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Wang Z, Zhao X, Bu L, Liu K, Li Z, Zhang H, Zhang X, Yuan F, Wang S, Guo Z, Shi L. Low sodium intake ameliorates hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy in mice with primary aldosteronism. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1136574. [PMID: 36875038 PMCID: PMC9974669 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1136574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this paper is to elucidate the effects of sodium restriction on hypertension and left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy in a mouse model with primary aldosteronism (PA). Mice with genetic deletion of TWIK-related acid-sensitive K (TASK)-1 and TASK-3 channels (TASK-/-) were used as the animal model of PA. Parameters of the LV were assessed using echocardiography and histomorphology analysis. Untargeted metabolomics analysis was conducted to reveal the mechanisms underlying the hypertrophic changes in the TASK-/- mice. The TASK-/- adult male mice exhibited the hallmarks of PA, including hypertension, hyperaldosteronism, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, and mild acid-base balance disorders. Two weeks of low sodium intake significantly reduced the 24-h average systolic and diastolic BP in TASK-/- but not TASK+/+ mice. In addition, TASK-/- mice showed increasing LV hypertrophy with age, and 2 weeks of the low-sodium diet significantly reversed the increased BP and LV wall thickness in adult TASK-/- mice. Furthermore, a low-sodium diet beginning at 4 weeks of age protected TASK-/- mice from LV hypertrophy at 8-12 weeks of age. Untargeted metabolomics demonstrated that the disturbances in heart metabolism in the TASK-/- mice (e.g., Glutathione metabolism; biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids; amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism; pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis; D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism), some of which were reversed after sodium restriction, might be involved in the development of LV hypertrophy. In conclusion, adult male TASK-/- mice exhibit spontaneous hypertension and LV hypertrophy, which are ameliorated by a low-sodium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitian Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Lifang Bu
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ziping Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Huaxing Zhang
- Core Facilities and Centers, Institute of Medicine and Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoguang Zhang
- Core Facilities and Centers, Institute of Medicine and Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zan Guo
- Core Facilities and Centers, Institute of Medicine and Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Luo Shi
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Zhang H, Zhu B, Chang L, Ye X, Tian R, He L, Yu D, Chen H, Wang Y. Efficacy and safety of a low-sodium diet and spironolactone in patients with stage 1-3a chronic kidney disease: a pilot study. BMC Nephrol 2022; 23:95. [PMID: 35247964 PMCID: PMC8897863 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-022-02711-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive salt intake is associated with the deterioration of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Aldosterone is also known as an independent risk factor for kidney injury. Dietary sodium intake acts as a main stimulator in aldosterone-mediated kidney injury. Hence, this study aimed to further investigate the renal protective effects and safety of a low-sodium diet in combination with spironolactone (SPL) in stage 1-3a CKD. Methods This single-center, SPL-blinded randomized controlled trial recruited patients with stage 1-3a CKD, randomized into three groups, low-sodium (3 g/d salt) + placebo, medium-sodium (5 g/d salt) + SPL, and low-sodium (3 g/d salt) + SPL. Patients received 12 weeks of intervention. The primary and secondary endpoints were 24-h urine protein and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at the end of the intervention, respectively. Results A total of 74 patients were analyzed eventually. Significantly decreased 24-h urine protein was found in all three groups, from 0.37 to 0.23 g/d (P = 0.004) in the low-sodium+placebo group, from 0.44 to 0.29 g/d (P = 0.020) in the medium-sodium+SPL group, and from 0.35 to 0.31 g/d (P = 0.013) in the low-sodium +SPL group. There were no significant differences among the three groups in 24-h urine protein amount change after intervention from pre-treatment values (P = 0.760, ITT set). The results of the 24-h urine protein by using PP set analysis was similar to the ITT set. No significant differences in eGFR, nutritional, metabolic, inflammatory, and other biomarkers were observed across all three groups (P > 0.05). No safety signal was observed. Conclusion No additional benefit was observed when SPL was prescribed to patients already on a low-sodium diet (3.0 g/d). Still, small doses of SPL may benefit patients with poor sodium restriction. A combination of short-term low-dose SPL and ARB is safe for patients with stage 1-3a CKD, but blood potassium must be regularly monitored. Trial registration Name of the registry: Chinese clinical trial registry. Trial registration number: ChiCTR1900026991. Date of registration: Retrospectively registered 28 October 2019. URL of trial registry record: http://www.chictr.org.cn/searchproj.aspx?title=&officialname=&subjectid=&secondaryid=&applier=&studyleader=ðicalcommitteesanction=&spo Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12882-022-02711-z.
