULTS Proband-parent intra-class correlations (ICC) were significant for cognitive measures (e.g. FSIQ ICC = 0.549, p < 0.0001), but not for social or motor measures. Compared to biparental scores, the 22q11.2 deletion conferred significant impairments for all phenotypes assessed (effect sizes -1.39 to -2.07 s.d.), strongest for PIQ. There were further decrements in those with schizophrenia. Regression models explained up to 37.7% of the variance in IQ and indicated that for proband IQ, parental IQ had larger effects than schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS This study, for the first time, disentangles the impact of a high-impact variant from the modifying effects of parental scores and schizophrenia on relevant neurobehavioral phenotypes. The robust proband-parent correlations for cognitive measures, independent of the impact of the 22q11.2 deletion and of schizophrenia, suggest that, for certain phenotypes, shared genetic variation plays a significant role in expression. Molecular genetic and predictor studies are needed to elucidate shared factors and their contribution to psychiatric illness in this and other high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania M. Fiksinski
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tracy Heung
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Corral
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elemi J. Breetvelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory Costain
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian R. Marshall
- Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rene S. Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacob A.S. Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne S. Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Palmer LD, Heung T, Corral M, Boot E, Brooks SG, Bassett AS. Sexual knowledge and behaviour in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, a complex care condition. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2021; 35:966-975. [PMID: 34291536 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited information about sexual knowledge and behaviours in adults with complex care needs, including those with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q) which represents a group predisposed to intellectual disabilities. METHODS We conducted sexual health assessments with 67 adults with 22q, examining whether those with knowledge deficits and a history of engaging in sexual activities with others would be more likely to engage in high-risk behaviours. RESULTS The majority (65.7%) of adults with 22q were sexually active with others; most (70.1%) had sexual knowledge deficits. Those with intellectual disabilities were more likely (p = .0012) to have deficits in certain topics. In the sexually active subgroup, most (81.8%) engaged in high-risk sexual behaviours, regardless of intellectual disability or knowledge deficits. CONCLUSION The results suggest a need for increased dialogue, repeated education, genetic counselling and preventive healthcare measures related to sexuality in 22q and potentially in other complex care conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D Palmer
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tracy Heung
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Corral
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Erik Boot
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Advisium, 's Heeren Loo, Amersfoort, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie G Brooks
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne S Bassett
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Tomaskovic-Crook E, Guerrieri-Cortesi K, Crook JM. Induced pluripotent stem cells for 2D and 3D modelling the biological basis of schizophrenia and screening possible therapeutics. Brain Res Bull 2021; 175:48-62. [PMID: 34273422 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are providing unprecedented insight into complex neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia (SZ). Here we review the use of iPSCs for investigating the etiopathology and treatment of SZ, beginning with conventional in vitro two-dimensional (2D; monolayer) cell modelling, through to more advanced 3D tissue studies. With the advent of 3D modelling, utilising advanced differentiation paradigms and additive manufacturing technologies, inclusive of patient-specific cerebral/neural organoids and bioprinted neural tissues, such live disease-relevant tissue systems better recapitulate "within-body" tissue function and pathobiology. We posit that by enabling better understanding of biological causality, these evolving strategies will yield novel therapeutic targets and accordingly, drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tomaskovic-Crook
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, 2500, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, 2500, Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Kyle Guerrieri-Cortesi
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, 2500, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Jeremy Micah Crook
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, 2500, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, 2500, Wollongong, Australia; Chris O'Brien Lifehouse Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia; Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, 3065, Fitzroy, Australia.
