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Schleh MW, Caslin HL, Garcia JN, Mashayekhi M, Srivastava G, Bradley AB, Hasty AH. Metaflammation in obesity and its therapeutic targeting. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadf9382. [PMID: 37992150 PMCID: PMC10847980 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf9382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Obesity-associated inflammation is a systemic process that affects all metabolic organs. Prominent among these is adipose tissue, where cells of the innate and adaptive immune system are markedly changed in obesity, implicating these cells in a range of processes linking immune memory to metabolic regulation. Furthermore, weight loss and weight cycling have unexpected effects on adipose tissue immune populations. Here, we review the current literature on the roles of various immune cells in lean and obese adipose tissue. Within this context, we discuss pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches to obesity treatment and their impact on systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Schleh
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Heather L. Caslin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jamie N. Garcia
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mona Mashayekhi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Gitanjali Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Weight Loss Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37204 USA
| | - Anna B. Bradley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Weight Loss Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37204 USA
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Alyssa H. Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
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Leppänen J, Nuotio P, Randell K, Romppanen J, Keski-Nisula L, Laitinen T, Pihlajamäki J, Schwab U, Heinonen S. High estradiol levels during a long agonist IVF protocol are associated with decreased food intake, higher leptin concentrations, and lower levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2023; 308:883-891. [PMID: 36797524 PMCID: PMC10348986 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-023-06950-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study whether different hormonal phases affect appetite regulation, food intake, and concentrations of leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) during a long agonist in vitro fertilization (IVF) protocol. METHODS Fifty-four infertile women were encountered thrice, the first of which was at the beginning of their period (low estradiol). The other two visits were during a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog downregulation (low estradiol) and at the end of a follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulation (high estradiol). The first visit was the reference; the women served as their controls. The concentrations of leptin, GLP-1, and hs-CRP were assessed from plasma. Dietary intake was assessed using food records (FRs). In addition, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and plasma levels of estradiol, glucose, HbA1c, insulin, and lipids were monitored. Twenty-six of the subjects also had a postprandial test. RESULTS During the stimulation protocol, leptin concentrations elevated (P < 0.001), and energy intake decreased (P = 0.03), while estradiol levels increased (P < 0.001). GLP-1 levels unchanged (P = 0.75) and hs-CRP (P = 0.03) concentrations diminished, while estradiol levels increased. CONCLUSION No increased food intake or weight gain occurred during the stimulation protocol; thus, leptin may protect from overeating during high estradiol levels, and leptin resistance may not occur during a short follow-up. Also, a favorable anti-inflammatory effect was detected. During this study, we observed no harmful metabolic effects, which might affect negatively maternal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Leppänen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Puijonlaaksontie 2, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petrus Nuotio
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kaisa Randell
- Pihlajalinna Dextra Fertility Clinic, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarkko Romppanen
- Eastern Finland Laboratory Centre, Puijonlaaksontie 2, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Leea Keski-Nisula
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Puijonlaaksontie 2, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tomi Laitinen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Puijonlaaksontie 2, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Puijonlaaksontie 2, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ursula Schwab
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Puijonlaaksontie 2, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Heinonen
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, PO Box 140, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
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Makiel K, Suder A, Targosz A, Maciejczyk M, Haim A. Exercise-Induced Alternations of Adiponectin, Interleukin-8 and Indicators of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Males with Metabolic Syndrome. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050852. [PMID: 37238721 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin (ADIPO) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) are proteins that play a significant, albeit opposing, role in metabolic syndrome (MetS). The reported data on the effect of physical activity on the levels of these hormones in the population of people with MetS are conflicting. The aim of the study was to evaluate the changes in hormone concentrations, insulin-resistance indices and body composition after two types of training. The study included 62 men with MetS (age 36.6 ± 6.9 years, body fat [BF] = 37.53 ± 4.5%), randomly assigned to: an experimental group EG1 (n = 21) with aerobic exercise intervention, an experimental group EG2 (n = 21) with combined aerobic and resistance exercise intervention, both for 12 weeks, and a control group CG (n = 20) without interventions. Anthropometric measurements and body composition (fat-free mass [FFM], gynoid body fat [GYNOID]), as well as a biochemical blood analysis (adiponectin [ADIPO], interleukin-8 [IL-8], homeostatic model assessment-adiponectin (HOMA-AD) and homeostatic model assessment-triglycerides (HOMA-TG) were performed at baseline, and at 6 and 12 weeks of intervention and 4 weeks after the intervention (follow-up). Intergroup (between groups) and intragroup (within each group) changes were statistically evaluated. In the experimental groups EG1 and EG2, no significant changes were observed in the ADIPO concentration, but a decrease of GYNOID and insulin-resistance indices was confirmed. The aerobic training led to favorable changes in IL-8 concentration. The use of combined resistance and aerobic training led to improved body composition, decreased waist circumference and better insulin-resistance indices in men with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Makiel
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Cracow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Suder
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Cracow, Poland
| | - Aneta Targosz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland
| | - Marcin Maciejczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Cracow, Poland
| | - Alon Haim
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 653, Israel
- Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva 151, Israel
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Makiel K, Suder A, Targosz A, Maciejczyk M, Kozioł-Kozakowska A, Haim A. Impact of Two Types of Exercise Interventions on Leptin and Omentin Concentrations and Indicators of Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Males with Metabolic Syndrome. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12082822. [PMID: 37109160 PMCID: PMC10144374 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12082822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin (LEP) and omentin (OMEN) are proteins whose concentrations change with the development of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). There are few intervention studies using various forms of physical activity in people with MetS that aim to determine the impact of physical exercise on the fluctuations of the presented hormones, and their results are contradictory. The present study aimed to examine the effect of two types of exercise intervention on LEP and OMEN concentrations and indicators of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in males with MetS. The study included 62 males with MetS (age 36.6 ± 6.9 years, body mass 110.31 ± 17.37 kg), randomly allocated to EG1, the examined group with aerobic training (n = 21); EG2, the examined group with combined aerobic and resistance training (n = 21), both for 12 weeks, and the control group (CG) without interventions (n = 20). Anthropometric measurements, body composition (body fat [BF], android body fat [ANDR]), as well as a biochemical blood analysis (omentin [OMEN], leptin [LEP], quantitative insulin sensitivity check index [QUICKI], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C] and nonHDL-C) were performed at baseline, and at 6 and 12 weeks of interventions and after 4 weeks after ending intervention (follow-up). Intergroup and intragroup comparisons were performed. In the intervention groups EG1 and EG2, a decrease in BF was observed as well as an improvement in carbohydrate metabolism parameters. In the EG1 group, the level of ANDR was reduced. In EG2 a decrease in LEP concentration between measurements was confirmed. However, no significant changes were found in the concentration of OMEN in any groups. Combined aerobic and resistance exercises led to a higher reduction of LEP concentration than applying only aerobic training in males with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Makiel
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Cracow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Suder
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Cracow, Poland
| | - Aneta Targosz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland
| | - Marcin Maciejczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Cracow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kozioł-Kozakowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka Str. 265, 30-663 Cracow, Poland
| | - Alon Haim
- Department of Pediatrics Endocrinology and Diabetes, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 653, Israel
- Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva 151, Israel
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The Role of Intermittent Energy Restriction Diet on Metabolic Profile and Weight Loss among Obese Adults. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071509. [PMID: 35406122 PMCID: PMC9002823 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a disease defined by an elevated body mass index (BMI), which is the result of excessive or abnormal accumulation of fat. Dietary intervention is fundamental and essential as the first-line treatment for obese patients, and the main rule of every dietary modification is calorie restriction and consequent weight loss. Intermittent energy restriction (IER) is a special type of diet consisting of intermittent pauses in eating. There are many variations of IER diets such as alternate-day fasting (ADF) and time-restricted feeding (TRF). In the literature, the IER diet is known as an effective method for bodyweight reduction. Furthermore, IER diets have a beneficial effect on systolic or diastolic pressure, lipid profile, and glucose homeostasis. In addition, IER diets are presented as being as efficient as a continuous energy restriction diet (CER) in losing weight and improving metabolic parameters. Thus, the IER diet could present an alternative option for those who cannot accept a constant food regimen.
