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Selektion. Evolution 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-8274-2233-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Allen C. It's a boy! Gender expectations intrude on the study of sex determination. DNA Cell Biol 2007; 26:699-705. [PMID: 17944554 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2007.1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caitilyn Allen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Women's Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Crespi BJ, Summers K. Positive selection in the evolution of cancer. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2006; 81:407-24. [PMID: 16762098 DOI: 10.1017/s1464793106007056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Revised: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesize that forms of antagonistic coevolution have forged strong links between positive selection at the molecular level and increased cancer risk. By this hypothesis, evolutionary conflict between males and females, mothers and foetuses, hosts and parasites, and other parties with divergent fitness interests has led to rapid evolution of genetic systems involved in control over fertilization and cellular resources. The genes involved in such systems promote cancer risk as a secondary effect of their roles in antagonistic coevolution, which generates evolutionary disequilibrium and maladaptation. Evidence from two sources: (1) studies on specific genes, including SPANX cancer/testis antigen genes, several Y-linked genes, the pem homebox gene, centromeric histone genes, the breast cancer gene BRCA1, the angiogenesis gene ANG, cadherin genes, cytochrome P450 genes, and viral oncogenes; and (2) large-scale database studies of selection on different functional categories of genes, supports our hypothesis. These results have important implications for understanding the evolutionary underpinnings of cancer and the dynamics of antagonistically-coevolving molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J Crespi
- Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Biology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1 S6 Canada.
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Sandstedt SA, Tucker PK. Inefficient purifying selection: the mammalian Y chromosome in the rodent genus Mus. Mamm Genome 2006; 17:14-21. [PMID: 16416087 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-005-0050-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two related genes with potentially similar functions, one on the Y chromosome and one on the X chromosome, were examined to determine if they evolved differently because of their chromosomal positions. Six hundred fifty-seven base pairs of coding sequence of Jarid1d (Smcy) on the Y chromosome and Jarid1c (Smcx) on the X chromosome were sequenced in 13 rodent taxa. An analysis of replacement and silent substitutions, using a counting method designed for samples with small evolutionary distances, showed a significant difference between the two genes. The different patterns of replacement and silent substitutions within Jarid1d and Jarid1c may be a result of evolutionary mechanisms that are particularly strong on the Y chromosome because of its unique properties. These findings are similar to results of previous studies of Y chromosomal genes in these and other mammalian taxa, suggesting that genes on the mammalian Y evolve in a chromosome-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Sandstedt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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Abstract
Females differ from males in transmitting not only nuclear genes but also cytoplasmic genetic elements (CGEs), including DNA in mitochondria, chloroplasts and microorganisms that are present in the cell. Until recently, evolutionary research has adopted a nucleocentric approach in which organelles have been viewed as subservient energy suppliers. In this article, we propose that a more equitable view of nuclear genes and organelle genomes will lead to a better understanding of the dynamics of sexual selection and the constraints on male adaptation. Maternal inheritance of CGEs intensifies sexually-antagonistic coevolution and provides a parsimonious explanation for the relatively high frequency in males of such apparently maladaptive traits as infertility, homosexuality and baldness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne A Zeh
- Department of Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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Crespi B, Semeniuk C. Parent‐Offspring Conflict in the Evolution of Vertebrate Reproductive Mode. Am Nat 2004; 163:635-53. [PMID: 15122484 DOI: 10.1086/382734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2003] [Accepted: 12/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We propose and evaluate the hypothesis that parent-offspring conflict over the degree of maternal investment has been one of the main selective factors in the evolution of vertebrate reproductive mode. This hypothesis is supported by data showing that the assumptions of parent-offspring conflict theory are met for relevant taxa; the high number of independent origins of viviparity, matrotrophy (direct maternal-fetal nutrient transfer), and hemochorial placentation (direct fetal access to the maternal bloodstream); the extreme diversity in physiological and morphological aspects of viviparity and placentation, which usually cannot be ascribed adaptive significance in terms of ecological factors; and divergent and convergent patterns in the diversification of placental structure, function, and developmental genetics. This hypothesis is also supported by data demonstrating that embryos and fetuses actively manipulate their interaction with the mother, thereby garnishing increased maternal resources. Our results indicate that selection may favor adaptations of the mother, the fetus, or both in traits related to reproductive mode and that integration of physiological and morphological data with evolutionary ecological data will be required to understand the adaptive significance of interspecific variation in viviparity, matrotrophy, and placentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Crespi
- Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada.