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10
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Blagojevic C, Heung T, Theriault M, Tomita-Mitchell A, Chakraborty P, Kernohan K, Bulman DE, Bassett AS. Estimate of the contemporary live-birth prevalence of recurrent 22q11.2 deletions: a cross-sectional analysis from population-based newborn screening. CMAJ Open 2021; 9:E802-E809. [PMID: 34404688 PMCID: PMC8373039 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20200294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although pathogenic 22q11.2 deletions are an important cause of developmental delays and lifelong disease burden, their variable and complex clinical expression contributes to under-recognition, delayed molecular diagnosis and uncertainty about prevalence. We sought to estimate the contemporary live-birth prevalence of typical 22q11.2 deletions using a population-based newborn screening sample and to examine data available for associated clinical features. METHODS Using DNA available from an unbiased sample of about 12% of all dried blood spots collected for newborn screening in Ontario between January 2017 and September 2018, we prospectively screened for 22q11.2 deletions using multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays and conducted independent confirmatory studies. We used cross-sectional analyses to compare available clinical and T-cell receptor excision circle (TREC, used in newborn screening for severe combined immunodeficiency) data between samples with and without 22q11.2 deletions. RESULTS The estimated minimum prevalence of 22q11.2 deletions was 1 in 2148 (4.7 per 10 000) live births (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.5 to 7.8 per 10 000), based on a total of 30 074 samples screened, with 14 having confirmed 22q11.2 deletions. Of term singletons, samples with 22q11.2 deletions had significantly younger median maternal age (25.5 v. 32.0 yr, difference -6.5 yr, 95% CI -7 to -2 yr), a greater proportion with small birth weight for gestational age (odds ratio 7.00, 95% CI 2.36 to 23.18) and lower median TREC levels (108.9 v. 602.5 copies/3 μL, p < 0.001). INTERPRETATION These results indicate that the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is one of the most common of rare genetic conditions and may be associated with relatively younger maternal ages and with prenatal growth abnormalities. The findings support the public health importance of early - prenatal and neonatal - diagnosis that would enable prompt screening for and management of well-known actionable features associated with 22q11.2 deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Blagojevic
- Clinical Genetics Research Program (Blagojevic, Heung, Bassett), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic (Blagojevic, Heung, Bassett), University Health Network; Department of Psychiatry (Bassett), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (Theriault, Chakraborty, Kernohan, Bulman), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery (Tomita-Mitchell), Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Herma Heart Institute, Milwaukee, Wisc
| | - Tracy Heung
- Clinical Genetics Research Program (Blagojevic, Heung, Bassett), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic (Blagojevic, Heung, Bassett), University Health Network; Department of Psychiatry (Bassett), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (Theriault, Chakraborty, Kernohan, Bulman), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery (Tomita-Mitchell), Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Herma Heart Institute, Milwaukee, Wisc
| | - Mylene Theriault
- Clinical Genetics Research Program (Blagojevic, Heung, Bassett), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic (Blagojevic, Heung, Bassett), University Health Network; Department of Psychiatry (Bassett), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (Theriault, Chakraborty, Kernohan, Bulman), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery (Tomita-Mitchell), Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Herma Heart Institute, Milwaukee, Wisc
| | - Aoy Tomita-Mitchell
- Clinical Genetics Research Program (Blagojevic, Heung, Bassett), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic (Blagojevic, Heung, Bassett), University Health Network; Department of Psychiatry (Bassett), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (Theriault, Chakraborty, Kernohan, Bulman), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery (Tomita-Mitchell), Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Herma Heart Institute, Milwaukee, Wisc
| | - Pranesh Chakraborty
- Clinical Genetics Research Program (Blagojevic, Heung, Bassett), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic (Blagojevic, Heung, Bassett), University Health Network; Department of Psychiatry (Bassett), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (Theriault, Chakraborty, Kernohan, Bulman), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery (Tomita-Mitchell), Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Herma Heart Institute, Milwaukee, Wisc
| | - Kristin Kernohan
- Clinical Genetics Research Program (Blagojevic, Heung, Bassett), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic (Blagojevic, Heung, Bassett), University Health Network; Department of Psychiatry (Bassett), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (Theriault, Chakraborty, Kernohan, Bulman), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery (Tomita-Mitchell), Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Herma Heart Institute, Milwaukee, Wisc
| | - Dennis E Bulman
- Clinical Genetics Research Program (Blagojevic, Heung, Bassett), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic (Blagojevic, Heung, Bassett), University Health Network; Department of Psychiatry (Bassett), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (Theriault, Chakraborty, Kernohan, Bulman), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery (Tomita-Mitchell), Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Herma Heart Institute, Milwaukee, Wisc
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program (Blagojevic, Heung, Bassett), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic (Blagojevic, Heung, Bassett), University Health Network; Department of Psychiatry (Bassett), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (Theriault, Chakraborty, Kernohan, Bulman), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery (Tomita-Mitchell), Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Herma Heart Institute, Milwaukee, Wisc.
