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Oldfield AL, Carter FE, Reeves RE, Jarrett BY, Vanden Brink H, Lujan ME. Impact of a hypocaloric dietary intervention on antral follicle dynamics in eumenorrheic women with obesity. Hum Reprod 2024; 39:801-811. [PMID: 38335228 PMCID: PMC10988108 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do antral follicle dynamics change in women with obesity and regular ovulatory cycles after a 6-month hypocaloric dietary intervention? SUMMARY ANSWER After a 6-month hypocaloric dietary intervention, women with obesity and regular ovulatory cycles displayed evidence of improved antral follicle dynamics defined by the emergence of more dominant follicles, larger ovulatory follicle diameter at selection, and increased luteal progesterone concentrations compared to pre-intervention. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Precise events in antral folliculogenesis must occur in order for natural and regular monthly ovulation. In healthy women of reproductive age, antral follicles are recruited for growth in a wave-like fashion, wherein a subset of follicles are selected for preferential growth, and typically, one dominant follicle culminates in ovulation. Women with obesity and regular ovulatory cycles display evidence of suppressed antral follicle development, as evidenced by fewer recruitment events, fewer selectable and dominant follicles, smaller diameter of the ovulatory follicle at selection, and a higher prevalence of luteal phase defects. While improvements in gonadotropin and ovarian steroid hormone concentrations after weight loss have been documented in eumenorrheic women with obesity, the precise impact of weight loss on antral follicle dynamics has not been evaluated. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A pre-post pilot study of 12 women who participated in a 6-month hypocaloric dietary intervention. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Twelve women with obesity (total body fat ≥35%) underwent transvaginal ultrasonography and venipuncture every-other-day for one inter-ovulatory interval (IOI) both before (baseline) and during the final month (Month 7) of a six-month hypocaloric dietary intervention. Participants were aged 24-34 years and had a self-reported history of regular menstrual cycles (25-35 days). Follicle number and diameter (≥2 mm) were quantified at each study visit, and individual growth profiles for all follicles ≥7 mm were determined. Blood samples were assayed for reproductive hormones. Follicle dynamics and reproductive hormone concentrations were compared pre- and post-intervention. Further, post-intervention follicle and endocrine dynamics (Month 7 IOI) were compared to an age-matched reference cohort of lean women with regular ovulatory cycles (total body fat <35%, N = 21). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Participants lost an average of 11% of their original body weight with the hypocaloric dietary intervention. More dominant follicles were detected (≥10 mm) at Month 7 compared to baseline (0. 3 ± 0.4 versus 0.4 ± 0.5 follicles, P = 0.001), and ovulatory follicles were selected at larger diameters post-intervention (7.3 ± 2.0 versus 10.9 ± 2.6 mm, P = 0.007). Luteal progesterone concentrations were increased at Month 7 compared to baseline (5.3 ± 3.65 versus 6.3 ± 4.74 ng/ml, P < 0.0001). However, risk for luteal phase dysfunction as judged by the prevalence of a luteal phase length <10 days, integrated luteal progesterone levels <80 ng/ml or peak progesterone <10 ng/ml did not differ pre- versus post-intervention (all, P > 0.05). In Month 7, follicle dynamics and endocrine profiles were similar to the reference cohort across all measures. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This study does not inform on the earliest stages of ovarian follicle development and is limited to providing knowledge on the later stages of antral follicle development. This study cannot fully address causation between weight loss and sustained improvements in antral follicle dynamics. The data cannot be extrapolated to comment on potential improvements in fertility and fecundity with weight loss. The small group sizes limit statistical power. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The increasing prevalence of obesity necessitates an understanding of the mechanisms that underlie potential improvements in reproductive health outcomes with weight loss. Women with obesity and regular ovulatory cycles who undertook a 6-month hypocaloric dietary intervention demonstrated improvements consistent with benefits of lifestyle intervention on reproductive health even in those without overt signs of reproductive dysfunction. Potential improvements in the cellular makeup of follicles, which may underlie the restoration of normal follicle development and amelioration of subfertility, require further investigation. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) Cornell University, President's Council of Cornell Women, United States Department of Agriculture (Grant No. 8106), and National Institutes of Health (R01-HD0937848). B.Y.J. and H.V.B. were supported by doctoral training awards from the National Institutes of Health (T32-DK007158) and Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Grant No. 146182), respectively. The authors have no competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01927432 and NCT01785719.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis L Oldfield
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Faith E Carter
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Rachel E Reeves
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Marla E Lujan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Hernández-Melchor D, Carrillo H, Rivera AM, Porchia LM, Bartolo-Gómez PM, Martínez J, Padilla-Viveros A, Gonzalez-Mejía ME, López-Bayghen E. Obesity attenuates the beneficial effect of an intrauterine infusion of autologous platelet-rich plasma during in vitro fertilization. Am J Transl Res 2024; 16:838-854. [PMID: 38586113 PMCID: PMC10994790 DOI: 10.62347/rdxa5841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess how obesity, normal weight (NW) versus overweight/obese (OW/OB), impacts platelet-rich plasma's (PRP) effectiveness during in vitro fertilization and how obesity affects platelets during the menstrual cycle. METHODS Endometrial mean thickness (EMT), embryo implantation, and clinical pregnancy were assessed using a self-controlled retrospective study that enrolled 59 patients with two failed cycles and treated with autologous PRP (three-dose scheme). The NHANES dataset was used to assess platelet changes during the menstrual cycle, using the mean platelet volume to platelet count ratio (MPR) index. The COSINOR packages for R were used to determine rhythmicity. RESULTS PRP treatments significantly improved the EMT (2.5 ± 1.4 mm, P<0.001), unaffected by obesity. After the PRP treatment, one patient spontaneously became pregnant; therefore, 58 patients underwent embryo transfer (62 cycles), of which in 39 cycles the embryos implanted (63.9%). This was a significant improvement from their previous cycle (vs. 22.6%, P<0.001). Clinical pregnancy also improved with the PRP treatment over the previous cycle (57.4% vs. 16.1%, P<0.001). When stratified by obesity, there was an appreciable decrease in embryo implantation and clinical pregnancy rates for the OW/OB group; nevertheless, the PRP treatment significantly improved embryo implantation and clinical pregnancy (P<0.05). A rhythm was observed with the MPR index (P<0.05) only for the NW group, suggesting that the platelets normally fluctuate during the menstrual cycle. CONCLUSION PRP improved embryo implantation and clinical pregnancy rates; however, these beneficial effects were attenuated by obesity. PRP presumptively promoted a change in the uterine environment to mimic the normal findings associated with normal-weight women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinorah Hernández-Melchor
- Science, Technology and Society Program, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalMéxico City, México
- Instituto Regenera SCMéxico City, México
| | - Héctor Carrillo
- Instituto Ingenes, Instituto de Fertilidad y Genética Guadalajara SCGuadalajara, México
| | - Alfredo Martín Rivera
- Instituto Ingenes, Instituto de Fertilidad y Genética Guadalajara SCGuadalajara, México
| | - Leonardo M Porchia
- Instituto Ingenes, Instituto de Fertilidad y Genética Guadalajara SCGuadalajara, México
| | - Priscila M Bartolo-Gómez
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de PueblaPuebla, México
| | | | - América Padilla-Viveros
- Science, Technology and Society Program, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalMéxico City, México
| | | | - Esther López-Bayghen
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalMéxico City, México
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L'Espérance K, Abrahamowicz M, O'Loughlin J, Koushik A. Childhood body fatness and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer: A population-based case-control study in Montreal, Canada. Prev Med 2024; 178:107794. [PMID: 38072312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association between childhood body fatness and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), and whether this association differs by type of EOC. METHODS Using data from a population-based case-control study (497 cases and 902 controls) in Montreal, Canada conducted 2011-2016, we examined the association between childhood body fatness and EOC, overall and separately for invasive vs. borderline EOCs. A figure rating scale was used to measure body fatness at ages 5 and 10. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Quantitative bias analyses were conducted to assess the impact of exposure misclassification and non-participation. RESULTS The aOR (95% CI) of overall EOC for high vs. low body fatness was 1.07 (0.85-1.34) at age 5 and 1.28 (0.98-1.68) at age 10. The associations were stronger for invasive EOC, specifically the endometrioid histological type. For borderline cancers, the aORs were below the null value with wide confidence intervals. Bias analyses did not reveal a strong influence of non-participation. Non-differential exposure misclassification may have biased aORs towards the null for invasive cancers but did not appear to have an appreciable influence on the aORs for borderline cancers. CONCLUSIONS Childhood body fatness may be a risk factor for invasive EOC in later adult life. Our study highlights the potential importance of examining early life factors for a comprehensive understanding of EOC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L'Espérance
- Université de Montréal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), 850, rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, 7101, avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec H3N 1X9, Canada
| | - Michal Abrahamowicz
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation and Division of Clinical Epidemiology, 1001, boulevard Décarie, Montréal, Québec H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, 2001, avenue McGill College, Montréal, Québec H3A 1Y7, Canada
| | - Jennifer O'Loughlin
- Université de Montréal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), 850, rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, 7101, avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec H3N 1X9, Canada
| | - Anita Koushik
- Université de Montréal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), 850, rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, 7101, avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec H3N 1X9, Canada; Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, 5100 de Maisonneuve Blvd. West, Suite 720, Montréal, Québec H4A 3T2, Canada; St. Mary's Research Centre, 3830 Lacombe Ave, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1M5, Canada.