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Left ventricular remodeling and dysfunction in primary aldosteronism. J Hum Hypertens 2020; 35:131-147. [PMID: 33067554 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-020-00426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is a common cause of secondary hypertension and is associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes. The elevated aldosterone in PA leads to left ventricular (LV) remodeling and dysfunction. In recent decades, clinical studies have demonstrated worse LV remodeling including increased LV mass and cardiac fibrosis in patients with PA compared to patients with essential hypertension. Several mechanisms may explain the process of aldosterone-induced LV remodeling, including directly profibrotic and hypertrophic effects of aldosterone on myocardium, increased reactive oxygen species and profibrotic molecules, dysregulation of extracellular matrix metabolism, endothelium dysfunction and circulatory macrophages activation. LV remodeling causes LV diastolic and systolic dysfunction, which may consequently lead to clinical complications such as heart failure, atrial fibrillation, ischemic heart disease, and other vascular events. Adequate treatment with adrenalectomy or medical therapy can improve LV remodeling and dysfunction in PA patients. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of aldosterone-induced LV remodeling and provide an up-to-date review of clinical research about LV remodeling-related heart structural changes, cardiac dysfunction, and their clinical impacts on patients with PA.
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Aldosterone-Related Myocardial Extracellular Matrix Expansion in Hypertension in Humans. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2020; 13:2149-2159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Gbadamosi IT, Opatola DG, Oyagbemi A, Ajibade TO, Bolaji-Alabi FB, Omobowale TO, Saba AB, Adedapo AA, Yakubu MA, Oguntibeju OO. Methanol extract of Caesalpinia benthamiana normalizes blood pressure and attenuates oxidative stress in uninephrectomized hypertensive rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 32:109-119. [PMID: 32920540 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hypertension is the number one risk factor and primary contributor of cardiovascular diseases. Caesalpinia benthamiana is a valuable medicinal plant with unvalidated anti-hypertensive activity. This study was carried out to explore the antihypertensive effect of C. benthamiana on uninephrectomized hypertensive rats. METHODS Fifty rats were grouped into five groups, each containing 10 animals: Group A-normal control (normotensive); B-uninephrectomized control; C-uninephrectomized treated with 50 mg/kg C. benthamiana extract; D-uninephrectomized treated with 100 mg/kg C. benthamiana; and E- uninephrectomized treated with 10 mg/kg of Lisinopril. RESULTS Significant increases were observed in systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure of uninephrectomized control rats. Furthermore, markers of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, protein carbonyl, myeloperoxidase and the advanced oxidative protein products) increased significantly while antioxidant status (reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and superoxide dismutase), reduced significantly in uninephrectomized hypertensive rats. Histopathology revealed thrombosis and occlusion of coronary vessels in the heart, and congestion in the kidney. However, the observed high blood pressure parameters were remarkably normalized together with reduction in markers of oxidative stress and improvement in antioxidant defence system of uninephrectomized hypertensive rats treated with C. benthamiana extract similar to normotensive rats. CONCLUSIONS C. benthamiana extract exhibited antihypertensive action, strong antioxidant ability, attenuated oxidative stress-mediated hypertension and lessened the development of cardiac and renal damage associated with hypertension induced by uninephrectomy and high dietary intake of salt. Together, C. benthamiana extract might be useful in the management of hypertension due to volume overload in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ademola Oyagbemi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Temitayo Olabisi Ajibade
