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Mackay TFC, Anholt RRH. Pleiotropy, epistasis and the genetic architecture of quantitative traits. Nat Rev Genet 2024; 25:639-657. [PMID: 38565962 PMCID: PMC11330371 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-024-00711-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Pleiotropy (whereby one genetic polymorphism affects multiple traits) and epistasis (whereby non-linear interactions between genetic polymorphisms affect the same trait) are fundamental aspects of the genetic architecture of quantitative traits. Recent advances in the ability to characterize the effects of polymorphic variants on molecular and organismal phenotypes in human and model organism populations have revealed the prevalence of pleiotropy and unexpected shared molecular genetic bases among quantitative traits, including diseases. By contrast, epistasis is common between polymorphic loci associated with quantitative traits in model organisms, such that alleles at one locus have different effects in different genetic backgrounds, but is rarely observed for human quantitative traits and common diseases. Here, we review the concepts and recent inferences about pleiotropy and epistasis, and discuss factors that contribute to similarities and differences between the genetic architecture of quantitative traits in model organisms and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trudy F C Mackay
- Center for Human Genetics, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
| | - Robert R H Anholt
- Center for Human Genetics, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
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2
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Gudmundsson S, Singer-Berk M, Stenton SL, Goodrich JK, Wilson MW, Einson J, Watts NA, Lappalainen T, Rehm HL, MacArthur DG, O’Donnell-Luria A. Exploring penetrance of clinically relevant variants in over 800,000 humans from the Genome Aggregation Database. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.12.593113. [PMID: 38915639 PMCID: PMC11195293 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.12.593113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Incomplete penetrance, or absence of disease phenotype in an individual with a disease-associated variant, is a major challenge in variant interpretation. Studying individuals with apparent incomplete penetrance can shed light on underlying drivers of altered phenotype penetrance. Here, we investigate clinically relevant variants from ClinVar in 807,162 individuals from the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), demonstrating improved representation in gnomAD version 4. We then conduct a comprehensive case-by-case assessment of 734 predicted loss of function variants (pLoF) in 77 genes associated with severe, early-onset, highly penetrant haploinsufficient disease. We identified explanations for the presumed lack of disease manifestation in 701 of the variants (95%). Individuals with unexplained lack of disease manifestation in this set of disorders rarely occur, underscoring the need and power of deep case-by-case assessment presented here to minimize false assignments of disease risk, particularly in unaffected individuals with higher rates of secondary properties that result in rescue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Gudmundsson
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine & Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Moriel Singer-Berk
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah L. Stenton
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine & Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia K. Goodrich
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael W. Wilson
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Nicholas A Watts
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Tuuli Lappalainen
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heidi L. Rehm
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine & Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel G. MacArthur
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Population Genomics, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anne O’Donnell-Luria
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine & Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Kingdom R, Beaumont RN, Wood AR, Weedon MN, Wright CF. Genetic modifiers of rare variants in monogenic developmental disorder loci. Nat Genet 2024; 56:861-868. [PMID: 38637616 PMCID: PMC11096126 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-024-01710-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Rare damaging variants in a large number of genes are known to cause monogenic developmental disorders (DDs) and have also been shown to cause milder subclinical phenotypes in population cohorts. Here, we show that carrying multiple (2-5) rare damaging variants across 599 dominant DD genes has an additive adverse effect on numerous cognitive and socioeconomic traits in UK Biobank, which can be partially counterbalanced by a higher educational attainment polygenic score (EA-PGS). Phenotypic deviators from expected EA-PGS could be partly explained by the enrichment or depletion of rare DD variants. Among carriers of rare DD variants, those with a DD-related clinical diagnosis had a substantially lower EA-PGS and more severe phenotype than those without a clinical diagnosis. Our results suggest that the overall burden of both rare and common variants can modify the expressivity of a phenotype, which may then influence whether an individual reaches the threshold for clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kingdom
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Robin N Beaumont
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Caroline F Wright
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK.
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4
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Farhat NY, Alexander D, McKee K, Iben J, Rodriguez-Gil JL, Wassif CA, Cawley NX, Balch WE, Porter FD. Sterol O-Acyltransferase 1 ( SOAT1): A Genetic Modifier of Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C1. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4217. [PMID: 38673803 PMCID: PMC11050712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1) is a lysosomal disorder due to impaired intracellular cholesterol transport out of the endolysosomal compartment.. Marked heterogeneity has been observed in individuals with the same NPC1 genotype, thus suggesting a significant effect of modifier genes. Prior work demonstrated that decreased SOAT1 activity decreased disease severity in an NPC1 mouse model. Thus, we hypothesized that a polymorphism associated with decreased SOAT1 expression might influence the NPC1 phenotype. Phenotyping and genomic sequencing of 117 individuals with NPC1 was performed as part of a Natural History trial. Phenotyping included determination of disease severity and disease burden. Significant clinical heterogeneity is present in individuals homozygous for the NPC1I1061T variant and in siblings. Analysis of the SOAT1 polymorphism, rs1044925 (A>C), showed a significant association of the C-allele with earlier age of neurological onset. The C-allele may be associated with a higher Annualized Severity Index Score as well as increased frequency of liver disease and seizures. A polymorphism associated with decreased expression of SOAT1 appears to be a genetic modifier of the NPC1 phenotype. This finding is consistent with prior data showing decreased phenotypic severity in Npc1-/-:Soat1-/- mice and supports efforts to investigate the potential of SOAT1 inhibitors as a potential therapy for NPC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Y. Farhat
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (N.Y.F.); (D.A.); (K.M.); (C.A.W.); (N.X.C.)
| | - Derek Alexander
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (N.Y.F.); (D.A.); (K.M.); (C.A.W.); (N.X.C.)
| | - Kyli McKee
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (N.Y.F.); (D.A.); (K.M.); (C.A.W.); (N.X.C.)
| | - James Iben
- Molecular Genomics Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Jorge L. Rodriguez-Gil
- Division of Medical Genetics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA;
| | - Christopher A. Wassif
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (N.Y.F.); (D.A.); (K.M.); (C.A.W.); (N.X.C.)
| | - Niamh X. Cawley
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (N.Y.F.); (D.A.); (K.M.); (C.A.W.); (N.X.C.)
| | - William E. Balch
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
| | - Forbes D. Porter
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (N.Y.F.); (D.A.); (K.M.); (C.A.W.); (N.X.C.)
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5
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Balachandran S, Prada-Medina CA, Mensah MA, Kakar N, Nagel I, Pozojevic J, Audain E, Hitz MP, Kircher M, Sreenivasan VKA, Spielmann M. STIGMA: Single-cell tissue-specific gene prioritization using machine learning. Am J Hum Genet 2024; 111:338-349. [PMID: 38228144 PMCID: PMC10870135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinical exome and genome sequencing have revolutionized the understanding of human disease genetics. Yet many genes remain functionally uncharacterized, complicating the establishment of causal disease links for genetic variants. While several scoring methods have been devised to prioritize these candidate genes, these methods fall short of capturing the expression heterogeneity across cell subpopulations within tissues. Here, we introduce single-cell tissue-specific gene prioritization using machine learning (STIGMA), an approach that leverages single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data to prioritize candidate genes associated with rare congenital diseases. STIGMA prioritizes genes by learning the temporal dynamics of gene expression across cell types during healthy organogenesis. To assess the efficacy of our framework, we applied STIGMA to mouse limb and human fetal heart scRNA-seq datasets. In a cohort of individuals with congenital limb malformation, STIGMA prioritized 469 variants in 345 genes, with UBA2 as a notable example. For congenital heart defects, we detected 34 genes harboring nonsynonymous de novo variants (nsDNVs) in two or more individuals from a set of 7,958 individuals, including the ortholog of Prdm1, which is associated with hypoplastic left ventricle and hypoplastic aortic arch. Overall, our findings demonstrate that STIGMA effectively prioritizes tissue-specific candidate genes by utilizing single-cell transcriptome data. The ability to capture the heterogeneity of gene expression across cell populations makes STIGMA a powerful tool for the discovery of disease-associated genes and facilitates the identification of causal variants underlying human genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Balachandran
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck and Kiel University, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Cesar A Prada-Medina
- Human Molecular Genetics Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin A Mensah
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; BIH Charité Digital Clinician Scientist Program, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Strasse 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany; RG Development & Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Naseebullah Kakar
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck and Kiel University, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Biotechnology, BUITEMS, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Inga Nagel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck and Kiel University, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jelena Pozojevic
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck and Kiel University, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Enrique Audain
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Carl von Ossietzky University, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; DZHK e.V. (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marc-Phillip Hitz
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Carl von Ossietzky University, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; DZHK e.V. (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck; Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Kircher
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck and Kiel University, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Varun K A Sreenivasan
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck and Kiel University, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Malte Spielmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck and Kiel University, Lübeck, Germany; Human Molecular Genetics Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany; DZHK e.V. (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck.