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11
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Learning from atypical development: A systematic review of executive functioning in children and adolescents with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.100962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Bagautdinova J, Padula MC, Zöller D, Sandini C, Schneider M, Schaer M, Eliez S. Identifying neurodevelopmental anomalies of white matter microstructure associated with high risk for psychosis in 22q11.2DS. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:408. [PMID: 33235187 PMCID: PMC7686319 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01090-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptions of white matter microstructure have been widely reported in schizophrenia. However, the emergence of these alterations during preclinical stages remains poorly understood. 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11.2DS) represents a unique model to study the interplay of different risk factors that may impact neurodevelopment in premorbid psychosis. To identify the impact of genetic predisposition for psychosis on white matter development, we acquired longitudinal MRI data in 201 individuals (22q11.2DS = 101; controls = 100) aged 5-35 years with 1-3 time points and reconstructed 18 white matter tracts using TRACULA. Mixed model regression was used to characterize developmental trajectories of four diffusion measures-fractional anisotropy (FA), axial (AD), radial (RD), and mean diffusivity (MD) in each tract. To disentangle the impact of additional environmental and developmental risk factors on white matter maturation, we used a multivariate approach (partial least squares (PLS) correlation) in a subset of 39 individuals with 22q11.2DS. Results revealed no divergent white matter developmental trajectories in patients with 22q11.2DS compared to controls. However, 22q11.2DS showed consistently increased FA and reduced AD, RD, and MD in most white matter tracts. PLS correlation further revealed a significant white matter-clinical risk factors relationship. These results indicate that while age-related changes are preserved in 22q11.2DS, white matter microstructure is widely disrupted, suggesting that genetic high risk for psychosis involves early occurring neurodevelopmental insults. In addition, multivariate modeling showed that clinical risk factors further impact white matter development. Together, these findings suggest that genetic, developmental, and environmental risk factors may play a cumulative role in altering normative white matter development during premorbid stages of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Bagautdinova
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Maria C Padula
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Zöller
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- Medical Image Processing Laboratory, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuromodulation and Neurotechnology, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurotechnology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Corrado Sandini
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maude Schneider
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- Clinical Psychology Unit for Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Schaer
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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13
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Choi MS, Chung YY, Kim DJ, Kim ST, Jun YH. Immunoreactivity of MAPK Signaling in a Rat Model of Intrauterine Growth Retardation Induced by Uterine Artery Ligation. In Vivo 2020; 34:649-657. [PMID: 32111765 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) causes very low birth weight and is related to the morbidity and mortality of the newborn. In our previous study, expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was found reduced in the cerebral cortex and dentate gyrus of fetuses with IUGR. BDNF protected cortical neurons against hypoxic injury via activation of the extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) pathway. The aim of the current study was to observe the immunoreactivity of ERK in mature neurons and proliferating cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Uterine artery ligation was performed at 17 days of gestation (dg). Rat fetuses were obtained at 21 dg using cesarean section. Fetuses were designated either to the growth retardation (GR) group when removed from the horn with uterine artery ligation, or to the control group when removed from the other horn with the untied artery. Immunohistochemistry was performed with primary antibodies on paraffin-embedded forebrain sections. RESULTS The density and proportion of cells expressing PCNA, ERK, and phosphate ERK in the subventricular zone (SVZ) was not different between the control and GR group. The density and proportion of NeuN- and phosphate ERK-positive cells in the cerebral parietal cortex was lower in the GR group, compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Although IUGR had no effect on the proliferation of cells in the SVZ, it reduced neuronal survival in the cerebral parietal cortex, which was associated with the decrease of pERK-positive cell density and proportion in the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seon Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Chosun University Hospital, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Young Chung
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Joon Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Taeck Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chosun University Hospital, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Jun