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Wang S, Zhang L, Wang D, Huang M, Zhao J, Malik V, Liu X, Sun L, Lin X, Chen Y. Gut Microbiota Composition is Associated with Responses to Peanut Intervention in Multiple Parameters Among Adults with Metabolic Syndrome Risk. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2001051. [PMID: 34327851 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202001051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peanuts are widely consumed as a meal ingredient and a snack, and are commonly considered as a healthy food based on their nutrient profile. Peanut consumption has been associated with a lower risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in epidemiological studies. This study aims to investigate whether consuming peanuts affects the gut microbiota in adults with risk of MetS and whether the intervention effect of peanuts is associated with gut microbiota composition. METHODS AND RESULTS This study analyzes the gut microbiota of subjects from a 12-week randomized clinical trial comparing consumption of either peanuts or isocaloric carbohydrate bars. It is observed that there is high inter-individual variability on multiple clinical and anthropometrical parameters in response to peanut consumption. Meanwhile, the gut microbiota composition is also highly person-specific and have minor changes when compared laterally or longitudinally. This study employs a machine-learning algorithm and establishes prediction models using the microbiome data and the responsiveness data of different parameters in subjects with peanut intervention. As a result, it is found that the improvement of MetS risk and numerous parameters, including diastolic blood pressure, body weight, waist circumference, and fasting blood glucose level can be predicted for responsiveness with high accuracy that has a value of area under curve over 0.70 by receiver operating characteristic analysis. CONCLUSION Together, the findings of this study suggest that individual gut microbiota configuration may modulate host metabolism and alter an individual's response to peanut intervention, thus highlighting the importance of personalized nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Di Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Meiqin Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jingyu Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Vasanti Malik
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xiaoran Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Liang Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xu Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
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Muhammad HFL, Pahdarina D, Zahara NP, Nugraheni F, Hanny TA, Ermamilia A, Huriyati E. Diet or exercise: The role of diet and/or exercise on changes of pro-inflammatory markers during a weight loss program in adult women with overweight. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 44:337-341. [PMID: 34330487 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Obesity is associated with increased inflammation leading to a higher risk for non-communicable diseases. There was a controversy about whether exercise has a better influence on reducing inflammation during a lifestyle modification program among individuals with obesity. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether exercise could provide a benefit in reducing inflammatory markers in the context of a weight loss program. METHODS This is an experimental study with control. Subjects were pre-menopausal adult women with overweight and assigned for low-calorie diet only (LCD) or low-calorie diet and exercise (LCDex) without randomization. We compared the effect of LCDex (n = 36) and LCD (n = 36) on inflammation markers (leptin and interleukin 6/IL6) for 8 weeks. RESULTS We showed that after the weight loss program, there was a significant increase in IL6 (p = 0.009) but no changes in leptin (p = 0.760) concentration in both groups. There were no difference in changes of IL6 between LCDex and LCD (p = 0.483). CONCLUSIONS A weight loss program was associated with increased inflammation. Among premenopausal women with overweight, a combination of LCD with exercise does not provide a greater benefit in reducing inflammation than those with LCD alone. TRIAL REGISTRATION KE/0700/06/2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Freitag Luglio Muhammad
- Department of Nutrition and Health, FK-KMK, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Center for Health and Human Nutrition, FK-KMK, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Diwyacitta Pahdarina
- Department of Nutrition and Health, FK-KMK, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nindya Putri Zahara
- Department of Nutrition and Health, FK-KMK, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Fatwa Nugraheni
- Department of Nutrition and Health, FK-KMK, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Thalitha Almira Hanny
- Department of Nutrition and Health, FK-KMK, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Aviria Ermamilia
- Department of Nutrition and Health, FK-KMK, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Emy Huriyati
- Department of Nutrition and Health, FK-KMK, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Depression and Obesity: Analysis of Common Biomarkers. Diseases 2020; 8:diseases8020023. [PMID: 32545890 PMCID: PMC7348907 DOI: 10.3390/diseases8020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression and obesity are very common pathologies. Both cause significant problems of both morbidity and mortality and have decisive impacts not only on the health and well-being of patients, but also on socioeconomic and health expenditure aspects. Many epidemiological studies, clinical studies and meta-analyses support the association between mood disorders and obesity in relationships to different conditions such as the severity of depression, the severity of obesity, gender, socioeconomic status, genetic susceptibility, environmental influences and adverse experiences of childhood. Currently, both depression and obesity are considered pathologies with a high-inflammatory impact; it is believed that several overlapping factors, such as the activation of the cortico-adrenal axis, the exaggerated and prolonged response of the innate immune system and proinflammatory cytokines to stress factors and pathogens-as well as alterations of the intestinal microbiota which promote intestinal permeability-can favor the expression of an increasingly proinflammatory phenotype that can be considered a key and common phenomenon between these two widespread pathologies. The purpose of this literature review is to evaluate the common and interacting mechanisms between depression and obesity.
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Razavi R, Parvaresh A, Abbasi B, Yaghoobloo K, Hassanzadeh A, Mohammadifard N, Clark CCT, Morteza Safavi S. The alternate-day fasting diet is a more effective approach than a calorie restriction diet on weight loss and hs-CRP levels. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2020; 91:242-250. [PMID: 32003649 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective: The aim of present study was to compare, and determine, the effects of a modified alternate-day fasting diet vs. calorie restriction on inflammatory indices and coagulation factors. Methods: This was a randomized clinical trial consisting of 80 metabolic syndrome patients, who were enrolled and randomly dichotomized into a modified alternate-day fasting diet or calorie restriction group for 4 months. We measured weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumstance (WC), waist-hip-ratio (WHR) and fat mass as primary outcomes and assessed high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and coagulation factors levels as secondary outcomes before and after intervention. Results: Compared to the calorie restriction diet, following a modified alternate-day fasting diet led to a greater reduction in body weight (kg) (-6.43 ± 4.34 vs -4.11 ± 4.27; P = 0.02), BMI (kg/m2) (-3.19 ± 2.90 vs -1.43 ± 2.72; P = 0.01), fat mass (kg) (-4.88 ± 2.09 vs -3.72 ± 2.43; P = 0.03), WC (cm) (-5.57 ± 5.64 vs -2.32 ± 5.95; P = 0.01) and WHR (-0.05 ± 0.06 vs -0.02 ± 0.07; P = 0.04). Furthermore, a greater change was found in hs-CRP levels (mg/L) (-2.06 ± 1.18 vs -0.97 ± 0.82; P = 0.03), prothrombin time (s) (1.41 ± 2.34 vs -0.41 ± 2.17; P < 0.001), activated partial thromboplastin time (s) (0.26 ± 3.70 vs -1.78 ± 3.56; P = 0.04) in modified alternate-day fasting diet when compared to calorie restriction diet. However, there was no difference in TNF-α or IL-6 and fibrinogen between groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions: These findings suggest that a modified alternate-day fasting diet can be a beneficial alternative for the management of body weight, fat mass and WC as well as hs-CRP and coagulation factors levels among metabolic syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghaye Razavi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Arefe Parvaresh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Behnood Abbasi
- Assistant Professor of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Yaghoobloo
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Akbar Hassanzadeh
- Department of epidemiology and biostatistics, School of health, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Noushin Mohammadifard
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Faculty Research Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Sayyed Morteza Safavi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
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Does Weekend Catch-up Sleep Affect High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Levels Among Korean Workers?: A Cross-Sectional Study Using KNHANES. J Occup Environ Med 2019; 61:e367-e373. [PMID: 31490324 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether weekend catch-up sleep (CUS) influenced serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels in workers. METHODS We analyzed the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016) data from 3304 workers. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals based on serum hs-CRP cut-off values of 1.0 and 3.0 mg/L, respectively. RESULTS We found that at least 1-hour and less than 2 hours of weekend CUS reduced the risk of elevated hs-CRP levels (odds ratio 0.80, 95% confidence interval 0.64 to 0.99) in multivariate logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSION CUS may reduce serum hs-CRP levels in workers, thereby reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Hausmann J, Waechtershaeuser A, Behnken I, Aksan A, Blumenstein I, Brenner M, Loitsch SM, Stein J. The role of adipokines in the improvement of diabetic and cardiovascular risk factors within a 52-week weight-loss programme for obesity. Obes Res Clin Pract 2019; 13:440-447. [PMID: 31591082 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Tang KY, Huang SY, Cheng TM, Bai CH, Chang JS. Haptoglobin phenotype influences the effectiveness of diet-induced weight loss in middle-age abdominally obese women with metabolic abnormalities. Clin Nutr 2019; 39:225-233. [PMID: 30737047 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Haptoglobin (Hp) is associated with risks of obesity and cardiometabolic dysfunction; however, the role of the Hp phenotype in diet-induced weight loss remains to be elucidated. This study investigated whether the Hp phenotype contributes to inter-individual variations in body weight reduction as well as changes in the metabolic profile. METHODS Secondary data analysis from a randomized controlled trial. In total, 151 abdominally obese Taiwanese women with ≥2 metabolic components were randomized to each of four dietary programs [calorie restriction (CR), calorie restriction plus fish oil supplementation (CRF), calorie restricted meal replacement (CRMR), and calorie restricted meal replacement with fish oil supplementation (CRMRF)] for 12 weeks. Abdominal obesity was defined as a waist circumference (WC) ≥ 80 cm in women. Hp phenotyping was performed by plasma gel electrophoresis. RESULTS The prevalence of the Hp 1-1, 2-1, and 2-2 phenotypes were 12.58%, 41.06% and 46.35%, respectively. The mean age was 50.59 ± 12.22 years, and mean reduction in the percent body weight was 4.7% ± 3.8%. The Hp 1-1 phenotype exhibited significant decreases in the WC, body fat mass, plasma insulin levels, free hemoglobin and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) compared to the Hp 2-1 or Hp 2-2 phenotypes after adjusting for the baseline age, WC, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and dietary programs (all adjusted p < 0.05). A greater improvement in the prevalence of central obesity and, to a lesser extent, MetS was also found in women with the Hp 1-1 phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Obese women with the Hp 1-1 phenotype might obtain greater benefits in terms of reducing abdominal fat and improving insulin sensitivity in response to hypocaloric diet-induced weight reduction. The findings from this study support potential gene-diet interactions affecting weight loss. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT01768169. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT01768169.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Yohanes Tang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yi Huang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Mu Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Sciences and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chyi-Huey Bai
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Su Chang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Chinese Taipei Society for the Study of Obesity, CTSSO, Taipei, Taiwan.