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6
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Kong L, Li S, Zhao Z, Feng J, Fu X, Li H, Zhu J, Wang Y, Tang W, Yuan C, Li F, Han X, Wu D, Kong X, Sun L. Exploring factors impacting haplotype-based noninvasive prenatal diagnosis for single-gene recessive disorders. Clin Genet 2024; 105:52-61. [PMID: 37822034 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Haplotype-based noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) is applicable for various recessive single-gene disorders in proband families. However, a comprehensive exploration of critical factors influencing the assay performance, such as fetal fraction, informative single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) count, and recombination events, has yet to be performed. It is critical to identify key factors affecting NIPD performance, including its accuracy and success rate, and their impact on clinical diagnostics to guide clinical practice. We conducted a prospective study, recruiting 219 proband families with singleton pregnancies at risk for eight recessive single-gene disorders (Duchenne muscular dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy, phenylketonuria, methylmalonic acidemia, hemophilia A, hemophilia B, non-syndromic hearing loss, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia) at 7-14 weeks of gestation. Haplotype-based NIPD was performed by evaluating the relative haplotype dosage (RHDO) in maternal circulation, and the results were validated via invasive prenatal diagnosis or newborn follow-ups. Among the 219 families, the median gestational age at first blood draw was 8+5 weeks. Initial testing succeeded for 190 families and failed for 29 due to low fetal fraction (16), insufficient informative SNPs (9), and homologous recombination near pathogenic variation (4). Among low fetal fraction families, successful testing was achieved for 11 cases after a redraw, while 5 remained inconclusive. Test failures linked to insufficient informative SNPs correlated with linkage disequilibrium near the genes, with F8 and MMUT exhibiting the highest associated failure rates (14.3% and 25%, respectively). Homologous recombination was relatively frequent around the DMD and SMN1 genes (8.8% and 4.8%, respectively) but led to detection failure in only 44.4% (4/9) of such cases. All NIPD results from the 201 successful families were consistent with invasive diagnostic findings or newborn follow-up. Fetal fraction, informative SNPs count, and homologous recombination are pivotal to NIPD performance. Redrawing blood effectively improves the success rate for low fetal fraction samples. However, informative SNPs count and homologous recombination rates vary significantly across genes, necessitating careful consideration in clinical practice. We have designed an in silico method based on linkage disequilibrium data to predict the number of informative SNPs. This can identify genomic regions where there might be an insufficient number of SNPs, thereby guiding panel design. With these factors properly accounted for, NIPD is highly accurate and reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingrong Kong
- Department of Fetal Medicine & Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaojun Li
- Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhao
- Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Celula (China) Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyu Fu
- Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huanyun Li
- Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingqi Zhu
- Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weiqin Tang
- Celula (China) Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Celula (China) Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Feifei Li
- Celula (China) Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Xiujuan Han
- Celula (China) Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Di Wu
- Celula (China) Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangdong Kong
- Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Luming Sun
- Department of Fetal Medicine & Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Maroilley T, Rahit KMTH, Chida AR, Cotra F, Rodrigues Alves Barbosa V, Tarailo-Graovac M. Model Organism Modifier (MOM): a user-friendly Galaxy workflow to detect modifiers from genome sequencing data using Caenorhabditis elegans. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad184. [PMID: 37585487 PMCID: PMC10627290 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Genetic modifiers are variants modulating phenotypic outcomes of a primary detrimental variant. They contribute to rare diseases phenotypic variability, but their identification is challenging. Genetic screening with model organisms is a widely used method for demystifying genetic modifiers. Forward genetics screening followed by whole genome sequencing allows the detection of variants throughout the genome but typically produces thousands of candidate variants making the interpretation and prioritization process very time-consuming and tedious. Despite whole genome sequencing is more time and cost-efficient, usage of computational pipelines specific to modifier identification remains a challenge for biological-experiment-focused laboratories doing research with model organisms. To facilitate a broader implementation of whole genome sequencing in genetic screens, we have developed Model Organism Modifier or MOM, a pipeline as a user-friendly Galaxy workflow. Model Organism Modifier analyses raw short-read whole genome sequencing data and implements tailored filtering to provide a Candidate Variant List short enough to be further manually curated. We provide a detailed tutorial to run the Galaxy workflow Model Organism Modifier and guidelines to manually curate the Candidate Variant Lists. We have tested Model Organism Modifier on published and validated Caenorhabditis elegans modifiers screening datasets. As whole genome sequencing facilitates high-throughput identification of genetic modifiers in model organisms, Model Organism Modifier provides a user-friendly solution to implement the bioinformatics analysis of the short-read datasets in laboratories without expertise or support in Bioinformatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Maroilley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - K M Tahsin Hassan Rahit
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Afiya Razia Chida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Filip Cotra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Victoria Rodrigues Alves Barbosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Maja Tarailo-Graovac
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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Sharo AG, Zou Y, Adhikari AN, Brenner SE. ClinVar and HGMD genomic variant classification accuracy has improved over time, as measured by implied disease burden. Genome Med 2023; 15:51. [PMID: 37443081 PMCID: PMC10347827 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curated databases of genetic variants assist clinicians and researchers in interpreting genetic variation. Yet, these databases contain some misclassified variants. It is unclear whether variant misclassification is abating as these databases rapidly grow and implement new guidelines. METHODS Using archives of ClinVar and HGMD, we investigated how variant misclassification has changed over 6 years, across different ancestry groups. We considered inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) screened in newborns as a model system because these disorders are often highly penetrant with neonatal phenotypes. We used samples from the 1000 Genomes Project (1KGP) to identify individuals with genotypes that were classified by the databases as pathogenic. Due to the rarity of IEMs, nearly all such classified pathogenic genotypes indicate likely variant misclassification in ClinVar or HGMD. RESULTS While the false-positive rates of both ClinVar and HGMD have improved over time, HGMD variants currently imply two orders of magnitude more affected individuals in 1KGP than ClinVar variants. We observed that African ancestry individuals have a significantly increased chance of being incorrectly indicated to be affected by a screened IEM when HGMD variants are used. However, this bias affecting genomes of African ancestry was no longer significant once common variants were removed in accordance with recent variant classification guidelines. We discovered that ClinVar variants classified as Pathogenic or Likely Pathogenic are reclassified sixfold more often than DM or DM? variants in HGMD, which has likely resulted in ClinVar's lower false-positive rate. CONCLUSIONS Considering misclassified variants that have since been reclassified reveals our increasing understanding of rare genetic variation. We found that variant classification guidelines and allele frequency databases comprising genetically diverse samples are important factors in reclassification. We also discovered that ClinVar variants common in European and South Asian individuals were more likely to be reclassified to a lower confidence category, perhaps due to an increased chance of these variants being classified by multiple submitters. We discuss features for variant classification databases that would support their continued improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Sharo
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 124 Biomed Building, 1156 High St., Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Yangyun Zou
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 461 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Currently at: Department of Clinical Research, Yikon Genomics Company, Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Aashish N. Adhikari
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 461 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Currently at: Illumina, Foster City, CA 94404 USA
| | - Steven E. Brenner
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 461 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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9
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Reiner J, Rosenblum LS, Xin W, Zhou Z, Zhu H, Leach N. Incidental molecular diagnoses and heterozygous risk alleles in a carrier screening cohort. Genet Med 2023; 25:100317. [PMID: 36459106 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Expanded pan-ethnic carrier screening is an effective tool for the management of reproductive risk. However, growth in the number of conditions screened, in combination with increasingly more comprehensive test methodologies, can lead to the detection of genetic findings that may affect the health of the tested individual. The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency of pathogenic genotypes in a presumed healthy carrier screening cohort to facilitate broader discussions regarding disclosure of genetic information from carrier screening. METHODS A retrospective analysis of 73,755 targeted carrier screens was performed to identify individuals with pathogenic genotypes and heterozygous risk alleles. RESULTS In this study, we identified 79 individuals (0.11%) with pathogenic genotypes associated with moderate to profound autosomal recessive or X-linked conditions. In addition, 10 cases had chromosome X dosage abnormalities suggestive of a sex chromosome abnormality. Heterozygote risk alleles represented the majority of ancillary findings in this cohort, including 280 female carriers of FMR1 premutation alleles, 15 heterozygous females with pathogenic DMD variants, and 174 heterozygotes with pathogenic variants in genes that may confer increased risk for somatic malignancies in the heterozygous state. CONCLUSION These data suggest that nearly 1% of individuals undergoing carrier screening will have a finding that may require clinical evaluation or surveillance.
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10
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Chuah A, Li S, Do A, Field M, Andrews D. StabilitySort: assessment of protein stability changes on a genome-wide scale to prioritize potentially pathogenic genetic variation. Bioinformatics 2022; 38:4220-4222. [PMID: 35801945 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btac465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Missense mutations that change protein stability are strongly associated with human genetic disease. With the recent availability of predicted structures for all human proteins generated using the AlphaFold2 prediction model, genome-wide assessment of the stability effects of genetic variation can, for the first time, be easily performed. This facilitates the interrogation of personal genetic variation for potentially pathogenic effects through the application of stability metrics. Here, we present a novel tool to prioritize variants predicted to cause strong instability in essential proteins. We show that by filtering by ΔΔG values and then prioritizing by StabilitySort Z-scores, we are able to more accurately discriminate pathogenic, protein-destabilizing mutations from population variation, compared with other mutation effect predictors. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION StabilitySort is available as a web service (https://www.stabilitysort.org), as a data download for integration with other tools (https://www.stabilitysort.org/download) or can be deployed as a standalone system from source code (https://gitlab.com/baaron/StabilitySort). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Chuah
- Genome Informatics Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sean Li
- Genome Informatics Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Andrea Do
- Genome Informatics Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Matt Field
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.,Immunogenomics Laboratory, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Dan Andrews
- Genome Informatics Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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11
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Maroilley T, Wright NAM, Diao C, MacLaren L, Pfeffer G, Sarna JR, Billie Au PY, Tarailo-Graovac M. Case Report: Biallelic Loss of Function ATM due to Pathogenic Synonymous and Novel Deep Intronic Variant c.1803-270T > G Identified by Genome Sequencing in a Child With Ataxia–Telangiectasia. Front Genet 2022; 13:815210. [PMID: 35145552 PMCID: PMC8822238 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.815210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia–telangiectasia (AT) is a complex neurodegenerative disease with an increased risk for bone marrow failure and malignancy. AT is caused by biallelic loss of function variants in ATM, which encodes a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase that responds to DNA damage. Herein, we report a child with progressive ataxia, chorea, and genome instability, highly suggestive of AT. The clinical ataxia gene panel identified a maternal heterozygous synonymous variant (NM_000051.3: c.2250G > A), previously described to result in exon 14 skipping. Subsequently, trio genome sequencing led to the identification of a novel deep intronic variant [NG_009830.1(NM_000051.3): c.1803-270T > G] inherited from the father. Transcript analyses revealed that c.1803-270T > G results in aberrant inclusion of 56 base pairs of intron 11. In silico tests predicted a premature stop codon as a consequence, suggesting non-functional ATM; and DNA repair analyses confirmed functional loss of ATM. Our findings highlight the power of genome sequencing, considering deep intronic variants in undiagnosed rare disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Maroilley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nicola A. M. Wright
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Section of Pediatric Hematology-Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children’s Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Catherine Diao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Linda MacLaren
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gerald Pfeffer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Justyna R. Sarna
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ping Yee Billie Au
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Ping Yee Billie Au, ; Maja Tarailo-Graovac,
| | - Maja Tarailo-Graovac
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Ping Yee Billie Au, ; Maja Tarailo-Graovac,
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12
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Gold NB, Harrison SM, Rowe JH, Gold J, Furutani E, Biffi A, Duncan CN, Shimamura A, Lehmann LE, Green RC. Low frequency of treatable pediatric disease alleles in gnomAD: An opportunity for future genomic screening of newborns. HGG ADVANCES 2022; 3:100059. [PMID: 35047849 PMCID: PMC8756496 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2021.100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) can prevent progression of several genetic disorders. Although a subset of these disorders are identified on newborn screening panels, others are not identified until irreversible symptoms develop. Genetic testing is an efficient methodology to ascertain pre-symptomatic children, but the penetrance of risk-associated variants in the general population is not well understood. We developed a list of 127 genes associated with disorders treatable with HSCT. We identified likely pathogenic or pathogenic (LP/P) and loss-of-function (LoF) variants in these genes in the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), a dataset containing exome and genome sequencing data from 141,456 healthy adults. Within gnomAD, we identified 59 individuals with a LP/P or LoF variant in 15 genes. Genes were associated with bone marrow failure syndromes, bleeding disorders, primary immunodeficiencies, osteopetrosis, metabolic disorders, and epidermolysis bullosa. In conclusion, few ostensibly healthy adults had genotypes associated with pediatric disorders treatable with HSCTs. Given that most of these disorders do not have biomarkers that could be cheaply and universally assessed on a standard newborn screen, our data suggest that genetic testing may be a complementary approach to traditional newborn screening methodology that has the potential to improve mortality and is not expected to lead to a high burden of false-positive results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina B. Gold
- Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jared H. Rowe
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Boston, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Division of Pediatric Oncology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Gold
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elissa Furutani
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alessandra Biffi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Boston, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Division of Pediatric Oncology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christine N. Duncan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Boston, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Division of Pediatric Oncology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Akiko Shimamura
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Boston, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Division of Pediatric Oncology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leslie E. Lehmann
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Boston, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Division of Pediatric Oncology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert C. Green
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Ariadne Labs, Boston, MA, USA
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13
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Kingdom R, Wright CF. Incomplete Penetrance and Variable Expressivity: From Clinical Studies to Population Cohorts. Front Genet 2022; 13:920390. [PMID: 35983412 PMCID: PMC9380816 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.920390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The same genetic variant found in different individuals can cause a range of diverse phenotypes, from no discernible clinical phenotype to severe disease, even among related individuals. Such variants can be said to display incomplete penetrance, a binary phenomenon where the genotype either causes the expected clinical phenotype or it does not, or they can be said to display variable expressivity, in which the same genotype can cause a wide range of clinical symptoms across a spectrum. Both incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity are thought to be caused by a range of factors, including common variants, variants in regulatory regions, epigenetics, environmental factors, and lifestyle. Many thousands of genetic variants have been identified as the cause of monogenic disorders, mostly determined through small clinical studies, and thus, the penetrance and expressivity of these variants may be overestimated when compared to their effect on the general population. With the wealth of population cohort data currently available, the penetrance and expressivity of such genetic variants can be investigated across a much wider contingent, potentially helping to reclassify variants that were previously thought to be completely penetrant. Research into the penetrance and expressivity of such genetic variants is important for clinical classification, both for determining causative mechanisms of disease in the affected population and for providing accurate risk information through genetic counseling. A genotype-based definition of the causes of rare diseases incorporating information from population cohorts and clinical studies is critical for our understanding of incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. This review examines our current knowledge of the penetrance and expressivity of genetic variants in rare disease and across populations, as well as looking into the potential causes of the variation seen, including genetic modifiers, mosaicism, and polygenic factors, among others. We also considered the challenges that come with investigating penetrance and expressivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline F Wright
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
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14
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Avramović V, Frederiksen SD, Brkić M, Tarailo-Graovac M. Driving mosaicism: somatic variants in reference population databases and effect on variant interpretation in rare genetic disease. Hum Genomics 2021; 15:71. [PMID: 34906245 PMCID: PMC8670043 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-021-00371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variation databases provide invaluable information on the presence and frequency of genetic variants in the 'untargeted' human population, aggregated with the primary goal to facilitate the interpretation of clinically important variants. The presence of somatic variants in such databases can affect variant assessment in undiagnosed rare disease (RD) patients. Previously, the impact of somatic mosaicism was only considered in relation to two Mendelian disease-associated genes. Here, we expand the analyses to identify additional mosaicism-prone genes in blood-derived reference population databases. RESULTS To identify additional mosaicism-prone genes relevant to RDs, we focused on known/previously established ClinVar pathogenic and likely pathogenic single-nucleotide variants, residing in genes associated with early onset, severe autosomal dominant diseases. We asked whether any of these variants are present in a higher-than-expected frequency in the reference population databases and whether there is evidence of somatic origin (i.e., allelic imbalance) rather than germline heterozygosity (~ half of the reads supporting alternative allele). The mosaicism-prone genes identified were further categorized according to the processes they are involved in. Beyond the previously reported ASXL1 and DNMT3A, we identified 7 additional autosomal dominant RD-associated genes with known pathogenic single-nucleotide variants present in the reference population databases and good evidence of allelic imbalance: BRAF, CBL, FGFR3, IDH2, KRAS, PTPN11 and SETBP1. From this group of 9 genes, the majority (n = 7) was important for hematopoiesis. In addition, 4 of these genes were involved in cell proliferation. Further assessment of the known 156 hematopoietic genes led to identification of 48 genes (21 not yet associated with RDs) with at least some evidence of mosaicism detectable in reference population databases. CONCLUSIONS These results stress the importance of considering genes involved in hematopoiesis and cell proliferation when interpreting the presence and frequency of genetic variants in blood-derived reference population databases, both public and private. This is especially important when considering new variants of uncertain significance in known hematopoietic/cell proliferation RD genes and future novel gene-disease associations involving this class of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Avramović
- Departments of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Simona Denise Frederiksen
- Departments of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Marjana Brkić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, 11060, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia.,VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maja Tarailo-Graovac
- Departments of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada. .,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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15
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Revealing modifier variations characterizations for elucidating the genetic basis of human phenotypic variations. Hum Genet 2021; 141:1223-1233. [PMID: 34498116 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-021-02362-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Epistatic interactions complicate the identification of variants involved in phenotypic effect. In-depth knowledge in modifiers and in pathogenic variants would benefit the mechanistic studies on the genetic basis of complex traits. We systematically compared the modifier variants which have evidence of modifier effect with the pathogenic variants from multiple angles. Our study found that genomic loci of modifier variations differ from pathogenic loci in many aspects, such as population genetics statistics, epigenetic features, evolutionary characteristics and functional properties of the variations. Genes containing modifier variation(s) exhibit higher probability of being haploinsufficient and higher probability of recessive disease causation, and they are relatively more important in network communication. Furthermore, we reinforced that co-expression analysis is an effective methodology to predict functional associations between modifier genes and their potential target genes. In many aspects, we detected statistically significant differences between modifier variants/genes and pathogenic variants/genes, and investigated relationships between modifiers and their potential targets. Our results offer some actionable insights that may provide appropriate guidelines to clinical genetics and researchers to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the human phenotypic variation.
