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Alipoor SD, Elieh-Ali-Komi D. Significance of extracellular vesicles in orchestration of immune responses in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1398077. [PMID: 38836056 PMCID: PMC11148335 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1398077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), the causative agent of Tuberculosis, is an intracellular bacterium well known for its ability to subvert host energy and metabolic pathways to maintain its intracellular survival. For this purpose, the bacteria utilize various mechanisms of which extracellular vehicles (EVs) related mechanisms attracted more attention. EVs are nanosized particles that are released by almost all cell types containing active biomolecules from the cell of origin and can target bioactive pathways in the recipient cells upon uptake. It is hypothesized that M.tb dictates the processes of host EV biogenesis pathways, selectively incorporating its molecules into the host EV to direct immune responses in its favor. During infection with Mtb, both mycobacteria and host cells release EVs. The composition of these EVs varies over time, influenced by the physiological and nutritional state of the host environment. Additionally, different EV populations contribute differently to the pathogenesis of disease at various stages of illness participating in a complex interplay between host cells and pathogens. These interactions ultimately influence immune responses and disease outcomes. However, the precise mechanisms and roles of EVs in pathogenicity and disease outcomes remain to be fully elucidated. In this review, we explored the properties and function of EVs in the context of M.tb infection within the host microenvironment and discussed their capacity as a novel therapeutic strategy to combat tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamila D. Alipoor
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel Elieh-Ali-Komi
- Institute of Allergology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Immunology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Roy T, Seth A, Shafi H, Reddy DVS, Raman SK, Chakradhar JVUS, Verma S, Bharti R, Azmi L, Ray L, Misra A. Transcriptional regulation of suppressors of cytokine signaling during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human THP-1-derived macrophages and in mice. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105282. [PMID: 38135025 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection leads to upregulation of Suppressors of Cytokine signaling (SOCS) expression in host macrophages (Mϕ). SOCS proteins inhibit cytokine signaling by negatively regulating JAK/STAT. We investigated this host-pathogen dialectic at the level of transcription. We used phorbol-differentiated THP-1 Mϕ infected with Mtb to investigate preferential upregulation of some SOCS isoforms that are known to inhibit signaling by IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-6. We examined time kinetics of likely transcription factors and signaling molecules upstream of SOCS transcription, and survival of intracellular Mtb following SOCS upregulation. Our results suggest a plausible mechanism that involves PGE2 secretion during infection to induce the PKA/CREB axis, culminating in nuclear translocation of C/EBPβ to induce expression of SOCS1. Mtb-infected Mϕ secreted IL-10, suggesting a mechanism of induction of STAT3, which may subsequently induce SOCS3. We provide evidence of temporal variation in SOCS isoform exspression and decay. Small-interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of SOCS1 and SOCS3 restored the pro-inflammatory milieu and reduced Mtb viability. In mice infected with Mtb, SOCS isoforms persisted across Days 28-85 post infection. Our results suggest that differential temporal regulation of SOCS isoforms by Mtb drives the host immune response towards a phenotype that facilitates the pathogen's survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Roy
- CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 200102, India
| | - Anuradha Seth
- CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 200102, India
| | - Hasham Shafi
- CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P, India
| | - D V Siva Reddy
- CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 200102, India
| | | | | | - Sonia Verma
- CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 200102, India
| | - Reena Bharti
- CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P, India
| | - Lubna Azmi
- CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P, India
| | - Lipika Ray
- CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P, India
| | - Amit Misra
- CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 200102, India.
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3
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Li LS, Yang L, Zhuang L, Ye ZY, Zhao WG, Gong WP. From immunology to artificial intelligence: revolutionizing latent tuberculosis infection diagnosis with machine learning. Mil Med Res 2023; 10:58. [PMID: 38017571 PMCID: PMC10685516 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-023-00490-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) has become a major source of active tuberculosis (ATB). Although the tuberculin skin test and interferon-gamma release assay can be used to diagnose LTBI, these methods can only differentiate infected individuals from healthy ones but cannot discriminate between LTBI and ATB. Thus, the diagnosis of LTBI faces many challenges, such as the lack of effective biomarkers from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) for distinguishing LTBI, the low diagnostic efficacy of biomarkers derived from the human host, and the absence of a gold standard to differentiate between LTBI and ATB. Sputum culture, as the gold standard for diagnosing tuberculosis, is time-consuming and cannot distinguish between ATB and LTBI. In this article, we review the pathogenesis of MTB and the immune mechanisms of the host in LTBI, including the innate and adaptive immune responses, multiple immune evasion mechanisms of MTB, and epigenetic regulation. Based on this knowledge, we summarize the current status and challenges in diagnosing LTBI and present the application of machine learning (ML) in LTBI diagnosis, as well as the advantages and limitations of ML in this context. Finally, we discuss the future development directions of ML applied to LTBI diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Sheng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091, China
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei, China
- Senior Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei, China
| | - Li Zhuang
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Ye
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei, China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhao
- Senior Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Wen-Ping Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091, China.
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4
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Zihad SNK, Sifat N, Islam MA, Monjur-Al-Hossain A, Sikdar KYK, Sarker MMR, Shilpi JA, Uddin SJ. Role of pattern recognition receptors in sensing Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20636. [PMID: 37842564 PMCID: PMC10570006 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the major invasive intracellular pathogens causing most deaths by a single infectious agent. The interaction between host immune cells and this pathogen is the focal point of the disease, Tuberculosis. Host immune cells not only mount the protective action against this pathogen but also serve as the primary niche for growth. Thus, recognition of this pathogen by host immune cells and following signaling cascades are key dictators of the disease state. Immune cells, mainly belonging to myeloid cell lineage, recognize a wide variety of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ligands ranging from carbohydrate and lipids to proteins to nucleic acids by different membrane-bound and soluble pattern recognition receptors. Simultaneous interaction between different host receptors and pathogen ligands leads to immune-inflammatory response as well as contributes to virulence. This review summarizes the contribution of pattern recognition receptors of host immune cells in recognizing Mycobacterium tuberculosis and subsequent initiation of signaling pathways to provide the molecular insight of the specific Mtb ligands interacting with specific PRR, key adaptor molecules of the downstream signaling pathways and the resultant effector functions which will aid in identifying novel drug targets, and developing novel drugs and adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nazifa Sifat
- Department of Pharmacy, ASA University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - Md Moklesur Rahman Sarker
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Gono University, Nolam, Mirzanagar, Savar, Dhaka 1344, Bangladesh
| | - Jamil A. Shilpi
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Shaikh Jamal Uddin
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
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5
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Jiang F, Peng C, Cheng P, Wang J, Lian J, Gong W. PP19128R, a Multiepitope Vaccine Designed to Prevent Latent Tuberculosis Infection, Induced Immune Responses In Silico and In Vitro Assays. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040856. [PMID: 37112768 PMCID: PMC10145841 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is the primary source of active tuberculosis (ATB), but a preventive vaccine against LTBI is lacking. Methods: In this study, dominant helper T lymphocyte (HTL), cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), and B-cell epitopes were identified from nine antigens related to LTBI and regions of difference (RDs). These epitopes were used to construct a novel multiepitope vaccine (MEV) based on their antigenicity, immunogenicity, sensitization, and toxicity. The immunological characteristics of the MEV were analyzed with immunoinformatics technology and verified by enzyme-linked immunospot assay and Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine assay in vitro. Results: A novel MEV, designated PP19128R, containing 19 HTL epitopes, 12 CTL epitopes, 8 B-cell epitopes, toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, and helper peptides, was successfully constructed. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the antigenicity, immunogenicity, and solubility of PP19128R were 0.8067, 9.29811, and 0.900675, respectively. The global population coverage of PP19128R in HLA class I and II alleles reached 82.24% and 93.71%, respectively. The binding energies of the PP19128R-TLR2 and PP19128R-TLR4 complexes were -1324.77 kcal/mol and -1278 kcal/mol, respectively. In vitro experiments showed that the PP19128R vaccine significantly increased the number of interferon gamma-positive (IFN-γ+) T lymphocytes and the levels of cytokines, such as IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-10. Furthermore, positive correlations were observed between PP19128R-specific cytokines in ATB patients and individuals with LTBI. Conclusions: The PP19128R vaccine is a promising MEV with excellent antigenicity and immunogenicity and no toxicity or sensitization that can induce robust immune responses in silico and in vitro. This study provides a vaccine candidate for the prevention of LTBI in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jiang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
- The Second Brigade of Cadet, Basic Medical Science Academy of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Cong Peng
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jianqi Lian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wenping Gong