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13
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Sainsbury A, Wood RE, Seimon RV, Hills AP, King NA, Gibson AA, Byrne NM. Rationale for novel intermittent dieting strategies to attenuate adaptive responses to energy restriction. Obes Rev 2018; 19 Suppl 1:47-60. [PMID: 30511512 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Eating patterns involving intermittent energy restriction (IER) include 'intermittent fasting' where energy intake is severely restricted for several 'fasting' days per week, with 'refeeding' days (involving greater energy intake than during fasting days) at other times. Intermittent fasting does not improve weight loss compared to continuous energy restriction (CER), where energy intake is restricted every day. We hypothesize that weight loss from IER could be improved if refeeding phases involved restoration of energy balance (i.e. not ongoing energy restriction, as during intermittent fasting). There is some evidence in adults with overweight or obesity showing that maintenance of a lower weight may attenuate (completely or partially) some of the adaptive responses to energy restriction that oppose ongoing weight loss. Other studies show some adaptive responses persist unabated for years after weight loss. Only five randomized controlled trials in adults with overweight or obesity have compared CER with IER interventions that achieved energy balance (or absence of energy restriction) during refeeding phases. Two reported greater weight loss than CER, whereas three reported similar weight loss between interventions. While inconclusive, it is possible that achieving energy balance (i.e. avoiding energy restriction or energy excess) during refeeding phases may be important in realizing the potential of IER.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sainsbury
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, NSW, Australia
| | - R E Wood
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - R V Seimon
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, NSW, Australia
| | - A P Hills
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - N A King
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - A A Gibson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, NSW, Australia
| | - N M Byrne
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
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14
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Tripolt NJ, Stekovic S, Aberer F, Url J, Pferschy PN, Schröder S, Verheyen N, Schmidt A, Kolesnik E, Narath SH, Riedl R, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Pieber TR, Madeo F, Sourij H. Intermittent Fasting (Alternate Day Fasting) in Healthy, Non-obese Adults: Protocol for a Cohort Trial with an Embedded Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial. Adv Ther 2018; 35:1265-1283. [PMID: 30046988 PMCID: PMC6096974 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-018-0746-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Alternate day fasting (ADF) is a subtype of intermittent fasting and is defined as a continuous sequence of a fast day (100% energy restriction, zero calories) and a feed day (ad libitum food consumption), resulting in roughly 36-h fasting periods. Previous studies demonstrated weight reductions and improvements of cardiovascular risk factors with ADF in obese subjects. However, rigorous data on potential endocrine, metabolic and cardiovascular effects, besides weight loss, are lacking. Therefore we aim to investigate the short- and mid- to long-term clinical and molecular effects of ADF in healthy non-obese subjects. METHODS We will perform a prospective cohort study with an embedded randomized controlled trial (RCT) including 90 healthy subjects. Thirty of them will have performed ADF for at least 6 months (mid-term group). Sixty healthy subjects without a particular diet before enrolment will serve as the control group. These subjects will be 1:1 randomized to either continuing their current diet or performing ADF for 4 weeks. All subjects will undergo study procedures that will be repeated in RCT participants after 4 weeks. These procedures will include assessment of outcome parameters, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, measurement of endothelial function, an oral glucose tolerance test, 24-h blood pressure measurement, retinal vessel analysis, echocardiography and physical activity measurement by an accelerometer. Blood, sputum, buccal mucosa and faeces will be collected for laboratory analyses. Participants in the RCT will wear a continuous glucose monitor to verify adherence to the study intervention. PLANNED OUTCOMES The aim of this project is to investigate the effects of ADF on human physiology and molecular cellular processes. This investigation should gain in-depth mechanistic insights into the concept of ADF and form the basis for larger subsequent cohort recruitment and consecutive intervention studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02673515; registered 24 November 2015. Current protocol date/version: 7 February 2017/version 1.8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert J Tripolt
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Slaven Stekovic
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Felix Aberer
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jasmin Url
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter N Pferschy
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Sabrina Schröder
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nicolas Verheyen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Albrecht Schmidt
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ewald Kolesnik
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sophie H Narath
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Regina Riedl
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas R Pieber
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Harald Sourij
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBMed, Graz, Austria.
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15
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Geiker NRW, Toennesen LL, Astrup A, Backer V. The efficacy of a high protein/low glycemic index diet intervention in non-obese patients with asthma. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 72:511-516. [PMID: 29410479 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES EFFORT Asthma study is a randomized controlled trial designed to assess the effects of diet and exercise in non-obese, untrained patients with asthma. We here present results from a subgroup of participants in the diet and control group to assess the feasibility of a high protein and low glycemic index (GI) diet and the effects on body composition. SUBJECTS/METHODS Of the 149 subjects who were included in the study, 76 subjects (30 males) were randomized into either a diet group (n = 38) or a control group (n = 38) and included in the present analysis. The 8 week intervention consisted of a high protein and low GI diet whilst the control group continued habitual diet. RESULTS Thirty-three patients in the diet and 34 in the control group completed the study. The diet group reduced their energy intake by ~20% and had high dietary compliance. Intake of fatty fish doubled and GI was reduced by 8.4 units. The diet group reduced their weight by 2.3 ± 2.2 kg vs. 0.5 ± 1.8 (p < 0.001), fat mass by 2.2 ± 2.0 kg vs. 0.3 ± 1.6 kg (p < 0.001) and preserved lean body mass (-0.02 ± 1.1 kg). The control group had no changes in body composition. CONCLUSIONS The ad libitum high protein-low GI diet resulted in a greater loss of fat mass among non-obese patients with asthma. The subjects were satisfactory and highly compliant with the dietary regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Rica Wium Geiker
- Clinical Nutrition Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark.
| | - Louise L Toennesen
- Respiratory Research Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arne Astrup
- Clinical Nutrition Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark.,Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Backer
- Respiratory Research Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Minović I, Eisenga MF, Riphagen IJ, van den Berg E, Kootstra-Ros J, Frenay ARS, van Goor H, Rimbach G, Esatbeyoglu T, Levy AP, Gaillard CAJM, Geleijnse JM, Eggersdorfer ML, Navis GJ, Kema IP, Bakker SJL. Circulating Haptoglobin and Metabolic Syndrome in Renal Transplant Recipients. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14264. [PMID: 29079835 PMCID: PMC5660219 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Haptoglobin (Hp) is an acute phase protein that has recently been linked to components of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). We aimed to evaluate Hp as marker of MetS, and to assess its association with long-term outcome in renal transplant recipients (RTR). We measured plasma Hp in a prospective cohort of 699 stable RTR and 149 healthy controls. Median plasma Hp concentration in RTR was 1.4 [interquartile range (IQR), 1.0–1.8] g/L, which was higher compared to 1.1 [0.9–1.4] g/L in controls (P < 0.001). Hp was independently associated with the MetS (β = 0.10) (P = 0.005). During follow-up of 5.4 [4.8–6.1] years, 150 (21%) recipients died, of whom 60 (9%) due to cardiovascular causes, and 83 (12%) RTR developed graft failure. High (≥2.0 g/L) and low (≤0.9 g/L) plasma Hp were associated with increased risk of mortality (HR’s 2.3 [1.3–4.1] and 1.9 [1.0–3.5], resp.), predominantly cardiovascular. The association of high Hp lost significance upon adjustment for inflammation markers (HR 1.5 [0.8–2.7]), while low Hp was independently associated with mortality (HR 2.2 [1.2–4.0]). Hp was not associated with graft failure (P = 0.49). In conclusion, plasma Hp is independently associated with MetS in RTR. Importantly, high and low Hp are associated with increased mortality risk, independent of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidor Minović
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Nieuwe Kanaal 9-A, 6709 PA, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Michele F Eisenga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ineke J Riphagen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Else van den Berg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jenny Kootstra-Ros
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Roos S Frenay
- Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tuba Esatbeyoglu
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andy P Levy
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion Institute of Technology, Efron Street 1, Haifa, Israel
| | - Carlo A J M Gaillard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna M Geleijnse
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gerjan J Navis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ido P Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Nieuwe Kanaal 9-A, 6709 PA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Different Intestinal Microbial Profile in Over-Weight and Obese Subjects Consuming a Diet with Low Content of Fiber and Antioxidants. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9060551. [PMID: 28555008 PMCID: PMC5490530 DOI: 10.3390/nu9060551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity has been related to an increased risk of multiple diseases in which oxidative stress and inflammation play a role. Gut microbiota has emerged as a mediator in this interaction, providing new mechanistic insights at the interface between fat metabolism dysregulation and obesity development. Our aim was to analyze the interrelationship among obesity, diet, oxidative stress, inflammation and the intestinal microbiota in 68 healthy adults (29.4% normal-weight). Diet was assessed through a food frequency questionnaire and converted into nutrients and dietary compounds using food composition tables. The intestinal microbiota was assessed by quantitative PCR, fecal short chain fatty acids by gas chromatography and serum biomarkers by standard protocols. Higher levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), C reactive protein (CRP), serum leptin, glucose, fat percentage and the intestinal Lactobacillus group were found in the obese people. Cluster analysis of body mass index, fat mass, glucose, LDL/HDL ratio, leptin, MDA and CRP classified the subjects into two groups. The levels of the intestinal Bacteroides-Prevotella-Porphyromonas group were lower in the cluster and linked to a higher pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory status, whose individuals also had lower intake of fruits, dried fruits, and fish. These results could be useful for designing strategies targeted to obesity prevention.