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea
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14
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Fiksinski AM, Breetvelt EJ, Lee YJ, Boot E, Butcher N, Palmer L, Chow EWC, Kahn RS, Vorstman JAS, Bassett AS. Neurocognition and adaptive functioning in a genetic high risk model of schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2019; 49:1047-1054. [PMID: 30064532 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718001824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying factors that influence the functional outcome is an important goal in schizophrenia research. The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a unique genetic model with high risk (20-25%) for schizophrenia. This study aimed to identify potentially targetable domains of neurocognitive functioning associated with functional outcome in adults with 22q11DS. METHODS We used comprehensive neurocognitive test data available for 99 adults with 22q11DS (n = 43 with schizophrenia) and principal component analysis to derive four domains of neurocognition (Verbal Memory, Visual and Logical Memory, Motor Performance, and Executive Performance). We then investigated the association of these neurocognitive domains with adaptive functioning using Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales data and a linear regression model that accounted for the effects of schizophrenia status and overall intellectual level. RESULTS The regression model explained 46.8% of the variance in functional outcome (p < 0.0001). Executive Performance was significantly associated with functional outcome (p = 0.048). Age and schizophrenia were also significant factors. The effects of Executive Performance on functioning did not significantly differ between those with and without psychotic illness. CONCLUSION The findings provide the impetus for further studies to examine the potential of directed (early) interventions targeting Executive Performance to improve long-term adaptive functional outcome in individuals with, or at high risk for, schizophrenia. Moreover, the neurocognitive test profiles may benefit caregivers and clinicians by providing insight into the relative strengths and weaknesses of individuals with 22q11DS, with and without psychotic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Fiksinski
- Department of Psychiatry,Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht,Utrecht,The Netherlands
| | - E J Breetvelt
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health,Toronto, Ontario,Canada
| | - Y J Lee
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health,Toronto, Ontario,Canada
| | - E Boot
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health,Toronto, Ontario,Canada
| | - N Butcher
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health,Toronto, Ontario,Canada
| | - L Palmer
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome,Toronto General Hospital,University Health Network,Toronto, Ontario,Canada
| | - E W C Chow
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health,Toronto, Ontario,Canada
| | - R S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry,Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht,Utrecht,The Netherlands
| | - J A S Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry,Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht,Utrecht,The Netherlands
| | - A S Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health,Toronto, Ontario,Canada
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15
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Padula MC, Schaer M, Armando M, Sandini C, Zöller D, Scariati E, Schneider M, Eliez S. Cortical morphology development in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome at ultra-high risk of psychosis. Psychol Med 2018; 48:2375-2383. [PMID: 29338796 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717003920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) present a high risk of developing psychosis. While clinical and cognitive predictors for the conversion towards a full-blown psychotic disorder are well defined and largely used in practice, neural biomarkers do not yet exist. However, a number of investigations indicated an association between abnormalities in cortical morphology and higher symptoms severities in patients with 22q11DS. Nevertheless, few studies included homogeneous groups of patients differing in their psychotic symptoms profile. METHODS In this study, we included 22 patients meeting the criteria for an ultra-high-risk (UHR) psychotic state and 22 age-, gender- and IQ-matched non-UHR patients. Measures of cortical morphology, including cortical thickness, volume, surface area and gyrification, were compared between the two groups using mass-univariate and multivariate comparisons. Furthermore, the development of these measures was tested in the two groups using a mixed-model approach. RESULTS Our results showed differences in cortical volume and surface area in UHR patients compared with non-UHR. In particular, we found a positive association between surface area and the rate of change of global functioning, suggesting that higher surface area is predictive of improved functioning with age. We also observed accelerated cortical thinning during adolescence in UHR patients with 22q11DS. CONCLUSIONS These results, although preliminary, suggest that alterations in cortical volume and surface area as well as altered development of cortical thickness may be associated to a greater probability to develop psychosis in 22q11DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmela Padula
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory,Department of Psychiatry,University of Geneva School of Medicine,Geneva,Switzerland
| | - Marie Schaer