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
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6
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Dong W, Wang G, Bai Y, Li Y, Huo X, Zhao J, Lu W, Lu H, Wang C, Wang X, Chen H, Tan C. Analysis of the noncoding RNA regulatory networks of H37Rv- and H37Rv△1759c-infected macrophages. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1106643. [PMID: 36992931 PMCID: PMC10042141 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1106643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs regulate the process of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infecting the host, but there is no simultaneous transcriptional information of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) and the global regulatory networks of non-coding RNA. Rv1759c, a virulence factor, is a member of protein family containing the proline-glutamic acid (PE) in M. tb, which can increase M. tb survival. To reveal the noncoding RNA regulatory networks and the effect of Rv1759c on non-coding RNA expression during M. tb infection, we collected samples of H37Rv- and H37Rv△1759c-infected macrophages and explored the full transcriptome expression profile. We found 356 mRNAs, 433 lncRNAs, 168 circRNAs, and 12 miRNAs differentially expressed during H37Rv infection, 356 mRNAs, 433 lncRNAs, 168 circRNAs, and 12 miRNAs differentially expressed during H37Rv△1759c infection. We constructed lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks during H37Rv and H37Rv△1759c infection. We demonstrated the role of one of the hubs of the networks, hsa-miR-181b-3p, for H37Rv survival in macrophages. We discovered that the expression changes of 68 mRNAs, 92 lncRNAs, 26 circRNAs, and 3 miRNAs were only related to the deletion of Rv1759c by comparing the transcription profiles of H37Rv and H37Rv△1759c. Here, our study comprehensively characterizes the transcriptional profiles in THP1-derived-macrophages infected with H37Rv and H37Rv△1759c, which provides support and new directions for in-depth exploration of noncoding RNA and PE/PPE family functions during the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Gaoyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yajuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinyu Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- WuHan Animal Disease Control Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenjia Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Chen Tan,
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7
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Campos PC, Cunha DT, Souza-Costa LP, Shiloh MU, Franco LH. Bag it, tag it: ubiquitin ligases and host resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:973-985. [PMID: 35491351 PMCID: PMC9474620 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), remains a significant global epidemic. Host resistance to Mtb depends on both adaptive and innate immunity mechanisms, including development of antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells, production of inflammatory cytokines, bacterial phagocytosis and destruction within phagolysosomes, host cell apoptosis, and autophagy. A key regulatory mechanism in innate immunity is the attachment of the small protein ubiquitin to protein and lipid targets by the enzymatic activity of ubiquitin ligases. Here, we summarize the latest advances on the role of ubiquitination and ubiquitin ligases in host immunity against Mtb, with a focus on innate immunity signaling, inflammation, and antimicrobial autophagy. Understanding how ubiquitin ligases mediate immunity to Mtb, and the specific substrates of distinct ubiquitin ligases in the context of Mtb infection, could facilitate development of new host-directed antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila C Campos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9113, USA
| | - Danielle T Cunha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luiz P Souza-Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Michael U Shiloh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9113, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9113, USA.
| | - Luis H Franco
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
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8
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Shah T, Shah Z, Yasmeen N, Baloch Z, Xia X. Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Coinfection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:909011. [PMID: 35784278 PMCID: PMC9246416 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.909011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, is an infectious disease that poses severe threats to global public health and significant economic losses. The COVID-19 global burden is rapidly increasing, with over 246.53 million COVID-19 cases and 49.97 million deaths reported in the WHO 2021 report. People with compromised immunity, such as tuberculosis (TB) patients, are highly exposed to severe COVID-19. Both COVID-19 and TB diseases spread primarily through respiratory droplets from an infected person to a healthy person, which may cause pneumonia and cytokine storms, leading to severe respiratory disorders. The COVID-19-TB coinfection could be fatal, exacerbating the current COVID-19 pandemic apart from cellular immune deficiency, coagulation activation, myocardial infarction, and other organ dysfunction. This study aimed to assess the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2-Mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfections. We provide a brief overview of COVID19-TB coinfection and discuss SARS-CoV-2 host cellular receptors and pathogenesis. In addition, we discuss M. tuberculosis host cellular receptors and pathogenesis. Moreover, we highlight the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on TB patients and the pathological pathways that connect SARS-CoV-2 and M. tuberculosis infection. Further, we discuss the impact of BCG vaccination on SARS-CoV-2 cases coinfected with M. tuberculosis, as well as the diagnostic challenges associated with the coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taif Shah
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zahir Shah
- College of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Nafeesa Yasmeen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zulqarnain Baloch
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xueshan Xia
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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9
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Ye Y, Liu J, Guo Y, Gao Y, Rao J, Su R, Zhang L, Huang Z, Luo Q, Li J. PPARγ Ameliorates Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra-Induced Foamy Macrophage Formation via the ABCG1-Dependent Cholesterol Efflux Pathway in THP-1 Macrophages. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:829870. [PMID: 35432274 PMCID: PMC9008364 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.829870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Foamy macrophages are present during the course of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and seems to be nutrient-rich reservoir and secure reservoir for the bacilli, which leads to bacterial persistence and infection transmission. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a key transcription factor for cholesterol metabolism in macrophages and its role in regulating atherosclerosis related foamy macrophages (FMs) formation has been well-studied. However, knowledge about the mechanism of PPARγ regulating Mtb infection induced FM formation remains very limited. In this study, we investigate the functional role of PPARγ in Mtb H37Ra infection-induced foamy macrophages formation. H37Ra infection induced a time-dependent decreased expression of PPARγ that paralleled the augmented lipid body formation in THP1-derived macrophages. PPARγ antagonist GW9662 significantly potentiate H37Ra induced lipid body formation and inhibit ABCG1 expression, overexpression of ABCG1 by transduced macrophages with lentivirus significantly reversed the promotion effect of GW9662 on FM formation. Moreover, Treatment with a TLR2 neutralizing antibody ameliorated the activation of ABCG1 by Mtb H37Ra without significantly effecting the suppression of PPARγ, suggesting a greater role for TLR2 to regulate ABCG1 compared to PPARγ. Overall, this study showed that PPARγ is involved in ameliorating FM formation by regulating ABCG1 expression, these observations expose a novel role of PPARγ in the Mtb infection induced FM formation.
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10
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Abreu R, Giri P, Quinn F. Host-Pathogen Interaction as a Novel Target for Host-Directed Therapies in Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1553. [PMID: 32849525 PMCID: PMC7396704 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) has been a transmittable human disease for many thousands of years, and M. tuberculosis is again the number one cause of death worldwide due to a single infectious agent. The intense 6- to 10-month process of multi-drug treatment, combined with the adverse side effects that can run the spectrum from gastrointestinal disturbances to liver toxicity or peripheral neuropathy are major obstacles to patient compliance and therapy completion. The consequent increase in multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB) and extensively drug resistant TB (XDR-TB) cases requires that we increase our arsenal of effective drugs, particularly novel therapeutic approaches. Over the millennia, host and pathogen have evolved mechanisms and relationships that greatly influence the outcome of infection. Understanding these evolutionary interactions and their impact on bacterial clearance or host pathology will lead the way toward rational development of new therapeutics that favor enhancing a host protective response. These host-directed therapies have recently demonstrated promising results against M. tuberculosis, adding to the effectiveness of currently available anti-mycobacterial drugs that directly kill the organism or slow mycobacterial replication. Here we review the host-pathogen interactions during M. tuberculosis infection, describe how M. tuberculosis bacilli modulate and evade the host immune system, and discuss the currently available host-directed therapies that target these bacterial factors. Rather than provide an exhaustive description of M. tuberculosis virulence factors, which falls outside the scope of this review, we will instead focus on the host-pathogen interactions that lead to increased bacterial growth or host immune evasion, and that can be modulated by existing host-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fred Quinn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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11
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Host Immune Response and Novel Diagnostic Approach to NTM Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124351. [PMID: 32570978 PMCID: PMC7352966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections are steadily increasing worldwide, partially due to the increased incidence of immunocompromised conditions, such as the post-transplantation state. The importance of proper diagnosis and management of NTM infection has been recently recognized. Host immunological responses play integral roles in vulnerability to NTM infections, and may contribute to the onset of specific types of NTM infection. Furthermore, distinct NTM species are known to affect and attenuate these host immune responses in unique manners. Therefore, host immune responses must be understood with respect to each causative NTM species. Here, we review innate, cellular-mediated, and humoral immunity to NTM and provide perspectives on novel diagnostic approaches regarding each NTM species.