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Yu S, Lian R, Chen C, Chen X, Xu J, Zeng Y, Li Y. Impact of body mass index on peripheral and uterine immune status in the window of implantation in patients with recurrent reproductive failure. HUM FERTIL 2023; 26:1322-1333. [PMID: 36946060 DOI: 10.1080/14647273.2023.2189024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether maternal obesity affects the immune status of peripheral blood and endometrium in patients with recurrent reproductive failure classified according to their body mass index (BMI). A total of 228 repeated implantation failure (RIF) and 266 recurrent miscarriage (RM) patients were enrolled in the study and further subdivided into three groups according to their BMI: (i) normal weight (18.5≤ BMI <23); (ii) overweight (23≤ BMI <25); and (iii) obese (BMI ≥25). Peripheral blood and endometrium samples were collected in the mid-luteal phase before IVF treatment or natural pregnancy. Peripheral immunocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry, while uterine immune cells were subjected to immunohistochemistry. In RM patients, significantly increased peripheral helper T cells and decreased cytotoxic T cells, NK cells were observed in the obese group compared with the normal-weight group. Meanwhile, in the endometrium, the percentage of NK cell, macrophage cell, M2 macrophage cell, and Treg cell significantly reduced with increased BMI in RIF patients, and the percentage of NK cell and M2 macrophage cell significantly decreased with increased BMI in RM patients. In conclusion, obesity may cause endometrial immune disorder in recurrent reproductive failure women, but was only associated with the peripheral immune change in RM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShuYi Yu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Guangdong, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Jinxin Medical Technology Innovation Center, Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - RuoChun Lian
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Guangdong, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Cong Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Guangdong, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xian Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Guangdong, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Jinxin Medical Technology Innovation Center, Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jian Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Guangdong, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Guangdong, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Jinxin Medical Technology Innovation Center, Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - YuYe Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Guangdong, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Jinxin Medical Technology Innovation Center, Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Guangdong, P.R. China
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Saavedra-Peña RDM, Taylor N, Flannery C, Rodeheffer MS. Estradiol cycling drives female obesogenic adipocyte hyperplasia. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112390. [PMID: 37053070 PMCID: PMC10567995 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) distribution is sex dependent. Adipocyte hyperplasia contributes to WAT distribution in mice driven by cues in the tissue microenvironment, with females displaying hyperplasia in subcutaneous and visceral WAT, while males and ovariectomized females have visceral WAT (VWAT)-specific hyperplasia. However, the mechanism underlying sex-specific hyperplasia remains elusive. Here, transcriptome analysis in female mice shows that high-fat diet (HFD) induces estrogen signaling in adipocyte precursor cells (APCs). Analysis of APCs throughout the estrous cycle demonstrates increased proliferation only when proestrus (high estrogen) coincides with the onset of HFD feeding. We further show that estrogen receptor α (ERα) is required for this proliferation and that estradiol treatment at the onset of HFD feeding is sufficient to drive it. This estrous influence on APC proliferation leads to increased obesity driven by adipocyte hyperplasia. These data indicate that estrogen drives ERα-dependent obesogenic adipocyte hyperplasia in females, exacerbating obesity and contributing to the differential fat distribution between the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Del M Saavedra-Peña
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Natalia Taylor
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Clare Flannery
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Center for Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Oldfield AL, Vanden Brink H, Carter FE, Jarrett BY, Lujan ME. Obesity is associated with alterations in antral follicle dynamics in eumenorrheic women. Hum Reprod 2023; 38:459-470. [PMID: 36708012 PMCID: PMC9977134 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dead007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are ovarian antral follicle dynamics altered in women with obesity and regular ovulatory cycles? SUMMARY ANSWER Eumenorrheic women with obesity display evidence of suppressed antral follicle dynamics as judged by fewer recruitment events, selectable follicles, and anovulatory dominant follicles, as well as lower anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations and an increased prevalence of luteal phase defects. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Ovarian antral follicle development is a dynamic process involving distinct follicular and endocrine events that are critical for the occurrence of regular monthly ovulations. Follicle dynamics have not been prospectively evaluated in eumenorrheic women with obesity despite the known impact of obesity on gonadotropin production, ovarian steroid hormone concentrations, and fecundity. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This was a prospective, longitudinal study of 42 women conducted over one inter-ovulatory interval (IOI). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS A group of 21 women with obesity (total percent body fat ≥35%) and a group of 21 women without obesity (total percent body fat <35%) underwent transvaginal ultrasonography and venipuncture every-other-day for one IOI at an academic clinical research unit. Participants were aged 19-38 years and had a history of self-reported regular menstrual cycles (21-35 days). Follicle number and diameter (≥2 mm) were quantified at each visit. Individual growth profiles for all follicles that grew to ≥7 mm were assessed. Blood samples were assayed for gonadotropins, AMH, estradiol, and progesterone. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Women with obesity exhibited fewer recruitment events (mean ± SD, 1 ± 1 vs 2 ± 1 events; P = 0.010) and fewer selectable follicles (4 ± 3 vs 8 ± 6 follicles per participant; P = 0.022) during an IOI compared to women without obesity. AMH levels were lower in women with obesity (4.40 ± 3.01 vs 5.94 ± 2.49 ng/ml; P = 0.023), while gonadotropin profiles were similar between groups, across the IOI. Of the individual follicles tracked, fewer follicles progressed to >10 mm in the cohort with obesity (30 vs 40 follicles; P = 0.04) and fewer anovulatory follicles achieved dominance (9 vs 18 follicles; P = 0.041). Ovulatory follicles were selected at smaller diameters in women with compared to those without obesity (7.5 ± 1.6 vs 9.5 ± 1.9 mm; P = 0.001). Luteal phase defects were also more common in women with compared to those without obesity, as defined by either integrated (76 vs 29%, P = 0.002) or maximum (71 vs 24%, P = 0.002) luteal progesterone. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This study was limited to an assessment of antral follicle dynamics and cannot inform on earlier stages of folliculogenesis. This study was observational and cannot address causation between obesity and altered antral follicle dynamics. Lastly, the data cannot be extrapolated to account for reduced fecundity and fertility in obesity. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The increasing global prevalence of obesity necessitates an understanding of the mechanisms that underlie obesity-related adverse reproductive health outcomes. Eumenorrheic women with obesity demonstrate altered ovarian antral follicle and endocrine dynamics compared to their counterparts without obesity. The degree to which abnormal granulosa cell assembly and/or activity underlie the suboptimal luteinization and subfertility requires further investigation. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) Funding was provided by Cornell University, President's Council of Cornell Women, United States Department of Agriculture (grant no. 8106), and National Institutes of Health (R01-HD0937848). B.Y.J. and H.V.B. were supported by doctoral training awards from the National Institutes of Health (T32-DK007158) and Canadian Institutes of Health Research (grant no. 146182), respectively. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01927432, NCT01785719.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis L Oldfield
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Faith E Carter
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Marla E Lujan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Toor S, Yardley JE, Momeni Z. Type 1 Diabetes and the Menstrual Cycle: Where/How Does Exercise Fit in? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2772. [PMID: 36833469 PMCID: PMC9957258 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Regular exercise is associated with substantial health benefits for individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the fear of hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) due to activity-induced declines in blood glucose levels acts as a major barrier to partaking in exercise in this population. For females with T1D, hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle and their effects on blood glucose levels can act as an additional barrier. The impact that these cyclic changes may have on blood glucose and insulin needs and the consequent risk of hypoglycemia during or after exercise are still unknown in this population. Therefore, in this narrative review, we gathered existing knowledge about the menstrual cycle in T1D and the effects of different cyclic phases on substrate metabolism and glucose response to exercise in females with T1D to increase knowledge and understanding around exercise in this underrepresented population. This increased knowledge in such an understudied area can help to better inform exercise guidelines for females with T1D. It can also play an important role in eliminating a significant barrier to exercise in this population, which has the potential to increase activity, improve mental health and quality of life, and decrease the risk of diabetes-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saru Toor
- Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Immunology and Infection Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Jane E. Yardley
- Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Augustana Faculty, University of Alberta, Camrose, AB T4V 2R3, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H9, Canada
- Women’s and Children’s Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Zeinab Momeni
- Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Augustana Faculty, University of Alberta, Camrose, AB T4V 2R3, Canada
- Women’s and Children’s Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
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Sung ES, Han A, Hinrichs T, Vorgerd M, Platen P. Impact of Body Mass Index on Muscle Strength, Thicknesses, and Fiber Composition in Young Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9789. [PMID: 36011425 PMCID: PMC9408074 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19169789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High body mass index (BMI) may influence muscle strength, muscle thickness (Mtk), and fiber composition. We evaluated these parameters in 31 and 27 women grouped in non-oral contraceptive (non-OC) groups and OC groups, respectively, and further divided them into groups based on BMI: BMIlow, BMInorm, and BMIhigh. Maximum isometric force (Fmax), Mtk, and the relative percentage of muscle fiber composition (%) were examined in both groups. Fmax and Mtk values were significantly greater in the BMIhigh than the BMIlow within the OC group. However, there was no significant difference in the non-OC group. BMIlow and BMInorm groups showed a difference in the distribution of muscle fiber types 1 and 2 with almost the same proportions in both non-OC and OC groups. However, the BMIhigh group showed a difference in the distribution of muscle fiber types 1 and 2, with type 1 about 18.76% higher in the non-OC group. Contrastively, type 2 was about 34.35% higher in the OC group. In this study, we found that there was a significant difference in Fmax and Mtk according to the BMI level in the OC group, but no significant difference was found in the non-OC group. Moreover, the distribution of type 2 muscle fibers tended to be higher in the OC group of BMIhigh, although the sample size was small. Therefore, although no significant difference of Fmax and Mtk was found according to BMI level in the non-OC group in this study, the increase in BMI level appeared to be more associative of muscle strength in the OC group. Based on the present results, future studies are needed that consider the BMI level as well as the presence or absence of OC in future research about women's muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Sook Sung