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16
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Milo Rasouly H, Aggarwal V, Bier L, Goldstein DB, Gharavi AG. Cases in Precision Medicine: Genetic Testing to Predict Future Risk for Disease in a Healthy Patient. Ann Intern Med 2021; 174:540-547. [PMID: 33460345 DOI: 10.7326/m20-5713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic testing is performed more routinely in clinical practice, and direct-to-consumer tests are widely available. It has obvious appeal as a preventive health measure. Clinicians and their healthy patients increasingly inquire about genetic testing as a tool for predicting diseases, such as cancer, heart disease, or dementia. Despite demonstrated utility for diagnosis in the setting of many diseases, genetic testing still has many limitations as a predictive tool for healthy persons. This article uses a hypothetical case to review key considerations for predictive genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Milo Rasouly
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York (H.M.R., A.G.G.)
| | - Vimla Aggarwal
- Hammer Health Sciences, New York, New York (V.A., L.B., D.B.G.)
| | - Louise Bier
- Hammer Health Sciences, New York, New York (V.A., L.B., D.B.G.)
| | | | - Ali G Gharavi
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York (H.M.R., A.G.G.)
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17
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Kim A, Le Douce J, Diab F, Ferovova M, Dubourg C, Odent S, Dupé V, David V, Diambra L, Watrin E, de Tayrac M. Synonymous variants in holoprosencephaly alter codon usage and impact the Sonic Hedgehog protein. Brain 2020; 143:2027-2038. [PMID: 32542401 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synonymous single nucleotide variants (sSNVs) have been implicated in various genetic disorders through alterations of pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA structure and miRNA regulation. However, their impact on synonymous codon usage and protein translation remains to be elucidated in clinical context. Here, we explore the functional impact of sSNVs in the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) gene, identified in patients affected by holoprosencephaly, a congenital brain defect resulting from incomplete forebrain cleavage. We identified eight sSNVs in SHH, selectively enriched in holoprosencephaly patients as compared to healthy individuals, and systematically assessed their effect at both transcriptional and translational levels using a series of in silico and in vitro approaches. Although no evidence of impact of these sSNVs on splicing, mRNA structure or miRNA regulation was found, five sSNVs introduced significant changes in codon usage and were predicted to impact protein translation. Cell assays demonstrated that these five sSNVs are associated with a significantly reduced amount of the resulting protein, ranging from 5% to 23%. Inhibition of the proteasome rescued the protein levels for four out of five sSNVs, confirming their impact on protein stability and folding. Remarkably, we found a significant correlation between experimental values of protein reduction and computational measures of codon usage, indicating the relevance of in silico models in predicting the impact of sSNVs on translation. Considering the critical role of SHH in brain development, our findings highlight the clinical relevance of sSNVs in holoprosencephaly and underline the importance of investigating their impact on translation in human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Kim
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jérôme Le Douce
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Farah Diab
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Monika Ferovova
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Christèle Dubourg
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France.,Service de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique, CHU, Rennes, France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France.,Service de Génétique Clinique, CHU, Rennes, France
| | - Valérie Dupé
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Véronique David
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France.,Service de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique, CHU, Rennes, France
| | - Luis Diambra
- CREG, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, CP 1900, Argentina
| | - Erwan Watrin
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Marie de Tayrac
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes)-UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France.,Service de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique, CHU, Rennes, France
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18
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Barish S, Barakat TS, Michel BC, Mashtalir N, Phillips JB, Valencia AM, Ugur B, Wegner J, Scott TM, Bostwick B, Murdock DR, Dai H, Perenthaler E, Nikoncuk A, van Slegtenhorst M, Brooks AS, Keren B, Nava C, Mignot C, Douglas J, Rodan L, Nowak C, Ellard S, Stals K, Lynch SA, Faoucher M, Lesca G, Edery P, Engleman KL, Zhou D, Thiffault I, Herriges J, Gass J, Louie RJ, Stolerman E, Washington C, Vetrini F, Otsubo A, Pratt VM, Conboy E, Treat K, Shannon N, Camacho J, Wakeling E, Yuan B, Chen CA, Rosenfeld JA, Westerfield M, Wangler M, Yamamoto S, Kadoch C, Scott DA, Bellen HJ. BICRA, a SWI/SNF Complex Member, Is Associated with BAF-Disorder Related Phenotypes in Humans and Model Organisms. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 107:1096-1112. [PMID: 33232675 PMCID: PMC7820627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SWI/SNF-related intellectual disability disorders (SSRIDDs) are rare neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by developmental disability, coarse facial features, and fifth digit/nail hypoplasia that are caused by pathogenic variants in genes that encode for members of the SWI/SNF (or BAF) family of chromatin remodeling complexes. We have identified 12 individuals with rare variants (10 loss-of-function, 2 missense) in the BICRA (BRD4 interacting chromatin remodeling complex-associated protein) gene, also known as GLTSCR1, which encodes a subunit of the non-canonical BAF (ncBAF) complex. These individuals exhibited neurodevelopmental phenotypes that include developmental delay, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, and behavioral abnormalities as well as dysmorphic features. Notably, the majority of individuals lack the fifth digit/nail hypoplasia phenotype, a hallmark of most SSRIDDs. To confirm the role of BICRA in the development of these phenotypes, we performed functional characterization of the zebrafish and Drosophila orthologs of BICRA. In zebrafish, a mutation of bicra that mimics one of the loss-of-function variants leads to craniofacial defects possibly akin to the dysmorphic facial features seen in individuals harboring putatively pathogenic BICRA variants. We further show that Bicra physically binds to other non-canonical ncBAF complex members, including the BRD9/7 ortholog, CG7154, and is the defining member of the ncBAF complex in flies. Like other SWI/SNF complex members, loss of Bicra function in flies acts as a dominant enhancer of position effect variegation but in a more context-specific manner. We conclude that haploinsufficiency of BICRA leads to a unique SSRIDD in humans whose phenotypes overlap with those previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Barish
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tahsin Stefan Barakat
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Brittany C Michel
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nazar Mashtalir
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Alfredo M Valencia
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Chemical Biology Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Berrak Ugur
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeremy Wegner
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Tiana M Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Brett Bostwick
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David R Murdock
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hongzheng Dai
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Baylor Genetics Laboratory, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Elena Perenthaler
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anita Nikoncuk
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjon van Slegtenhorst
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alice S Brooks
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Boris Keren
- APHP Sorbonne Université, Département de Génétique and Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Nava
- APHP Sorbonne Université, Département de Génétique and Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Cyril Mignot
- APHP Sorbonne Université, Département de Génétique and Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Jessica Douglas
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's at Waltham, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Lance Rodan
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's at Waltham, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Catherine Nowak
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's at Waltham, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Sian Ellard
- Exeter Genomics Laboratory, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Karen Stals
- Exeter Genomics Laboratory, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PY, UK
| | - Sally Ann Lynch
- National Centre for Medical Genetics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin D12 N512, Ireland
| | - Marie Faoucher
- Department of Medical Genetics, Lyon University Hospital, Université Claude bernard Lyon 1, Lyon 69100, France
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Department of Medical Genetics, Lyon University Hospital, Université Claude bernard Lyon 1, Lyon 69100, France
| | - Patrick Edery
- Department of Medical Genetics, Lyon University Hospital, Université Claude bernard Lyon 1, Lyon 69100, France
| | - Kendra L Engleman
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Dihong Zhou
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Isabelle Thiffault
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - John Herriges
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Jennifer Gass
- Greenwood Genetic Center, 106 Gregor Mendel Cir, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Raymond J Louie
- Greenwood Genetic Center, 106 Gregor Mendel Cir, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Elliot Stolerman
- Greenwood Genetic Center, 106 Gregor Mendel Cir, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Camerun Washington
- Greenwood Genetic Center, 106 Gregor Mendel Cir, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Francesco Vetrini
- Department of Clinical Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Aiko Otsubo
- Department of Clinical Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Victoria M Pratt
- Department of Clinical Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Erin Conboy
- Department of Clinical Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kayla Treat
- Department of Clinical Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Nora Shannon
- Regional Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Jose Camacho
- Pediatric Genetics and Metabolism, Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Emma Wakeling
- Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Baylor Genetics Laboratory, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chun-An Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Baylor Genetics Laboratory, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Monte Westerfield
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Michael Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cigall Kadoch
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Daryl A Scott
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Auslander N, Ramos DM, Zelaya I, Karathia H, Crawford TO, Schäffer AA, Sumner CJ, Ruppin E. The GENDULF algorithm: mining transcriptomics to uncover modifier genes for monogenic diseases. Mol Syst Biol 2020; 16:e9701. [PMID: 33438800 PMCID: PMC7754056 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20209701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Modifier genes are believed to account for the clinical variability observed in many Mendelian disorders, but their identification remains challenging due to the limited availability of genomics data from large patient cohorts. Here, we present GENDULF (GENetic moDULators identiFication), one of the first methods to facilitate prediction of disease modifiers using healthy and diseased tissue gene expression data. GENDULF is designed for monogenic diseases in which the mechanism is loss of function leading to reduced expression of the mutated gene. When applied to cystic fibrosis, GENDULF successfully identifies multiple, previously established disease modifiers, including EHF, SLC6A14, and CLCA1. It is then utilized in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and predicts U2AF1 as a modifier whose low expression correlates with higher SMN2 pre-mRNA exon 7 retention. Indeed, knockdown of U2AF1 in SMA patient-derived cells leads to increased full-length SMN2 transcript and SMN protein expression. Taking advantage of the increasing availability of transcriptomic data, GENDULF is a novel addition to existing strategies for prediction of genetic disease modifiers, providing insights into disease pathogenesis and uncovering novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Auslander
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory (CDSL)National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
- National Center for Biotechnology InformationNational Library of MedicineNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Daniel M Ramos
- Department of NeuroscienceJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Ivette Zelaya
- Interdepartmental Program in BioinformaticsUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Hiren Karathia
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene ExpressionNational Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthMDUSA
| | - Thomas O. Crawford
- Department of PediatricsJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Alejandro A Schäffer
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory (CDSL)National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Charlotte J Sumner
- Department of NeuroscienceJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Eytan Ruppin
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory (CDSL)National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
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Park KJ, Lee W, Chun S, Min WK. The Frequency of Discordant Variant Classification in the Human Gene Mutation Database: A Comparison of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics Guidelines and ClinVar. Lab Med 2020; 52:250-259. [PMID: 32926152 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Discordant variant classifications among public databases is one of the well-documented limitations when interpreting the pathogenicity of variants. The aim of this study is to investigate the level of germline variant misannotation from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the annotation concordance between databases. METHODS We used a total of 188,106 classified variants (disease-causing mutations [n = 179,454] and polymorphisms [n = 8652]) in 6466 genes from the HGMD. All variants were reanalyzed based on the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines and compared to ClinVar database variants. RESULTS When variants were classified based on the ACMG guidelines, misclassification was observed in 3.47% (2289/65,896) of variants. The overall concordance between HGMD and ClinVar was 97.62% (52,499/53,780) of variants studied. CONCLUSION Variants in databases must be used with caution when variant pathogenicity is interpreted. This study reveals the frequency of misannotation of the HGMD variants and annotation concordance between databases in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Jin Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Woochang Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sail Chun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Ki Min