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Foluso Bolawaye Bolaji-Alabi
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Temidayo Olutayo Omobowale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adebowale Benard Saba
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adeolu Alex Adedapo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Momoh Audu Yakubu
- Department of Environmental & Interdisciplinary Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Technology, Vascular Biology Unit, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Oluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju
- Phytomedicine and Phytochemistry Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 7535Bellville, South Africa
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Butts B, Calhoun DA, Denney TS, Lloyd SG, Gupta H, Gaddam KK, Aban I, Oparil S, Sanders PW, Patel R, Collawn JF, Dell'Italia LJ. Plasma xanthine oxidase activity is related to increased sodium and left ventricular hypertrophy in resistant hypertension. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134:343-349. [PMID: 30695690 PMCID: PMC6588431 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extra-renal effects of aldosterone on left ventricular (LV) structure and function are exacerbated by increased dietary sodium in persons with hypertension. Previous studies demonstrated endothelial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress with high salt diet in normotensive salt-resistant subjects. We hypothesized that increased xanthine oxidase (XO), a product of endothelial cells, is related to 24-h urinary sodium and to LV hypertrophy and function in patients with resistant hypertension (RHTN). METHODS The study group included persons with RHTN (n = 91), defined as a blood pressure > 140/90 mmHg on ≥ 3 medications at pharmacologically effective doses. Plasma XO activity and 24-h urine were collected, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to assess LV function and morphology. Sixty-seven normotensive persons on no cardiovascular medications served as controls. A subset of RHTN (n = 19) received spironolactone without salt restriction for six months with follow-up XO activity measurements and MRI analyses. RESULTS XO activity was increased two-fold in RHTN vs. normal and was positively correlated with LV mass, LV diastolic function, and 24-h urinary sodium. In RHTN patients receiving spironolactone without salt restriction, LV mass decreased, but LV diastolic function and XO activity did not improve. Baseline urinary sodium was positively associated with rate of change of LV mass to volume ratio and the LV E/A ratio. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate a potential role of endothelium-derived oxidative stress and excess dietary salt in the pathophysiology of LV hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction in persons with RHTN unaffected by the addition of spironolactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Butts
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, USA; Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, USA
| | - David A Calhoun
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, USA
| | - Thomas S Denney
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, USA
| | - Steven G Lloyd
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, USA
| | - Himanshu Gupta
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, USA; Birmingham Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA
| | - Krishna K Gaddam
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, USA
| | - Inmaculada Aban
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Suzanne Oparil
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, USA
| | - Paul W Sanders
- Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, USA
| | - Rakesh Patel
- Center for Free Radical Biology and Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - James F Collawn
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Louis J Dell'Italia
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, USA; Birmingham Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA.