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory,Department of Psychiatry,University of Geneva School of Medicine,Geneva,Switzerland
| | - Marco Armando
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory,Department of Psychiatry,University of Geneva School of Medicine,Geneva,Switzerland
| | - Corrado Sandini
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory,Department of Psychiatry,University of Geneva School of Medicine,Geneva,Switzerland
| | - Daniela Zöller
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory,Department of Psychiatry,University of Geneva School of Medicine,Geneva,Switzerland
| | - Elisa Scariati
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory,Department of Psychiatry,University of Geneva School of Medicine,Geneva,Switzerland
| | - Maude Schneider
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory,Department of Psychiatry,University of Geneva School of Medicine,Geneva,Switzerland
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory,Department of Psychiatry,University of Geneva School of Medicine,Geneva,Switzerland
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16
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Palmer L, Butcher NJ, Boot E, Hodgkinson KA, Heung T, Chow EWC, Guna A, Crowley TB, Zackai E, McDonald-McGinn DM, Bassett AS. Elucidating the diagnostic odyssey of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:936-944. [PMID: 29575622 PMCID: PMC5873609 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Clinical molecular testing has been available for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) for over two decades yet under-recognition and diagnostic delays are common. To characterize the "diagnostic odyssey" in 22q11.2DS we studied 202 well-characterized unrelated adults, none ascertained through an affected relative. We used a regression model to identify clinical and demographic factors associated with length of time to molecular diagnosis. Kaplan-Meier analysis compared time to diagnosis for the molecular testing era (since 1994) and earlier birth cohorts. The results showed that the median time to molecular diagnosis of the 22q11.2 deletion was 4.7 (range 0-20.7) years. Palatal and cardiac anomalies, but not developmental delay/intellectual disability, were associated with a shorter time to molecular diagnosis. Non-European ethnicity was associated with longer time to diagnosis. Inclusion of a cohort from another 22q11.2DS center increased power to observe a significantly earlier diagnosis for patients born in the molecular testing era. Nonetheless, only a minority were diagnosed in the first year of life. On average, patients were seen in seven (range 2-15) different clinical specialty areas prior to molecular diagnosis. The findings indicate that even for those born in the molecular testing era, individuals with 22q11.2DS and their families face a diagnostic odyssey that is often prolonged, particularly in the absence of typical physical congenital features or for those of non-European ancestry. The results support educational efforts to improve clinical recognition and testing, and ultimately newborn screening as a means of maximizing early detection that would provide the best opportunity to optimize outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Palmer
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nancy J. Butcher
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The 22q and You Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erik Boot
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathleen A. Hodgkinson
- Department of Epidemiology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Tracy Heung
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eva WC Chow
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alina Guna
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - T. Blaine Crowley
- The 22q and You Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elaine Zackai
- The 22q and You Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Clinical Genetics Centre, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA
| | - Donna M. McDonald-McGinn
- The 22q and You Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Clinical Genetics Centre, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA
- Section of Genetic Counseling, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Anne S. Bassett
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Padula MC, Scariati E, Schaer M, Eliez S. A Mini Review on the Contribution of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in the Risk of Psychosis in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:372. [PMID: 30174623 PMCID: PMC6107828 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a neurogenetic disorder that causes a high risk of developing schizophrenia, thus representing a unique model for the investigation of biomarkers of psychosis. Cognitive and clinical risk factors have been identified as reliable predictors of schizophrenia in patients with 22q11DS and are currently used in the clinical practice. However, biomarkers based on neuroimaging are still lacking, mainly because of the analytic approaches adopted so far, which are almost uniquely based on the comparison of 22q11DS patients with healthy controls. Such comparisons do not take into account the heterogeneity within patients with 22q11DS, who indeed show various clinical manifestations. More recently, a number of studies compared measures of brain morphology and connectivity between patients with 22q11DS with different symptomatic profiles. The aim of this short review is to highlight the brain alterations found in patients with 22q11DS fulfilling ultra-high risk (UHR) criteria. Findings point to alterations in brain morphology and connectivity in frontal brain regions, and in particular in the anterior cingulate cortex, in patients with 22q11DS presenting UHR symptoms. These alterations may represent valuable biomarkers of psychosis in 22q11DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Padula