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Cody JD. The Consequences of Abnormal Gene Dosage: Lessons from Chromosome 18. Trends Genet 2020; 36:764-776. [PMID: 32660784 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accurate interpretation of genomic copy number variation (CNV) remains a challenge and has important consequences for both congenital and late-onset disease. Hemizygosity dosage characterization of the genes on chromosome 18 reveals a spectrum of outcomes ranging from no clinical effect, to risk factors for disease, to both low- and high-penetrance disease. These data are important for accurate and predictive clinical management. Additionally, the potential mechanisms of reduced penetrance due to dosage compensation are discussed as a key to understanding avenues for potential treatment. This review describes the chromosome 18 findings, and discusses the molecular mechanisms that allow haploinsufficiency, reduced penetrance, and dosage compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannine DeMars Cody
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Chromosome 18 Registry and Research Society, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Genotype-phenotype correlates of infantile-onset developmental & epileptic encephalopathy syndromes in South India: A single centre experience. Epilepsy Res 2020; 166:106398. [PMID: 32593896 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A paucity of literature exists on genotype- phenotype correlates of 'unknown-etiology' infantile-onset developmental-epileptic encephalopathies (DEE) from India. The primary objective was to explore the yield of genetic testing in identifying potential disease causing variants in electro-clinical phenotypes of DEE METHODS: An observational hospital-based study was undertaken on children with unexplained refractory seizure-onset ≤12 months age and developmental delay, whose families consented and underwent genetic testing during a three year time period (2016-2018) by next-generation sequencing (NGS) or multiplex ligand protein amplification. Yield was considered based on demonstration of pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants only and variants of unknown significance (VUS) were documented. RESULTS Pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants were identified in 26 (31.7 %) out of 82 children with DEE. These included those variants responsible for primarily DEE- 21(76.7 %); neuro-metabolic disorders- 3(18.6 %) and chromosomal deletions- 2(4.7 %). Of these patients, early-infantile epilepsy onset ≤ 6 months age was noted in 22(84.6 %). The DEE studied included Ohtahara syndrome associated with STXBP1 and SCN8A variants with yield of 50 % (2/4 tested); early myoclonic encephalopathy (no yield in 2); West syndrome with CDKL5, yield of 13.3 % (2/15 tested); epilepsy of infancy with migrating partial seizures due to CACNA1A and KCNT1 variants, yield of 67 % (2/3 tested); DEE-unclassified with KCNQ2, AP3B2, ZEB2, metabolic variants (SUOX, ALDH7A1, GLDC) and chromosome deletions (chr 1p36, chr2q24.3); yield of 32 % (8/25 tested). Patients with Dravet syndrome/Dravet-like phenotypes (N = 33) had variants in SCN1A (N = 10), SCN1B, CHD2; yield of 36.4 % (12/33 tested; 57.1 % from NGS). Eighteen patients with potential variants (SCN1A, SCN2A, SCN8A, KCNQ2, ALDH7A1 which also included VUS) could be offered targeted therapy. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms a good yield of genetic testing in neonatal and infantile-onset DEE provided robust phenotyping of infants is attempted with prognostic and therapeutic implications, particularly relevant to centres with resource constraints.
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Chumpitazi BP, Lewis J, Cooper D, D’Amato M, Lim J, Gupta S, Miranda A, Terry N, Mehta D, Scheimann A, O’Gorman M, Tipnis N, Davies Y, Friedlander J, Smith H, Punati J, Khlevner J, Setty M, Di Lorenzo C. Hypomorphic SI genetic variants are associated with childhood chronic loose stools. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231891. [PMID: 32433684 PMCID: PMC7239456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The SI gene encodes the sucrase-isomaltase enzyme, a disaccharidase expressed in the intestinal brush border. Hypomorphic SI variants cause recessive congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency (CSID) and related gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Among children presenting with chronic, idiopathic loose stools, we assessed the prevalence of CSID-associated SI variants relative to the general population and the relative GI symptom burden associated with SI genotype within the study population. METHODS A prospective study conducted at 18 centers enrolled 308 non-Hispanic white children ≤18 years old who were experiencing chronic, idiopathic, loose stools at least once per week for >4 weeks. Data on demographics, GI symptoms, and genotyping for 37 SI hypomorphic variants were collected. Race/ethnicity-matched SI data from the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) database was used as the general population reference. RESULTS Compared with the general population, the cumulative prevalence of hypomorphic SI variants was significantly higher in the study population (4.5% vs. 1.3%, P < .01; OR = 3.5 [95% CI: 6.1, 2.0]). Within the study population, children with a hypomorphic SI variant had a more severe GI symptom burden than those without, including: more frequent episodes of loose stools (P < .01), higher overall stool frequency (P < .01), looser stool form (P = .01) and increased flatulence (P = .02). CONCLUSION Non-Hispanic white children with chronic idiopathic loose stools have a higher prevalence of CSID-associated hypomorphic SI variants than the general population. The GI symptom burden was greater among the study subjects with a hypomorphic SI variant than those without hypomorphic SI variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffery Lewis
- Children’s Center for Digestive Health Care, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Derick Cooper
- QOL Medical, LLC, Vero Beach, FL, United States of America
| | - Mauro D’Amato
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Joel Lim
- Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, United States of America
| | - Sandeep Gupta
- Sacramento Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Adrian Miranda
- Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Natalie Terry
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Devendra Mehta
- Arnold Palmer Children's Hospital, Orlando, FL, United States of America
| | - Ann Scheimann
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Molly O’Gorman
- Primary Children's Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Neelesh Tipnis
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America
| | - Yinka Davies
- Sacramento Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Joel Friedlander
- Children’s Hospital Colorado, Digestive Health Institute, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Heather Smith
- QOL Medical, LLC, Vero Beach, FL, United States of America
| | - Jaya Punati
- Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Julie Khlevner
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Mala Setty
- UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland, Oakland, CA, United States of America
| | - Carlo Di Lorenzo
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
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Schnappauf O, Aksentijevich I. Current and future advances in genetic testing in systemic autoinflammatory diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 58:vi44-vi55. [PMID: 31769854 PMCID: PMC6878845 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic autoinflammatory diseases (SAIDs) are a group of inflammatory disorders caused by dysregulation in the innate immune system that leads to enhanced immune responses. The clinical diagnosis of SAIDs can be difficult since individually these are rare diseases with considerable phenotypic overlap. Most SAIDs have a strong genetic background, but environmental and epigenetic influences can modulate the clinical phenotype. Molecular diagnosis has become essential for confirmation of clinical diagnosis. To date there are over 30 genes and a variety of modes of inheritance that have been associated with monogenic SAIDs. Mutations in the same gene can lead to very distinct phenotypes and can have different inheritance patterns. In addition, somatic mutations have been reported in several of these conditions. New genetic testing methods and databases are being developed to facilitate the molecular diagnosis of SAIDs, which is of major importance for treatment, prognosis and genetic counselling. The aim of this review is to summarize the latest advances in genetic testing for SAIDs and discuss potential obstacles that might arise during the molecular diagnosis of SAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Schnappauf
- Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ivona Aksentijevich
- Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abramovs N, Brass A, Tassabehji M. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium in the Large Scale Genomic Sequencing Era. Front Genet 2020; 11:210. [PMID: 32231685 PMCID: PMC7083100 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) is used to estimate the number of homozygous and heterozygous variant carriers based on its allele frequency in populations that are not evolving. Deviations from HWE in large population databases have been used to detect genotyping errors, which can result in extreme heterozygote excess (HetExc). However, HetExc might also be a sign of natural selection since recessive disease causing variants should occur less frequently in a homozygous state in the population, but may reach high allele frequency in a heterozygous state, especially if they are advantageous. We developed a filtering strategy to detect these variants and applied it on genome data from 137,842 individuals. The main limitations of this approach were quality of genotype calls and insufficient population sizes, whereas population structure and inbreeding can reduce sensitivity, but not precision, in certain populations. Nevertheless, we identified 161 HetExc variants in 149 genes, most of which were specific to African/African American populations (∼79.5%). Although the majority of them were not associated with known diseases, or were classified as clinically "benign," they were enriched in genes associated with autosomal recessive diseases. The resulting dataset also contained two known recessive disease causing variants with evidence of heterozygote advantage in the sickle-cell anemia (HBB) and cystic fibrosis (CFTR). Finally, we provide supporting in silico evidence of a novel heterozygote advantageous variant in the chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 6 gene (CHD6; involved in influenza virus replication). We anticipate that our approach will aid the detection of rare recessive disease causing variants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Abramovs
- School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Brass
- School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - May Tassabehji
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, United Kingdom
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Iancu D, Ashton E. Inherited Renal Tubulopathies-Challenges and Controversies. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11030277. [PMID: 32150856 PMCID: PMC7140864 DOI: 10.3390/genes11030277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrolyte homeostasis is maintained by the kidney through a complex transport function mostly performed by specialized proteins distributed along the renal tubules. Pathogenic variants in the genes encoding these proteins impair this function and have consequences on the whole organism. Establishing a genetic diagnosis in patients with renal tubular dysfunction is a challenging task given the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity, functional characteristics of the genes involved and the number of yet unknown causes. Part of these difficulties can be overcome by gathering large patient cohorts and applying high-throughput sequencing techniques combined with experimental work to prove functional impact. This approach has led to the identification of a number of genes but also generated controversies about proper interpretation of variants. In this article, we will highlight these challenges and controversies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Iancu
- UCL-Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Campus, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-2381204172; Fax: +44-020-74726476
| | - Emma Ashton
- Rare & Inherited Disease Laboratory, London North Genomic Laboratory Hub, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service Foundation Trust, Levels 4-6 Barclay House 37, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BH, UK;
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Rahit KMTH, Tarailo-Graovac M. Genetic Modifiers and Rare Mendelian Disease. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E239. [PMID: 32106447 PMCID: PMC7140819 DOI: 10.3390/genes11030239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in high-throughput sequencing that have revolutionized the discovery of gene defects in rare Mendelian diseases, there are still gaps in translating individual genome variation to observed phenotypic outcomes. While we continue to improve genomics approaches to identify primary disease-causing variants, it is evident that no genetic variant acts alone. In other words, some other variants in the genome (genetic modifiers) may alleviate (suppress) or exacerbate (enhance) the severity of the disease, resulting in the variability of phenotypic outcomes. Thus, to truly understand the disease, we need to consider how the disease-causing variants interact with the rest of the genome in an individual. Here, we review the current state-of-the-field in the identification of genetic modifiers in rare Mendelian diseases and discuss the potential for future approaches that could bridge the existing gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. M. Tahsin Hassan Rahit
- Departments of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Maja Tarailo-Graovac
- Departments of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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28
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Pottinger TD, Puckelwartz MJ, Pesce LL, Robinson A, Kearns S, Pacheco JA, Rasmussen-Torvik LJ, Smith ME, Chisholm R, McNally EM. Pathogenic and Uncertain Genetic Variants Have Clinical Cardiac Correlates in Diverse Biobank Participants. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e013808. [PMID: 32009526 PMCID: PMC7033893 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.013808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Genome sequencing coupled with electronic heath record data can uncover medically important genetic variation. Interpretation of rare genetic variation and its role in mediating cardiovascular phenotypes is confounded by variants of uncertain significance. Methods and Results We analyzed the whole genome sequence of 900 racially and ethnically diverse biobank participants selected from a single US center. Participants were equally divided among European, African, Hispanic, and mixed races/ethnicities. We evaluated the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics medically actionable list of 59 genes, focusing on the cardiac genes. Variation was interpreted using the most recent reports in ClinVar, a database of medically relevant human variation. We identified 19 individuals with pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in cardiac actionable genes (2%) and found evidence of related clinical correlates in the electronic health record. Participants of African ancestry, compared with those of European ancestry, had more variants of uncertain significance in the medically actionable genes including the 30 cardiac actionable genes, even when normalized to total variant count per person. Longitudinal measures of left ventricle size from ≈400 biobank participants (1723 patient‐years) were correlated with genetic findings. The presence of ≥1 uncertain variant in the actionable cardiac genes and a cardiomyopathy diagnosis correlated with increased left ventricular internal diameter in diastole and in systole. In particular, MYBPC3 was identified as a gene with excess variants of uncertain significance. Conclusions These data indicate that a subset of uncertain genetic variants may confer risk and should not be considered benign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess D Pottinger
- Center for Genetic Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL
| | - Megan J Puckelwartz
- Center for Genetic Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL
- Department of Pharmacology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL
| | | | - Avery Robinson
- Center for Genetic Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL
| | - Samuel Kearns
- Center for Genetic Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL
| | - Jennifer A Pacheco
- Center for Genetic Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL
| | - Laura J Rasmussen-Torvik
- Department of Preventive Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL