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Yang X, Yang R, Li X, Zheng X. Danshensu attenuates aldosterone-induced cardiomyocytes injury through interfering p53 pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:4994-5000. [PMID: 28765913 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure, characterized by impaired systolic and/or diastolic function, is a common cardiovascular disease. The loss of cardiomyocytes due to various factors, including through necrosis or apoptosis can result in heart failure. Previous studies have indicated that excessive aldosterone (ALD) serves an essential role in the process of heart failure, and the heart is also one of the direct targets of ALD, which can provoke hypertrophy and the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of danshensu (DSS) on ALD‑induced cardiomyocytes injury. The present results demonstrated that DSS increased cell viability and decreased the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase in cardiomyocytes exposed to ALD. In addition, DSS decreased the apoptotic rate of ALD‑stimulated cells. Further research indicated that DSS‑ and cellular tumor antigen p53 (p53)‑alone or combination treatment was able to decrease the expression levels of apoptosis regulator BAX and caspase‑3, and increase the expression of apoptosis regulator B‑cell lymphoma (Bcl)‑2 in ALD‑stimulated cardiomyocytes. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that DSS inhibits the harmful effects of ALD on cardiomyocytes via interfering with the p53 signaling pathway. These results provide novel evidence for the potential protective effects of DSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Anyang District Hospital, Anyang, Henan 455000, P.R. China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Anyang District Hospital, Anyang, Henan 455000, P.R. China
| | - Xianli Li
- Department of Cardiovascular, Anyang District Hospital, Anyang, Henan 455000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular, Anyang District Hospital, Anyang, Henan 455000, P.R. China
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Hung CS, Wu XM, Chen CW, Chen YH, Wu VC, Liao CW, Chang YY, Yen RF, Lu CC, Su MYM, Liu KL, Chang CC, Liu LYD, Wu KD, Lin YH. The relationship among cardiac structure, dietary salt and aldosterone in patients with primary aldosteronism. Oncotarget 2017; 8:73187-73197. [PMID: 29069862 PMCID: PMC5641205 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt intake is highly associated with cardiac structure in patients with primary aldosteronism (PA). We investigated the association among dietary salt intake, aldosterone and left ventricular mass in patients with PA. We enrolled 158 patients with PA and 158 patients with essential hypertension. We measured 24-hour urinary sodium (UNa) and aldosterone (UAldo) level and echocardiography parameters. In patients with PA, the UAldo level was positively correlated with left ventricular mass index (LVMI; r=0.231, p=0.007). The UNa level was not linearly correlated with left ventricular structural parameters in patients with PA. To test if UNa has a non-linear relationship with LVMI among patients with PA, we categorized the participants according to the tertile of UNa (low, median, and high tertile). PA patients with medium tertile of UNa had significant lower LVMI than the other two groups (LVMI: 144.1 ± 42.9, 121.1 ± 33.4, and 136.7 ± 32.8 g/m2, from the lowest to the highest tertile of Una; analysis of variance p=0.006, post-hoc p <0.05). Multifactor analysis of variance confirmed this finding after adjustment for clinical parameters. Post-hoc analyses revealed that the high UNa tertile was associated with higher left ventricular end-diastolic volume compared with medium UNa tertile; while the low UNa tertile was associated with higher mean wall thickness compared with medium UNa tertile. The findings imply the reasons for increased LVMI may be different in patients with the highest and lowest UNa tertile. In conclusion, the medium tertile of 24-hour UNa is associated with lowest LVMI in patients with PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Sheng Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xue-Ming Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Way Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsien Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Vin-Cent Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Che-Wei Liao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yao Chang
- Cardiology Division of Cardiovascular Medical Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ruh-Fang Yen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chu Lu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Yuan M Su
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kao-Lang Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chen Chang
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Daisy Liu
- Department of Agronomy, Biometry Division, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kwan-Dun Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Comparison of left ventricular structure and function in primary aldosteronism and essential hypertension by echocardiography. Hypertens Res 2016; 40:243-250. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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10