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18
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Hagman DK, Larson I, Kuzma JN, Cromer G, Makar K, Rubinow KB, Foster-Schubert KE, van Yserloo B, Billing PS, Landerholm RW, Crouthamel M, Flum DR, Cummings DE, Kratz M. The short-term and long-term effects of bariatric/metabolic surgery on subcutaneous adipose tissue inflammation in humans. Metabolism 2017; 70:12-22. [PMID: 28403936 PMCID: PMC5407411 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The mechanisms mediating the short- and long-term improvements in glucose homeostasis following bariatric/metabolic surgery remain incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether a reduction in adipose tissue inflammation plays a role in the metabolic improvements seen after bariatric/metabolic surgery, both in the short-term and longer-term. DESIGN Fasting blood and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue were obtained before (n=14), at one month (n=9), and 6-12months (n=14) after bariatric/metabolic surgery from individuals with obesity who were not on insulin or anti-diabetes medication. Adipose tissue inflammation was assessed by a combination of whole-tissue gene expression and flow cytometry-based quantification of tissue leukocytes. RESULTS One month after surgery, body weight was reduced by 13.5±4.4kg (p<0.001), with improvements in glucose tolerance reflected by a decrease in area-under-the-curve (AUC) glucose in 3-h oral glucose tolerance tests (-105±98mmol/L * min; p=0.009) and enhanced pancreatic β-cell function (insulinogenic index: +0.8±0.9pmol/mmol; p=0.032), but no change in estimated insulin sensitivity (Matsuda insulin sensitivity index [ISI]; p=0.720). Furthermore, although biomarkers of systemic inflammation and pro-inflammatory gene expression in adipose tissue remained unchanged, the number of neutrophils increased in adipose tissue 15-20 fold (p<0.001), with less substantial increases in other leukocyte populations. By the 6-12month follow-up visit, body weight was reduced by 34.8±10.8kg (p<0.001) relative to baseline, and glucose tolerance was further improved (AUC glucose -276±229; p<0.001) along with estimated insulin sensitivity (Matsuda ISI: +4.6±3.2; p<0.001). In addition, improvements in systemic inflammation were reflected by reductions in circulating C-reactive protein (CRP; -2.0±5.3mg/dL; p=0.002), and increased serum adiponectin (+1358±1406pg/mL; p=0.003). However, leukocyte infiltration of adipose tissue remained elevated relative to baseline, with pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression unchanged, while adiponectin mRNA expression trended downward (p=0.069). CONCLUSION Both the short- and longer-term metabolic improvements following bariatric/metabolic surgery occur without significant reductions in measures of adipose tissue inflammation, as assessed by measuring the expression of genes encoding key mediators of inflammation and by flow cytometric immunophenotyping and quantification of adipose tissue leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek K Hagman
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Diabetes Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ilona Larson
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jessica N Kuzma
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Gail Cromer
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Karen Makar
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Katya B Rubinow
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Karen E Foster-Schubert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brian van Yserloo
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | - David R Flum
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David E Cummings
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mario Kratz
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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19
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Capuron L, Lasselin J, Castanon N. Role of Adiposity-Driven Inflammation in Depressive Morbidity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:115-128. [PMID: 27402495 PMCID: PMC5143483 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Depression and metabolic disorders, including overweight and obesity, appear tightly interrelated. The prevalence of these conditions is concurrently growing worldwide, and both depression and overweight/obesity represent substantial risk factors for multiple medical complications. Moreover, there is now multiple evidence for a bidirectional relationship between depression and increased adiposity, with overweight/obesity being associated with an increased prevalence of depression, and in turn, depression augmenting the risk of weight gain and obesity. Although the reasons for this intricate link between depression and increased adiposity remain unclear, converging clinical and preclinical evidence points to a critical role for inflammatory processes and related alterations of brain functions. In support of this notion, increased adiposity leads to a chronic low-grade activation of inflammatory processes, which have been shown elsewhere to have a potent role in the pathophysiology of depression. It is therefore highly possible that adiposity-driven inflammation contributes to the development of depressive disorders and their growing prevalence worldwide. This review will present recent evidence in support of this hypothesis and will discuss the underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Altogether, findings presented here should help to better understand the mechanisms linking adiposity to depression and facilitate the identification of new preventive and/or therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Capuron
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology (NutriNeuro), INRA, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology (NutriNeuro), Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Lasselin
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, Universitäts Klinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division for Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Castanon
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology (NutriNeuro), INRA, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology (NutriNeuro), Bordeaux, France
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20
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Thompson AL, Koehler E, Herring AH, Paynter L, Du S, Zhang B, Popkin B, Gordon-Larsen P. Weight Gain Trajectories Associated With Elevated C-Reactive Protein Levels in Chinese Adults. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:e003262. [PMID: 27638785 PMCID: PMC5079008 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent longitudinal work suggests that weight change is an important risk factor for inflammation across the full range of BMI. However, few studies have examined whether the risk of inflammation differs by patterns of weight gain over time. Using latent class trajectory analysis, we test whether patterns of weight gain are associated with elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP 2-10 mg/L). METHODS AND RESULTS Data come from China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) participants (n=5536), aged 18 at baseline to 66 years in 2009, with measured weight over 18 years. Latent class trajectory analysis was used to identify weight-change trajectories in 6 age and sex strata. Multivariable general linear mixed-effects models fit with a logit link were used to assess the risk of elevated hs-CRP across weight trajectory classes. Models were fit within age and sex strata, controlling for baseline weight, adult height, and smoking, and included random intercepts to account for community-level correlation. Steeper weight-gain trajectories were associated with greater risk of elevated hs-CRP compared to more moderate weight-gain trajectories in men and women. Initially high weight gain followed by weight loss was associated with lower risk of elevated hs-CRP in women aged 18 to 40. CONCLUSIONS Latent class trajectory analysis identified heterogeneity in adult weight change associated with differential risk of inflammation independently of baseline weight and smoking. These results suggest that trajectories of weight gain are an important clinical concern and may identify those at risk for inflammation and the development of cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Thompson
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Elizabeth Koehler
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Amy H Herring
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Lauren Paynter
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Shufa Du
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Bing Zhang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, China Center for Disease Control, Beijing, China
| | - Barry Popkin
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Penny Gordon-Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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21
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Mazaki-Tovi M, Bolin SR, Schenck PA. Differential secretion of adipokines from subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in healthy dogs: Association with body condition and response to troglitazone. Vet J 2016; 216:136-41. [PMID: 27687941 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of body condition, fat depot, and a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ-agonist (troglitazone) on secretion of adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) from adipose tissue of healthy dogs. Subcutaneous and omental visceral adipose tissue samples were collected from 16 healthy intact female dogs, and body condition score (range 4-8/9) was determined. Concentrations of adiponectin were measured in mature adipocytes cultures and concentrations of IL6 and TNFα were measured in stromovascular cells cultures after 48 h incubation in fresh control medium, or fresh medium containing 10 µM troglitazone. Mature adipocytes and stromovascular cells of subcutaneous origin secreted higher concentrations of adiponectin and lower concentration of IL6 and TNFα, respectively, than corresponding cells of visceral origin, in both the control (P = 0.015, P = 0.004, and P = 0.016, respectively) and troglitazone-treated cultures (P <0.001, P = 0.004, and P = 0.016, respectively). Troglitazone increased adiponectin secretion from mature adipocytes in visceral (P = 0.019), but not in subcutaneous fat cultures (P = 0.4). Troglitazone decreased IL6 and TNFα secretion from stromovascular cells both in visceral (P = 0.047 and P = 0.016, respectively) and subcutaneous (P = 0.047 and P = 0.016, respectively) fat cultures. Higher body condition score was associated with lower secretion of adiponectin from mature adipocytes (P = 0.007), lower secretion of IL6 (P = 0.040) and higher secretion of TNFα (P = 0.040) from stromovascular cells. This study showed differential secretion of adipokines by subcutaneous and visceral fat depots in dogs and association between body condition and adipokine secretion. Activation of PPARγ altered adipokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mazaki-Tovi
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - S R Bolin
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - P A Schenck
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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22
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Kratz M, Hagman DK, Kuzma JN, Foster-Schubert KE, Chan CP, Stewart S, van Yserloo B, Westbrook EO, Arterburn DE, Flum DR, Cummings DE. Improvements in glycemic control after gastric bypass occur despite persistent adipose tissue inflammation. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:1438-45. [PMID: 27228052 PMCID: PMC4925247 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes commonly goes into remission following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). As the mechanisms remain incompletely understood, a reduction in adipose tissue inflammation may contribute to these metabolic improvements. Therefore, whether RYGB reduces adipose tissue inflammation compared with equivalent weight loss from an intensive lifestyle intervention was investigated. METHODS Sixteen people with obesity and type 2 diabetes were randomized to RYGB or lifestyle intervention. Fasting blood and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue were obtained before and after the loss of ∼7% of baseline weight. Adipose tissue inflammation was assessed by whole-tissue gene expression and flow cytometry-based quantification of tissue leukocytes. RESULTS At 7% weight loss, insulin and metformin use were reduced among the RYGB but not the Lifestyle cohort, while fasting glucose and insulin declined in both. Adipose tissue inflammation increased modestly after RYGB and to a similar extent following nonsurgical weight loss. In both groups, the number of neutrophils increased severalfold (P < 0.001), mRNA levels of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β increased (P = 0.037), and mRNA expression of the anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing adipokine adiponectin decreased (P = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS A reduction in adipose tissue inflammation is not one of the acute weight loss-independent mechanisms through which RYGB exerts its antidiabetes effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Kratz
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Corresponding author and person to whom reprint requests should be addressed: Mario Kratz, PhD, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Prevention Program M4-B402, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 USA, Phone: (206) 667-7362, Fax: (206) 667-7850,