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12
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Allelic-Specific Regulation of xCT Expression Increases Susceptibility to Tuberculosis by Modulating microRNA-mRNA Interactions. mSphere 2020; 5:5/2/e00263-20. [PMID: 32321821 PMCID: PMC7178550 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00263-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent globally, and the development of multidrug resistance represents a serious health concern, particularly in the developing world. Novel effective treatments are urgently required. xCT expression is known to increase susceptibility to TB, and certain polymorphisms in the gene encoding this protein interrupt the binding of microRNA and prevent its suppression. Taking advantage of the FDA approval for the use of sulfasalazine (SASP), which inhibits xCT-mediated cystine transport in humans, we demonstrate how host genotype-specific therapies tailored to the xCT genotype can improve TB outcomes. xCT forms part of the xc− cysteine-glutamate antiporter which inhibits antimicrobial inflammatory immune functions and thus increases susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB). However, the associations between xCT gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to TB, as well as whether these modulate xCT expression or affect treatment with the xCT inhibitor sulfasalazine (SASP), are unclear. In the present study, we genotyped xCT polymorphisms in a large Chinese cohort and found that the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs13120371 was associated with susceptibility to TB. The rs13120371 AA genotype was strongly associated with an increased risk of TB and increased xCT mRNA expression levels compared to those with the GG or AG genotype. rs13120371 is located on the 3′ untranslated (UTR) region of the xCT gene, in the putative binding site for miR-142-3p, and the results of luciferase reporter assays indicated that the rs13120371 AA genotype inhibited the binding of miR-42-3p to xCT. Bacterial burden was also significantly higher in cells with the AA genotype than in those with the GG genotype. Furthermore, pretreatment with SASP alleviated this burden in cells with the AA genotype but conferred no benefit in cells with the GG phenotype. In summary, we identified a functional SNP (rs13120371) in the xCT 3′ UTR region that increases susceptibility to TB through interacting with miR-142-3p. IMPORTANCE Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent globally, and the development of multidrug resistance represents a serious health concern, particularly in the developing world. Novel effective treatments are urgently required. xCT expression is known to increase susceptibility to TB, and certain polymorphisms in the gene encoding this protein interrupt the binding of microRNA and prevent its suppression. Taking advantage of the FDA approval for the use of sulfasalazine (SASP), which inhibits xCT-mediated cystine transport in humans, we demonstrate how host genotype-specific therapies tailored to the xCT genotype can improve TB outcomes.
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13
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Differential Expression of IFN- γ, IL-10, TLR1, and TLR2 and Their Potential Effects on Downgrading Leprosy Reaction and Erythema Nodosum Leprosum. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:3405103. [PMID: 31781675 PMCID: PMC6875386 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3405103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy reactions are acute immunological events that occur during the evolution of chronic infectious disease causing neural damage and disabilities. A study using blood samples of 17 leprosy reaction patients and 17 reaction-free was carried out by means of associations between antigens, receptors, and expression of cytokines, using path analysis providing new insights into the immunological mechanisms involved in triggering leprosy reactions. Toll-like receptors (TLR) such as TLR1 and TLR2, presented balanced expression in the reaction-free multibacillary (MB) group (TLR1: 1.01 ± 0.23, TLR2: 1.22 ± 0.18; p = 0.267). On the other hand, downgrading type 1 reaction (T1R) (TLR1: 1.24 ± 0.17, TLR2: 2.88 ± 0.37; p = 0.002) and erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) (TLR1: 1.93 ± 0.17, TLR2: 2.81 ± 0.15; p = 0.004) revealed an unbalance in relation to the expression of these receptors. When the path analysis was approached, it was noted that interleukin 10 (IL-10) expression showed a dependence relation with phenolic glycolipid I (PGL-I) in downgrading T1R (direct effect = 0.503 > residual effect = 0.364), whereas in ENL, such relationship occurred with lipoarabinomannan (LAM) (direct effect = 0.778 > residual effect = 0.280). On the contrary, in the reaction-free leprosy group, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels were dependent on the association between TLR2 and TLR1 (0.8735). The high TLR2 expression associated with IL-10 levels, in the leprosy reaction groups, may be hypothetically related to the formation of TLR2/2 homodimers and/or TLR2/6 heterodimers linked to evasion mechanisms in downgrading reactions and pathophysiology of ENL.
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Chen D, Chen H, Du Y, Zhu Z, Wang J, Geng S, Xiong C, Zheng Y, Hou C, Diao Q, Guo R. Systematic identification of circular RNAs and corresponding regulatory networks unveil their potential roles in the midguts of eastern honeybee workers. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:257-276. [PMID: 31754765 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, knowledge of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in insects including honeybee is extremely limited. Here, differential expression profiles and regulatory networks of circRNAs in the midguts of Apis cerana cerana workers were comprehensively investigated using transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics. In total, 9589 circRNAs (201-800 nt in length) were identified from 8-day-old and 11-day-old workers' midguts (Ac1 and Ac2); among them, 5916 (61.70%) A. cerana cerana circRNAs showed conservation with our previously indentified circRNAs in Apis mellifera ligucstica workers' midguts (Xiong et al., Acta Entomologica Sinica 61:1363-1375, 2018). Five circRNAs were confirmed by RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. Interestingly, novel_circ_003723, novel_circ_002714, novel_circ_002451, and novel_circ_001980 were highly expressed in both Ac1 and Ac2. In addition, the source genes of circRNAs were involved in 34 GO terms including organelle and cellular process and 141 pathways such as endocytosis and Wnt signaling pathway. Moreover, 55 DEcircRNAs including 34 upregulated and 21 downregulated circRNAs were identified in Ac2 compared with Ac1. circRNA-miRNA regulatory networks indicated that 1060 circRNAs can target 74 miRNAs; additionally, the DEcircRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks suggested that 13 downregulated circRNAs can bind to eight miRNAs and 29 miRNA-targeted mRNAs, while 16 upregulated circRNAs can link to 9 miRNAs and 29 miRNA-targeted mRNAs. These results indicated that DEcircRNAs as ceRNAs may play a comprehensive role in the growth, development, and metabolism of the worker's midgut via regulating source genes and interacting with miRNAs. Notably, eight DEcircRNAs targeting miR-6001-y were likely to be key participants in the midgut development. Our findings not only offer a valuable resource for further studies on A. cerana cerana circRNA and novel insights into understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the midgut development of eastern honeybee but also provide putative circRNA candidates for functional research in the near future and novel biomarkers for identification of eastern honeybee species including A. cerana cerana and honeybee diseases such as chalkbrood and microsporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafu Chen
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Huazhi Chen
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yu Du
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhu
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Sihai Geng
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Cuiling Xiong
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yanzhen Zheng
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chunsheng Hou
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Qingyun Diao
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Rui Guo
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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15
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Hu W, Yang S, Shimada Y, Münch M, Marín-Juez R, Meijer AH, Spaink HP. Infection and RNA-seq analysis of a zebrafish tlr2 mutant shows a broad function of this toll-like receptor in transcriptional and metabolic control and defense to Mycobacterium marinum infection. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:878. [PMID: 31747871 PMCID: PMC6869251 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The function of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in host defense against pathogens, especially Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is poorly understood. To investigate the role of TLR2 during mycobacterial infection, we analyzed the response of tlr2 zebrafish mutant larvae to infection with Mycobacterium marinum (Mm), a close relative to Mtb, as a model for tuberculosis. We measured infection phenotypes and transcriptome responses using RNA deep sequencing in mutant and control larvae. Results tlr2 mutant embryos at 2 dpf do not show differences in numbers of macrophages and neutrophils compared to control embryos. However, we found substantial changes in gene expression in these mutants, particularly in metabolic pathways, when compared with the heterozygote tlr2+/− control. At 4 days after Mm infection, the total bacterial burden and the presence of extracellular bacteria were higher in tlr2−/− larvae than in tlr2+/−, or tlr2+/+ larvae, whereas granuloma numbers were reduced, showing a function of Tlr2 in zebrafish host defense. RNAseq analysis of infected tlr2−/− versus tlr2+/− shows that the number of up-regulated and down-regulated genes in response to infection was greatly diminished in tlr2 mutants by at least 2 fold and 10 fold, respectively. Analysis of the transcriptome data and qPCR validation shows that Mm infection of tlr2 mutants leads to decreased mRNA levels of genes involved in inflammation and immune responses, including il1b, tnfb, cxcl11aa/ac, fosl1a, and cebpb. Furthermore, RNAseq analyses revealed that the expression of genes for Maf family transcription factors, vitamin D receptors, and Dicps proteins is altered in tlr2 mutants with or without infection. In addition, the data indicate a function of Tlr2 in the control of induction of cytokines and chemokines, such as the CXCR3-CXCL11 signaling axis. Conclusion The transcriptome and infection burden analyses show a function of Tlr2 as a protective factor against mycobacteria. Transcriptome analysis revealed tlr2-specific pathways involved in Mm infection, which are related to responses to Mtb infection in human macrophages. Considering its dominant function in control of transcriptional processes that govern defense responses and metabolism, the TLR2 protein can be expected to be also of importance for other infectious diseases and interactions with the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanbin Hu