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Office Médico-Pédagogique, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Scariati
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Office Médico-Pédagogique, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Schaer
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Office Médico-Pédagogique, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Office Médico-Pédagogique, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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18
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Butcher NJ, Marras C, Pondal M, Rusjan P, Boot E, Christopher L, Repetto GM, Fritsch R, Chow EWC, Masellis M, Strafella AP, Lang AE, Bassett AS. Neuroimaging and clinical features in adults with a 22q11.2 deletion at risk of Parkinson's disease. Brain 2017; 140:1371-1383. [PMID: 28369257 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The recurrent 22q11.2 deletion is a genetic risk factor for early-onset Parkinson's disease. Adults with the associated 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) may exhibit phenotypes that could help identify those at highest risk and reveal disease trajectories. We investigated clinical and neuroimaging features relevant to Parkinson's disease in 26 adults: 13 with 22q11.2DS at genetic risk of Parkinson's disease (mean age = 41.5 years, standard deviation = 9.7), 12 healthy age and sex-matched controls, and a 22q11.2DS patient with l-DOPA-responsive early-onset Parkinson's disease. Neuroimaging included transcranial sonography and positron emission tomography using 11C-dihydrotetrabenazine (11C-DTBZ), a radioligand that binds to the presynaptic vesicular monoamine transporter. The 22q11.2DS group without Parkinson's disease demonstrated significant motor and olfactory deficits relative to controls. Eight (61.5%) were clinically classified with parkinsonism. Transcranial sonography showed a significantly larger mean area of substantia nigra echogenicity in the 22q11.2DS risk group compared with controls (P = 0.03). The 22q11.2DS patient with Parkinson's disease showed the expected pattern of severely reduced striatal 11C-DTBZ binding. The 22q11.2DS group without Parkinson's disease however showed significantly elevated striatal 11C-DTBZ binding relative to controls (∼33%; P < 0.01). Results were similar within the 22q11.2DS group for those with (n = 7) and without (n = 6) psychotic illness. These findings suggest that manifestations of parkinsonism and/or evolution to Parkinson's disease in this genetic at-risk population may include a hyperdopaminergic mechanism. Adequately powered longitudinal studies and animal models are needed to evaluate the relevance of the observed clinical and imaging phenotypes to Parkinson's disease and other disorders that are more prevalent in 22q11.2DS, such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Butcher
- Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Connie Marras
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margarita Pondal
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pablo Rusjan
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erik Boot
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, and Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leigh Christopher
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour-Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Hospital Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gabriela M Repetto
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Facultad de Medicina, Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rosemarie Fritsch
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Clínica Psiquiátrica Recoleta, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eva W C Chow
- Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antonio P Strafella
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour-Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Hospital Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto Western Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto Western Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, and Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Schizophrenia occurs in ∼25% of individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), the strongest known molecular genetic risk factor for schizophrenia. This review highlights recent literature in 22q11.2DS as it pertains to psychosis and schizophrenia. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in noninvasive prenatal testing allow for early detection of 22q11.2DS in utero, whereas premature birth has been shown to be a significant risk factor for development of psychotic illness in 22q11.2DS. Impairments in various domains of cognitive and social functioning, as well as neuroanatomical alterations, are comparable with those in other high-risk groups and may serve as early signs of psychosis in 22q11.2DS. Novel research on the pathogenesis of schizophrenia in 22q11.2DS using cellular and mouse models indicates changes in expression of genes within the 22q11.2 deletion region and elsewhere in the genome, implicating molecular pathways involved in schizophrenia and associated neurocognitive deficits. Increased risks of obesity and of Parkinson's disease in 22q11.2DS warrant consideration in antipsychotic management. SUMMARY Progress in characterizing and predicting psychotic illness in 22q11.2DS supports this identifiable subpopulation as a molecular model with important implications for understanding the pathogenesis of schizophrenia in the general population and for development of potential novel therapies.