| | - Maureen E Smith
- Center for Genetic Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL
| | - Rex Chisholm
- Center for Genetic Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL
| | - Elizabeth M McNally
- Center for Genetic Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL
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29
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Tarailo-Graovac M, Zahir FR, Zivkovic I, Moksa M, Selby K, Sinha S, Nislow C, Stockler-Ipsiroglu SG, Sheffer R, Saada-Reisch A, Friedman JM, van Karnebeek CDM, Horvath GA. De novo pathogenic DNM1L variant in a patient diagnosed with atypical hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00961. [PMID: 31475481 PMCID: PMC6785439 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Profiling the entire genome at base pair resolution in a single test offers novel insights into disease by means of dissection of genetic contributors to phenotypic features. Methods We performed genome sequencing for a patient who presented with atypical hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, severe epileptic encephalopathy, global developmental delay, and growth hormone deficiency. Results Assessment of the variants detected by mapped sequencing reads followed by Sanger confirmation revealed that the proband is a compound heterozygote for rare variants within RETREG1 (FAM134B), a gene associated with a recessive form of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, but not with epileptic encephalopathy or global developmental delay. Further analysis of the data also revealed a heterozygous missense variant in DNM1L, a gene previously implicated in an autosomal dominant encephalopathy, epilepsy, and global developmental delay and confirmed by Sanger sequencing to be a de novo variant not present in parental genomes. Conclusions Our findings emphasize the importance of genome‐wide sequencing in patients with a well‐characterized genetic disease with atypical presentation. This approach reduces the potential for misdiagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Tarailo-Graovac
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Departments of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Farah R Zahir
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Michelle Moksa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kathryn Selby
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sunita Sinha
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Corey Nislow
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sylvia G Stockler-Ipsiroglu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Biochemical Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ruth Sheffer
- Department of Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ann Saada-Reisch
- Department of Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jan M Friedman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Clara D M van Karnebeek
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Gabriella A Horvath
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Biochemical Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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30
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Le Duc D, Giulivi C, Hiatt SM, Napoli E, Panoutsopoulos A, Harlan De Crescenzo A, Kotzaeridou U, Syrbe S, Anagnostou E, Azage M, Bend R, Begtrup A, Brown NJ, Büttner B, Cho MT, Cooper GM, Doering JH, Dubourg C, Everman DB, Hildebrand MS, Santos FJR, Kellam B, Keller-Ramey J, Lemke JR, Liu S, Niyazov D, Payne K, Person R, Quélin C, Schnur RE, Smith BT, Strober J, Walker S, Wallis M, Walsh L, Yang S, Yuen RKC, Ziegler A, Sticht H, Pride MC, Orosco L, Martínez-Cerdeño V, Silverman JL, Crawley JN, Scherer SW, Zarbalis KS, Jamra R. Pathogenic WDFY3 variants cause neurodevelopmental disorders and opposing effects on brain size. Brain 2019; 142:2617-2630. [PMID: 31327001 PMCID: PMC6736092 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The underpinnings of mild to moderate neurodevelopmental delay remain elusive, often leading to late diagnosis and interventions. Here, we present data on exome and genome sequencing as well as array analysis of 13 individuals that point to pathogenic, heterozygous, mostly de novo variants in WDFY3 (significant de novo enrichment P = 0.003) as a monogenic cause of mild and non-specific neurodevelopmental delay. Nine variants were protein-truncating and four missense. Overlapping symptoms included neurodevelopmental delay, intellectual disability, macrocephaly, and psychiatric disorders (autism spectrum disorders/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). One proband presented with an opposing phenotype of microcephaly and the only missense-variant located in the PH-domain of WDFY3. Findings of this case are supported by previously published data, demonstrating that pathogenic PH-domain variants can lead to microcephaly via canonical Wnt-pathway upregulation. In a separate study, we reported that the autophagy scaffolding protein WDFY3 is required for cerebral cortical size regulation in mice, by controlling proper division of neural progenitors. Here, we show that proliferating cortical neural progenitors of human embryonic brains highly express WDFY3, further supporting a role for this molecule in the regulation of prenatal neurogenesis. We present data on Wnt-pathway dysregulation in Wdfy3-haploinsufficient mice, which display macrocephaly and deficits in motor coordination and associative learning, recapitulating the human phenotype. Consequently, we propose that in humans WDFY3 loss-of-function variants lead to macrocephaly via downregulation of the Wnt pathway. In summary, we present WDFY3 as a novel gene linked to mild to moderate neurodevelopmental delay and intellectual disability and conclude that variants putatively causing haploinsufficiency lead to macrocephaly, while an opposing pathomechanism due to variants in the PH-domain of WDFY3 leads to microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Le Duc
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Susan M Hiatt
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Eleonora Napoli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alexios Panoutsopoulos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Angelo Harlan De Crescenzo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Urania Kotzaeridou
- Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Syrbe
- Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Meron Azage
- Department of Pediatrics, Ochsner Health System and University of Queensland, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Renee Bend
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, USA
| | - Amber Begtrup
- GeneDx, Clinical Genomics, 207 Perry Parkway Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Natasha J Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Benjamin Büttner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Megan T Cho
- GeneDx, Clinical Genomics, 207 Perry Parkway Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Gregory M Cooper
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Jan H Doering
- Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christèle Dubourg
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique, CHU, Rennes, F-35033, France
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR, UMR 6290, Rennes, F-35000, France
| | | | - Michael S Hildebrand
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Barbara Kellam
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Johannes R Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Shuxi Liu
- GeneDx, Clinical Genomics, 207 Perry Parkway Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Dmitriy Niyazov
- Department of Pediatrics, Ochsner Health System and University of Queensland, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Richard Person
- GeneDx, Clinical Genomics, 207 Perry Parkway Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Chloé Quélin
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHU, Rennes, F-35203, France
| | - Rhonda E Schnur
- GeneDx, Clinical Genomics, 207 Perry Parkway Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Susan Walker
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mathew Wallis
- Austin Health Clinical Genetics Service, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Sandra Yang
- GeneDx, Clinical Genomics, 207 Perry Parkway Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Ryan K C Yuen
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael C Pride
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lori Orosco
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jill L Silverman
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline N Crawley
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Konstantinos S Zarbalis
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Rami Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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31
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Yang HT, Shah RH, Tegay D, Onel K. Precision oncology: lessons learned and challenges for the future. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:7525-7536. [PMID: 31616176 PMCID: PMC6698584 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s201326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The decreasing cost of and increasing capacity of DNA sequencing has led to vastly increased opportunities for population-level genomic studies to discover novel genomic alterations associated with both Mendelian and complex phenotypes. To translate genomic findings clinically, a number of health care institutions have worked collaboratively or individually to initiate precision medicine programs. These precision medicine programs involve designing patient enrollment systems, tracking electronic health records, building biobank repositories, and returning results with actionable matched therapies. As cancer is a paradigm for genetic diseases and new therapies are increasingly tailored to attack genetic susceptibilities in tumors, these precision medicine programs are largely driven by the urgent need to perform genetic profiling on cancer patients in real time. Here, we review the current landscape of precision oncology and highlight challenges to be overcome and examples of benefits to patients. Furthermore, we make suggestions to optimize future precision oncology programs based upon the lessons learned from these "first generation" early adopters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsih-Te Yang
- Medical Genetics and Human Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronak H Shah
- Medical Genetics and Human Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Research Informatics and Innovation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Tegay
- Medical Genetics and Human Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenan Onel
- The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, USA
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32
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Baer C, Walter W, Hutter S, Twardziok S, Meggendorfer M, Kern W, Haferlach T, Haferlach C. "Somatic" and "pathogenic" - is the classification strategy applicable in times of large-scale sequencing? Haematologica 2019; 104:1515-1520. [PMID: 31273095 PMCID: PMC6669162 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.218917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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33
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Deelen P, van Dam S, Herkert JC, Karjalainen JM, Brugge H, Abbott KM, van Diemen CC, van der Zwaag PA, Gerkes EH, Zonneveld-Huijssoon E, Boer-Bergsma JJ, Folkertsma P, Gillett T, van der Velde KJ, Kanninga R, van den Akker PC, Jan SZ, Hoorntje ET, Te Rijdt WP, Vos YJ, Jongbloed JDH, van Ravenswaaij-Arts CMA, Sinke R, Sikkema-Raddatz B, Kerstjens-Frederikse WS, Swertz MA, Franke L. Improving the diagnostic yield of exome- sequencing by predicting gene-phenotype associations using large-scale gene expression analysis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2837. [PMID: 31253775 PMCID: PMC6599066 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic yield of exome and genome sequencing remains low (8-70%), due to incomplete knowledge on the genes that cause disease. To improve this, we use RNA-seq data from 31,499 samples to predict which genes cause specific disease phenotypes, and develop GeneNetwork Assisted Diagnostic Optimization (GADO). We show that this unbiased method, which does not rely upon specific knowledge on individual genes, is effective in both identifying previously unknown disease gene associations, and flagging genes that have previously been incorrectly implicated in disease. GADO can be run on www.genenetwork.nl by supplying HPO-terms and a list of genes that contain candidate variants. Finally, applying GADO to a cohort of 61 patients for whom exome-sequencing analysis had not resulted in a genetic diagnosis, yields likely causative genes for ten cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Deelen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Genomics Coordination Center, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sipko van Dam
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna C Herkert
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Juha M Karjalainen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harm Brugge
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kristin M Abbott
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cleo C van Diemen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A van der Zwaag
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erica H Gerkes
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien Zonneveld-Huijssoon
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jelkje J Boer-Bergsma
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pytrik Folkertsma
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa Gillett
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - K Joeri van der Velde
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Genomics Coordination Center, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roan Kanninga
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Genomics Coordination Center, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter C van den Akker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Z Jan
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edgar T Hoorntje
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Heart Institute, 3511 EP, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter P Te Rijdt
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Heart Institute, 3511 EP, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne J Vos
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan D H Jongbloed
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Conny M A van Ravenswaaij-Arts
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Sinke
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Birgit Sikkema-Raddatz
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Morris A Swertz
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Genomics Coordination Center, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lude Franke
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 VB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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34
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Lecoquierre F, Duffourd Y, Vitobello A, Bruel AL, Urteaga B, Coubes C, Garret P, Nambot S, Chevarin M, Jouan T, Moutton S, Tran-Mau-Them F, Philippe C, Sorlin A, Faivre L, Thauvin-Robinet C. Variant recurrence in neurodevelopmental disorders: the use of publicly available genomic data identifies clinically relevant pathogenic missense variants. Genet Med 2019; 21:2504-2511. [DOI: 10.1038/s41436-019-0518-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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35
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Maroilley T, Tarailo-Graovac M. Uncovering Missing Heritability in Rare Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E275. [PMID: 30987386 PMCID: PMC6523881 DOI: 10.3390/genes10040275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The problem of 'missing heritability' affects both common and rare diseases hindering: discovery, diagnosis, and patient care. The 'missing heritability' concept has been mainly associated with common and complex diseases where promising modern technological advances, like genome-wide association studies (GWAS), were unable to uncover the complete genetic mechanism of the disease/trait. Although rare diseases (RDs) have low prevalence individually, collectively they are common. Furthermore, multi-level genetic and phenotypic complexity when combined with the individual rarity of these conditions poses an important challenge in the quest to identify causative genetic changes in RD patients. In recent years, high throughput sequencing has accelerated discovery and diagnosis in RDs. However, despite the several-fold increase (from ~10% using traditional to ~40% using genome-wide genetic testing) in finding genetic causes of these diseases in RD patients, as is the case in common diseases-the majority of RDs are also facing the 'missing heritability' problem. This review outlines the key role of high throughput sequencing in uncovering genetics behind RDs, with a particular focus on genome sequencing. We review current advances and challenges of sequencing technologies, bioinformatics approaches, and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Maroilley