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Toll-like receptor-2 has a critical role in periodontal pathogen-induced myocardial fibrosis in the pressure-overloaded murine hearts. Hypertens Res 2016; 40:110-116. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Okamura H, Doi M, Goto K, Kojima R. Clock genes and salt-sensitive hypertension: a new type of aldosterone-synthesizing enzyme controlled by the circadian clock and angiotensin II. Hypertens Res 2016; 39:681-687. [PMID: 27439492 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
With the current societal norm of shiftwork and long working hours, maintaining a stable daily life is becoming very difficult. An irregular lifestyle disrupts circadian rhythms, resulting in the malfunction of body physiology and ultimately leading to lifestyle-related diseases, including hypertension. By analyzing completely arrhythmic Cry1/Cry2 double-knockout (Cry-null) mice, we found salt-sensitive hypertension accompanied by hyperaldosteronism. On the basis of a DNA microarray analysis of the adrenal gland and subsequent biochemical analyses, we discovered that Hsd3b6/HSD3B1, a subtype of 3β-HSD, is markedly overexpressed in aldosterone-producing cells in the Cry-null adrenal cortex. In addition, we found that Hsd3b6/HSD3B1, which converts pregnenolone to progesterone, is a clock-controlled gene and might also be a key enzyme for the regulation of aldosterone biosynthesis, in addition to the previously established CYP11B2, which synthesizes aldosterone from deoxycorticosterone. Importantly, angiotensin II induces HSD3B1 via the transcription factor NGFIB in human adrenocortical H295R cells, similarly to CYP11B2. As HSD3B1 levels are abnormally high in the adrenal aldosterone-producing cells of idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA), the temporal component of this system in the pathophysiology of IHA is a promising area for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Okamura
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Masao Doi
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Kaoru Goto
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rika Kojima
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
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Mizuno M, Downey RM, Mitchell JH, Auchus RJ, Smith SA, Vongpatanasin W. Aldosterone and Salt Loading Independently Exacerbate the Exercise Pressor Reflex in Rats. Hypertension 2015. [PMID: 26195483 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The sympathetic and pressor responses to exercise are exaggerated in hypertension. Evidence suggests that an overactive exercise pressor reflex (EPR) contributes to this abnormal responsiveness. The mechanisms underlying this EPR overactivity are poorly understood. An increasing body of evidence suggests that aldosterone and excessive salt intake play a role in regulating resting sympathetic activity and blood pressure in hypertension. Therefore, each is a good candidate for the generation of EPR dysfunction in this disease. The purpose of this study was to examine whether excessive salt intake and chronic administration of aldosterone potentiate EPR function. Changes in mean arterial pressure and renal sympathetic nerve activity induced by EPR stimulation were examined in vehicle and aldosterone-treated (4 weeks via osmotic mini-pump) Sprague-Dawley rats given either water or saline (elevated salt load) to drink. When compared with vehicle/water-treated rats, stimulation of the EPR by muscle contraction evoked significantly greater increases in mean arterial pressure in vehicle/saline, aldosterone/water, and aldosterone/saline-treated animals (14±3, 29±3, 37±6, and 44±7 mm Hg/kg, respectively; P<0.01). A similar renal sympathetic nerve activity response profile was likewise produced (39±11%, 87±15%, 110±20%, and 151±25%/kg, respectively; P<0.01). The pressor and sympathetic responses to the individual activation of the mechanically and chemically sensitive components of the EPR were also augmented by both saline and aldosterone. These data provide the first direct evidence that both aldosterone and high salt intake elicit EPR overactivity. As such, each represents a potential mechanism by which sympathetic activity and blood pressure are augmented during exercise in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Mizuno
- From the Departments of Health Care Sciences (M.M., S.A.S.) and Internal Medicine (M.M., R.M.D., J.H.M., S.A.S., W.V.) and Hypertension Section, Cardiology Division (W.V.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (R.J.A.)
| | - Ryan M Downey
- From the Departments of Health Care Sciences (M.M., S.A.S.) and Internal Medicine (M.M., R.M.D., J.H.M., S.A.S., W.V.) and Hypertension Section, Cardiology Division (W.V.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (R.J.A.)
| | - Jere H Mitchell
- From the Departments of Health Care Sciences (M.M., S.A.S.) and Internal Medicine (M.M., R.M.D., J.H.M., S.A.S., W.V.) and Hypertension Section, Cardiology Division (W.V.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (R.J.A.)
| | - Richard J Auchus
- From the Departments of Health Care Sciences (M.M., S.A.S.) and Internal Medicine (M.M., R.M.D., J.H.M., S.A.S., W.V.) and Hypertension Section, Cardiology Division (W.V.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (R.J.A.)
| | - Scott A Smith
- From the Departments of Health Care Sciences (M.M., S.A.S.) and Internal Medicine (M.M., R.M.D., J.H.M., S.A.S., W.V.) and Hypertension Section, Cardiology Division (W.V.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (R.J.A.)
| | - Wanpen Vongpatanasin
- From the Departments of Health Care Sciences (M.M., S.A.S.) and Internal Medicine (M.M., R.M.D., J.H.M., S.A.S., W.V.) and Hypertension Section, Cardiology Division (W.V.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (R.J.A.).