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ahreum Han
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Timo Hinrichs
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Division of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Vorgerd
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Kliniken Bergmannsheil, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Petra Platen
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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Koşar ŞN, Güzel Y, Köse MG, Kin İşler A, Hazır T. Whole and segmental body composition changes during mid-follicular and mid-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle in recreationally active young women. Ann Hum Biol 2022; 49:124-132. [PMID: 35696275 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2022.2088857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in oestradiol and progesterone hormones and associated fluid retention during the menstrual cycle phases might affect body composition (BC) in women. AIM The main objectives of this study were to determine the changes in whole and segmental BC by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and bioelectrical impedance (BIA) during the mid-follicular (MFP) and mid-luteal (MLP) phases. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Thirty recreationally active young women participated in this study. BC was measured by DXA and BIA during MFP and MLP. A mixed linear model for repeated measures analysis was used to determine the differences between the two phases. RESULTS Body mass was higher during MLP than MFP, while total body water, total and segmental fat mass and fat percentages measured by both BIA and DXA were similar during the two phases. DXA-derived fat-free mass and soft lean mass in the android region were higher during MLP than MFP. Large variability in individual responses was evident. CONCLUSION On average, whole and segmental BC variables do not change significantly between MFP and MLP. However, given the large variability among the individual responses, it is suggested to perform repeated BC measurements during the same phase of the menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şükran Nazan Koşar
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Güzel
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Gören Köse
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Kin İşler
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tahir Hazır
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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10
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Maury-Sintjago E, Rodríguez-Fernández A, Parra-Flores J, Ruíz-De la Fuente M. Obese Women Have a High Carbohydrate Intake without Changes in the Resting Metabolic Rate in the Luteal Phase. Nutrients 2022; 14:1997. [PMID: 35631136 PMCID: PMC9147294 DOI: 10.3390/nu14101997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormonal changes are caused by the menstrual cycle phases, which influence resting metabolic rate and eating behavior. The aim of the study was to determine resting metabolic rate (RMR) and its association with dietary intake according to the menstrual cycle phase in lean and obese Chilean women. This cross-sectional analytical study included 30 adult women (15 lean and 15 with obesity). Body composition was measured with a tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance meter. Nutritional status was determined by adiposity. A 24-h recall of three nonconsecutive days verifies dietary intake. The RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry. All measurements were performed in both the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Statistical analyses were performed with STATA software at a significance level, which was α = 0.05. The RMR (β = 121.6 kcal/d), temperature (β = 0.36 °C), calorie intake (β = 317.1 kcal/d), and intake of lipids (β = 13.8 g/d) were associated with the luteal phase in lean women. Only extracellular water (β = 1.11%) and carbohydrate consumption (β = 45.2 g/d) were associated in women with obesity. Lean women showed increased RMR, caloric intake, and lipid intake during the luteal phase. For women with obesity, carbohydrate intake increased but not RMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Maury-Sintjago
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillan 3780000, Chile; (E.M.-S.); (A.R.-F.); (J.P.-F.)
- GABO Grupo de Investigación en Auxología, Bioantropología y Ontogenia, FACSA, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillan 3780000, Chile
| | - Alejandra Rodríguez-Fernández
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillan 3780000, Chile; (E.M.-S.); (A.R.-F.); (J.P.-F.)
- GABO Grupo de Investigación en Auxología, Bioantropología y Ontogenia, FACSA, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillan 3780000, Chile
| | - Julio Parra-Flores
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillan 3780000, Chile; (E.M.-S.); (A.R.-F.); (J.P.-F.)
- GABO Grupo de Investigación en Auxología, Bioantropología y Ontogenia, FACSA, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillan 3780000, Chile
| | - Marcela Ruíz-De la Fuente
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillan 3780000, Chile; (E.M.-S.); (A.R.-F.); (J.P.-F.)
- GABO Grupo de Investigación en Auxología, Bioantropología y Ontogenia, FACSA, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillan 3780000, Chile
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11
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MacGregor KA, Rodriguez-Sanchez N, Di Virgilio TG, Barwell ND, Gallagher IJ, Moran CN. Changes in adipose tissue microRNA expression across the menstrual cycle in regularly menstruating females: a pilot study. Physiol Genomics 2022; 54:1-10. [PMID: 34796732 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00088.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclical changes in hormone profiles across the menstrual cycle are associated with alterations in metabolic control. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to regulating metabolic control, including adipose tissue metabolism. How fluctuations in hormonal profiles across the menstrual cycle affect adipose tissue miRNA expression remains unknown. Eleven healthy, regularly menstruating females underwent four sampling visits across their menstrual cycle. Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue and venous blood samples were collected at each sampling visit. Luteinizing hormone (LH) tests, calendar counting, and serum hormone concentrations were used to determine menstrual cycle phases: early-follicular (EF), late-follicular (LF), postovulatory (PO), and midluteal (ML). Serum follicle-stimulating hormone, LH, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone were determined using multiplex magnetic bead panels and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Global adipose tissue miRNA expression levels were determined via microarray in a subset of participants (n = 8) and 17 candidate miRNAs were validated by RT-qPCR in the whole cohort (n = 11). Global analysis of adipose tissue miRNA expression identified 33 miRNAs significantly altered across the menstrual cycle; however, no significant differences remained after correcting for multiple testing (P > 0.05). RT-qPCR analysis of candidate miRNAs revealed miR-497-5p expression was significantly altered across the menstrual cycle ([Formula: see text] = 0.18, P = 0.03); however, post hoc tests did not reveal any significant differences between menstrual cycle phases (P > 0.05). miR-30c-5p was associated with testosterone concentration (R2 = 0.13, P = 0.033). These pilot data indicate differences in adipose tissue miRNAs in healthy women across the menstrual cycle and a weak association with ovarian hormones. Further research in larger sample sizes is required to confirm regulation of miRNA expression across the menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin A MacGregor
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Nidia Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas G Di Virgilio
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Nick D Barwell
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert, United Kingdom
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Colin N Moran
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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12
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Yu J, Zhou Y, Ding J, Zhang D, Yu C, Huang H. Characteristics and possible mechanisms of metabolic disorder in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:970733. [PMID: 36714563 PMCID: PMC9878688 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.970733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a kind of endocrine and metabolic disorder, disturbing the females of reproductive age. Here, we aimed to investigate the metabolic characteristics of overweight women with PCOS and analyze the possible mechanisms. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study on 947 patients with PCOS, who were classified according to body mass index (BMI) as overweight (BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2) or non-overweight (BMI ≤ 23.9 kg/m2). The clinical symptoms, endocrine features, metabolic status, and inflammatory levels of the patients were comprehensively assessed and compared between the patients of the two groups. Additionally, a predictive study on the correlation between inflammation and metabolism was performed using STRING and Cytoscape software, and the possible mechanisms of metabolic disorders involved in the overweight PCOS were preliminarily explored. RESULTS Overweight PCOS was associated with increased average age, waist-to-hip ratio, and the incidence of acanthosis nigricans. These patients were susceptible to familial hypertension and diabetes, and exhibited evident characteristics of low levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and the ratio of LH to follicle-stimulating hormone, and were more inclined to insulin resistance (IR). Furthermore, overweight PCOS presented with a chronic low-grade inflammation state with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines complement components C5/C5α, CXCL12/SDF-1, MIF, and Serpin E1/PAI-1 evidently compared with those in non-overweight PCOS. Pearson analysis showed that these inflammatory cytokines were directly or indirectly correlated with IR. The STRING and Cytoscape network analysis predicted that inflammatory cytokines CXCL12/SDF-1, Serpin E1/PAI-1 and MIF might be crucial for inducing IR in overweight PCOS women through various biological functions and signal transductions including the JAK-STAT cascade, ATP biosynthesis, and HIF-1 signaling. CONCLUSIONS Overweight patients with PCOS are prone to low gonadal levels, IR, and chronic low-grade inflammation. Inflammatory cytokines CXCL12/SDF-1, Serpin E1/PAI-1and MIF might lead to IR through multiple biological functions and signal transductions in overweight PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulai Zhou
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Danying Zhang
- Department of Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoqin Yu
- Department of Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hefeng Huang, ; Chaoqin Yu,
| | - Hefeng Huang
- Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hefeng Huang, ; Chaoqin Yu,
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13