- Departments of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Maja Tarailo-Graovac
- Departments of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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36
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Shen W, Kerr CM, Przychozen B, Mahfouz RZ, LaFramboise T, Nagata Y, Hanna R, Radivoyevitch T, Nazha A, Sekeres MA, Maciejewski JP. Impact of germline CTC1 alterations on telomere length in acquired bone marrow failure. Br J Haematol 2019; 185:935-939. [PMID: 30891747 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Compound heterozygous germline mutations in CTC1 gene have been found in patients with atypical dyskeratosis congenita (DC), whereas heterozygous carriers are unaffected. Through screening of a large cohort of adult patients with acquired bone marrow failure syndromes, in addition to a DC case, we have also found extremely rare or novel heterozygous deleterious germline variants of CTC1 in patients with aplastic anaemia (AA; n = 5), paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH; n = 3) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS; n = 2). A compound heterozygous case of AA showed clonal evolution. Our results suggest that some of the inherited CTC1 variants may represent predisposition factors for acquired bone marrow failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Shen
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Cassandra M Kerr
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Bartlomiej Przychozen
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Reda Z Mahfouz
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Thomas LaFramboise
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yasunobu Nagata
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rabi Hanna
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tomas Radivoyevitch
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Aziz Nazha
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mikkael A Sekeres
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jaroslaw P Maciejewski
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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37
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Systematic evaluation of gene variants linked to hearing loss based on allele frequency threshold and filtering allele frequency. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4583. [PMID: 30872718 PMCID: PMC6418148 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As the number of genes identified for linkage to hearing loss has been increasing and more public databases have become available, we aimed to systematically evaluate all variants reported for nonsyndromic hearing loss (NSHL) based on their allele frequencies (AFs) in the general population. Among the 3,549 variants in 97 NSHL genes reported as pathogenic/likely pathogenic in ClinVar and HGMD, 1,618 were found in public databases (gnomAD, ExAC, EVS, and 1000G). To evaluate the pathogenicity of these variants, we employed AF thresholds and NSHL-optimized ACMG guidelines. AF thresholds were determined using a high-resolution variant frequency framework and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium calculation: 0.6% and 0.1% for recessive and dominant genes, respectively. Filtering AFs of variants linked to NSHL were obtained based on AFs reported in gnomAD and ExAC. We found that 48 variants in 23 genes had filtering AFs above the suggested thresholds and assumed that these variants might be benign based on their filtering AFs. 47 variants, except for one notorious high-frequency GJB2 mutation (c.109G > A; p.Val37Ile), were confirmed to be benign/likely benign by the NSHL-optimized ACMG guidelines. The proposed systematic approach will aid in precise evaluation of NSHL variant pathogenicity in the context of filtering AFs, AF thresholds, and NSHL-specific ACMG guidelines, thus improving NSHL diagnostics.
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Guo MH, Gregg AR. Estimating yields of prenatal carrier screening and implications for design of expanded carrier screening panels. Genet Med 2019; 21:1940-1947. [DOI: 10.1038/s41436-019-0472-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Gennarino VA, Palmer EE, McDonell LM, Wang L, Adamski CJ, Koire A, See L, Chen CA, Schaaf CP, Rosenfeld JA, Panzer JA, Moog U, Hao S, Bye A, Kirk EP, Stankiewicz P, Breman AM, McBride A, Kandula T, Dubbs HA, Macintosh R, Cardamone M, Zhu Y, Ying K, Dias KR, Cho MT, Henderson LB, Baskin B, Morris P, Tao J, Cowley MJ, Dinger ME, Roscioli T, Caluseriu O, Suchowersky O, Sachdev RK, Lichtarge O, Tang J, Boycott KM, Holder JL, Zoghbi HY. A Mild PUM1 Mutation Is Associated with Adult-Onset Ataxia, whereas Haploinsufficiency Causes Developmental Delay and Seizures. Cell 2019; 172:924-936.e11. [PMID: 29474920 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Certain mutations can cause proteins to accumulate in neurons, leading to neurodegeneration. We recently showed, however, that upregulation of a wild-type protein, Ataxin1, caused by haploinsufficiency of its repressor, the RNA-binding protein Pumilio1 (PUM1), also causes neurodegeneration in mice. We therefore searched for human patients with PUM1 mutations. We identified eleven individuals with either PUM1 deletions or de novo missense variants who suffer a developmental syndrome (Pumilio1-associated developmental disability, ataxia, and seizure; PADDAS). We also identified a milder missense mutation in a family with adult-onset ataxia with incomplete penetrance (Pumilio1-related cerebellar ataxia, PRCA). Studies in patient-derived cells revealed that the missense mutations reduced PUM1 protein levels by ∼25% in the adult-onset cases and by ∼50% in the infantile-onset cases; levels of known PUM1 targets increased accordingly. Changes in protein levels thus track with phenotypic severity, and identifying posttranscriptional modulators of protein expression should identify new candidate disease genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo A Gennarino
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Elizabeth E Palmer
- Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2031, Australia; Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia
| | - Laura M McDonell
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Carolyn J Adamski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amanda Koire
- Program in Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lauren See
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chun-An Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christian P Schaaf
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jessica A Panzer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ute Moog
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shuang Hao
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ann Bye
- Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Edwin P Kirk
- Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2031, Australia; Genetics Laboratory, NSW Health Pathology East Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Pawel Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amy M Breman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Arran McBride
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Tejaswi Kandula
- Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Holly A Dubbs
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Michael Cardamone
- Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Ying Zhu
- Genetics Laboratory, NSW Health Pathology East Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kevin Ying
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Kerith-Rae Dias
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Megan T Cho
- GeneDx, 207 Perry Pkwy Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
| | | | | | - Paula Morris
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Jiang Tao
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Mark J Cowley
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Marcel E Dinger
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Tony Roscioli
- Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; Genetics Laboratory, NSW Health Pathology East Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Oana Caluseriu
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Oksana Suchowersky
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, AB T6G 2H7, Canada; Departments of Medicine (Neurology) and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, AB, Canada
| | - Rani K Sachdev
- Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Olivier Lichtarge
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jianrong Tang
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kym M Boycott
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - J Lloyd Holder
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Huda Y Zoghbi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Guo H, Wang T, Wu H, Long M, Coe BP, Li H, Xun G, Ou J, Chen B, Duan G, Bai T, Zhao N, Shen Y, Li Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Baker C, Liu Y, Pang N, Huang L, Han L, Jia X, Liu C, Ni H, Yang X, Xia L, Chen J, Shen L, Li Y, Zhao R, Zhao W, Peng J, Pan Q, Long Z, Su W, Tan J, Du X, Ke X, Yao M, Hu Z, Zou X, Zhao J, Bernier RA, Eichler EE, Xia K. Inherited and multiple de novo mutations in autism/developmental delay risk genes suggest a multifactorial model. Mol Autism 2018; 9:64. [PMID: 30564305 PMCID: PMC6293633 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-018-0247-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously performed targeted sequencing of autism risk genes in probands from the Autism Clinical and Genetic Resources in China (ACGC) (phase I). Here, we expand this analysis to a larger cohort of patients (ACGC phase II) to better understand the prevalence, inheritance, and genotype-phenotype correlations of likely gene-disrupting (LGD) mutations for autism candidate genes originally identified in cohorts of European descent. Methods We sequenced 187 autism candidate genes in an additional 784 probands and 85 genes in 599 probands using single-molecule molecular inversion probes. We tested the inheritance of potentially pathogenic mutations, performed a meta-analysis of phase I and phase II data and combined our results with existing exome sequence data to investigate the phenotypes of carrier parents and patients with multiple hits in different autism risk genes. Results We validated recurrent, LGD, de novo mutations (DNMs) in 13 genes. We identified a potential novel risk gene (ZNF292), one novel gene with recurrent LGD DNMs (RALGAPB), as well as genes associated with macrocephaly (GIGYF2 and WDFY3). We identified the transmission of private LGD mutations in genes predominantly associated with DNMs and showed that parental carriers tended to share milder autism-related phenotypes. Patients that carried DNMs in two or more candidate genes show more severe phenotypes. Conclusions We identify new risk genes and transmission of deleterious mutations in genes primarily associated with DNMs. The fact that parental carriers show milder phenotypes and patients with multiple hits are more severe supports a multifactorial model of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Guo
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Tianyun Wang
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Huidan Wu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Min Long
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Bradley P. Coe
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Honghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Disorders in Children, Liuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi China
| | - Guanglei Xun
- Mental Health Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Jianjun Ou
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Biyuan Chen
- Children Development Behavior Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Guiqin Duan
- Center of Children Psychology and Behavior, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Ting Bai
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Ningxia Zhao
- Xi’an Encephalopathy Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi China
| | - Yidong Shen
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Yun Li
- Child Mental Health Research Center, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Yazhe Wang
- Center of Children Psychology and Behavior, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Disorders in Children, Liuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi China
| | - Carl Baker
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Yanling Liu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Nan Pang
- Department of Pediatrics, the Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lian Huang
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Lin Han
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Xiangbin Jia
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Cenying Liu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Hailun Ni
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Xinyi Yang
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Lu Xia
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Lu Shen
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Ying Li
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Rongjuan Zhao
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, the Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Pan
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Zhigao Long
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Wei Su
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Jieqiong Tan
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Xiaogang Du
- Xi’an Encephalopathy Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi China
| | - Xiaoyan Ke
- Child Mental Health Research Center, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Meiling Yao
- Center of Children Psychology and Behavior, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Zhengmao Hu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Xiaobing Zou
- Children Development Behavior Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Jingping Zhao
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | | | - Evan E. Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Kun Xia
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Information Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Shanghai, China
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Assessment of coding region variants in Kuwaiti population: implications for medical genetics and population genomics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16583. [PMID: 30409984 PMCID: PMC6224454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34815-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Consanguineous populations of the Arabian Peninsula have been underrepresented in global efforts that catalogue human exome variability. We sequenced 291 whole exomes of unrelated, healthy native Arab individuals from Kuwait to a median coverage of 45X and characterised 170,508 single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), of which 21.7% were ‘personal’. Up to 12% of the SNVs were novel and 36% were population-specific. Half of the SNVs were rare and 54% were missense variants. The study complemented the Greater Middle East Variome by way of reporting many additional Arabian exome variants. The study corroborated Kuwaiti population genetic substructures previously derived using genome-wide genotype data and illustrated the genetic relatedness among Kuwaiti population subgroups, Middle Eastern, European and Ashkenazi Jewish populations. The study mapped 112 rare and frequent functional variants relating to pharmacogenomics and disorders (recessive and common) to the phenotypic characteristics of Arab population. Comparative allele frequency data and carrier distributions of known Arab mutations for 23 disorders seen among Arabs, of putative OMIM-listed causal mutations for 12 disorders observed among Arabs but not yet characterized for genetic basis in Arabs, and of 17 additional putative mutations for disorders characterized for genetic basis in Arab populations are presented for testing in future Arab studies.