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Summers K, McKeon S, Sellars J, Keusenkothen M, Morris J, Gloeckner D, Pressley C, Price B, Snow H. Parasitic exploitation as an engine of diversity. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2003; 78:639-75. [PMID: 14700394 DOI: 10.1017/s146479310300616x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic exploitation occurs within and between a wide variety of taxa in a plethora of diverse contexts. Theoretical and empirical analyses indicate that parasitic exploitation can generate substantial genetic and phenotypic polymorphism within species. Under some circumstances, parasitic exploitation may also be an important factor causing reproductive isolation and promoting speciation. Here we review research relevant to the relationship between parasitic exploitation, within species-polymorphism, and speciation in some of the major arenas in which such exploitation has been studied. This includes research on the vertebrate major histocompatibility loci, plant-pathogen interactions, the evolution of sexual reproduction, intragenomic conflict, sexual conflict, kin mimicry and social parasitism, tropical forest diversity and the evolution of language. We conclude by discussing some of the issues raised by comparing the effect of parasitic exploitation on polymorphism and speciation in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Summers
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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9
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Abstract
Intragenomic conflict occurs when some elements within the genome produce effects that enhance their own probability of replication or transmission at the expense of other elements within the same genome. Here it is proposed that mutations involved in intragenomic conflict are particularly likely to be co-opted by evolving lineages of cancer cells, and hence should be associated with the occurrence of cancer. We discuss several types of intragenomic conflict that are associated with various forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Summers
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Most eukaryotic chromosomes, akin to messy toolboxes, store jumbles of genes with diverse biological uses. The linkage of a gene to a particular chromosome therefore rarely hints strongly at that gene's function. One striking exception to this pattern of gene distribution is the human Y chromosome. Far from being random and diverse, known human Y-chromosome genes show just a few distinct expression profiles. Their relative functional conformity reflects evolutionary factors inherent to sex-specific chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Lahn
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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Abstract
In birds and frogs, species pairs retain the capacity to produce viable hybrids for tens of millions of years, an order of magnitude longer than mammals. What accounts for these differences in relative rates of pre- and postzygotic isolation? We propose that reproductive mode is a critically important but previously overlooked factor in the speciation process. Viviparity creates a post-fertilization arena for genomic conflicts absent in egg-laying species. With viviparity, conflict can arise between: mothers and embryos; sibling embryos in the womb, and maternal and paternal genomes within individual embryos. Such intra- and intergenomic conflicts result in perpetual antagonistic coevolution, thereby accelerating interpopulation postzygotic isolation. In addition, by generating intrapopulation genetic incompatibility, viviparity-driven conflict favors polyandry and limits the potential for precopulatory divergence. Mammalian diversification is characterized by rapid evolution of incompatible feto-maternal interactions, asymmetrical postzygotic isolation, disproportionate effects of genomically-imprinted genes, and "F(2) hybrid enhancement. " The viviparity-driven conflict hypothesis provides a parsimonious explanation for these patterns in mammalian evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Zeh
- Department of Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H. Werren
- Biology Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627; e-mail:
| | - Leo W. Beukeboom
- Institute of Evolutionary and Ecological Sciences, University of Leiden, RA Leiden, NL-2300 The Netherlands; e-mail:
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Rice WR. Male fitness increases when females are eliminated from gene pool: implications for the Y chromosome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:6217-21. [PMID: 9600945 PMCID: PMC27633 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.11.6217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Because the two sexes share a common gene pool while performing many different biological functions, mutations benefiting one sex may not accumulate due to counter selection in the other sex. In these experiments 99% of a haploid genome of Drosophila melanogaster was constrained to segregate like a male-limited Y chromosome for 41 generations, thereby eliminating potential counter selection in females. The synthetic Y chromosomes rapidly accumulated genetic variation that increased male fitness and decreased female fitness. The survival and fertility of females declined when they were mated to males expressing the synthetic Y chromosomes. These results suggests that opposing selection between the sexes may substantially interfere with sex-specific adaptation. They also demonstrate how intersexual evolutionary conflict can lead to perpetual degeneration of the Y via genetic hitchhiking of deleterious mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Rice
- Department of Biology, Earth and Marine Sciences Building, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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McVean GT, Hurst LD. Molecular evolution of imprinted genes: no evidence for antagonistic coevolution. Proc Biol Sci 1997; 264:739-46. [PMID: 9178545 PMCID: PMC1688426 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1997.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomically imprinted genes are those for which expression is dependent on the sex of the parent from which they are derived. Numerous theories have been proposed for the evolution of genomic imprinting: one theory is that it is an intra-individual manifestation of classical parent -offspring conflict. This theory is unique in predicting that an arms race may develop between maternally and paternally derived genes for the control of foetal growth demands. Such antagonistic coevolution may be mediated through changes in the structure of the proteins concerned. Comparable coevolution is the most likely explanation for the rapid changes seen in antigenic components of parasites and antigen recognition components of immune systems. We have examined the evolution of insulin-like growth factor Igf2, and its antagonistic receptor Igf2r) and find that in contrast to immune genes, at the sites of mutual binding they are highly conserved. In addition, we have analysed the rate of molecular evolution of seven imprinted genes including Igf2 and Igf2r), sequenced in both mouse and rat, and had that this is the same as that of nonimprinted receptors and significantly lower than that of immune genes controlling for differences in mutation rates. Contrary to the expectations of the conflict hypothesis, we hence find no evidence for antagonistic coevolution of imprinted genes mediated by changes in sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T McVean
- School of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Both, Clarcton Don, UK.