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Zhang L, Liu Y, Li M, Zhu X, Shi Y. Effect of a high-calorie diet and constant light exposure on female reproduction, metabolism and immune inflammation: A comparative study of different mouse models. Am J Reprod Immunol 2021; 86:e13479. [PMID: 34152678 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Excess caloric intake and irregular circadian rhythm could severely impair female reproductive, metabolic, and immune function. However, the similarities and differences between their individual and combined effects and mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Due to limitations and confounding factors in clinical research, we used these two kinds of unhealthy factors to intervene the mice singly or in combination to explore their effects on individuals. METHOD OF STUDY We used a high-calorie diet (HCD), constant light exposure (CLE), and a high-calorie diet combined with constant light exposure (HCD + CLE) to build three different mouse models. During the 9 weeks modeling period, the estrous cycles were monitored, and after modeling, the indicators of glycolipid metabolism, inflammation, and reproductive endocrine function were tested. RESULTS We found that both HCD and CLE alone could induce ovulatory disorders, obesity, and chronic low-grade inflammation and inhibit melatonin secretion. The difference was that HCD significantly reduced the serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) levels, inhibited the expression of FSH β and LH β in pituitary, increased cytochrome P450 enzymes and LH receptor expression in ovary, as well causing impaired glucose tolerance and hyperlipidemia, and significantly promoted the secretion of leptin and inhibited the secretion of adiponectin. However, CLE significantly increased blood LH and T, prompted the expression of kisspeptin in hypothalamus and LH β in pituitary, and had no effect on glycolipid metabolic indexes or the secretion of leptin or adiponectin. The phenotype of HCD + CLE model was basically the same as that of HCD model, associated with more severe visceral obesity and chronic inflammation. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we found that unhealthy lifestyle determines the phenotype of reproductive endocrine, immune, and metabolic disorders. These findings can provide theoretical support for the subsequent study of PCOS-like features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingshan Zhang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yukai Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingqing Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhu
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingli Shi
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
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14
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MacGregor KA, Gallagher IJ, Moran CN. Relationship Between Insulin Sensitivity and Menstrual Cycle Is Modified by BMI, Fitness, and Physical Activity in NHANES. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:2979-2990. [PMID: 34111293 PMCID: PMC8475204 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT There is evidence demonstrating variation in insulin sensitivity across the menstrual cycle. However, to date, research has yielded inconsistent results. OBJECTIVE This study investigated variation in insulin sensitivity across the menstrual cycle and associations with body mass index (BMI), physical activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). METHODS Data from 1906 premenopausal women in NHANES cycles 1999 to 2006 were analyzed. Menstrual cycle day was assessed using questionnaire responses recording days since last period. Rhythmic variation of plasma glucose, triglycerides, and insulin, homeostatic model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and adipose tissue insulin resistance index (ADIPO-IR) across the menstrual cycle were analyzed using cosinor rhythmometry. Participants were assigned low or high categories of BMI, physical activity, and CRF, and category membership included in cosinor models as covariates. RESULTS Rhythmicity was demonstrated by a significant cosine fit for glucose (P = .014) but not triglycerides (P = .369), insulin (P = .470), HOMA-IR (P = .461), and ADIPO-IR (P = .335). When covariates were included, rhythmicity was observed when adjusting for: 1) BMI: glucose (P < .001), triglycerides (P < .001), insulin (P < .001), HOMA-IR (P < .001), and ADIPO-IR (P < .001); 2) physical activity: glucose (P < .001), triglycerides (P = .006), and ADIPO-IR (P = .038); and 3) CRF: triglycerides (P = .041), insulin (P = .002), HOMA-IR (P = .004), and ADIPO-IR (P = .004). Triglyceride amplitude, but not acrophase, was greater in the high physical activity category compared to low (P = .018). CONCLUSION Rhythmicity in insulin sensitivity and associated metabolites across the menstrual cycle are modified by BMI, physical activity, and CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin A MacGregor
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Colin N Moran
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland FK9 4LA, UK
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15
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Kang S, Kim E, Ju SB, Lim ST. Variation in myokine and adipokine levels according to menstrual cycle following regular resistance exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:961-968. [PMID: 34498824 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12785-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences between myokine and adipokine factors under stable conditions according to the menstrual cycle (luteal and follicular phases), and investigate the effect of regular resistance exercise on the changes in myokine and adipokine factors according to menstrual cycle in obese female college students. METHODS The study participants were female college students with a body fat percentage of 30% or more (n = 20), divided into two groups: luteal phase (n = 12) and follicular phase (n = 8). They performed regular resistance exercise three times a week, 60 minutes daily, for 16 weeks. Parameters measured include body composition via impedance, visceral fat area using computed tomography and myokine and adipokine factors in blood. RESULTS Levels of BDNF (p < .05), NGF (p < .01), and adiponectin (p < .01) were significantly increased in the luteal phase group after 16 weeks relative to the baseline values. Leptin (p < .01) was significantly decreased in the luteal phase group after 16 weeks. Weight, body mass index, % fat, and visceral fat area were significantly decreased in both groups after 16 weeks. Muscle mass was significantly increased in both groups after 16 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Regular resistance exercise affected the reduction in visceral fat area and had a positive effect on body composition, which might be altered favorably by myokines and adipokines. Thus, the timing of blood collection is very important in obese female college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghwun Kang
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, College of Art, Culture and Engineering, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Biohealth-machinery convergence engineering, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eonho Kim
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung B Ju
- Department of Physical Education, Busan National University of Education, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Taek Lim
- Olympic Studies Center, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea -
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16
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Paalanne M, Vääräsmäki M, Mustaniemi S, Tikanmäki M, Wehkalampi K, Matinolli HM, Eriksson J, Järvelin MR, Morin-Papunen L, Kajantie E. Clinical and biochemical signs of polycystic ovary syndrome in young women born preterm. Eur J Endocrinol 2021; 185:279-288. [PMID: 34081616 PMCID: PMC8284903 DOI: 10.1530/eje-20-1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been suggested that adverse early life exposures increase the risk of developing polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in later life. We hypothesized that women born preterm would have more biochemical and clinical signs of PCOS than women born at term. DESIGN The ESTER Preterm Birth Study participants were born in Northern Finland and identified from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort and the Finnish Medical Birth Register. Altogether, 74 women born very or moderately preterm (<34 gestational weeks, VMPT), 127 born late preterm (at 34-36 weeks, LPT), and 184 born full term (≥37 weeks, controls) were included in the analysis (mean age: 23.2 years). METHODS We measured serum total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and calculated the free androgen index (FAI). PCOS according to the clinical and biochemical signs was defined either as hirsutism and oligoamenorrhea (via questionnaire) or as oligoamenorrhea and elevated testosterone levels (>2.4 nmol/L). RESULTS Women born VMPT/LPT exhibited 33.0% (8.7, 62.8)/16.4% (-2.0, 38.1) higher testosterone, 28.5% (5.3, 45.9)/24.1% (5.6, 38.9) lower SHBG levels, and 64.6% (19.4, 127.1)/42.5% (11.1, 82.9) higher FAI than controls after adjusting for age and recruitment cohort, maternal BMI, smoking, and pregnancy disorders, parental education, history of hypertension, diabetes, myocardial infarction or stroke, and subject's birth weight s.d. Odds ratios for having PCOS were 1.67 (0.44, 6.23)/3.11 (1.26, 7.70). CONCLUSIONS Women born preterm have a more hyperandrogenic hormonal profile, and those born LPT are approximately three times more likely at risk to have PCOS compared to women born at term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Paalanne
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Population Health Unit, Oulu and Helsinki, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit (Research Unit for Pediatrics, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics, and Gynecology), Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Correspondence should be addressed to M Paalanne;
| | - Marja Vääräsmäki
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Population Health Unit, Oulu and Helsinki, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit (Research Unit for Pediatrics, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics, and Gynecology), Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sanna Mustaniemi
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Population Health Unit, Oulu and Helsinki, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit (Research Unit for Pediatrics, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics, and Gynecology), Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjaana Tikanmäki
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Population Health Unit, Oulu and Helsinki, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit (Research Unit for Pediatrics, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics, and Gynecology), Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Karoliina Wehkalampi
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Population Health Unit, Oulu and Helsinki, Finland
- Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna-Maria Matinolli
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Population Health Unit, Oulu and Helsinki, Finland
- Research Center for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- INVEST Research Flagship, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johan Eriksson
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Population Health Unit, Oulu and Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Laure Morin-Papunen
- PEDEGO Research Unit (Research Unit for Pediatrics, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics, and Gynecology), Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Population Health Unit, Oulu and Helsinki, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit (Research Unit for Pediatrics, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics, and Gynecology), Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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17
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Surała O, Malczewska-Lenczowska J, Crewther BT. Contemporaneous and temporal interrelationships between menstrual fluctuations in sex hormones and DXA estimates of body composition in a premenopausal female: a case study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:1423-1428. [PMID: 34109946 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11757-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The reliability of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to assess body composition is influenced by factors like hydration status. Hence, any factor affecting total body water (TBW) content, such as menstrual shifts in sex hormones, might influence DXA estimates of lean soft tissue (LST) and fat mass (FM). To address this possibility, interrelationships between menstrual fluctuations in sex hormones, LST and FM were examined in a premenopausal female. The participant was monitored over 40 consecutive days for LST, FM and TBW by bioelectrical impedance. Daily capillary blood samples were taken to track 17β-estradiol, progesterone, and luteinizing hormone (LH). Using a graphical vector autoregression model, variable interrelationships were tested in a contemporaneous network (same measurement window) and temporal network (next measurement window). In the contemporaneous network, LST was related to TBW (r=0.42) and FM (r=-0.34). The temporal network uncovered directional effects of TBW (r=0.14), FM (r=-0.59) and LST (r=-0.50) on progesterone concentration. Hormonal interrelationships also emerged in the temporal network, whereby LH (r=0.24) and 17β-estradiol (r=0.13) were related to progesterone, and each hormone was related (r=0.50-0.69) to itself. The menstrual profiling of a premenopausal female revealed interrelationships between body composition and water content, but sex hormone fluctuations did not correlate with TBW, FM and LST on the same day or following day in the hypothesized direction. The temporal between- and within-hormone linkages reflect those natural feedback loops that control hormone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Surała