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Shuxin Yang
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yasuhito Shimada
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Magnus Münch
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rubén Marín-Juez
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Annemarie H Meijer
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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16
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Yadav J, Verma S, Chaudhary D, Jaiwal PK, Jaiwal R. Tuberculosis: Current Status, Diagnosis, Treatment and Development of Novel Vaccines. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20:446-458. [PMID: 31208308 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190430114121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs and spreads to other organs of the body through the haematogenous route. It is one of the ten major causes of mortality worldwide. India has the highest incidence of new- and multidrug-resistant (MDR) - TB cases in the world. Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the vaccine commonly available against TB. BCG does offer some protection against serious forms of TB in childhood but its protective effect wanes with age. Many new innovative strategies are being trailed for the development of effective and potent vaccines like mucosal- and epitope-based vaccines, which may replace BCG or boost BCG responses. The use of nanotechnology for diagnosis and treatment of TB is also in the pipeline along with many other vaccines, which are under clinical trials. Further, in-silico models were developed for finding new drug targets and designing drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). These models offer the benefit of computational experiments which are easy, inexpensive and give quick results. This review will focus on the available treatments and new approaches to develop potent vaccines for the treatment of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Yadav
- Department of Zoology, M.D. University, Rohtak-124001, India
| | - Sonali Verma
- Department of Zoology, M.D. University, Rohtak-124001, India
| | | | - Pawan K Jaiwal
- Centre for Biotechnology, M.D. University, Rohtak-124001, India
| | - Ranjana Jaiwal
- Department of Zoology, M.D. University, Rohtak-124001, India
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17
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Qiu Y, Zheng J, Yang J, Li F, Zhou X, Song X. The predictive role of toll-like receptor-4 genetic polymorphisms in susceptibility to and prognosis of prostatic hyperplasia. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 22:86-92. [PMID: 30944713 PMCID: PMC6437452 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2018.33173.7922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): This study was aimed to evaluate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TLR4 and common living habits of prostate hyperplasia (BPH) patients would affect the subjects’ risk and prognosis. Materials and Methods: We totally recruited 501 BPH patients and 964 healthy controls. The patients’ international prostate symptom score (IPSS) and quality of life assessment (QoL) were designated as the prognostic indexes for BPH patients. Altogether 7 SNPs within TLR4 were selected, and the interactions among SNPs and living habits were explained with multi-factor dimensionality reduction (MDR) modeling. Results: The mutant alleles of rs10983755 (G>A) and rs1927907 (G>A) tended to put on risk of BPH, yet the wide alleles of rs4986791 (C>T) and rs115336889 (G>C) were associated with incremental susceptibility to BPH (P<0.05). The rs10983755 (GA) and rs1927907 (GA) were suggested as the marker of non-aggressive BPH, whereas rs4986791 (TT) could symbolize aggressive BPH (P<0.05). The homozygotes of rs4986791 (TT) and rs115336889 (CC) could improve the IPSS change, and rs115336889 (CC) was also correlated with more obviously ameliorated Qol change (P<0.05). Finally, MDR modeling suggested that rs4986791 (TT) and rs115336889 (GG) shaped the genotyping combination featured by the lowest risk of BPH when smoking or drinking history was also evaluated. Conclusion: The SNPs situated within TLR4 were potent candidates for predicting risk and prognosis of BPH patients, and their interactions within environmental parameters also helped to develop effective strategies for preventing and treating BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Pudong Branch of Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jinzhou Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Pudong Branch of Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Pudong Branch of Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Pudong Branch of Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xiqiu Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Pudong Branch of Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Song
- Department of General Surgery, Pudong Branch of Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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18
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Lee HJ, Ko HJ, Kim SH, Jung YJ. Pasakbumin A controls the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by enhancing the autophagy and production of antibacterial mediators in mouse macrophages. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0199799. [PMID: 30865638 PMCID: PMC6415846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and remains a major health problem worldwide. Thus, identification of new and more effective drugs to treat emerging multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and to reduce the side effects of anti-TB drugs, such as liver toxicity and other detrimental changes, is urgently needed. In this study, to develop a novel candidate drug for effective TB treatment with few side effects in the host, we selected pasakbumin A isolated from Eurycoma longifolia (E. longifolia) Jack, which protected host cells against Mtb infection-induced death. Pasakbumin A significantly inhibited intracellular Mtb growth by inducing the autophagy via the ERK1/2-mediated signaling pathway in Mtb-infected macrophages. We further investigated whether pasakbumin A could be used as a potential adjuvant for TB treatment. Treatment with pasakbumin A and anti-TB drug rifampicin (RMP) potently suppressed intracellular Mtb killing by promoting autophagy as well as TNF-α production via the ERK1/2- and NF-κB-mediated signaling pathways in Mtb-infected cells. Our results suggest that pasakbumin A could be developed as a novel anti-TB drug or host-directed therapeutic (HDT) strategy to protect against host cell death and improve host defense mechanisms against Mtb infection in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Ji Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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19
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Conti P, D'Ovidio C, Conti C, Gallenga CE, Lauritano D, Caraffa A, Kritas SK, Ronconi G. Progression in migraine: Role of mast cells and pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 844:87-94. [PMID: 30529470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Migraine is a common painful neurovascular disorder usually associated with several symptoms, such as photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, vomiting and inflammation, and involves immune cells. Mast cells (MCs) are immune cells derived from hematopoietic pluripotent stem cells which migrate and mature close to epithelial, blood vessels, and nerves. In almost all vascularized tissues there are MCs that produce, contain and release biologically active products including cytokines, arachidonic acid compounds, and proteases. In addition, MCs participate in innate and adaptive immune responses. Innate responses in the central nervous system (CNS) occur during neuroinflammatory phenomena, including migraine. Antigens found in the environment have a crucial role in inflammatory response, causing a broad range of diseases including migraine. They can be recognized by several innate immune cells, such as macrophages, microglia, dendritic cells and MCs, which can be activated trough Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. MCs reside close to primary nociceptive neurons, associate with nerves, and are capable of triggering local inflammation. MCs are involved in the pathophysiology of various tissues and organs, especially where there is an increase of angiogenesis. Activated MCs release preformed mediators include histamine, heparin, proteases (tryptase, chimase), hydrolases, cathepsin, carboxypeptidases, and peroxidase, and they also generate pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. In addition, activated macrophages, microglia and MCs in the CNS release pro-inflammatory cytokines which provoke an increase of arachidonic acid product levels and lead to migraine and other neurological manifestations including fatigue, nausea, headaches and brain fog. Innate immunity and pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-1 cytokine family members can be inhibited by IL-37, a relatively new member of the IL-1 family. In this article, we report that some pro-inflammatory cytokines inducing migraine may be inhibited by IL-37, a natural suppressor of inflammation, and innate and acquired immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pio Conti
- Immunology Division, Postgraduate Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Cristian D'Ovidio
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
| | - Chiara Conti
- Department of Psychological, Health, and Territorial Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Carla Enrica Gallenga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Specialist Surgery, Section of Ophthalmology, University of Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Dorina Lauritano
- University of Milan-Bicocca, Medicine and Surgery Department, Centre of Neuroscience of Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Spiros K Kritas
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece.
| | - Gianpaolo Ronconi
- UOS Clinica dei Pazienti del Territorio, Policlinico Gemelli, Rome, Italy.