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Abstract
In mammals, the Y chromosome induces testis formation and thus male sexual development; in the absence of a Y chromosome, gonads differentiate into ovaries and female development ensues. Molecular genetic studies have identified the Y-located testis determining gene SRY as well as autosomal and X-linked genes necessary for gonadal development. The phenotypes resulting from mutation of these genes, together with their patterns of expression, provide the basis for establishing a hierarchy of genes and their interactions in the mammalian sex determination pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Schafer
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, UK
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Jiménez R, Sánchez A, Burgos M, Díaz de la Guardia R. Puzzling out the genetics of mammalian sex determination. Trends Genet 1996; 12:164-6. [PMID: 8984728 DOI: 10.1016/0168-9525(96)30022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Jiménez
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Granada, Spain
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Dabovic B, Zanaria E, Bardoni B, Lisa A, Bordignon C, Russo V, Matessi C, Traversari C, Camerino G. A family of rapidly evolving genes from the sex reversal critical region in Xp21. Mamm Genome 1995; 6:571-80. [PMID: 8535061 DOI: 10.1007/bf00352360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Patients with an intact SRY gene and duplications of portions of Xp21 develop as phenotypic females. We have recently mapped this sex reversal locus, DSS, to a 160-kb region of Xp21 that includes the adrenal hypoplasia congenita locus. To clone the gene(s) underlying DSS and AHC, we isolated expressed sequences from the region. Here we describe the characterization of two related genes. DAM10 and DAM6, expressed in adult testis and lung tumors. The predicted DAM10 and DAM6 proteins are 66% identical and are both highly similar to the MAGE family of tumor-associated antigens and to mouse necdin. Genes belonging to the MAGE superfamily, DAMs, MAGEs, and necdin, are likely to have originated from a common ancestor and to be subject to an unusually rapid evolution. The tumor-restricted expression of DAM proteins and their structural similarity to MAGE genes suggest that DAM peptides may be targets for active immunotherapy in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dabovic
- Biologia Generale e Genetica Medica, Università di Pavia, Italy
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Moore T, Hurst LD, Reik W. Genetic conflict and evolution of mammalian X-chromosome inactivation. DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS 1995; 17:206-11. [PMID: 8565327 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.1020170305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The existence of parentally imprinted gene expression in the somatic tissues of mammals and plants can be explained by a theory of intragenomic genetic conflict, which is a logical extension of classical parent-offspring conflict theory. This theory unites conceptually the phenomena of autosomal imprinting and X-chromosome inactivation. We argue that recent experimental studies of X-chromosome inactivation and androgenetic development address previously published predictions of the conflict theory, and we discuss possible explanations for the occurrence of random X-inactivation in the somatic tissues of eutherians.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Moore
- Department of Development and Signalling, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Schafer
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Hurst LD. Embryonic growth and the evolution of the mammalian Y chromosome. I. The Y as an attractor for selfish growth factors. Heredity (Edinb) 1994; 73 ( Pt 3):223-32. [PMID: 7928393 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1994.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The fitness of a mammalian zygote is affected by its probability of implantation and of postimplantation maintenance as well as the level of transplacental and transmammary uptake of resources. As with paternally expressed imprinted genes, in a species in which females are not obligately monogamous, a Y-linked sequence that can positively alter any of the above parameters could spread in a population even if it harms the prospects of other embryos. Such a selfish Y-linked gene could act as a sex ratio distorter. In contrast to autosomal imprinted loci, the patrilineal inheritance of the Y ensures that selfish Y-linked growth-promoting genes need not evolve a means to ensure correct parent-dependent expression rules. Thus, as the conditions for both their initial evolution and spread are relatively relaxed, the mammalian Y chromosome is expected to be an attractor for growth-promoting genes. Data from mice and humans indicate that, as expected and in contrast to the Y of flies, the mammalian Y harbours growth factors, sex ratio factors and multiple foetally expressed genes. The accumulation of Y-linked genes may also be explained in terms of sexual antagonism. Sexual antagonism and the model presented here are not mutually exclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Hurst
- Department of Genetics, Cambridge, U.K
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