| | - Derek K. Hagman
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Jessica N. Kuzma
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Karen E. Foster-Schubert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Chun P. Chan
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Skye Stewart
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Brian van Yserloo
- Diabetes Research Center, Virus Vector and Transgenic Mouse Core, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - David R. Flum
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - David E. Cummings
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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23
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Ma W, Huang T, Zheng Y, Wang M, Bray GA, Sacks FM, Qi L. Weight-Loss Diets, Adiponectin, and Changes in Cardiometabolic Risk in the 2-Year POUNDS Lost Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:2415-22. [PMID: 27055193 PMCID: PMC4891796 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Compelling evidence suggests that the beneficial effects of weight-loss diet interventions on improvement of cardiometabolic risk factors may be partly through modulating secretion of adiponectin from adipose tissue. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of long-term weight-loss diets with different compositions of macronutrients on longitudinal changes in circulating adiponectin concentrations and how such changes, if they exist, affect cardiometabolic risk. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In the 2-year Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies trial, 811 overweight or obese adults were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 diets varying in macronutrient intakes. The current analysis was restricted to participants who had baseline adiponectin measurement (n = 768). Circulating concentrations of adiponectin and cardiometabolic outcomes were repeatedly measured at baseline, 6 months, and 2 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Circulating concentrations of adiponectin and cardiometabolic risk factors. RESULTS Weight-loss diet interventions significantly increased circulating adiponectin concentrations over 2 years, similarly in 4 diet groups (P value for difference >.05). We found that the increase of adiponectin was significantly associated with reduction of waist circumference and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but associated with increase of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < .001 for each), after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, follow-up time, diet group, baseline body mass index, baseline level of respective outcome trait, and concurrent weight change. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that long-term interventions by weight-loss diets varying in macronutrients similarly increase circulating adiponectin, which may particularly improve abdominal fat distribution and lipid metabolism independently of weight change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Ma
- Departments of Epidemiology (W.M., M.W., L.Q.) and Nutrition (Y.Z., F.M.S., L.Q.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and Channing Division of Network Medicine (L.Q.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Epidemiology (T.H., L.Q.), School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112; and Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System (G.A.B.), Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - Tao Huang
- Departments of Epidemiology (W.M., M.W., L.Q.) and Nutrition (Y.Z., F.M.S., L.Q.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and Channing Division of Network Medicine (L.Q.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Epidemiology (T.H., L.Q.), School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112; and Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System (G.A.B.), Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - Yan Zheng
- Departments of Epidemiology (W.M., M.W., L.Q.) and Nutrition (Y.Z., F.M.S., L.Q.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and Channing Division of Network Medicine (L.Q.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Epidemiology (T.H., L.Q.), School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112; and Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System (G.A.B.), Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - Molin Wang
- Departments of Epidemiology (W.M., M.W., L.Q.) and Nutrition (Y.Z., F.M.S., L.Q.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and Channing Division of Network Medicine (L.Q.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Epidemiology (T.H., L.Q.), School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112; and Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System (G.A.B.), Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - George A Bray
- Departments of Epidemiology (W.M., M.W., L.Q.) and Nutrition (Y.Z., F.M.S., L.Q.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and Channing Division of Network Medicine (L.Q.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Epidemiology (T.H., L.Q.), School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112; and Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System (G.A.B.), Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - Frank M Sacks
- Departments of Epidemiology (W.M., M.W., L.Q.) and Nutrition (Y.Z., F.M.S., L.Q.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and Channing Division of Network Medicine (L.Q.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Epidemiology (T.H., L.Q.), School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112; and Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System (G.A.B.), Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - Lu Qi
- Departments of Epidemiology (W.M., M.W., L.Q.) and Nutrition (Y.Z., F.M.S., L.Q.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and Channing Division of Network Medicine (L.Q.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Epidemiology (T.H., L.Q.), School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112; and Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System (G.A.B.), Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
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24
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Seimon RV, Roekenes JA, Zibellini J, Zhu B, Gibson AA, Hills AP, Wood RE, King NA, Byrne NM, Sainsbury A. Do intermittent diets provide physiological benefits over continuous diets for weight loss? A systematic review of clinical trials. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 418 Pt 2:153-72. [PMID: 26384657 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Energy restriction induces physiological effects that hinder further weight loss. Thus, deliberate periods of energy balance during weight loss interventions may attenuate these adaptive responses to energy restriction and thereby increase the efficiency of weight loss (i.e. the amount of weight or fat lost per unit of energy deficit). To address this possibility, we systematically searched MEDLINE, PreMEDLINE, PubMed and Cinahl and reviewed adaptive responses to energy restriction in 40 publications involving humans of any age or body mass index that had undergone a diet involving intermittent energy restriction, 12 with direct comparison to continuous energy restriction. Included publications needed to measure one or more of body weight, body mass index, or body composition before and at the end of energy restriction. 31 of the 40 publications involved 'intermittent fasting' of 1-7-day periods of severe energy restriction. While intermittent fasting appears to produce similar effects to continuous energy restriction to reduce body weight, fat mass, fat-free mass and improve glucose homeostasis, and may reduce appetite, it does not appear to attenuate other adaptive responses to energy restriction or improve weight loss efficiency, albeit most of the reviewed publications were not powered to assess these outcomes. Intermittent fasting thus represents a valid--albeit apparently not superior--option to continuous energy restriction for weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika V Seimon
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jessica A Roekenes
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jessica Zibellini
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Benjamin Zhu
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Alice A Gibson
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Andrew P Hills
- Centre for Nutrition and Exercise, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane QLD, 4101, Australia
| | - Rachel E Wood
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Neil A King
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Nuala M Byrne
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Amanda Sainsbury
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia.
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25
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Castanon N, Luheshi G, Layé S. Role of neuroinflammation in the emotional and cognitive alterations displayed by animal models of obesity. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:229. [PMID: 26190966 PMCID: PMC4490252 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a high prevalence of mood disorders and cognitive dysfunctions in addition to being a significant risk factor for important health complications such as cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Identifying the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these health issues is a major public health challenge. Based on recent findings, from studies conducted on animal models of obesity, it has been proposed that inflammatory processes may participate in both the peripheral and brain disorders associated with the obesity condition including the development of emotional and cognitive alterations. This is supported by the fact that obesity is characterized by peripheral low-grade inflammation, originating from increased adipose tissue mass and/or dysbiosis (changes in gut microbiota environment), both of which contribute to increased susceptibility to immune-mediated diseases. In this review, we provide converging evidence showing that obesity is associated with exacerbated neuroinflammation leading to dysfunction in vulnerable brain regions associated with mood regulation, learning, and memory such as the hippocampus. These findings give new insights to the pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to the development of brain disorders in the context of obesity and provide valuable data for introducing new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of neuropsychiatric complications often reported in obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Castanon
- Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, INRA, UMR 1286, Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux, France
| | - Giamal Luheshi
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University Montreal, Canada
| | - Sophie Layé
- Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, INRA, UMR 1286, Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux, France
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26
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A low-fat high-carbohydrate diet reduces plasma total adiponectin concentrations compared to a moderate-fat diet with no impact on biomarkers of systemic inflammation in a randomized controlled feeding study. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:237-46. [PMID: 25648736 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0841-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We compared the effects of a eucaloric moderate-fat diet (18% protein, 36% fat, and 46% carbohydrate), a eucaloric low-fat high-carbohydrate diet (18% protein, 18% fat, and 64% carbohydrate), and a low-calorie (33% reduced) low-fat high-carbohydrate diet on biomarkers of systemic inflammation. METHODS We randomly assigned 102 participants (age 21-76 years and BMI 19.2-35.5 kg/m(2)) to the three different diets for 6 weeks in a parallel design intervention trial. All foods were provided. Ninety-three participants completed all study procedures; 92 were included in the analyses. Endpoints included plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors I and II (sTNFRI and II), and adiponectin. RESULTS In the unadjusted primary analyses, none of the endpoints were differentially affected by the dietary interventions despite the significantly greater reductions in body weight and fat mass in participants consuming the low-calorie low-fat diet compared to the eucaloric diets (p < 0.001). When including weight change in the model in secondary analysis, adiponectin tended to be increased with weight loss (time × weight change interaction, p = 0.051). Adjusted for weight change, adiponectin was reduced in the groups consuming the low-fat diets relative to the moderate-fat diet (p = 0.008). No effect of the intervention diets or weight loss on CRP, IL-6, or sTNFRI and II was seen in these secondary analyses. CONCLUSIONS In relatively healthy adults, moderate weight loss had minimal effects on systemic inflammation, and raised plasma adiponectin only modestly. A lower dietary fat and higher carbohydrate content had little impact on measures of systemic inflammation, but reduced adiponectin concentrations compared to a moderate-fat diet. The latter may be of concern given the consistent and strong inverse association of plasma adiponectin with many chronic diseases.