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20
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Feng JY, Su WJ, Pan SW, Yeh YC, Lin YY, Chen NJ. Role of TREM-1 in pulmonary tuberculosis patients- analysis of serum soluble TREM-1 levels. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8223. [PMID: 29844416 PMCID: PMC5974358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26478-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) amplifies inflammatory responses and is upregulated during sepsis and pulmonary infection. The association between serum soluble TREM-1 (sTREM-1) level and pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) disease deserves investigation. In the present study, patients with PTB, latent TB infection (LTBI), and non-TB, non-LTBI subjects were prospectively enrolled and serum levels of sTREM-1, sTREM-2, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. We correlated serum biomarkers and clinical presentations and treatment outcomes of PTB cases. We also utilized immunohistochemistry (IHC) to visualize TREM-1-expressing cells in lung tissues from PTB patients. A total of 86 PTB, 41 LTBI, and 20 non-TB, non-LTBI subjects were enrolled. Serum levels of sTREM-1 and CRP significantly increased in PTB patients; these higher serum levels were correlated with more advanced involvement in chest films and higher bacteria burden in sputum. In multivariate analysis, serum levels of sTREM-1 >260 pg/mL and CRP >2.6 mg/L were independent predictors for on-treatment mortality. Abundant TREM-1-expressing macrophages were identified in lung tissues from PTB samples. In conclusion, serum levels of sTREM-1 correlated with disease severity and treatment outcomes in PTB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yih Feng
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Juin Su
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wei Pan
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Yeh
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Yang Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Jung Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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21
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High-density lipoprotein suppresses tumor necrosis factor alpha production by mycobacteria-infected human macrophages. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6736. [PMID: 29712918 PMCID: PMC5928146 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to parasitic pathogens are affected by the host physiological condition. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are transporters of lipids between the liver and peripheral tissues, and modulate pro-inflammatory immune responses. Pathogenic mycobacteria are parasitic intracellular bacteria that can survive within macrophages for a long period. Macrophage function is thus key for host defense against mycobacteria. These basic facts suggest possible effects of HDL and LDL on mycobacterial diseases, which have not been elucidated so far. In this study, we found that HDL and not LDL enhanced mycobacterial infections in human macrophages. Nevertheless, we observed that HDL remarkably suppressed production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) upon mycobacterial infections. TNF-α is a critical host-protective cytokine against mycobacterial diseases. We proved that toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 is responsible for TNF-α production by human macrophages infected with mycobacteria. Subsequent analysis showed that HDL downregulates TLR2 expression and suppresses its intracellular signaling pathways. This report demonstrates for the first time the substantial action of HDL in mycobacterial infections to human macrophages.
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22
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Pahari S, Kaur G, Negi S, Aqdas M, Das DK, Bashir H, Singh S, Nagare M, Khan J, Agrewala JN. Reinforcing the Functionality of Mononuclear Phagocyte System to Control Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:193. [PMID: 29479353 PMCID: PMC5811511 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) constitutes dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages. This system contributes to various functions that are essential for maintaining homeostasis, activation of innate immunity, and bridging it with the adaptive immunity. Consequently, MPS is highly important in bolstering immunity against the pathogens. However, MPS is the frontline cells in destroying Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), yet the bacterium prefers to reside in the hostile environment of macrophages. Therefore, it may be very interesting to study the struggle between Mtb and MPS to understand the outcome of the disease. In an event when MPS predominates Mtb, the host remains protected. By contrast, the situation becomes devastating when the pathogen tames and tunes the host MPS, which ultimately culminates into tuberculosis (TB). Hence, it becomes extremely crucial to reinvigorate MPS functionality to overwhelm Mtb and eliminate it. In this article, we discuss the strategies to bolster the function of MPS by exploiting the molecules associated with the innate immunity and highlight the mechanisms involved to overcome the Mtb-induced suppression of host immunity. In future, such approaches may provide an insight to develop immunotherapeutics to treat TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanta Pahari
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shikha Negi
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mohammad Aqdas
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepjyoti K Das
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Hilal Bashir
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanpreet Singh
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mukta Nagare
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Junaid Khan
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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23
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Exploits a Molecular Off Switch of the Immune System for Intracellular Survival. Sci Rep 2018; 8:661. [PMID: 29330469 PMCID: PMC5766484 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) survives and multiplies inside human macrophages by subversion of immune mechanisms. Although these immune evasion strategies are well characterised functionally, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we show that during infection of human whole blood with M. tuberculosis, host gene transcriptional suppression, rather than activation, is the predominant response. Spatial, temporal and functional characterisation of repressed genes revealed their involvement in pathogen sensing and phagocytosis, degradation within the phagolysosome and antigen processing and presentation. To identify mechanisms underlying suppression of multiple immune genes we undertook epigenetic analyses. We identified significantly differentially expressed microRNAs with known targets in suppressed genes. In addition, after searching regions upstream of the start of transcription of suppressed genes for common sequence motifs, we discovered novel enriched composite sequence patterns, which corresponded to Alu repeat elements, transposable elements known to have wide ranging influences on gene expression. Our findings suggest that to survive within infected cells, mycobacteria exploit a complex immune “molecular off switch” controlled by both microRNAs and Alu regulatory elements.
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24
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Liu CH, Liu H, Ge B. Innate immunity in tuberculosis: host defense vs pathogen evasion. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:963-975. [PMID: 28890547 PMCID: PMC5719146 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The major innate immune cell types involved in tuberculosis (TB) infection are macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils and natural killer (NK) cells. These immune cells recognize the TB-causing pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) through various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including but not limited to Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Nod-like receptors (NLRs) and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). Upon infection by Mtb, the host orchestrates multiple signaling cascades via the PRRs to launch a variety of innate immune defense functions such as phagocytosis, autophagy, apoptosis and inflammasome activation. In contrast, Mtb utilizes numerous exquisite strategies to evade or circumvent host innate immunity. Here we discuss recent research on major host innate immune cells, PRR signaling, and the cellular functions involved in Mtb infection, with a specific focus on the host's innate immune defense and Mtb immune evasion. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying host-pathogen interactions could provide a rational basis for the development of effective anti-TB therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Hua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Haiying Liu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
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25
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Zhang X, Zhu M, Yang R, Zhao W, Hu X, Gan J. Identification and comparison of novel circular RNAs with associated co-expression and competing endogenous RNA networks in pulmonary tuberculosis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:113571-113582. [PMID: 29371930 PMCID: PMC5768347 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is one of the most serious diseases worldwide. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a large class of non-coding RNAs that were identified with potential regulatory roles in disease pathogenesis and progression. In this study, we used whole transcriptome sequencing to identify circRNAs from 3 PTB patients and 3 healthy individuals to determine the expression pattern of circRNAs in blood and the circRNA molecular regulatory networks in PTB pathogenesis. One hundred and seventy differentially expressed (≥ 2-fold change) circRNAs were dysregulated in PTB, compared with in healthy individuals. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to validate the RNA sequencing analysis from 20 PTB patients, and the results were consistent with the sequencing data. Gene Ontology annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis were applied to explore the potential circRNA functions of the significantly deregulated genes. Several immunity pathways, including endocytosis pathways in cancer, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection, and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, were involved in PTB pathogenesis. Competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNA) were constructed and inferred that aberrant expression of circRNA-associated ceRNA resulted in extensive variation in gene expression by miRNA-mediated circRNA-mRNA crosstalk interactions. Our study revealed that the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network may shed light on the biological functions of circRNAs in PTB and provide useful information for exploring potential roles of circRNA in PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
| | - Weifeng Zhao
- Department of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Jianhe Gan
- Department of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
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26
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Khademi F, Derakhshan M, Yousefi-Avarvand A, Tafaghodi M, Soleimanpour S. Multi-stage subunit vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: an alternative to the BCG vaccine or a BCG-prime boost? Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 17:31-44. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1406309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Khademi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohammad Derakhshan
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arshid Yousefi-Avarvand
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Tafaghodi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Reference Tuberculosis Laboratory, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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27
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Hemingway C, Berk M, Anderson ST, Wright VJ, Hamilton S, Eleftherohorinou H, Kaforou M, Goldgof GM, Hickman K, Kampmann B, Schoeman J, Eley B, Beatty D, Pienaar S, Nicol MP, Griffiths MJ, Waddell SJ, Newton SM, Coin LJ, Relman DA, Montana G, Levin M. Childhood tuberculosis is associated with decreased abundance of T cell gene transcripts and impaired T cell function. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185973. [PMID: 29140996 PMCID: PMC5687722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The WHO estimates around a million children contract tuberculosis (TB) annually with over 80 000 deaths from dissemination of infection outside of the lungs. The insidious onset and association with skin test anergy suggests failure of the immune system to both recognise and respond to infection. To understand the immune mechanisms, we studied genome-wide whole blood RNA expression in children with TB meningitis (TBM). Findings were validated in a second cohort of children with TBM and pulmonary TB (PTB), and functional T-cell responses studied in a third cohort of children with TBM, other extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) and PTB. The predominant RNA transcriptional response in children with TBM was decreased abundance of multiple genes, with 140/204 (68%) of all differentially regulated genes showing reduced abundance compared to healthy controls. Findings were validated in a second cohort with concordance of the direction of differential expression in both TBM (r2 = 0.78 p = 2x10-16) and PTB patients (r2 = 0.71 p = 2x10-16) when compared to a second group of healthy controls. Although the direction of expression of these significant genes was similar in the PTB patients, the magnitude of differential transcript abundance was less in PTB than in TBM. The majority of genes were involved in activation of leucocytes (p = 2.67E-11) and T-cell receptor signalling (p = 6.56E-07). Less abundant gene expression in immune cells was associated with a functional defect in T-cell proliferation that recovered after full TB treatment (p<0.0003). Multiple genes involved in T-cell activation show decreased abundance in children with acute TB, who also have impaired functional T-cell responses. Our data suggest that childhood TB is associated with an acquired immune defect, potentially resulting in failure to contain the pathogen. Elucidation of the mechanism causing the immune paresis may identify new treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Hemingway
- Section of Paediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maurice Berk
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, 80 Queen's Gate, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne T. Anderson
- Section of Paediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria J. Wright
- Section of Paediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shea Hamilton
- Section of Paediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hariklia Eleftherohorinou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Myrsini Kaforou
- Section of Paediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Greg M. Goldgof
- Section of Paediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katy Hickman
- Section of Paediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Beate Kampmann
- Section of Paediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johan Schoeman
- Tygerberg Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brian Eley
- Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David Beatty
- Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sandra Pienaar
- Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark P. Nicol
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michael J. Griffiths
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Waddell
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra M. Newton
- Section of Paediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lachlan J. Coin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Relman
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Giovanni Montana
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, 80 Queen's Gate, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Levin
- Section of Paediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
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28
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Oldenburg R, Demangel C. Pathogenic and immunosuppressive properties of mycobacterial phenolic glycolipids. Biochimie 2017; 141:3-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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29
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Vaccine research and development: tuberculosis as a global health threat. Cent Eur J Immunol 2017; 42:196-204. [PMID: 28867962 PMCID: PMC5573893 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2017.69362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the aims of the World Health Organisation (WHO) Millennium Development Goals (MDG) is to reduce the number of cases of tuberculosis (TB) infection by the year 2015. However, 9 million new cases were reported in 2013, with an estimated 480,000 new cases of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) globally. Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the most available and currently used candidate vaccine against tuberculosis; it prevents childhood TB, but its effectiveness against pulmonary TB in adults and adolescents is disputed. To achieve the goal of the WHO MDG, the need for a new improved vaccine is of primary importance. This review highlights several articles that have reported vaccine development. There are about 16 TB vaccines in different phases of clinical trials at the time of writing, which include recombinant peptide/protein, live-attenuated and recombinant live-attenuated, protein/adjuvant, viral-vectored, and immunotherapeutic vaccine. Further studies in reverse vaccinology and massive campaigns on vaccination are needed in order to achieve the target for TB eradication by 2050.