- Department of Nutrition Physiology and Dietetics, Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland -
| | | | - Blair T Crewther
- Department of Nutrition Physiology and Dietetics, Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Harmon QE, Kissell K, Jukic AMZ, Kim K, Sjaarda L, Perkins NJ, Umbach DM, Schisterman EF, Baird DD, Mumford SL. Vitamin D and Reproductive Hormones Across the Menstrual Cycle. Hum Reprod 2021; 35:413-423. [PMID: 32068843 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dez283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION How do the calciotropic hormones (25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH)) vary across the menstrual cycle and do cyclic patterns of reproductive hormones (estradiol, progesterone, LH, FSH) differ by vitamin D status? SUMMARY ANSWER Calciotropic hormones vary minimally across the menstrual cycle; however, women with 25-hydroxyvitamin D below 30 ng/ml have lower mean estradiol across the menstrual cycle. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Prior human studies suggest that vitamin D status is associated with fecundability, but the mechanism is unknown. Exogenous estrogens and prolonged changes in endogenous estradiol (pregnancy or menopause) influence concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. In vitro, treatment with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D increases steroidogenesis in ovarian granulosa cells. There are little data about changes in calciotropic hormones across the menstrual cycle or cyclic patterns of reproductive hormones by categories of vitamin D status. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A prospective cohort study of 89 self-identified white women aged 18-44, across two menstrual cycles. Participants were a subset of the BioCycle Study, a community-based study conducted at the University of Buffalo, 2005-2007. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Eligible participants had self-reported regular menstrual cycles between 21 and 35 days and were not using hormonal contraception or vitamins. Early morning fasting blood samples were drawn at up to eight study visits per cycle. Visits were timed to capture information in all cycle phases. Serum samples for 89 women (N = 163 menstrual cycles) were analyzed for estradiol, progesterone, LH, FSH and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). Variability in calciotropic hormones within and across menstrual cycles was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients and non-linear mixed models. Given the relative stability of the calciotropic hormones across the menstrual cycle, non-linear mixed models were used to examine differences in the cyclic patterns of estradiol, progesterone, LH and FSH by categories of each calciotropic hormone (split at the median). These models were conducted for all ovulatory cycles (N = 142 ovulatory menstrual cycles) and were adjusted for age, BMI (measured in clinic) and self-reported physical activity. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Median 25(OH)D concentration was 29.5 ng/ml (SD 8.4), and only 6% of women had vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/ml). The mean concentration of 25(OH)D did not differ between the luteal and follicular phase; however, both 1,25(OH)2D and iPTH showed small fluctuations across the menstrual cycle with the highest 1,25(OH)2D (and lowest iPTH) in the luteal phase. Compared with women who had mean 25(OH)D ≥30 ng/ml, women with lower 25(OH)D had 13.8% lower mean estradiol (95% confidence interval: -22.0, -4.7) and 10.8% lower free estradiol (95% CI: -0.07, -0.004). Additionally, compared to women with iPTH ≤36 pg/ml, women with higher concentrations of iPTH had 12.7% lower mean estradiol (95% CI: -18.7, -6.3) and 7.3% lower progesterone (95% CI: -13.3, -0.9). No differences in the cyclic pattern of any of the reproductive hormones were observed comparing cycles with higher and lower 1,25(OH)2D. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Women included in this study had self-reported 'regular' menstrual cycles and very few were found to have 25(OH)D deficiency. This limits our ability to examine cycle characteristics, anovulation and the effects of concentrations of the calciotropic hormones found in deficient individuals. Additionally, the results may not be generalizable to women with irregular cycles, other races, or populations with a higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS These findings support current clinical practice that does not time testing for vitamin D deficiency to the menstrual cycle phase. We find that women with lower vitamin D status (lower 25(OH)D or higher iPTH) have lower mean concentrations of estradiol across the menstrual cycle. Although this study cannot identify a mechanism of action, further in vitro work or clinical trials may help elucidate the biologic mechanisms linking calciotropic and reproductive hormones. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by the Intramural Research Programs of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (contract numbers: HHSN275200403394C, HHSN275201100002I and Task 1 HHSN27500001) and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. There are no competing interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q E Harmon
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - K Kissell
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, National Institute of Child Health and Development, Rockville, MD 20847, USA
| | - A M Z Jukic
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - K Kim
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, National Institute of Child Health and Development, Rockville, MD 20847, USA
| | - L Sjaarda
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, National Institute of Child Health and Development, Rockville, MD 20847, USA
| | - N J Perkins
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, National Institute of Child Health and Development, Rockville, MD 20847, USA
| | - D M Umbach
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - E F Schisterman
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, National Institute of Child Health and Development, Rockville, MD 20847, USA
| | - D D Baird
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - S L Mumford
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, National Institute of Child Health and Development, Rockville, MD 20847, USA
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19
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Vanden Brink H, Pea J, Lujan ME. Ultrasonographic features of ovarian morphology capture nutritional and metabolic influences on the reproductive axis: implications for biomarker development in ovulatory disorders. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 70:42-47. [PMID: 33248350 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasonographic imaging of ovarian morphology is used widely to inform reproductive health status in women. Metabolic disturbances induced by a negative energy balance (e.g. undernutrition) or positive energy balance (e.g. overnutrition, obesity) are known to drive or exacerbate reproductive dysfunction. Whether the utility of ultrasonographic metrics of ovarian morphology could be extended as biomarkers that detect and monitor the integration of metabolic and reproductive dysfunction is an emerging research area, and recent evidence is discussed. We note that unique variations in ovarian morphology emerge across the adiposity spectrum and highlight the potential for reproductive and metabolic 'tipping points' upon which such morphological variations may be detected on ultrasonography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey Pea
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Marla E Lujan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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20
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Tin Tin S, Reeves GK, Key TJ. Body size and composition, physical activity and sedentary time in relation to endogenous hormones in premenopausal and postmenopausal women: Findings from the UK Biobank. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:2101-2115. [PMID: 32285445 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Anthropometric and lifestyle factors may influence cancer risks through hormonal changes. We investigated cross-sectional associations between body size and composition, physical activity and sedentary time and serum concentrations of oestradiol (premenopausal women only), testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in 20 758 premenopausal and 71 101 postmenopausal women in UK Biobank. In premenopausal women, higher BMI (body mass index) was associated with a lower concentration of total oestradiol (15% difference in the highest vs lowest BMI group) and a higher concentration of calculated free oestradiol (22%). In both premenopausal and postmenopausal women, higher BMI was associated with higher concentrations of total and calculated free testosterone (premenopausal 29% and 113%, postmenopausal 39% and 126%, respectively) and lower concentrations of SHBG and IGF-I (premenopausal 51% and 14%, postmenopausal 51% and 12%, respectively). Similar associations were observed with waist to height ratio, waist to hip ratio and body or trunk fat mass. Self-reported physical activity was associated with somewhat lower concentrations of total and calculated free testosterone (premenopausal 10% difference [free testosterone], postmenopausal 5% and 11% difference respectively in the most vs least active group) and a higher concentration of SHBG (premenopausal 11%, postmenopausal 10%), and the opposite was true for self-reported sedentary time. The associations were slightly stronger with accelerometer-measured physical activity, but were attenuated after adjustment for BMI. Overall, our study confirms strong associations of hormones and SHBG with anthropometric factors. The associations with physical activity and sedentary time were at most modest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandar Tin Tin
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gillian K Reeves
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Timothy J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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21
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Lai CW, Jadhav S, Njei B, Ye A, Wactawski-Wende J, Mumford SL, Schisterman EF, Rotman Y. Rhythmic Fluctuations in Levels of Liver Enzymes During Menstrual Cycles of Healthy Women and Effects of Body Weight. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 18:2055-2063.e2. [PMID: 31811951 PMCID: PMC7269853 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Female sex hormones affect several non-reproductive organs, but little is known about their effects on the liver during a normal menstrual cycle. We aimed to investigate the association between sex hormones and liver enzymes in healthy menstruating women. METHODS We performed a post-hoc analysis of data from the BioCycle study, a longitudinal cohort study designed to determine the association of sex hormones with markers of oxidative stress during the menstrual cycle. We analyzed data collected from 259 menstruating women, over 1-2 menstrual cycles, who had as many as 16 separate office visits, timed by fertility monitors. Levels of liver enzymes, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), bilirubin, and lipids were measured by laboratory assays. RESULTS We found a natural cyclic pattern for liver enzymes, with transaminases and ALKP peaking in the mid-follicular phase and reaching a trough in the late luteal phase; the peak to trough differences were 4.0 ± 4.9 U/L for ALT and 8.8 ± 4.0 U/L for ALKP. Levels of ALT were significantly and negatively associated with levels of progesterone on the preceding visit (P = 5x10-4), whereas level of ALKP was negatively associated with level of estrogen (P = .007) and progesterone (P = 1x10-11). Food and alcohol intake did not modify the association. The amplitude of ALT fluctuation was greater in African Americans and decreased with age. Fluctuations in levels of ALT were smaller in women with body mass indices >30 kg/m2 (P = .03). During menstrual fluctuation, 49% of participants had ALT values both above and below the normal cut-off value (19 U/L). CONCLUSIONS Levels of liver enzymes fluctuate during the normal menstrual cycle, possibly mediated by progesterone, and the fluctuation varies with age and body mass index. These findings indicate the importance of accounting for phase of menstrual cycle when interpreting liver enzyme measurements in menstruating women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunwei Walter Lai