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20
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Butcher NJ, Merico D, Zarrei M, Ogura L, Marshall CR, Chow EWC, Lang AE, Scherer SW, Bassett AS. Whole-genome sequencing suggests mechanisms for 22q11.2 deletion-associated Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173944. [PMID: 28430790 PMCID: PMC5400231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate disease risk mechanisms of early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD) associated with the recurrent 22q11.2 deletion, a genetic risk factor for early-onset PD. METHODS In a proof-of-principle study, we used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to investigate sequence variants in nine adults with 22q11.2DS, three with neuropathologically confirmed early-onset PD and six without PD. Adopting an approach used recently to study schizophrenia in 22q11.2DS, here we tested candidate gene-sets relevant to PD. RESULTS No mutations common to the cases with PD were found in the intact 22q11.2 region. While all were negative for rare mutations in a gene-set comprising PD disease-causing and risk genes, another candidate gene-set of 1000 genes functionally relevant to PD presented a nominally significant (P = 0.03) enrichment of rare putatively damaging missense variants in the PD cases. Polygenic score results, based on common variants associated with PD risk, were non-significantly greater in those with PD. CONCLUSIONS The results of this first-ever pilot study of WGS in PD suggest that the cumulative burden of genome-wide sequence variants may contribute to expression of early-onset PD in the presence of threshold-lowering dosage effects of a 22q11.2 deletion. We found no evidence that expression of PD in 22q11.2DS is mediated by a recessive locus on the intact 22q11.2 chromosome or mutations in known PD genes. These findings offer initial evidence of the potential effects of multiple within-individual rare variants on the expression of PD and the utility of next generation sequencing for studying the etiology of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J. Butcher
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniele Merico
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mehdi Zarrei
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucas Ogura
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian R. Marshall
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eva W. C. Chow
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony E. Lang
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Western Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen W. Scherer
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne S. Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Dalglish 22q Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Voll SL, Boot E, Butcher NJ, Cooper S, Heung T, Chow EWC, Silversides CK, Bassett AS. Obesity in adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Genet Med 2017; 19:204-208. [PMID: 27537705 PMCID: PMC5292049 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2016.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the prevalence of and contributing factors to adult obesity in the most common recurrent copy-number variation (CNV), 22q11.2 deletion, given that other rare CNVs are known to have obesity phenotypes. METHODS In 207 adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), we used available height and weight measurements to calculate body mass index (BMI) and recorded associated factors that could play a role in obesity. We used the maximum BMI per subject and logistic regression to test a model predicting obesity class. RESULTS The prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥30) in 22q11.2DS (n = 90, 43.5%; at median age of 26.7 years) was significantly greater than for Canadian norms (odds ratio (OR) 2.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.74-3.02, P < 0.0001), even after excluding individuals with a history of antipsychotic use. The regression model was significant (P < 0.0001). Psychotropic medication use and age, but not sex or presence of intellectual disability, were associated with higher obesity level. Ten (4.8%) individuals were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at a median age of 39.5 years; the prevalence was higher in those with obesity (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The results suggest that adult obesity is related to the 22q11.2 deletion. The findings expand the potential genetic causes of obesity and have important implications for management of 22q11.2DS.Genet Med 19 2, 204-208.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Voll
- MD Program, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erik Boot
- Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nancy J Butcher
- Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samantha Cooper
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tracy Heung
- Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eva W C Chow
- Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Candice K Silversides