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30
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Immune regulation of miR-30 on the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced TLR/MyD88 signaling pathway in THP-1 cells. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:3299-3303. [PMID: 28912881 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the expression of microRNA (miR)-30 family members in THP-1 human monocytes cells during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) H37Rv infection, and to investigate the role of miR-30 in the regulation of MTB-induced Toll-like receptor (TLR)/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) activation and cytokine expression. The THP-1 cells were infected with MTB H37Rv and the expression of miR-30 family members was determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. In addition, miR-30a and miR-30e mimics were transfected into THP-1 cells to overexpress miR-30a and miR-30e. The expression of TLR2, TLR4 and MyD88 was determined by western blot analysis, and the expression of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 was determined using ELISA assays. A luciferase reporter assay was used to identify the target gene of miR-30a. MTB infection was demonstrated to significantly induce miR-30a and miR-30e expression in THP-1 cells in a time-dependent manner. Forced overexpression of miR-30a, but not miR-30e, exhibited an inhibitory effect on TLR/MyD88 activation and cytokine expression in the uninfected and MTB-infected THP-1 cells. The luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR-30a directly regulates the transcriptional activity of the MyD88 3'-untranslated region. In conclusion, the present study, to the best of our knowledge, is the first to demonstrate that miR-30a suppresses TLR/MyD88 activation and cytokine expression in THP-1 cells during MTB H37Rv infection, and that MyD88 is a direct target of miR-30a. The current study may aid in the development of novel therapeutic approaches for treating MTB.
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31
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van Tong H, Velavan TP, Thye T, Meyer CG. Human genetic factors in tuberculosis: an update. Trop Med Int Health 2017; 22:1063-1071. [PMID: 28685916 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major threat to human health, especially in many developing countries. Human genetic variability has been recognised to be of great relevance in host responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and in regulating both the establishment and the progression of the disease. An increasing number of candidate gene and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have focused on human genetic factors contributing to susceptibility or resistance to TB. To update previous reviews on human genetic factors in TB we searched the MEDLINE database and PubMed for articles from 1 January 2014 through 31 March 2017 and reviewed the role of human genetic variability in TB. Search terms applied in various combinations were 'tuberculosis', 'human genetics', 'candidate gene studies', 'genome-wide association studies' and 'Mycobacterium tuberculosis'. Articles in English retrieved and relevant references cited in these articles were reviewed. Abstracts and reports from meetings were also included. This review provides a recent summary of associations of polymorphisms of human genes with susceptibility/resistance to TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang van Tong
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applied Research Center, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thirumalaisamy P Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Thorsten Thye
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian G Meyer
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
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32
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Doddam SN, Peddireddy V, Ahmed N. Mycobacterium tuberculosis DosR Regulon Gene Rv2004c Encodes a Novel Antigen with Pro-inflammatory Functions and Potential Diagnostic Application for Detection of Latent Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:712. [PMID: 28694808 PMCID: PMC5483032 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 1.7 billion people in the world harbor latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) with a substantial risk of progression to clinical outcome. Containment of these seed beds of Mtb is essential to eliminate tuberculosis completely in high burden settings such as India. Hence, there is an urgent need for the identification of new serological markers for detection or vaccine candidates to prevent latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). DosR regulon antigens of Mtb might serve as attractive targets for LTBI diagnosis or vaccine development as they are specifically expressed and are upregulated during latent phase. In this study, we investigated the role of Rv2004c, a member of DosR regulon (exclusive to Mtb complex), in host–pathogen interaction and its immunogenic potential in LTBI, active TB, and healthy control cohorts. Rv2004c elicited strong antibody response in individuals with LTBI compared to active TB patients and healthy cohorts. Recombinant Rv2004c induced pro-inflammatory cytokine response in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and THP-1 cells via NF-κB phosphorylation. Interaction of Rv2004c with toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 was confirmed using HEK-Blue hTLR-2 and pull-down assays. Rv2004c enhanced the surface expression of TLR-2 at mRNA and protein levels in THP-1 cells. Our findings revealed that Rv2004c induces strong humoral and cell mediated immune responses. Given these observations, we propose Rv2004c to be a potential diagnostic marker or an attractive vaccine candidate that can be useful against LTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankara Narayana Doddam
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vidyullatha Peddireddy
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.,Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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33
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Mourik BC, Lubberts E, de Steenwinkel JEM, Ottenhoff THM, Leenen PJM. Interactions between Type 1 Interferons and the Th17 Response in Tuberculosis: Lessons Learned from Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:294. [PMID: 28424682 PMCID: PMC5380685 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical paradigm of tuberculosis (TB) immunity, with a central protective role for Th1 responses and IFN-γ-stimulated cellular responses, has been challenged by unsatisfactory results of vaccine strategies aimed at enhancing Th1 immunity. Moreover, preclinical TB models have shown that increasing IFN-γ responses in the lungs is more damaging to the host than to the pathogen. Type 1 interferon signaling and altered Th17 responses have also been associated with active TB, but their functional roles in TB pathogenesis remain to be established. These two host responses have been studied in more detail in autoimmune diseases (AID) and show functional interactions that are of potential interest in TB immunity. In this review, we first identify the role of type 1 interferons and Th17 immunity in TB, followed by an overview of interactions between these responses observed in systemic AID. We discuss (i) the effects of GM-CSF-secreting Th17.1 cells and type 1 interferons on CCR2+ monocytes; (ii) convergence of IL-17 and type 1 interferon signaling on stimulating B-cell activating factor production and the central role of neutrophils in this process; and (iii) synergy between IL-17 and type 1 interferons in the generation and function of tertiary lymphoid structures and the associated follicular helper T-cell responses. Evaluation of these autoimmune-related pathways in TB pathogenesis provides a new perspective on recent developments in TB research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas C Mourik
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Erik Lubberts
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan E M de Steenwinkel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Pieter J M Leenen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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34
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Peddireddy V, Doddam SN, Ahmed N. Mycobacterial Dormancy Systems and Host Responses in Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:84. [PMID: 28261197 PMCID: PMC5309233 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by the intracellular pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), claims more than 1.5 million lives worldwide annually. Despite promulgation of multipronged strategies to prevent and control TB, there is no significant downfall occurring in the number of new cases, and adding to this is the relapse of the disease due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance and the ability of Mtb to remain dormant after primary infection. The pathology of Mtb is complex and largely attributed to immune-evading strategies that this pathogen adopts to establish primary infection, its persistence in the host, and reactivation of pathogenicity under favorable conditions. In this review, we present various biochemical, immunological, and genetic strategies unleashed by Mtb inside the host for its survival. The bacterium enables itself to establish a niche by evading immune recognition via resorting to masking, establishment of dormancy by manipulating immune receptor responses, altering innate immune cell fate, enhancing granuloma formation, and developing antibiotic tolerance. Besides these, the regulatory entities, such as DosR and its regulon, encompassing various putative effector proteins play a vital role in maintaining the dormant nature of this pathogen. Further, reactivation of Mtb allows relapse of the disease and is favored by the genes of the Rtf family and the conditions that suppress the immune system of the host. Identification of target genes and characterizing the function of their respective antigens involved in primary infection, dormancy, and reactivation would likely provide vital clues to design novel drugs and/or vaccines for the control of dormant TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyullatha Peddireddy
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
| | - Sankara Narayana Doddam
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India; Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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35