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27
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Moreira Alves RD, Boroni Moreira AP, Macedo VS, Bressan J, de Cássia Gonçalves Alfenas R, Mattes R, Brunoro Costa NM. High-oleic peanuts: new perspective to attenuate glucose homeostasis disruption and inflammation related obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:1981-8. [PMID: 24975522 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of acute and daily consumption of high-oleic peanuts (HOP) on inflammation and glucose homeostasis in overweight/obese men. METHODS In a 4-week randomized clinical trial, males with body mass index of 29.8 ± 2.3 kg/m(2) and aged 18-50 years were assigned to the groups: control (CT, n = 22); conventional peanuts (CVP, n = 22); or HOP (n = 21). They followed a hypocaloric-diet with or without 56 g/day of CVP or HOP. Main outcomes were changes in fasting blood biomarkers and postprandial insulin, glucose, tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-α), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) responses after acute peanut intake. RESULTS At baseline, HOP showed significantly lower postprandial responses of glucose, insulin, and TNF-α than CVP and CT. Changes in fasting blood biomarkers did not differ between groups after the 4-week intervention. However, within groups, total cholesterol decreased in CT, and all groups reduced High-density lipoprotein (HDL-c). Triglycerides were reduced in HOP and CVP. IL-10 increased significantly in all groups while only the CT and CVP showed increased TNF-α after intervention. CONCLUSION Acute high-oleic peanut consumption leads to stronger moderation of postprandial glucose, insulin, and TNF-α concentrations than CVP and control meal intake. Whether daily intake of high-oleic peanuts has additional benefits to CVP remains uncertain.
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28
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Fujita M, Brindle E, Lo YJ, Castro P, Cameroamortegui F. Nutrient intakes associated with elevated serum C-reactive protein concentrations in normal to underweight breastfeeding women in Northern Kenya. Am J Hum Biol 2014; 26:796-802. [PMID: 25130535 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Low-grade elevation of C-reactive protein (CRP) is a non-specific inflammatory marker, used as a predictor for cardiovascular disease development and chronic inflammatory risks. Research investigating dietary influences on inflammation has focused primarily on the relationship between dietary characteristics, CRP elevation and BMI in the populations at greatest risk for cardiovascular disease, namely those in the overweight and obese ranges, often in clinical settings and/or among those middle aged or older, leaving little information about normal to underweight populations of reproductive age in ecological settings. This study evaluates impacts of dietary nutrients on serum CRP levels in a population of predominantly underweight to normal weight adult women experiencing the additional nutritional demands of lactation. METHODS Data from non-overweight breastfeeding Ariaal women of Kenya collected in 2006 were used (n = 194). Logistic regression models were applied using low-grade CRP elevation (hsCRP > 3 mg/L) as the outcome variable and dietary nutrients, age, BMI, and serum retinol as predictors. RESULTS Models showed that energy intake (Kcal) and age were positive predictors of CRP elevation while folate intake, total vitamin A intake, and serum retinol concentration were protective against CRP elevation. Unlike previous studies among higher BMI populations, this study found no significant effect of dietary lipids/fatty acids or BMI on CRP elevation. CONCLUSIONS The effects of specific dietary nutrients on inflammatory status may vary with BMI or, in women, reproductive status. Further research should investigate the role of dietary fats, fatty acids, and antioxidant vitamins across populations with a wide range of BMI, including postpartum women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Fujita
- Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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29
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Nguyen AD, Slack K, Schwarzer C, Lee NJ, Boey D, Macia L, Yulyaningsih E, Enriquez RF, Zhang L, Lin S, Shi YC, Baldock PA, Herzog H, Sainsbury A. Double deletion of orexigenic neuropeptide Y and dynorphin results in paradoxical obesity in mice. Neuropeptides 2014; 48:143-51. [PMID: 24680736 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and dynorphin (DYN) regulate energy homeostasis. Single NPY or dynorphin deletion reduces food intake or increases fat loss. Future developments of obesity therapeutics involve targeting multiple pathways. We hypothesised that NPY and dynorphin regulate energy homeostasis independently, thus double NPY and dynorphin ablation would result in greater weight and/or fat loss than the absence of NPY or dynorphin alone. DESIGN AND METHODS We generated single and double NPY and dynorphin knockout mice (NPYΔ, DYNΔ, NPYDYNΔ) and compared body weight, adiposity, feeding behaviour, glucose homeostasis and brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) expression to wildtype counterparts. RESULTS Body weight and adiposity were significantly increased in NPYDYNΔ, but not in NPYΔ or DYNΔ. This was not due to increased food intake or altered UCP-1 expression, which were not significantly altered in double knockouts. NPYDYNΔ mice demonstrated increased body weight loss after a 24-h fast, with no effect on serum glucose levels after glucose injection. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to the predicted phenotype delineated from single knockouts, double NPY and dynorphin deletion resulted in heavier mice, with increased adiposity, despite no significant changes in food intake or UCP-1 activity. This indicates that combining long-term opioid antagonism with blockade of NPY-ergic systems may not produce anti-obesity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy D Nguyen
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Katy Slack
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Christoph Schwarzer
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nicola J Lee
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Dana Boey
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Ernie Yulyaningsih
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Ronaldo F Enriquez
- Bone and Mineral Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Lei Zhang
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Shu Lin
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Yan-Chuan Shi
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Paul A Baldock
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Kensington, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Amanda Sainsbury
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of NSW, Kensington, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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30
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Short-term obesity results in detrimental metabolic and cardiovascular changes that may not be reversed with weight loss in an obese dog model. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:647-56. [PMID: 24877650 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514001214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The time course of metabolic and cardiovascular changes with weight gain and subsequent weight loss has not been elucidated. The goal of the present study was to determine how weight gain, weight loss and altered body fat distribution affected metabolic and cardiovascular changes in an obese dog model. Testing was performed when the dogs were lean (scores 4-5 on a nine-point scale), after ad libitum feeding for 12 and 32 weeks to promote obesity (>5 score), and after weight loss. Measurements included serum glucose and insulin, plasma leptin, adiponectin and C-reactive protein, echocardiography, flow-mediated dilation and blood pressure. Body fat distribution was assessed by computed tomography. Fasting serum glucose concentrations increased significantly with obesity (P< 0·05). Heart rate increased by 22 (SE 5) bpm after 12 weeks of obesity (P= 0·003). Systolic left ventricular free wall thickness increased after 12 weeks of obesity (P= 0·002), but decreased after weight loss compared with that observed in the lean phase (P= 0·03). Ventricular free wall thickness was more strongly correlated with visceral fat (r 0·6, P= 0·001) than with total body fat (r 0·4, P= 0·03) and was not significantly correlated with subcutaneous body fat (r 0·3, P= 0·1). The present study provides evidence that metabolic and cardiovascular alterations occur within only 12 weeks of obesity in an obese dog model and are strongly predicted by visceral fat. These results emphasise the importance of obesity prevention, as weight loss did not result in the return of all metabolic indicators to their normal levels. Moreover, systolic cardiac muscle thickness was reduced after weight loss compared with the pre-obesity levels, suggesting possible acute adverse cardiovascular effects.