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13
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Lv Y, Bai S, Zhang H, Zhang H, Meng J, Li L, Xu Y. Aldosterone down-regulates the slowly activated delayed rectifier potassium current in adult guinea pig cardiomyocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:5596-608. [PMID: 25857626 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE There is emerging evidence that the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone is associated with arrhythmias in cardiovascular disease. However, the effect of aldosterone on the slowly activated delayed rectifier potassium current (IK s ) remains poorly understood. The present study was designed to investigate the modulation of IK s by aldosterone. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Adult guinea pigs were treated with aldosterone for 28 days via osmotic pumps. Standard glass microelectrode recordings and whole-cell patch-clamp techniques were used to record action potentials in papillary muscles and IK s in ventricular cardiomyocytes. KEY RESULTS The aldosterone-treated animals exhibited a prolongation of the QT interval and action potential duration with a higher incidence of early afterdepolarizations. Patch-clamp recordings showed a significant down-regulation of IK s density in the ventricular myocytes of these treated animals. These aldosterone-induced electrophysiological changes were fully prevented by a combined treatment with spironolactone, a mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist. In addition, in in vitro cultured ventricular cardiomyocytes, treatment with aldosterone (sustained exposure for 24 h) decreased the IK s density in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, a significant corresponding reduction in the mRNA/protein expression of IKs channel pore and auxiliary subunits, KCNQ1 and KCNE1 was detected in ventricular tissue from the aldosterone-treated animals. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Aldosterone down-regulates IK s by inhibiting the expression of KCNQ1 and KCNE1, thus delaying the ventricular repolarization. These results provide new insights into the mechanism underlying K(+) channel remodelling in heart disease and may explain the highly beneficial effects of MR antagonists in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankun Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,Heart Center, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Song Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Hongxue Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jing Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Li Li
- Heart Center, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yanfang Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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14
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Cuspidi C, Tadic M, Sala C. Aldosterone and abnormal left ventricular geometry in chronic kidney disease. Hypertens Res 2015; 38:314-6. [PMID: 25787043 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2015.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Cuspidi
- 1] Department of Health Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy [2] Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marijana Tadic
- University Clinical Hospital Centre "Dragisa Misovic", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Carla Sala
- 1] Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano, Milano, Italy [2] Fondazione Policlinico di Milano, Milano, Italy
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15
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Abstract
Obesity is prevalent worldwide and associated with co-morbidities that result in increased cardiovascular risk. Hypertension is the most prevalent obesity comorbidity associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Obesity hypertension is a distinct subtype of essential hypertension. While endogenous Cushing's syndrome is an uncommon cause of both obesity and hypertension, the recent recognition of other hypercortisolemic states has raised the profile of hypercortisolism as an important contributor in obesity hypertension. The high prevalence of exogenous, iatrogenic, pseudo, and subclinical Cushing's syndromes makes hypercortisolism an important diagnostic consideration in the evaluation and management of patients with obesity hypertension who are resistant to conventional management. Available data suggest that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system modulating antihypertensives have the best efficacy in hypercortisolism-mediated obesity hypertension. Strategies aimed at reducing cortisol production and action also have utility. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis and management options available for glucocorticoid-mediated obesity hypertension.