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Bassett AS, Costain G, Marshall CR. Neuropsychiatric aspects of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: considerations in the prenatal setting. Prenat Diagn 2016; 37:61-69. [PMID: 27718271 DOI: 10.1002/pd.4935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Most major neuropsychiatric outcomes of concern to families are not detectable by prenatal ultrasound. The introduction of genome-wide chromosomal microarray analysis to prenatal clinical diagnostic testing has increased the detection of pathogenic 22q11.2 deletions, which cause the most common genomic disorder. The recent addition of this and other microdeletions to non-invasive prenatal screening methods using cell-free fetal DNA has further propelled interest in outcomes. Conditions associated with 22q11.2 deletions include intellect ranging from intellectual disability to average, schizophrenia and other treatable psychiatric conditions, epilepsy, and early-onset Parkinson's disease. However, there is currently no way to predict how severe the lifetime expression will be. Available evidence suggests no major role in these neuropsychiatric outcomes for the congenital cardiac or most other structural anomalies that may be detectable on ultrasound. This article provides an outline of the lifetime neuropsychiatric phenotype of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome that will be useful to clinicians involved in prenatal diagnosis and related genetic counselling. The focus is on information that will be most relevant to two common situations: detection of a 22q11.2 deletion in a fetus or newborn, and new diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome in a parent without a previous molecular diagnosis. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Bassett
- The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Mental Health, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory Costain
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Medical Genetics Residency Training Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian R Marshall
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Midbari Kufert Y, Nachmani A, Nativ E, Weizman A, Gothelf D. Association between prematurity and the evolution of psychotic disorders in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:1491-1497. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1607-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Dugoff L, Mennuti MT, McDonald-McGinn DM. The benefits and limitations of cell-free DNA screening for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Prenat Diagn 2016; 37:53-60. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Dugoff
- Department of OB/GYN, Divisions of Reproductive Genetics and Maternal Fetal Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Michael T. Mennuti
- Department of OB/GYN, Divisions of Reproductive Genetics and Maternal Fetal Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Donna M. McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center and Clinical Genetics Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and the Department of Pediatrics; The Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
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Shetty M, Srikanth A, Kadandale J, Hegde S. Pre- and Postnatal Diagnosis of 10p14 Deletion and 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome and Significance of Non-Cardiac Markers. Cytogenet Genome Res 2016; 148:249-55. [DOI: 10.1159/000446162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart defect (CHD) is the most common form of birth defects. There is a high association between increased nuchal translucency and CHD in fetuses, and CHD in the antenatal period has a high incidence of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS). Apart from 22q11.2DS, the BRUNOL3 gene at 10p14 is also associated with DiGeorge-like features. We studied a total of 110 pre- and postnatal CHD cases with FISH probes. 22q11.2DS was detected in 5 cases and 10p14 deletion in 1 case. Antenatally diagnosed cases of CHD should be investigated by karyotyping and 22q11.2DS testing. Cases with increased nuchal translucency, intrauterine growth retardation, and other non-cardiac malformations because of 22q11.2DS should be screened carefully for thymus dysgenesis. It is also advisable to screen patients referred for 22q11.2DS for a 10p14 deletion, therefore enabling appropriate parental counseling.
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Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is the most common chromosomal microdeletion disorder, estimated to result mainly from de novo non-homologous meiotic recombination events occurring in approximately 1 in every 1,000 fetuses. The first description in the English language of the constellation of findings now known to be due to this chromosomal difference was made in the 1960s in children with DiGeorge syndrome, who presented with the clinical triad of immunodeficiency, hypoparathyroidism and congenital heart disease. The syndrome is now known to have a heterogeneous presentation that includes multiple additional congenital anomalies and later-onset conditions, such as palatal, gastrointestinal and renal abnormalities, autoimmune disease, variable cognitive delays, behavioural phenotypes and psychiatric illness - all far extending the original description of DiGeorge syndrome. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach involving paediatrics, general medicine, surgery, psychiatry, psychology, interventional therapies (physical, occupational, speech, language and behavioural) and genetic counselling. Although common, lack of recognition of the condition and/or lack of familiarity with genetic testing methods, together with the wide variability of clinical presentation, delays diagnosis. Early diagnosis, preferably prenatally or neonatally, could improve outcomes, thus stressing the importance of universal screening. Equally important, 22q11.2DS has become a model for understanding rare and frequent congenital anomalies, medical conditions, psychiatric and developmental disorders, and may provide a platform to better understand these disorders while affording opportunities for translational strategies across the lifespan for both patients with 22q11.2DS and those with these associated features in the general population.
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