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Alfadda AA, Turjoman AA, Moustafa AS, Al-Naami MY, Chishti MA, Sallam RM, Gibson D, Duncan MW. A proteomic analysis of excreted and circulating proteins from obese patients following two different weight-loss strategies. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:568-80. [PMID: 24668551 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214523894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is the most successful therapeutic approach to weight loss, but how it leads to weight loss, and how it resolves obesity-related complications, including type-2 diabetes, are poorly understood. This study, comprising two groups of individuals, one on a low-calorie diet (n = 5) and one undergoing bariatric surgery (n = 7), used both targeted and untargeted proteomic approaches to determine changes in protein levels pre- and post-intervention (i.e. 3-6 months later). Changes were observed in both circulating and excreted proteins following weight loss. Targeted multiplexed biochip arrays measured 12 plasma peptides/proteins involved in metabolism and inflammation: C-peptide, ferritin, interleukin-6, interleukin-1 alpha, resistin, insulin, tumor necrosis factor alpha, leptin, plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1, adiponectin, cystatin C, and C-reactive protein. Following a low-calorie diet, plasma insulin and C-reactive protein levels were significantly reduced (P = 0.045 and P = 0.030, respectively); adiponectin increased and leptin decreased following surgery (P = 0.014 and P = 0.005, respectively). Untargeted proteomic analysis employing 2D difference in-gel electrophoresis (DIGE) showed 28 protein spots with ≥1.5-fold changes in expression following weight loss by a low-calorie diet; comparison of pre- and post-intervention urine samples from the bariatric surgery group showed changes in excretion of 110 protein spots. The combination of targeted protein analysis by multiplexed arrays and an exploratory (i.e. an unbiased or discovery) proteomic assessment of hundreds of proteins offers valuable insights into the mechanistic differences between alternative weight-loss strategies. This is a powerful hypothesis-generating approach to study complex, multifactorial syndromes such as obesity. The findings that arise from these studies can then be validated in targeted, hypothesis-directed investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assim A Alfadda
- Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
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Castanon N, Lasselin J, Capuron L. Neuropsychiatric comorbidity in obesity: role of inflammatory processes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:74. [PMID: 24860551 PMCID: PMC4030152 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric symptoms are frequent in obesity. In addition to their substantial economic and health impact, these symptoms significantly interfere with the quality of life and social function of obese individuals. While the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying obesity-related neuropsychiatric symptoms are still under investigation and remain to be clearly identified, there is increasing evidence for a role of inflammatory processes. Obesity is characterized by a chronic low-grade inflammatory state that is likely to influence neuropsychiatric status given the well-known and highly documented effects of inflammation on brain activity/function and behavior. This hypothesis is supported by recent findings emanating from clinical investigations in obese subjects and from experimentations conducted in animal models of obesity. These studies converge to show that obesity-related inflammatory processes, originating either from the adipose tissue or gut microbiota environment, spread to the brain where they lead to substantial changes in neurocircuitry, neuroendocrine activity, neurotransmitter metabolism and activity, and neurogenesis. Together, these alterations contribute to shape the propitious bases for the development of obesity-related neuropsychiatric comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Castanon
- UMR 1286, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology (NutriNeuro), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Bordeaux, France
- UMR 1286, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology (NutriNeuro), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Lasselin
- UMR 1286, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology (NutriNeuro), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Bordeaux, France
- UMR 1286, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology (NutriNeuro), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Stress Research Institute (Stressforskningsinstitutet), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lucile Capuron
- UMR 1286, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology (NutriNeuro), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Bordeaux, France
- UMR 1286, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology (NutriNeuro), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- *Correspondence: Lucile Capuron, UMR 1286, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology (NutriNeuro), INRA, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, F-33076 Bordeaux, France e-mail:
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Alizadeh M, Safaeiyan A, Ostadrahimi A, Estakhri R, Daneghian S, Ghaffari A, Gargari BP. Effect of L-arginine and selenium added to a hypocaloric diet enriched with legumes on cardiovascular disease risk factors in women with central obesity: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2012; 60:157-68. [PMID: 22517293 DOI: 10.1159/000335470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We aimed to discover if L-arginine and selenium alone or together can increase the effect of a hypocaloric diet enriched in legumes (HDEL) on central obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in women with central obesity. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was undertaken in 84 premenopausal women with central obesity. After a 2-week run-in period on an isocaloric diet, participants were randomly assigned to a control diet (HDEL), L-arginine (5 g/day) and HDEL, selenium (200 μg/day) and HDEL or L-arginine, selenium and HDEL for 6 weeks. Cardiovascular risk factors were assessed before intervention and 3 and 6 weeks afterwards. RESULTS After 6 weeks, L-arginine had significantly reduced waist circumference (WC); selenium had significantly lowered fasting concentrations of serum insulin and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index; the interaction between L-arginine and selenium significantly reduced the fasting concentration of nitric oxides (NO(x)), and HDEL lowered triglycerides (TG) and WC and significantly increased the fasting concentration of NO(x). HDEL reduced high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in the first half of the study and returned them to basal levels in the second half. CONCLUSION These data indicate the beneficial effects of L-arginine on central obesity, selenium on insulin resistance and HDEL on serum concentrations of NO(x) and TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alizadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Abstract
Epidemiologic evidence points to obesity as a major risk factor for many cancers, including cancers of the breast, endometrium, colorectum, kidney, oesophagus and pancreas. Whether intentional weight loss might reduce this excess risk is not yet proven. We searched the medical literature for studies reporting changes in cancer risk following intentional weight loss, and for studies reporting changes in cancer-relevant risk factors of oestrogens, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF binding proteins and selected inflammatory markers [C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)]. Observational cohort studies and randomized controlled trials of both dietary interventions and bariatric surgery all indicate fairly immediate reductions in cancer incidence following intentional weight loss. Oestrogen levels drop and SHBG levels increase coincident with intentional weight loss, with about a one-third reduction in free oestradiol to be expected from a 10% weight loss. CRP levels also drop substantially after weight loss at about this same 3 : 1 ratio. Reductions in TNF-α and IL-6 are consistently seen, but of a smaller magnitude, and IGF-I and IGFBP changes after weight loss are small and inconsistent. Because both cancer incidence and levels of circulating cancer biomarkers drop fairly rapidly following weight loss, intentional weight loss may well lead to meaningful reductions in cancer risk with a short latency time.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Byers
- Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Cheng V, Kashyap SR, Schauer PR, Kirwan JP, McCrae KR. Restoration of glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after bariatric surgery is associated with reduction in microparticles. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2011; 9:207-12. [PMID: 22093380 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2011.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microparticles bud from cellular elements during inflammation and are associated with the vascular dysfunction related to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although weight loss is known to reduce inflammation, the metabolic effects of bariatric surgery on microparticle concentration and composition are not known. Our objectives were to determine the effect of bariatric surgery on the microparticle concentration and to correlate these changes with clinical parameters in a multispecialty group practice. METHODS We studied 14 obese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus 2 weeks before and 1 and 12 months after bariatric surgery. Of the 14 patients, 9 underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and 5 gastric restrictive surgery. RESULTS At 1 month after surgery, the body mass index had decreased by ∼10%, glycemic control had improved dramatically (P < .01), and a >60% reduction in endothelial and platelet microparticles and C-reactive protein levels (P < .05) had occurred. The tissue factor microparticles had decreased by 40% (P = .1). At 12 months after surgery, the body mass index had decreased by ∼20%, glycemic control was maintained (P < .01), and a >50% reduction in monocyte microparticles compared with before surgery was found. The reduction in monocyte microparticles 1 month after surgery was strongly associated with the reduction in hemoglobin A1c (P < .05). The reduction in monocyte microparticles 12 months after surgery correlated strongly with the reduction in body mass index (P < .05). CONCLUSION The reduction in microparticles after bariatric surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus reflects an attenuation of inflammation, and this mechanism might contribute to normalization of glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Cheng
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Effect of short-chain fructooligosaccharide-enriched energy-restricted diet on weight loss and serum haptoglobin concentration in Beagle dogs. Br J Nutr 2011; 106 Suppl 1:S120-3. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511004107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the dietary inclusion of two levels of short-chain fructooligosaccharides (sc-FOS) on weight loss, biochemical parameters and serum haptoglobin concentration were investigated in twelve experimental obese Beagle dogs. Dogs were randomised into two groups and submitted to a weight loss program (WLP): the control group (C) received a commercial energy-restricted high-protein diet containing 1 % DM sc-FOS, whereas the test group (T) received the same diet enriched with sc-FOS to attain a 3 % DM content. Body weight (BW) and body condition score were weekly assessed in each dog and blood was collected before and after WLP to measure total plasma cholesterol (CHOL), TAG, NEFA, glucose (GLUC), insulin, serum leptin and haptoglobin. Groups showed similar BW and blood parameters before treatment. When values before and after treatment of the dogs were compared, significant reductions were observed for all parameters, with the exception of NEFA and GLUC. However, when these reductions were compared between C and T groups, significant differences were detected only for haptoglobin (T before v. T after: 1545 v. 605 mg/l, P = 0·03; C before v. C after: 1635 v. 1400 mg/l, P = NS). Positive correlations between haptoglobin and CHOL and between haptoglobin and TAG were observed before but not after WLP. In conclusion, feeding obese dogs with the energy-restricted diet caused significant weight loss and reduction of blood parameters, irrespective of the sc-FOS content included. However, serum haptoglobin level, and the subclinical inflammatory condition associated with it, was significantly lowered in the T but not in the C group.
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Safety, tolerability and sustained weight loss over 2 years with the once-daily human GLP-1 analog, liraglutide. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011; 36:843-54. [PMID: 21844879 PMCID: PMC3374073 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2011.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Having demonstrated short-term weight loss with liraglutide in this group of obese adults, we now evaluate safety/tolerability (primary outcome) and long-term efficacy for sustaining weight loss (secondary outcome) over 2 years. Design: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 20-week study with 2-year extension (sponsor unblinded at 20 weeks, participants/investigators at 1 year) in 19 European clinical research centers. Subjects: A total of 564 adults (n=90–98 per group; body mass index 30–40 kg m−2) enrolled, 398 entered the extension and 268 completed the 2-year trial. Participants received diet (500 kcal deficit per day) and exercise counseling during 2-week run-in, before being randomly assigned (with a telephone or web-based system) to once-daily subcutaneous liraglutide (1.2, 1.8, 2.4 or 3.0 mg, n=90–95), placebo (n=98) or open-label orlistat (120 mg × 3, n=95). After 1 year, liraglutide/placebo recipients switched to liraglutide 2.4 mg, then 3.0 mg (based on 20-week and 1-year results, respectively). The trial ran from January 2007–April 2009 and is registered with Clinicaltrials.gov, number NCT00480909. Results: From randomization to year 1, liraglutide 3.0 mg recipients lost 5.8 kg (95% confidence interval 3.7–8.0) more weight than those on placebo and 3.8 kg (1.6–6.0) more than those on orlistat (P⩽0.0001; intention-to-treat, last-observation-carried-forward). At year 2, participants on liraglutide 2.4/3.0 mg for the full 2 years (pooled group, n=184) lost 3.0 kg (1.3–4.7) more weight than those on orlistat (n=95; P<0.001). Completers on liraglutide 2.4/3.0 mg (n=92) maintained a 2-year weight loss of 7.8 kg from screening. With liraglutide 3.0 mg, 20-week body fat decreased by 15.4% and lean tissue by 2.0%. The most frequent drug-related side effects were mild to moderate, transient nausea and vomiting. With liraglutide 2.4/3.0 mg, the 2-year prevalence of prediabetes and metabolic syndrome decreased by 52 and 59%, with improvements in blood pressure and lipids. Conclusion: Liraglutide is well tolerated, sustains weight loss over 2 years and improves cardiovascular risk factors.