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16
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Hattori T, Murase T, Takatsu M, Nagasawa K, Matsuura N, Watanabe S, Murohara T, Nagata K. Dietary salt restriction improves cardiac and adipose tissue pathology independently of obesity in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e001312. [PMID: 25468654 PMCID: PMC4338725 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS) enhances salt sensitivity of blood pressure and is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The effects of dietary salt restriction on cardiac pathology associated with metabolic syndrome remain unclear. Methods and Results We investigated whether dietary salt restriction might ameliorate cardiac injury in DahlS.Z‐Leprfa/Leprfa (DS/obese) rats, which are derived from a cross between Dahl salt‐sensitive and Zucker rats and represent a model of metabolic syndrome. DS/obese rats were fed a normal‐salt (0.36% NaCl in chow) or low‐salt (0.0466% NaCl in chow) diet from 9 weeks of age and were compared with similarly treated homozygous lean littermates (DahlS.Z‐Lepr+/Lepr+, or DS/lean rats). DS/obese rats fed the normal‐salt diet progressively developed hypertension and showed left ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction at 15 weeks. Dietary salt restriction attenuated all of these changes in DS/obese rats. The levels of cardiac oxidative stress and inflammation and the expression of cardiac renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system genes were increased in DS/obese rats fed the normal‐salt diet, and dietary salt restriction downregulated these parameters in both DS/obese and DS/lean rats. In addition, dietary salt restriction attenuated the increase in visceral adipose tissue inflammation and the decrease in insulin signaling apparent in DS/obese rats without reducing body weight or visceral adipocyte size. Dietary salt restriction did not alter fasting serum glucose levels but it markedly decreased the fasting serum insulin concentration in DS/obese rats. Conclusions Dietary salt restriction not only prevents hypertension and cardiac injury but also ameliorates insulin resistance, without reducing obesity, in this model of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Hattori
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.H., T.M., M.T., K.N., N.M., S.W., K.N.)
| | - Tamayo Murase
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.H., T.M., M.T., K.N., N.M., S.W., K.N.)
| | - Miwa Takatsu
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.H., T.M., M.T., K.N., N.M., S.W., K.N.)
| | - Kai Nagasawa
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.H., T.M., M.T., K.N., N.M., S.W., K.N.)
| | - Natsumi Matsuura
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.H., T.M., M.T., K.N., N.M., S.W., K.N.)
| | - Shogo Watanabe
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.H., T.M., M.T., K.N., N.M., S.W., K.N.)
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.M.)
| | - Kohzo Nagata
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.H., T.M., M.T., K.N., N.M., S.W., K.N.)
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17
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Wu Z, Huang C, Zhou T, Lin J, Zhang K, Li W, Zheng J, Chen B, Wang B, Zhang X, Xing J. Association of polymorphisms in AGTR1 and AGTR2 genes with primary aldosteronism in the Chinese Han population. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2014; 16:880-7. [PMID: 25172908 DOI: 10.1177/1470320314534511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Polymorphisms in angiotensin II type-1/2 receptor genes (AGTR1/AGTR2) may be involved in the pathogenesis of primary aldosteronism. The present study aims to reveal some loci susceptible to the disease on the genes in a group of Chinese Han nationality. MATERIALS AND METHODS A case-control study was conducted in 202 patients and 188 controls. Ten tagging SNPs on AGTR1/AGTR2 were genotyped for all subjects via the method of multiplex PCR-ligase detection reaction. Statistical analysis was performed with chi-square test and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS rs3772616 on the AGTR1 gene was a factor for susceptibility to primary aldosteronism (p<0.001), and the TT genotype significantly decreased the risk of primary aldosteronism compared with the CC homozygote (p=0.008, adjusted OR=0.13; 95%CI: 0.03-0.59). The rs3772616 polymorphism was associated with primary aldosteronism under the additive and dominant models. The female carriers of the G allele in rs5193 showed a significant difference compared with the T allele. CONCLUSIONS The AGTR1 rs3772616 polymorphism can be considered as a hereditary marker for primary aldosteronism, and in the Chinese Han population the rs5193 G allele seems to predispose to it only in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhun Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Department of Urology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinglai Lin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Kaiyan Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jiaxin Zheng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Baojun Wang
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinchun Xing
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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