- Liver & Energy Metabolism Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,These authors contributed equally
| | - Sneha Jadhav
- Liver & Energy Metabolism Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,These authors contributed equally
| | - Basile Njei
- Liver & Energy Metabolism Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT
| | - Aijun Ye
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Sunni L. Mumford
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Enrique F. Schisterman
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Yaron Rotman
- Liver and Energy Metabolism Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Abstract
Obesity increases sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) in men, but not women. Here, we review current evidence suggesting that sexually dimorphic sympathoexcitatory responses to leptin and insulin may contribute. More specifically, while insulin increases SNA similarly in lean males and females, this response is markedly amplified in obese males, but is abolished in obese females. In lean female rats, leptin increases a subset of sympathetic nerves only during the high estrogen proestrus reproductive phase; thus, in obese females, because reproductive cycling can become impaired, the sporadic nature of leptin-induced sympathoexcitaton could minimize its action, despite elevated leptin levels. In contrast, in males, obesity preserves or enhances the central sympathoexcitatory response to leptin, and current evidence favors leptin’s contribution to the well-established increases in SNA induced by obesity in men. Leptin and insulin increase SNA via receptor binding in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and a neuropathway that includes arcuate neuropeptide Y (NPY) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) projections to the paraventricular nucleus. These metabolic hormones normally suppress sympathoinhibitory NPY neurons and activate sympathoexcitatory POMC neurons. However, obesity appears to alter the ongoing activity and responsiveness of arcuate NPY and POMC neurons in a sexually dimorphic way, such that SNA increases in males but not females. We propose hypotheses to explain these sex differences and suggest areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, L-334, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jennifer Wong
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, L-334, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Virginia L Brooks
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, L-334, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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23
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Tsai YR, Lin YJ, Lin YC, Hsu TY, Lan KC. Factors associated with extremely high progesterone concentrations on the day of HCG administration. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2020; 49:101720. [PMID: 32113001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2020.101720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Progesterone elevation on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration remains one of the most controversial topics in reproductive endocrinology. Factors associated with these increases have not been fully determined. The purpose of our study is to investigate factors associated with extreme progesterone elevation on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective observational, single-center cohort study recruited 2000 fresh in vitro fertilization (IVF) and/or intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI)-embryo transfer cycles from January 2000 to December 2014 in our institution. RESULTS When cycles were divided into those with progesterone <1.94 ng/mL (n = 1791) and ≧1.94 ng/mL (n = 209) on the day of hCG administration, five factors were positively associated with highly elevated progesterone concentration: protocol (GnRH agonist versus antagonist; odds ratio [OR = 2.786]), number of dominant follicles (OR = 1.098), total dose of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) used (OR = 1.023), elevated luteinizing hormone (LH) (OR = 1.085) and estradiol (E2; OR = 1.001) concentrations on the day of hCG administration (p < 0.001 each). After omitting the protocol effect, the remaining factors showed limited contributions to highly elevated progesterone (ORs = 0.95-1.2). CONCLUSIONS The factor showing the greatest association with extreme progesterone elevation was use of the GnRH agonist protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ru Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ju Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chi Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Te-Yao Hsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Chung Lan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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24
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Maskarinec G, Ciba M, Ju D, Shepherd JA, Ernst T, Wu AH, Monroe KR, Lim U, Wilkens LR, Le Marchand L. Association of Imaging-Based Body Fat Distribution and Mammographic Density in the Multiethnic Cohort Adiposity Phenotype Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:352-358. [PMID: 31727725 PMCID: PMC7007361 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the stronger association of obesity with postmenopausal breast cancer in Asian than white women may be due to body fat distribution, we examined the relation of adiposity measures with percent mammographic density (PMD), a strong predictor of breast cancer incidence. METHODS A total of 938 women from five ethnic groups (69.1 ± 2.7 years) in the Adiposity Phenotype Study (APS) underwent DXA and MRI imaging. PMD was assessed in routine mammograms using a computer-assisted method. Spearman correlation coefficients were computed and general linear models were applied to estimate regression coefficients (β) for PMD per 0.5 SD units of adiposity measures while adjusting for known confounders, including DXA total body fat. RESULTS For 701 (75%) of the participants (69.1 ± 2.7 years), valid mammograms were obtained. Whereas total body fat, the trunk-to-periphery fat ratio (TPFR), visceral fat (VAT), and subcutaneous fat (SAT) were inversely correlated with PMD (P < 0.0001), the VAT/SAT ratio correlated positively (r spearman = 0.10; P = 0.01). In fully adjusted models, PMD remained inversely related to TPFR and SAT and disappeared for VAT, while it was strengthened for VAT/SAT (β = 0.51; P = 0.009). This relation was stronger in Japanese Americans than other ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show an association of a high VAT/SAT ratio with greater PMD, a marker of breast cancer risk after taking into account total body fat. IMPACT The results indicate a link between the propensity to accumulate VAT and the amount of fat in the breast (1-PMD), which may influence the relation of obesity with breast cancer incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle Ciba
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Dan Ju
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Anna H Wu
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Unhee Lim
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
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25
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Lainez NM, Coss D. Obesity, Neuroinflammation, and Reproductive Function. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2719-2736. [PMID: 31513269 PMCID: PMC6806266 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of obesity has become a significant public health concern. Individuals with obesity have higher prevalence of heart disease, stroke, osteoarthritis, diabetes, and reproductive disorders. Reproductive problems include menstrual irregularities, pregnancy complications, and infertility due to anovulation, in women, and lower testosterone and diminished sperm count, in men. In particular, women with obesity have reduced levels of both gonadotropin hormones, and, in obese men, lower testosterone is accompanied by diminished LH. Taken together, these findings indicate central dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, specifically at the level of the GnRH neuron function, which is the final brain output for the regulation of reproduction. Obesity is a state of hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperleptinemia, and chronic inflammation. Herein, we review recent advances in our understanding of how these metabolic and immune changes affect hypothalamic function and regulation of GnRH neurons. In the latter part, we focus on neuroinflammation as a major consequence of obesity and discuss findings that reveal that GnRH neurons are uniquely positioned to respond to inflammatory changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Lainez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Djurdjica Coss
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
- Correspondence: Djurdjica Coss, PhD, Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, 303 SOM Research Building, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521. E-mail:
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26
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Balogh A, Karpati E, Schneider AE, Hetey S, Szilagyi A, Juhasz K, Laszlo G, Hupuczi P, Zavodszky P, Papp Z, Matko J, Than NG. Sex hormone-binding globulin provides a novel entry pathway for estradiol and influences subsequent signaling in lymphocytes via membrane receptor. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4. [PMID: 30626909 PMCID: PMC6327036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36882-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex effects of estradiol on non-reproductive tissues/cells, including lymphoid tissues and immunocytes, have increasingly been explored. However, the role of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) in the regulation of these genomic and non-genomic actions of estradiol is controversial. Moreover, the expression of SHBG and its internalization by potential receptors, as well as the influence of SHBG on estradiol uptake and signaling in lymphocytes has remained unexplored. Here, we found that human and mouse T cells expressed SHBG intrinsically. In addition, B lymphoid cell lines as well as both primary B and T lymphocytes bound and internalized external SHBG, and the amount of plasma membrane-bound SHBG decreased in B cells of pregnant compared to non-pregnant women. As potential mediators of this process, SHBG receptor candidates expressed by lymphocytes were identified in silico, including estrogen receptor (ER) alpha. Furthermore, cell surface-bound SHBG was detected in close proximity to membrane ERs while highly colocalizing with lipid rafts. The SHBG-membrane ER interaction was found functional since SHBG promoted estradiol uptake by lymphocytes and subsequently influenced Erk1/2 phosphorylation. In conclusion, the SHBG-SHBG receptor-membrane ER complex participates in the rapid estradiol signaling in lymphocytes, and this pathway may be altered in B cells in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Balogh
- Department of Immunology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary.,Systems Biology of Reproduction Lendulet Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eva Karpati
- Department of Immunology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary.,Systems Biology of Reproduction Lendulet Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Szabolcs Hetey
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Lendulet Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andras Szilagyi
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Lendulet Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Laboratory of Structural Biophysics, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kata Juhasz
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Lendulet Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gloria Laszlo
- Department of Immunology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Petronella Hupuczi
- Maternity Private Department, Kutvolgyi Clinical Block, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Zavodszky
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Papp
- Maternity Private Department, Kutvolgyi Clinical Block, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Janos Matko
- Department of Immunology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Nandor Gabor Than
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Lendulet Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary. .,Maternity Private Department, Kutvolgyi Clinical Block, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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27