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Population data improves variant interpretation in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Genet Med 2018; 21:1425-1434. [PMID: 30369598 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common adult-onset monogenic disorder, with prevalence of 1/1000. Population databases including ExAC have improved pathogenic variant prioritization in many diseases. Due to pseudogene homology of PKD1, the predominant ADPKD disease gene, and the variable disease severity and age of onset, we aimed to investigate the utility of ExAC for variant assessment in ADPKD. METHODS We assessed coverage and variant quality in the ExAC cohort and combined allele frequency and age data from the ExAC database (n = 60,706) with curated variants from 2000 ADPKD pedigrees (ADPKD Mutation Database). RESULTS Seventy-six percent of PKD1 and PKD2 were sequenced adequately for variant discovery and variant quality was high in ExAC. In ExAC, we identified 25 truncating and 393 previously reported disease-causing variants in PKD1 and PKD2, 6.9-fold higher than expected. Fifty-four different variants, previously classified as disease-causing, were observed in ≥5 participants in ExAC. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that many previously implicated disease-causing variants are too common, challenging their pathogenicity, or penetrance. The presence of protein-truncating variants in older participants in ExAC demonstrates the complexity of variant classification and highlights need for further study of prevalence and penetrance of this common monogenic disease.
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Platzer K, Cogné B, Hague J, Marcelis CL, Mitter D, Oberndorff K, Park SM, Ploos van Amstel HK, Simonic I, van der Smagt JJ, Stegmann APA, Stevens SJC, Stumpel CTRM, Vincent M, Lemke JR, Jamra R. Haploinsufficiency of CUX1 Causes Nonsyndromic Global Developmental Delay With Possible Catch-up Development. Ann Neurol 2018; 84:200-207. [PMID: 30014507 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Developmental delay (DD) with favorable intellectual outcome and mild intellectual disability (ID) are mostly considered to be of complex genetic and environmental origin, but, in fact, often remain unclear. We aimed at proving our assumption that also mild cases of DD and ID may be of monogenic etiology. METHODS We clinically evaluated 8 individuals and performed exome sequencing or array copy number analysis and identified variants in CUX1 as the likely cause. In addition, we included a case from the public database, DECIPHER. RESULTS All 9 individuals harbored heterozygous null-allele variants in CUX1, encoding the Cut-homeobox 1 transcription factor that is involved in regulation of dendritogenesis and cortical synapse formation in layer II to IV cortical neurons. Six variants arose de novo, while in one family the variant segregated with ID. Of the 9 included individuals, 2 were diagnosed with moderate ID, 3 with mild ID, and 3 showed a normal age-related intelligence at ages 4, 6, and 8 years after a previous history of significant DD. INTERPRETATION Our results suggest that null-allele variants, and thus haploinsufficiency of CUX1, cause an isolated phenotype of DD or ID with possible catch-up development. This illustrates that such a developmental course is not necessarily genetic complex, but may also be attributed to a monogenic cause. Ann Neurol 2018;84:200-207.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Benjamin Cogné
- Service de génétique médicale, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jennifer Hague
- East Anglian Regional Genetics Service, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo L Marcelis
- Department of Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Mitter
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Oberndorff
- Department of Pediatrics, Zuyderland Medical Center, BG Sittard, The Netherlands
| | - Soo-Mi Park
- East Anglian Regional Genetics Service, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ingrid Simonic
- East Anglian Regional Genetics Service, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexander P A Stegmann
- Department of Clinical Genetics and School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Servi J C Stevens
- Department of Clinical Genetics and School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Constance T R M Stumpel
- Department of Clinical Genetics and School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Vincent
- Service de génétique médicale, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Johannes R Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rami Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Leipzig, Germany
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Liu J, Zhou Y, Liu S, Song X, Yang XZ, Fan Y, Chen W, Akdemir ZC, Yan Z, Zuo Y, Du R, Liu Z, Yuan B, Zhao S, Liu G, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Lin M, Zhu Q, Niu Y, Liu P, Ikegawa S, Song YQ, Posey JE, Qiu G, Zhang F, Wu Z, Lupski JR, Wu N. The coexistence of copy number variations (CNVs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at a locus can result in distorted calculations of the significance in associating SNPs to disease. Hum Genet 2018; 137:553-567. [PMID: 30019117 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1910-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
With the recent advance in genome-wide association studies (GWAS), disease-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and copy number variants (CNVs) have been extensively reported. Accordingly, the issue of incorrect identification of recombination events that can induce the distortion of multi-allelic or hemizygous variants has received more attention. However, the potential distorted calculation bias or significance of a detected association in a GWAS due to the coexistence of CNVs and SNPs in the same genomic region may remain under-recognized. Here we performed the association study within a congenital scoliosis (CS) cohort whose genetic etiology was recently elucidated as a compound inheritance model, including mostly one rare variant deletion CNV null allele and one common variant non-coding hypomorphic haplotype of the TBX6 gene. We demonstrated that the existence of a deletion in TBX6 led to an overestimation of the contribution of the SNPs on the hypomorphic allele. Furthermore, we generalized a model to explain the calculation bias, or distorted significance calculation for an association study, that can be 'induced' by CNVs at a locus. Meanwhile, overlapping between the disease-associated SNPs from published GWAS and common CNVs (overlap 10%) and pathogenic/likely pathogenic CNVs (overlap 99.69%) was significantly higher than the random distribution (p < 1 × 10-6 and p = 0.034, respectively), indicating that such co-existence of CNV and SNV alleles might generally influence data interpretation and potential outcomes of a GWAS. We also verified and assessed the influence of colocalizing CNVs to the detection sensitivity of disease-associated SNP variant alleles in another adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) genome-wide association study. We proposed that detecting co-existent CNVs when evaluating the association signals between SNPs and disease traits could improve genetic model analyses and better integrate GWAS with robust Mendelian principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, 100730, China.,Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yangzhong Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, 100730, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Sen Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, 100730, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xiaofei Song
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xin-Zhuang Yang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yanhui Fan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weisheng Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, 100730, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zeynep Coban Akdemir
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zihui Yan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, 100730, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yuzhi Zuo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, 100730, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Renqian Du
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zhenlei Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, 100730, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sen Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, 100730, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, 100730, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, 100730, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yanxue Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, 100730, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Mao Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, 100730, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Qiankun Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, 100730, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yuchen Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, 100730, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.,Department of Central Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - You-Qiang Song
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jennifer E Posey
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Guixing Qiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, 100730, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | | | - Feng Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, 100730, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.,Department of Central Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, 100730, China. .,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
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45
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Balak C, Belnap N, Ramsey K, Joss S, Devriendt K, Naymik M, Jepsen W, Siniard AL, Szelinger S, Parker ME, Richholt R, Izatt T, LaFleur M, Terraf P, Llaci L, De Both M, Piras IS, Rangasamy S, Schrauwen I, Craig DW, Huentelman M, Narayanan V. A novel
FBXO28
frameshift mutation in a child with developmental delay, dysmorphic features, and intractable epilepsy: A second gene that may contribute to the 1q41‐q42 deletion phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:1549-1558. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Balak
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Newell Belnap
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Keri Ramsey
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Shelagh Joss
- West of Scotland Genetics ServiceQueen Elizabeth University HospitalGlasgow United Kingdom
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics (Centrum Menselijke Erfelijkheid)University of LeuvenLeuven Belgium
| | - Marcus Naymik
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Wayne Jepsen
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Ashley L. Siniard
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Szabolcs Szelinger
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
- UCLA Pathology & Laboratory MedicineUCLA Center for the Health SciencesLos Angeles California
| | - Mary E. Parker
- Department of Physical TherapyTexas State UniversitySan Marcos Texas
- U.R. Our Hope, Undiagnosed and Rare Disorder OrganizationAustin Texas
| | - Ryan Richholt
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Tyler Izatt
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Madison LaFleur
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Panieh Terraf
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Lorida Llaci
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Matt De Both
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Ignazio S. Piras
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Sampathkumar Rangasamy
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Isabelle Schrauwen
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHouston Texas
| | - David W. Craig
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
- Department of Translational GenomicsKeck School of Medicine of USCLos Angeles California
| | - Matt Huentelman
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
| | - Vinodh Narayanan
- Neurogenomics Division, Center for Rare Childhood Disorders (C4RCD)Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix Arizona
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46
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Liu N, Schoch K, Luo X, Pena LDM, Bhavana VH, Kukolich MK, Stringer S, Powis Z, Radtke K, Mroske C, Deak KL, McDonald MT, McConkie-Rosell A, Markert ML, Kranz PG, Stong N, Need AC, Bick D, Amaral MD, Worthey EA, Levy S, Wangler MF, Bellen HJ, Shashi V, Yamamoto S. Functional variants in TBX2 are associated with a syndromic cardiovascular and skeletal developmental disorder. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:2454-2465. [PMID: 29726930 PMCID: PMC6030957 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The 17 genes of the T-box family are transcriptional regulators that are involved in all stages of embryonic development, including craniofacial, brain, heart, skeleton and immune system. Malformation syndromes have been linked to many of the T-box genes. For example, haploinsufficiency of TBX1 is responsible for many structural malformations in DiGeorge syndrome caused by a chromosome 22q11.2 deletion. We report four individuals with an overlapping spectrum of craniofacial dysmorphisms, cardiac anomalies, skeletal malformations, immune deficiency, endocrine abnormalities and developmental impairments, reminiscent of DiGeorge syndrome, who are heterozygotes for TBX2 variants. The p.R20Q variant is shared by three affected family members in an autosomal dominant manner; the fourth unrelated individual has a de novo p.R305H mutation. Bioinformatics analyses indicate that these variants are rare and predict them to be damaging. In vitro transcriptional assays in cultured cells show that both variants result in reduced transcriptional repressor activity of TBX2. We also show that the variants result in reduced protein levels of TBX2. Heterologous over-expression studies in Drosophila demonstrate that both p.R20Q and p.R305H function as partial loss-of-function alleles. Hence, these and other data suggest that TBX2 is a novel candidate gene for a new multisystem malformation disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kelly Schoch
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xi Luo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Loren D M Pena
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Mary K Kukolich
- Department of Genetics, Cook Children’s Hospital, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Sarah Stringer
- Department of Genetics, Cook Children’s Hospital, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Zöe Powis
- Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, CA, USA
| | - Kelly Radtke
- Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, CA, USA
| | | | - Kristen L Deak
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marie T McDonald
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Allyn McConkie-Rosell
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M Louise Markert
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Peter G Kranz
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Duke Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nicholas Stong
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna C Need
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David Bick
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | | | | | - Shawn Levy
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | | | - Michael F Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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47
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Hallgrimsson B, Green RM, Katz DC, Fish JL, Bernier FP, Roseman CC, Young NM, Cheverud JM, Marcucio RS. The developmental-genetics of canalization. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 88:67-79. [PMID: 29782925 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Canalization, or robustness to genetic or environmental perturbations, is fundamental to complex organisms. While there is strong evidence for canalization as an evolved property that varies among genotypes, the developmental and genetic mechanisms that produce this phenomenon are very poorly understood. For evolutionary biology, understanding how canalization arises is important because, by modulating the phenotypic variation that arises in response to genetic differences, canalization is a determinant of evolvability. For genetics of disease in humans and for economically important traits in agriculture, this subject is important because canalization is a potentially significant cause of missing heritability that confounds genomic prediction of phenotypes. We review the major lines of thought on the developmental-genetic basis for canalization. These fall into two groups. One proposes specific evolved molecular mechanisms while the other deals with robustness or canalization as a more general feature of development. These explanations for canalization are not mutually exclusive and they overlap in several ways. General explanations for canalization are more likely to involve emergent features of development than specific molecular mechanisms. Disentangling these explanations is also complicated by differences in perspectives between genetics and developmental biology. Understanding canalization at a mechanistic level will require conceptual and methodological approaches that integrate quantitative genetics and developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Hallgrimsson
- Dept. of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Rebecca M Green
- Dept. of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - David C Katz
- Dept. of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Fish
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Francois P Bernier
- Dept of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Charles C Roseman
- Dept. of Animal Biology, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Nathan M Young
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - James M Cheverud
- Dept. of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Ralph S Marcucio
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.