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Su H, Zhu S, Zhu L, Huang W, Wang H, Zhang Z, Xu Y. Recombinant Lipoprotein Rv1016c Derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is a TLR-2 Ligand that Induces Macrophages Apoptosis and Inhibits MHC II Antigen Processing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:147. [PMID: 27917375 PMCID: PMC5114242 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR2-dependent cellular signaling in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages causes apoptosis and inhibits class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC-II) molecules antigen processing, leading to evasion of surveillance. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) lipoproteins are an important class of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand, and identified as specific components that mediate these effects. In this study, we identified and characterized MTB lipoprotein Rv1016c (lpqT) as a cell wall associated-protein that was exposed on the cell surface and enhanced the survival of recombinants M. smegmatis_Rv1016c under stress conditions. We found that Rv1016c lipoprotein was a novel TLR2 ligand and able to induce macrophage apoptosis in a both dose- and time-dependent manner. Additionally, apoptosis induced by Rv1016c was reserved in THP-1 cells blocked with anti-TLR-2 Abs or in TLR2−/− mouse macrophages, indicating that Rv1016c-induced apoptosis is dependent on TLR2. Moreover, we demonstrated that Rv1016c lipoprotein inhibited IFN-γ-induced MHC-II expression and processing of soluble antigens in a TLR2 dependent manner. Class II transactivator (CIITA) regulates MHC II expression. In this context, Rv1016c lipoprotein diminished IFN-γ-induced expression of CIITA IV through TLR2 and MAPK Signaling. TLR2-dependent apoptosis and inhibition of MHC-II Ag processing induced by Rv1016c during mycobacteria infection may promote the release of residual bacilli from apoptotic cells and decrease recognition by CD4+ T cells. These mechanisms may allow intracellular MTB to evade immune surveillance and maintain chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint of School of Life Science, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China; Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second People's Hospital of Guangdong ProvinceGuangzhou, China
| | - Shenglin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint of School of Life Science, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China; Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Honghai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second People's Hospital of Guangdong Province Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University Shanghai, China
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Predicting promiscuous antigenic T cell epitopes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis mymA operon proteins binding to MHC Class I and Class II molecules. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 44:182-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Siromolot AA, Oliinyk OS, Kolibo DV, Komisarenko SV. Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens MPT63 and MPT83 increase phagocytic activity of murine peritoneal macrophages. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2016; 88:62-70. [PMID: 29235811 DOI: 10.15407/ubj88.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (MΦ) are the most described and characterized target and host of mycobacteria. Like other cells of innate immunity MΦ have a wide range of receptor molecules which interact with different pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Immunodominant proteins MPT63 and MPT83 that are synthesized in abundance by Mycobacterium bovis or Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains could be involved in development of tuberculosis infection. The aim of this study was to search for effects of these mycobacterial antigens on target cells. For this aim full-sized sequences of MPT83 (rMPT83full) and MPT63 antigens were cloned into plasmid pET24a(+). The increase of phagocytic activity of murine peritoneal macrophages was demonstrated, but not of macrophage-like cells from J774 cell line, which were treated by rMPT63 and rMPT83full proteins for 24 h. This effect of such antigens can be considered as a way to facilitate the consumption of mycobacterial cells by macrophages to avoid other effector mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity.
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38
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Becker K, Sander P. Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoproteins in virulence and immunity - fighting with a double-edged sword. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3800-3819. [PMID: 27350117 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial lipoproteins are secreted membrane-anchored proteins characterized by a lipobox motif. This lipobox motif directs post-translational modifications at the conserved cysteine through the consecutive action of three enzymes: Lgt, LspA and Lnt, which results in di- or triacylated forms. Lipoproteins are abundant in all bacteria including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and often involved in virulence and immunoregulatory processes. On the one hand, disruption of the biosynthesis pathway of lipoproteins leads to attenuation of M. tuberculosis in vivo, and mycobacteria deficient for certain lipoproteins have been assessed as attenuated live vaccine candidates. On the other hand, several mycobacterial lipoproteins form immunodominant antigens which promote an immune response. Some of these have been explored in DNA or subunit vaccination approaches against tuberculosis. The immune recognition of specific lipoproteins, however, might also benefit long-term survival of M. tuberculosis through immune modulation, while others induce protective responses. Exploiting lipoproteins as vaccines is thus a complex matter which requires deliberative investigation. The dual role of lipoproteins in the immunity to and pathogenicity of mycobacteria is discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Sander
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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39
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Ma Y, Han F, Liang J, Yang J, Shi J, Xue J, Yang L, Li Y, Luo M, Wang Y, Wei J, Liu X. A species-specific activation of Toll-like receptor signaling in bovine and sheep bronchial epithelial cells triggered by Mycobacterial infections. Mol Immunol 2016; 71:23-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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40
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Hmama Z, Peña-Díaz S, Joseph S, Av-Gay Y. Immunoevasion and immunosuppression of the macrophage by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:220-32. [PMID: 25703562 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
By virtue of their position at the crossroads between the innate and adaptive immune response, macrophages play an essential role in the control of bacterial infections. Paradoxically, macrophages serve as the natural habitat to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb subverts the macrophage's mechanisms of intracellular killing and antigen presentation, leading ultimately to the development of tuberculosis (TB) disease. Here, we describe mechanisms of Mtb uptake by the macrophage and address key macrophage functions that are targeted by Mtb-specific effector molecules enabling this pathogen to circumvent host immune response. The macrophage functions described in this review include fusion between phagosomes and lysosomes, production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, antigen presentation and major histocompatibility complex class II expression and trafficking, as well as autophagy and apoptosis. All these are Mtb-targeted key cellular pathways, normally working in concert in the macrophage to recognize, respond, and activate 'proper' immune responses. We further analyze and discuss major molecular interactions between Mtb virulence factors and key macrophage proteins and provide implications for vaccine and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Hmama
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Infection and Immunity Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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41
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Patarčić I, Gelemanović A, Kirin M, Kolčić I, Theodoratou E, Baillie KJ, de Jong MD, Rudan I, Campbell H, Polašek O. The role of host genetic factors in respiratory tract infectious diseases: systematic review, meta-analyses and field synopsis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16119. [PMID: 26524966 PMCID: PMC4630784 DOI: 10.1038/srep16119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Host genetic factors have frequently been implicated in respiratory infectious diseases, often with inconsistent results in replication studies. We identified 386 studies from the total of 24,823 studies identified in a systematic search of four bibliographic databases. We performed meta-analyses of studies on tuberculosis, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, SARS-Coronavirus and pneumonia. One single-nucleotide polymorphism from IL4 gene was significant for pooled respiratory infections (rs2070874; 1.66 [1.29–2.14]). We also detected an association of TLR2 gene with tuberculosis (rs5743708; 3.19 [2.03–5.02]). Subset analyses identified CCL2 as an additional risk factor for tuberculosis (rs1024611; OR = 0.79 [0.72–0.88]). The IL4-TLR2-CCL2 axis could be a highly interesting target for translation towards clinical use. However, this conclusion is based on low credibility of evidence - almost 95% of all identified studies had strong risk of bias or confounding. Future studies must build upon larger-scale collaborations, but also strictly adhere to the highest evidence-based principles in study design, in order to reduce research waste and provide clinically translatable evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Patarčić
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Andrea Gelemanović
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Mirna Kirin
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Kolčić
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Evropi Theodoratou
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics , University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kenneth J Baillie
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.,Intensive Care Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Menno D de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics , University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics , University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia.,Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics , University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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42
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Källenius G, Correia-Neves M, Buteme H, Hamasur B, Svenson SB. Lipoarabinomannan, and its related glycolipids, induce divergent and opposing immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis depending on structural diversity and experimental variations. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 96:120-30. [PMID: 26586646 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) may lead to active or latent tuberculosis, or clearance of Mtb, depending essentially on the quality of the host's immune response. This response is initiated through the interaction of Mtb cell wall surface components, mostly glycolipids, with cells of the innate immune system, particularly macrophages (Mφs) and dendritic cells (DCs). The way Mφs and DC alter their cytokine secretome, activate or inhibit different microbicidal mechanisms and present antigens and consequently trigger the T cell-mediated immune response impacts the host immune response against Mtb. Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is one of the major cell wall components of Mtb. Mannosyl-capped LAM (ManLAM), and its related cell wall-associated types of glycolipids/lipoglycans, namely phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) and lipomannan (LM), exhibit important and distinct immunomodulatory properties. The structure, internal heterogeneity and abundance of these molecules vary between Mtb strains exhibiting distinct degrees of virulence. Thus ManLAM, LM and PIMs may be considered crucial Mtb-associated virulence factors in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Of particular relevance for this review, there is controversy about the specific immunomodulatory properties of these distinct glycolipids, particularly when tested as purified molecules in vitro. In addition to the variability in the glycolipid composition conflicting reports may also result from differences in the protocols used for glycolipid isolation and for in vitro experiments including immune cell types and procedures to generate them. Understanding the immunomodulatory properties of these cell wall glycolipids, how they differ between distinct Mtb strains, and how they influence the degree of Mtb virulence, is of utmost relevance to understand how the host mounts a protective or otherwise pathologic immune response. This is essential for the design of preventive strategies against tuberculosis. Thus, since clarifying the controversy on this matter is crucial we here review, summarize and discuss reported data from in vitro stimulation with the three major Mtb complex cell wall glycolipids (ManLAM, PIMs and LM) in an attempt to conciliate the conflicting findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunilla Källenius