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Goedecke JH, Tootla M, Keswell D. Ethnic differences in regional adipose tissue oestrogen receptor gene expression. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:32-38. [PMID: 30562161 PMCID: PMC6330717 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown ethnic differences in body fat distribution, characterised by greater peripheral and less central fat accumulation in black compared to white South African (SA) women. As sex hormones play an important role in body fat distribution, our study aimed to determine whether differences in body fat distribution between black and white SA women were associated with subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) expression of oestrogen receptors (ERA and ERB) and aromatase (CYP19A1). Body fat distribution (DXA and CT) and ERA, ERB and CYP19A1 expression in abdominal and gluteal SAT were measured in 26 black and 22 white SA women. Abdominal SAT ERA and ERB did not differ by ethnicity or BMI. Gluteal ERA was higher (1.08 ± 0.06 vs 0.99 ± 0.05, P < 0.001) and ERB was lower (0.99 ± 0.06 vs 1.10 ± 0.07, P < 0.001) in black vs white SA women. CYP19A1 increased with obesity in all depots (P < 0.001). In both black and white SA women, gluteal ERA was associated with lower central fat mass (FM) and greater gynoid FM (P < 0.05), while the inverse association was shown for CYP19A1 in all depots (P < 0.01). In conclusion, ethnic differences in gluteal ERA expression were associated with differences in body fat distribution previously reported between black and white SA women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia H Goedecke
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Exercise Science and Sport Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, 3 Floor Sports Science Institute of South Africa Cape Town, South Africa
- Correspondence should be addressed to J H Goedecke:
| | - Mehreen Tootla
- Division of Exercise Science and Sport Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, 3 Floor Sports Science Institute of South Africa Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dheshnie Keswell
- Division of Exercise Science and Sport Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, 3 Floor Sports Science Institute of South Africa Cape Town, South Africa
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Xu H, Li PH, Barrow TM, Colicino E, Li C, Song R, Liu H, Tang NJ, Liu S, Guo L, Byun HM. Obesity as an effect modifier of the association between menstrual abnormalities and hypertension in young adult women: Results from Project ELEFANT. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207929. [PMID: 30485368 PMCID: PMC6261602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The menstrual cycle is regulated by reproductive hormones such as estrogen which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension and is associated with obesity. However, to date there has scant study of hypertension in relation to menstrual characteristics and abnormalities. We hypothesize that adverse menstrual characteristics are associated with an increase the prevalence of hypertension and that this relationship is exacerbated by obesity. METHODS Our study leverages 178,205 healthy female participants (mean age = 29) in a population-based cross-sectional study in Tianjin, China. Menstrual characteristics including menstrual cycle length and regularity, menstrual bleeding length, menstrual blood loss and dysmenorrhea were assessed by self-reported questionnaires, and hypertension was diagnosed by physician. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the relationships between menstrual characteristics and hypertension. RESULTS Normal length menstrual cycle (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.03-1.41), oligomenorrhea (OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.12-2.07), irregular cycle (OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.22-1.93), and light menstrual blood loss (OR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.06-1.72) were associated with hypertension among women who are overweight or obese, but not among women who are normal weight. Longer menstrual bleeding duration (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.24-1.67) and dysmenorrhea were associated with increased prevalence of hypertension (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.14-1.41) in all young women. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of hypertension is higher among women with menstrual abnormalities, and this association is modified by overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng-hui Li
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Timothy M. Barrow
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Colicino
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Changping Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruixue Song
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Tianjin Research Institute for Family Planning, Tianjin, China
| | - Nai-jun Tang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Songyan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Liqiong Guo
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hyang-Min Byun
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Dordevic AL, Bonham M, Ghasem-Zadeh A, Evans A, Barber E, Day K, Kwok A, Truby H. Reliability of Compartmental Body Composition Measures in Weight-Stable Adults Using GE iDXA: Implications for Research and Practice. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101484. [PMID: 30321991 PMCID: PMC6213248 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the reliability and precision of body compartment measures, in particular visceral adipose tissue, in weight stable adults over a range of BMIs using GE-Lunar iDXA. Weight-stable participants aged 18–65 years had a total body composition scan on GE-Lunar iDXA either on three separate occasions over a three month period (n = 51), or on a single occasion for duplicate scans with repositioning (n = 30). The coefficient of variation (CV%) and least significant change (LSC) of body compartments were calculated. The CV was higher for all measures over three months (range 0.8–5.9%) compared with same-day precision-scans (all < 2%). The CV for visceral adipose tissue (VAT) was considerably higher than all other body compartments (42.2% three months, 16.2% same day scanning). To accurately measure VAT mass using the GE iDXA it is recommended that participants have a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, or VAT mass > 500 g. Changes observed in VAT mass levels below 500 g should be interpreted with caution due to lack of precision and reliability. All other compartmental measures demonstrated good reliability, with less than 6% variation over three months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee L Dordevic
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill 3168, Australia.
| | - Maxine Bonham
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill 3168, Australia.
| | - Ali Ghasem-Zadeh
- Department of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Austin Health, the University of Melbourne, West Heidelberg 3081, Australia.
| | - Alison Evans
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill 3168, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth Barber
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill 3168, Australia.
| | - Kaitlin Day
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill 3168, Australia.
| | - Alastair Kwok
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill 3168, Australia.
| | - Helen Truby
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill 3168, Australia.
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Lassek WD, Gaulin SJC. Do the Low WHRs and BMIs Judged Most Attractive Indicate Higher Fertility? EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 16:1474704918800063. [PMID: 30296846 PMCID: PMC10480809 DOI: 10.1177/1474704918800063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine the widely accepted view that very low waist-hip ratios and low body mass indices (BMIs) in women in well-nourished populations are judged attractive by men because these features reliably indicate superior fertility. In both subsistence and well-nourished populations, relevant studies of fertility do not support this view. Rather studies indicate lower fertility in women with anthropometric values associated with high attractiveness. Moreover, low maternal BMI predisposes to conditions that compromise infant survival. Consistent with these findings from the literature, new data from a large U.S. sample of women past reproductive age show that women with lower BMIs in the late teens had fewer live births, controlling for education, marital history, and race. They also had later menarche and earlier menopause compared with women with higher youth BMIs. In addition, data from the 2013 U.S. natality database show that mothers with lower prepregnancy BMIs have an increased risk of producing both low-birth-weight and preterm infants controlling for other relevant variables-conditions that would have adversely affected fitness over almost all of human evolution. Thus, a review of the relevant literature and three new tests fail to support the view that highly attractive women are more fertile.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. Lassek
- Department of Anthropology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Steven J. C. Gaulin
- Department of Anthropology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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31
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Faustmann G, Meinitzer A, Magnes C, Tiran B, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Gruber HJ, Ribalta J, Rock E, Roob JM, Winklhofer-Roob BM. Progesterone-associated arginine decline at luteal phase of menstrual cycle and associations with related amino acids and nuclear factor kB activation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200489. [PMID: 29990354 PMCID: PMC6039037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives Given their role in female reproduction, the effects of progesterone on arginine and related amino acids, polyamines and NF-κB p65 activation were studied across the menstrual cycle. Methods Arginine, ornithine and citrulline as well as putrescine, spermidine, spermine, and N-acetyl-putrescine were determined in plasma, NF-κB p65 activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and progesterone in serum of 28 women at early (T1) and late follicular (T2) and mid (T3) and late (T4) luteal phase. Results Arginine and related amino acids declined from T1 and T2 to T3 and T4, while progesterone increased. At T3, arginine, ornithine, and citrulline were inversely related with progesterone. Changes (ΔT3-T2) in arginine, ornithine, and citrulline were inversely related with changes (ΔT3-T2) in progesterone. Ornithine and citrulline were positively related with arginine, as were changes (ΔT3-T2) in ornithine and citrulline with changes (ΔT3-T2) in arginine. At T2, NF-κB p65 activation was positively related with arginine. Polyamines did not change and were not related to progesterone. All results described were significant at P < 0.001. Conclusions This study for the first time provides data, at the plasma and PBMC level, supporting a proposed regulatory node of arginine and related amino acids, progesterone and NF-κB p65 at luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, aimed at successful preparation of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Faustmann
- Human Nutrition & Metabolism Research and Training Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria
- Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Meinitzer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Magnes
- Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, HEALTH, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H., Graz, Austria
| | - Beate Tiran
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Hans-Jürgen Gruber
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University, Graz, Austria
| | - Josep Ribalta
- Unitat de Recerca de Lipids I Arteriosclerosi, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Facultat Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Reus, Spain
| | - Edmond Rock
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Centre Auvergne Rhône-Alpes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Saint-Gènes-Champanelle, France
| | - Johannes M. Roob
- Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University, Graz, Austria
| | - Brigitte M. Winklhofer-Roob
- Human Nutrition & Metabolism Research and Training Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
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32