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48
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Cheng H, Dharmadhikari AV, Varland S, Ma N, Domingo D, Kleyner R, Rope AF, Yoon M, Stray-Pedersen A, Posey JE, Crews SR, Eldomery MK, Akdemir ZC, Lewis AM, Sutton VR, Rosenfeld JA, Conboy E, Agre K, Xia F, Walkiewicz M, Longoni M, High FA, van Slegtenhorst MA, Mancini GMS, Finnila CR, van Haeringen A, den Hollander N, Ruivenkamp C, Naidu S, Mahida S, Palmer EE, Murray L, Lim D, Jayakar P, Parker MJ, Giusto S, Stracuzzi E, Romano C, Beighley JS, Bernier RA, Küry S, Nizon M, Corbett MA, Shaw M, Gardner A, Barnett C, Armstrong R, Kassahn KS, Van Dijck A, Vandeweyer G, Kleefstra T, Schieving J, Jongmans MJ, de Vries BBA, Pfundt R, Kerr B, Rojas SK, Boycott KM, Person R, Willaert R, Eichler EE, Kooy RF, Yang Y, Wu JC, Lupski JR, Arnesen T, Cooper GM, Chung WK, Gecz J, Stessman HAF, Meng L, Lyon GJ. Truncating Variants in NAA15 Are Associated with Variable Levels of Intellectual Disability, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Congenital Anomalies. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 102:985-994. [PMID: 29656860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
N-alpha-acetylation is a common co-translational protein modification that is essential for normal cell function in humans. We previously identified the genetic basis of an X-linked infantile lethal Mendelian disorder involving a c.109T>C (p.Ser37Pro) missense variant in NAA10, which encodes the catalytic subunit of the N-terminal acetyltransferase A (NatA) complex. The auxiliary subunit of the NatA complex, NAA15, is the dimeric binding partner for NAA10. Through a genotype-first approach with whole-exome or genome sequencing (WES/WGS) and targeted sequencing analysis, we identified and phenotypically characterized 38 individuals from 33 unrelated families with 25 different de novo or inherited, dominantly acting likely gene disrupting (LGD) variants in NAA15. Clinical features of affected individuals with LGD variants in NAA15 include variable levels of intellectual disability, delayed speech and motor milestones, and autism spectrum disorder. Additionally, mild craniofacial dysmorphology, congenital cardiac anomalies, and seizures are present in some subjects. RNA analysis in cell lines from two individuals showed degradation of the transcripts with LGD variants, probably as a result of nonsense-mediated decay. Functional assays in yeast confirmed a deleterious effect for two of the LGD variants in NAA15. Further supporting a mechanism of haploinsufficiency, individuals with copy-number variant (CNV) deletions involving NAA15 and surrounding genes can present with mild intellectual disability, mild dysmorphic features, motor delays, and decreased growth. We propose that defects in NatA-mediated N-terminal acetylation (NTA) lead to variable levels of neurodevelopmental disorders in humans, supporting the importance of the NatA complex in normal human development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sylvia Varland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Department of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ning Ma
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Deepti Domingo
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Genes and Evolution, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Robert Kleyner
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, 1Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY 11724, USA
| | - Alan F Rope
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR 97227, USA
| | - Margaret Yoon
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, 1Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY 11724, USA
| | - Asbjørg Stray-Pedersen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Norwegian National Unit for Newborn Screening, Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jennifer E Posey
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sarah R Crews
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University Medical School, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Mohammad K Eldomery
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zeynep Coban Akdemir
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrea M Lewis
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vernon R Sutton
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Erin Conboy
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, MN 55905, USA
| | - Katherine Agre
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, MN 55905, USA
| | - Fan Xia
- Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX, 77021, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Magdalena Walkiewicz
- Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX, 77021, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mauro Longoni
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Frances A High
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marjon A van Slegtenhorst
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Grazia M S Mancini
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Arie van Haeringen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolette den Hollander
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Ruivenkamp
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Sakkubai Naidu
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, 801 North Broadway Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sonal Mahida
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, 801 North Broadway Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Palmer
- Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia; School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Lucinda Murray
- Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia
| | - Derek Lim
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
| | - Parul Jayakar
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, FL 33155, USA
| | - Michael J Parker
- Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TH, UK
| | - Stefania Giusto
- Oasi Research Institute - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Troina 94018, Italy
| | - Emanuela Stracuzzi
- Oasi Research Institute - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Troina 94018, Italy
| | - Corrado Romano
- Oasi Research Institute - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Troina 94018, Italy
| | | | - Raphael A Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington, Seattle WA, 98195, USA
| | - Sébastien Küry
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes 44093, France
| | - Mathilde Nizon
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes 44093, France
| | - Mark A Corbett
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Marie Shaw
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Alison Gardner
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barnett
- Paediatric and Reproductive Genetics, South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, SA Pathology (at Women's and Children's Hospital), Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Ruth Armstrong
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Clinical Genetics, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Karin S Kassahn
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Anke Van Dijck
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Geert Vandeweyer
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500HB, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda Schieving
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500HB, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn J Jongmans
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500HB, The Netherlands
| | - Bert B A de Vries
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500HB, The Netherlands
| | - Rolph Pfundt
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500HB, The Netherlands
| | - Bronwyn Kerr
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Samantha K Rojas
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Kym M Boycott
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | | | | | - Evan E Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - R Frank Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Yaping Yang
- Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX, 77021, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center of Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Thomas Arnesen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Department of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Gregory M Cooper
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jozef Gecz
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Genes and Evolution, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Holly A F Stessman
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University Medical School, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Linyan Meng
- Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX, 77021, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Gholson J Lyon
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, 1Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY 11724, USA.
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Graham E, Lee J, Price M, Tarailo-Graovac M, Matthews A, Engelke U, Tang J, Kluijtmans LAJ, Wevers RA, Wasserman WW, van Karnebeek CDM, Mostafavi S. Integration of genomics and metabolomics for prioritization of rare disease variants: a 2018 literature review. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:435-445. [PMID: 29721916 PMCID: PMC5959954 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) are amenable to treatment; therefore, early diagnosis and treatment is imperative. Despite recent advances, the genetic basis of many metabolic phenotypes remains unknown. For discovery purposes, whole exome sequencing (WES) variant prioritization coupled with clinical and bioinformatics expertise is the primary method used to identify novel disease-causing variants; however, causation is often difficult to establish due to the number of plausible variants. Integrated analysis of untargeted metabolomics (UM) and WES or whole genome sequencing (WGS) data is a promising systematic approach for identifying disease-causing variants. In this review, we provide a literature-based overview of UM methods utilizing liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and assess approaches to integrating WES/WGS and LC-MS UM data for the discovery and prioritization of variants causing IEMs. To embed this integrated -omics approach in the clinic, expansion of gene-metabolite annotations and metabolomic feature-to-metabolite mapping methods are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Graham
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jessica Lee
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Magda Price
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Maja Tarailo-Graovac
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Allison Matthews
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Udo Engelke
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Tang
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Leo A J Kluijtmans
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A Wevers
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Wyeth W Wasserman
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Clara D M van Karnebeek
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sara Mostafavi
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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50
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Yauy K, Baux D, Pegeot H, Van Goethem C, Mathieu C, Guignard T, Juntas Morales R, Lacourt D, Krahn M, Lehtokari VL, Bonne G, Tuffery-Giraud S, Koenig M, Cossée M. MoBiDiC Prioritization Algorithm, a Free, Accessible, and Efficient Pipeline for Single-Nucleotide Variant Annotation and Prioritization for Next-Generation Sequencing Routine Molecular Diagnosis. J Mol Diagn 2018; 20:465-473. [PMID: 29689380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpretation of next-generation sequencing constitutes the main limitation of molecular diagnostics. In diagnosing myopathies and muscular dystrophies, another issue is efficiency in predicting the pathogenicity of variants identified in large genes, especially TTN; current in silico prediction tools show limitations in predicting and ranking the numerous variants of such genes. We propose a variant-prioritization tool, the MoBiDiCprioritization algorithm (MPA). MPA is based on curated interpretation of data on previously reported variants, biological assumptions, and splice and missense predictors, and is used to prioritize all types of single-nucleotide variants. MPA was validated by comparing its sensitivity and specificity to those of dbNSFP database prediction tools, using a data set composed of DYSF, DMD, LMNA, NEB, and TTN variants extracted from expert-reviewed and ExAC databases. MPA obtained the best annotation rates for missense and splice variants. As MPA aggregates the results from several predictors, individual predictor errors are counterweighted, improving the sensitivity and specificity of missense and splice variant predictions. We propose a sequential use of MPA, beginning with the selection of variants with higher scores and followed by, in the absence of candidate pathologic variants, consideration of variants with lower scores. We provide scripts and documentation for free academic use and a validated annotation pipeline scaled for panel and exome sequencing to prioritize single-nucleotide variants from a VCF file.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Yauy
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - David Baux
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Henri Pegeot
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Charles Van Goethem
- Laboratoire de Biopathologie Cellulaire et Tissulaire des Tumeurs, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Charly Mathieu
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Guignard
- Plateforme Recherche de Microremaniements Chromosomiques-Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, Département de Génétique Médicale, Maladies Rares et Médecine Personnalisée, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Faculté de Médecine Montpellier-Nîmes, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Delphine Lacourt
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Martin Krahn
- Unité de Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle INSERM UMRS910, Université d'Aix Marseille, Marseille, France; Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Timone Enfants, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Vilma-Lotta Lehtokari
- The Folkhalsan Institute of Genetics and the Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gisele Bonne
- Unité INSERM U974-Thérapie des Maladies du Muscle Striée, Center of Research in Myology, Institut de Myologie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Tuffery-Giraud
- Laboratoire de Génétique des Maladies Rares EA7402, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Michel Koenig
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Laboratoire de Génétique des Maladies Rares EA7402, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mireille Cossée
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Laboratoire de Génétique des Maladies Rares EA7402, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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