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 118 83 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Margarida Correia-Neves
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 118 83 Stockholm, Sweden; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Helen Buteme
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 118 83 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Beston Hamasur
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan B Svenson
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
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43
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Wheat WH, Dhouib R, Angala SK, Larrouy-Maumus G, Dobos K, Nigou J, Spencer JS, Jackson M. The presence of a galactosamine substituent on the arabinogalactan of Mycobacterium tuberculosis abrogates full maturation of human peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells and increases secretion of IL-10. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 95:476-89. [PMID: 26048627 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Slow-growing and pathogenic Mycobacterium spp. are characterized by the presence of galactosamine (GalN) that modifies the interior branched arabinosyl residues of the arabinogalactan (AG) that is a major heteropolysaccharide cell wall component. The availability of null mutants of the polyprenyl-phospho-N-acetylgalactosaminyl synthase (Rv3631, PpgS) and the (N-acetyl-) galactosaminyl transferase (Rv3779) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has provided a means to elucidate the role of the GalN substituent of AG in terms of host-pathogen interactions. Comparisons of treating human peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells (hPMC-DCs) with wild-type, Rv3631 and Rv3779 mutant strains of Mtb revealed increased expression of DC maturation markers, decreased affinity for a soluble DC-SIGN probe, reduced IL-10 secretion and increased TLR-2-mediated NF-κB activation among GalN-deficient Mtb strains compared to GalN-producing strains. Analysis of surface expression of a panel of defined or putative DC-SIGN ligands on both WT strains or either Rv3631 or Rv3779 mutant did not show significant differences suggesting that the role of the GalN substituent of AG may be to modulate access of the bacilli to immunologically-relevant receptor domains on DCs or contribute to higher ordered pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP)/pattern recognition receptor (PRR) interactions rather than the GalN-AG components having a direct immunological effect per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Wheat
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA.
| | - Rabeb Dhouib
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
| | - Shiva K Angala
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
| | - Gérald Larrouy-Maumus
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Karen Dobos
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
| | - Jérôme Nigou
- CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - John S Spencer
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
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44
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Boer MC, Joosten SA, Ottenhoff THM. Regulatory T-Cells at the Interface between Human Host and Pathogens in Infectious Diseases and Vaccination. Front Immunol 2015; 6:217. [PMID: 26029205 PMCID: PMC4426762 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) act at the interface of host and pathogen interactions in human infectious diseases. Tregs are induced by a wide range of pathogens, but distinct effects of Tregs have been demonstrated for different pathogens and in different stages of infection. Moreover, Tregs that are induced by a specific pathogen may non-specifically suppress immunity against other microbes and parasites. Thus, Treg effects need to be assessed not only in homologous but also in heterologous infections and vaccinations. Though Tregs protect the human host against excessive inflammation, they probably also increase the risk of pathogen persistence and chronic disease, and the possibility of disease reactivation later in life. Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, causing leprosy and tuberculosis, respectively, are among the most ancient microbes known to mankind, and are master manipulators of the immune system toward tolerance and pathogen persistence. The majority of mycobacterial infections occur in settings co-endemic for viral, parasitic, and (other) bacterial coinfections. In this paper, we discuss recent insights in the activation and activity of Tregs in human infectious diseases, with emphasis on early, late, and non-specific effects in disease, coinfections, and vaccination. We highlight mycobacterial infections as important models of modulation of host responses and vaccine-induced immunity by Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mardi C Boer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Simone A Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
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45
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Abstract
Mycobacterial infections can cause a variety of different manifestations. The increasing incidence of these infections worldwide brought another medical dilemma: immunological manifestations characterized by the presence of many autoantibodies and concomitant presence of autoimmune diseases. The burden of tuberculosis reactivation that emerged with immunosuppressive therapy worsened with the growing use of biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). This review will address the relationship between the immune system and mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Machado Ribeiro
- Department of Rheumatology, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - T Goldenberg
- Department of Pneumology/ENSP-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, RJ, Brazil
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46
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Bento CF, Empadinhas N, Mendes V. Autophagy in the fight against tuberculosis. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 34:228-42. [PMID: 25607549 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), a chronic infectious disease mainly caused by the tubercle bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is one of the world's deadliest diseases that has afflicted humanity since ancient times. Although the number of people falling ill with TB each year is declining, its incidence in many developing countries is still a major cause of concern. Upon invading host cells by phagocytosis, M. tuberculosis can replicate within infected cells by arresting the maturation of the phagosome whose function is to target the pathogen for elimination. Host cells have mechanisms of controlling this evasion by inducing autophagy, an elaborate cellular process that targets bacteria for progressive elimination, decreasing bacterial loads within infected cells. In addition, autophagy activation also aids in the control of inflammation, contributing to a more efficient innate immune response against M. tuberculosis. Several innovative TB therapies have been envisaged based on autophagy manipulation, with some of them revealing high potential for future clinical trials and eventual implementation in healthcare systems. Thus, this review highlights the recent advances on the innate immune response regulation by autophagy upon M. tuberculosis infection and the promising new autophagy-based therapies for TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla F Bento
- 1 Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
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47
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Xu Y, Yang E, Huang Q, Ni W, Kong C, Liu G, Li G, Su H, Wang H. PPE57 induces activation of macrophages and drives Th1-type immune responses through TLR2. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:645-62. [PMID: 25586105 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1243-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Proline-glutamic acid (PE) and proline-proline-glutamic acid (PPE) are related proteins exclusive to Mycobacteria that play diverse roles in modulating critical innate immune pathways. In this study, we observed that the PPE57 protein is associated with the cell wall and is exposed on the cell surface. PPE57 enhances Mycobacterium spp. entering into macrophages and plays a role in macrophage phagocytosis. To explore the underlying mechanism, we demonstrated that PPE57 is able to recognise Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and further induce macrophage activation by augmenting the expression of several cell surface molecules (CD40, CD80, CD86 and MHC class II) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-12p40) within macrophages. These molecules are involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signalling pathways. We demonstrated that PPE57 effectively polarises T cells to secrete interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-2 and to up-regulate CXCR3 expression in vivo and in vitro, suggesting that this protein may contribute to Th1 polarisation during the immune response. Moreover, recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) over-expressing PPE57 could provide better protective efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge compared with BCG. Taken together, our data provides several pieces of evidence that PPE57 may regulate innate and adaptive immunity by interacting with TLR2. These findings indicate that PPE57 protein is a potential antigen for the rational design of an efficient vaccine against M. tuberculosis. KEY MESSAGES PPE57 is located on the cell surface and enhances mycobacterium entry into macrophage. PPE57 interacts directly with TLR2 on macrophages. PPE57 plays a key role in the activation of macrophages in a TLR2-dependent manner. PPE57 induces a Th1 immune response via TLR2-mediated macrophage functions. Recombinant BCG over-expressing PPE57 could improve protective efficacy against M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, No. 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China,
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