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Straznicky NE, Grima MT, Eikelis N, Nestel PJ, Dawood T, Schlaich MP, Chopra R, Masuo K, Esler MD, Sari CI, Lambert GW, Lambert EA. The effects of weight loss versus weight loss maintenance on sympathetic nervous system activity and metabolic syndrome components. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E503-8. [PMID: 21177786 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-2204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) overactivity participates in both the pathogenesis and adverse clinical complications of metabolic syndrome (MetS) obesity. OBJECTIVE We conducted a prospective lifestyle intervention trial to compare the effects of active weight loss and extended weight loss maintenance on SNS function and MetS components. METHODS Untreated subjects (14 males, four females; mean age, 53 ± 1 yr; body mass index, 30.9 ± 0.9 kg/m(2)) who fulfilled Adult Treatment Panel III criteria were randomized to 12-wk hypocaloric diet alone (n = 8) or together with aerobic exercise training (n = 10). This was followed by a 4-month weight maintenance period. Measurements of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) by microneurography, whole-body norepinephrine kinetics, substrate oxidation by indirect calorimetry, baroreflex sensitivity, plasma renin activity (PRA), and MetS components were performed. RESULTS Body weight decreased by 9.3 ± 0.8% at wk 12 (P < 0.001), and this was maintained. During active weight loss, norepinephrine spillover rate decreased by 23 ± 16% (P = 0.004), MSNA by 25 ± 3 bursts per 100 heartbeats (P < 0.001), and PRA by 0.25 ± 0.09 ng/ml · h (P = 0.007), whereas baroreflex sensitivity increased by 5.2 ± 2.2 msec/mm Hg (P = 0.005). After weight maintenance, beneficial effects of weight loss on norepinephrine spillover rate were preserved, whereas PRA and MSNA rebounded (by 0.24 ± 0.11 ng/ml · h, P = 0.02; and 20 ± 5 bursts/100 heartbeats, P = 0.0003), and baroreflex sensitivity was attenuated. CONCLUSIONS Divergent effects of successful weight loss maintenance on whole-body norepinephrine spillover rate and MSNA suggest organ-specific differentiation in SNS adaptation to weight loss under conditions of negative vs. stable energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora E Straznicky
- Laboratories of Human Neurotransmitters, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, P.O. Box 6492, St. Kilda Road Central, Melbourne, Victoria 8008, Australia.
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Effects on markers of inflammation and endothelial cell function of three ad libitum diets differing in type and amount of fat and carbohydrate: a 6-month randomised study in obese individuals. Br J Nutr 2011; 106:123-9. [PMID: 21320366 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510005829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Diet is important for the prevention of CVD, and diets high in MUFA might be more cardioprotective than low-fat diets. We hypothesise that inflammation and endothelial cell function will be improved most favourably by a high-MUFA diet compared with a low-fat diet. This was tested in a parallel randomised intervention trial on overweight individuals (aged 28·2 (SD 4·6) years) assigned to a diet moderate in the amount of fat (35-45% of energy; >20% of fat as MUFA; MUFA diet, n 39), a low-fat (20-30% of energy) diet (LF diet, n 43) or a control diet (35 % of energy as fat, n 24) for 6 months after weight loss. Protein constituted 10-20 % of energy in all diets. Food was provided free of charge. Fasting blood samples were collected before and after the intervention and analysed for C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, intercellular adhesion molecule, von Willebrand factor (vWF) and tissue factor pathway inhibitor. vWF concentrations tended to fall on the LF diet (4·78 (SD 16·44) %; P = 0·07). Concentrations of IL-6 were reduced by the MUFA (0·37 (SD 0·74) pg/ml; P < 0·01) and LF (0·47 (SD 0·69) pg/ml; P < 0·001) diets, and CRP was reduced on all diets (MUFA: 0·48 (SD 1·93) mg/l (P < 0·01); LF: 1·46 (SD 2·89) mg/l (P < 0·001); control: 1·20 (SD 1·97) mg/l (P < 0·01)). No significant differences were observed between changes induced by the different diets. Our findings suggest that in overweight subjects after weight loss, the MUFA and LF diets have similar long-term effects on inflammation and endothelial cell function.
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Klempel MC, Varady KA. Reliability of leptin, but not adiponectin, as a biomarker for diet-induced weight loss in humans. Nutr Rev 2011; 69:145-54. [PMID: 21348878 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR)-induced weight loss has been shown to lower the risk of chronic disease in obese individuals. Although the mechanisms that link weight loss to disease risk reduction remain unclear, evidence suggests adipokines may play a role. What has yet to be determined, however, is the dose-response effect of body weight loss and visceral fat mass loss on adipokines. Accordingly, this review examines how varying degrees of CR-induced weight loss (i.e., >10%, 5-10%, and <5% from baseline) impact plasma levels and expression of adiponectin, leptin, resistin, interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP-4). The dose-response relationship between visceral fat mass loss and adipokine profile improvement will also be explored. Results from this review demonstrate that even mild weight loss induced by CR may have beneficial effects on leptin levels, but it has no clear impact on adiponectin, resistin, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, or RBP-4 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica C Klempel
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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Changes in C-reactive protein during weight loss and the association with changes in anthropometric variables in men and women: LIFE Study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 35:684-91. [PMID: 20856254 PMCID: PMC3010283 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2010.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether sex differences exist in the pattern of change in C-reactive protein (CRP) levels during weight loss, and whether the associations between weight change and CRP change differ by the types of anthropometric variables. DESIGN Longitudinal, prospective analysis of subjects participating in an intentional weight loss trial (the Lose It For Ever: LIFE Study) followed-up for 30 months. SUBJECTS A total of 212 healthy, obese men and women (age: 23-77 years, body mass index (BMI): 30-39 kg m(-2)) took part in this study. MEASUREMENTS BMI, waist and hip circumferences, and waist-to-hip ratio, CRP and lifestyle variables repeatedly measured at baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 30-month follow-up. RESULTS Weight change was J shaped with a nadir at 12 months in both men and women (P for month(2) <0.0001). CRP level was consistently higher in women than in men, but the differences were less prominent and were not statistically significant at 12- and 18-month follow-up. CRP changes between any two consecutive visits were significantly associated with changes in BMI during the same period in women. However, the associations between CRP changes and changes in waist or hip circumference were not as consistent, especially between 18- and 30-month follow-up when CRP significantly increased. The associations in men were generally similar among the different anthropometric measures. The association between changes in BMI and CRP was stronger in men than in women. CONCLUSION BMI change generally correlated well with CRP changes in both men and women in the course of follow-up. Significant sex difference in CRP level at baseline diminished at 12- and 18-month follow-up, when both sexes had maintained the lost weight.
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Griffith ML, Younk LM, Davis SN. Visceral Adiposity, Insulin Resistance, and Type 2 Diabetes. Am J Lifestyle Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1559827609360959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of obesity and obesity-related diseases continues to rise. Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes are all associated with obesity. Visceral fat is now recognized to have metabolic, endocrine, and immune functions; increased visceral adiposity enhances the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Potential mechanisms of this increased risk may include increased free fatty acid release and alterations in adipokines. Lifestyle interventions resulting in weight loss and loss of visceral fat can have a significant impact on cardiometabolic risk. Bariatric surgery has also been shown to improve insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and other comorbidities of obesity. Several medical therapies for type 2 diabetes or obesity also show promise for an impact on visceral adiposity-related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Griffith
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lisa M. Younk
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Stephen N. Davis
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee,
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Moreno-Navarrete JM, Catalán V, Ortega F, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Ricart W, Frühbeck G, Fernández-Real JM. Circulating omentin concentration increases after weight loss. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2010; 7:27. [PMID: 20380714 PMCID: PMC2859768 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-7-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Omentin-1 is a novel adipokine expressed in visceral adipose tissue and negatively associated with insulin resistance and obesity. We aimed to study the effects of weight loss-induced improved insulin sensitivity on circulating omentin concentrations. Methods Circulating omentin-1 (ELISA) concentration in association with metabolic variables was measured in 35 obese subjects (18 men, 17 women) before and after hypocaloric weight loss. Results Baseline circulating omentin-1 concentrations correlated negatively with BMI (r = -0.58, p < 0.001), body weight (r = -0.35, p = 0.045), fat mass (r = -0.67, p < 0.001), circulating leptin (r = -0.7, p < 0.001) and fasting insulin (r = -0.37, p = 0.03). Circulating omentin-1 concentration increased significantly after weight loss (from 44.9 ± 9.02 to 53.41 ± 8.8 ng/ml, p < 0.001). This increase in circulating omentin after weight loss was associated with improved insulin sensitivity (negatively associated with HOMA value and fasting insulin, r = -0.42, p = 0.02 and r = -0.45, p = 0.01, respectively) and decreased BMI (r = -0.54, p = 0.001). Conclusion As previously described with adiponectin, circulating omentin-1 concentrations increase after weight loss-induced improvement of insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Moreno-Navarrete
- Service of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi) Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, 17007, CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010), Spain.
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