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Volk KM, Pogrebna VV, Roberts JA, Zachry JE, Blythe SN, Toporikova N. High-Fat, High-Sugar Diet Disrupts the Preovulatory Hormone Surge and Induces Cystic Ovaries in Cycling Female Rats. J Endocr Soc 2017; 1:1488-1505. [PMID: 29308444 PMCID: PMC5740526 DOI: 10.1210/js.2017-00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity has been associated with various metabolic and reproductive disorders, including polycystic ovary syndrome. However, the mechanisms by which obesity influences the reproductive system are still not fully known. Studies have suggested that impairments in hormone signaling are associated with the development of symptoms such as acyclicity and ovarian cysts. However, these studies have often failed to address how these hormonal changes arise and how they might contribute to the progression of reproductive diseases. In the present study, we used a high-fat, high-sugar (HFHS) diet to induce obesity in a female rodent model to determine the changes in critical reproductive hormones that might contribute to the development of irregular estrous cycling and reproductive cycle termination. The HFHS animals exhibited impaired estradiol, progesterone (P4), and luteinizing hormone (LH) surges before ovulation. The HFHS diet also resulted in altered basal levels of testosterone (T) and LH. Furthermore, alterations in the basal P4/T ratio correlated strongly with ovarian cyst formation in HFHS rats. Thus, this model provides a method to assess the underlying etiology of obesity-related reproductive dysfunction and to examine an acyclic reproductive phenotype as it develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M. Volk
- Neuroscience Program, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450
| | | | - Jackson A. Roberts
- Neuroscience Program, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450
| | - Jennifer E. Zachry
- Neuroscience Program, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450
| | - Sarah N. Blythe
- Neuroscience Program, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450
- Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450
| | - Natalia Toporikova
- Neuroscience Program, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450
- Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450
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Robertson JM, Kingsley BE, Ford GC. Sexually Dimorphic Faciometrics in Humans From Early Adulthood to Late Middle Age: Dynamic, Declining, and Differentiated. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 15:1474704917730640. [PMID: 28901197 PMCID: PMC10480910 DOI: 10.1177/1474704917730640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Faciometrics have widely been used in contemporary studies on gender-related behavioral traits, for example, perceived and actual aggression, co-operation and trustworthiness, prejudicial beliefs, unethical behavior, and achievement drive, as well as, but to a lesser degree, in nonhuman primates. For the large part, these studies have focused primarily on "student-aged" populations with little empirical scrutiny regarding the efficacy of applying these measures with older participants. This study therefore investigated sexual dimorphism across four age-groups (20s, 30s, 40s, and 50s) in 444 participants (225 men). The expected sexual dimorphism was seen in the youngest age group in three of the four indices. The facial width to height ratio, however, although most commonly used empirically, was not found to be significantly different between men and women, consistent with more recent literature. Importantly, as age increased, sexual dimorphism decreased, but this was not consistent across all measures of it. Rather, it is evident that differing measures of sexual dimorphism follow distinct developmental trajectories. The only single marker which remained significantly different across all age-groups was cheekbone prominence. Sexual dimorphic faciometrics are therefore dynamic, declining, and differentiated through adulthood. Consequently, it is concluded that care should be taken in using faciometrics in studies involving older populations and that more research is needed to understand the impact of these distinct faciometric trajectories in gender- and masculinity-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M. Robertson
- Buckinghamshire New University, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara E. Kingsley
- Buckinghamshire New University, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gina C. Ford
- Buckinghamshire New University, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
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34
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Rosenfield RL, Ehrmann DA. The Pathogenesis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): The Hypothesis of PCOS as Functional Ovarian Hyperandrogenism Revisited. Endocr Rev 2016; 37:467-520. [PMID: 27459230 PMCID: PMC5045492 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 714] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) was hypothesized to result from functional ovarian hyperandrogenism (FOH) due to dysregulation of androgen secretion in 1989-1995. Subsequent studies have supported and amplified this hypothesis. When defined as otherwise unexplained hyperandrogenic oligoanovulation, two-thirds of PCOS cases have functionally typical FOH, characterized by 17-hydroxyprogesterone hyperresponsiveness to gonadotropin stimulation. Two-thirds of the remaining PCOS have FOH detectable by testosterone elevation after suppression of adrenal androgen production. About 3% of PCOS have a related isolated functional adrenal hyperandrogenism. The remaining PCOS cases are mild and lack evidence of steroid secretory abnormalities; most of these are obese, which we postulate to account for their atypical PCOS. Approximately half of normal women with polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) have subclinical FOH-related steroidogenic defects. Theca cells from polycystic ovaries of classic PCOS patients in long-term culture have an intrinsic steroidogenic dysregulation that can account for the steroidogenic abnormalities typical of FOH. These cells overexpress most steroidogenic enzymes, particularly cytochrome P450c17. Overexpression of a protein identified by genome-wide association screening, differentially expressed in normal and neoplastic development 1A.V2, in normal theca cells has reproduced this PCOS phenotype in vitro. A metabolic syndrome of obesity-related and/or intrinsic insulin resistance occurs in about half of PCOS patients, and the compensatory hyperinsulinism has tissue-selective effects, which include aggravation of hyperandrogenism. PCOS seems to arise as a complex trait that results from the interaction of diverse genetic and environmental factors. Heritable factors include PCOM, hyperandrogenemia, insulin resistance, and insulin secretory defects. Environmental factors include prenatal androgen exposure and poor fetal growth, whereas acquired obesity is a major postnatal factor. The variety of pathways involved and lack of a common thread attests to the multifactorial nature and heterogeneity of the syndrome. Further research into the fundamental basis of the disorder will be necessary to optimally correct androgen levels, ovulation, and metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Rosenfield
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - David A Ehrmann
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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35
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Jusko WJ. Clarification of contraceptive drug pharmacokinetics in obesity. Contraception 2016; 95:10-16. [PMID: 27542520 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Related to concerns about the role of obesity in the efficacy of contraceptive drugs, a review of the literature was carried out in regard to the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol and various progestins given by various routes of administration. Most studies show that obese women exhibit modestly lower plasma concentrations of these drugs (circa 30%) when given the same doses as normal-weight women. While the mechanism is uncertain, precedence in the literature suggests that this is due to body weight-related differences in metabolism rates. Confusing in some of the literature is that a few studies have reported erroneously calculated pharmacokinetic parameters after multiple dosing of oral contraceptives. A demonstration of appropriate pharmacokinetic methodology is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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Faustmann G, Tiran B, Maimari T, Kieslinger P, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Gruber HJ, Roob JM, Winklhofer-Roob BM. Circulating leptin and NF-κB activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells across the menstrual cycle. Biofactors 2016; 42:376-87. [PMID: 27093900 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Using the menstrual cycle as a model, this study focused on longitudinal changes and associations within a physiological network known to play a role in female fertility, including, as biologically active nodes, NF-κB, leptin and adiponectin, β-carotene, adipose tissue, and progesterone. In 28 women, leptin, adiponectin, β-carotene, and progesterone concentrations, NF-κB p65 and p50 activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (known to possess estrogen, progesterone and leptin receptors), total body fat (TBF) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) mass were determined at early (T1) and late follicular (T2) and mid (T3) and late (T4) luteal phase. Leptin and adiponectin concentrations were higher, while NF-κB p65 activation was lower at T3 compared with T1. NF-κB p65 activation was inversely related to leptin concentrations at T1, T3, and T4. β-Carotene was inversely related to leptin (T1,T2,T4) and SAT (T1,T3,T4). NF-κB p50 activation was inversely related to TBF (T4) and SAT (T3,T4), and leptin was positively related to TBF and SAT (T1-T4). Progesterone was inversely related to leptin (T2,T3), adiponectin (T3), TBF (T3,T4), and SAT (T2,T3,T4). By providing evidence of luteal phase-specific reduced NF-κB p65 activation in women under physiological conditions, this study bridges the gap between existing evidence of a Th1-Th2 immune response shift induced by reduced NF-κB p65 activation and a Th1-Th2 shift previously observed at luteal phase. For the first time, inverse regressions suggest inhibitory effects of leptin on NF-κB p65 activation at luteal phase, along with inhibitory effects of leptin as well as adiponectin on progesterone production in corpus luteum. © 2016 The Authors BioFactors published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 24(4):376-387, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Faustmann
- Human Nutrition & Metabolism Research and Training Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 27, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Beate Tiran
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Theopisti Maimari
- Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 27, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Petra Kieslinger
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Hans-Jürgen Gruber
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes M Roob
- Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 27, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Brigitte M Winklhofer-Roob
- Human Nutrition & Metabolism Research and Training Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
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37
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Maternal Pre-pregnancy BMI and Reproductive Health of Daughters in Young Adulthood. Matern Child Health J 2016; 20:2150-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10995-016-2062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Crawford TN, Arikawa AY, Kurzer MS, Schmitz KH, Phipps WR. Cross-sectional study of factors influencing sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations in normally cycling premenopausal women. Fertil Steril 2015; 104:1544-51. [PMID: 26385402 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between SHBG and 18 other hormonal and metabolic parameters in well characterized, normally cycling premenopausal women. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING University general clinical research center. SUBJECT(S) A total of 319 young healthy women with ovulatory menstrual cycles. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Midfollicular serum SHBG concentrations. RESULT(S) In our final linear regression model, SHBG was negatively associated with bioavailable T and positively associated with adiponectin, associations that were independent from other parameters. SHBG was also positively associated with estrone sulfate, but only when taking into account confounding variables. Unexpectedly, there was no straightforward relationship between SHBG and insulin resistance according to homeostasis-model assessment. CONCLUSION(S) Our results highlight the link between androgen action, as reflected by bioavailable T, and circulating SHBG concentrations in all premenopausal women and speak to the importance of the relationship between SHBG and adiponectin, which is at least in part independent from androgen action. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT00393172.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia N Crawford
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Andrea Y Arikawa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Mindy S Kurzer
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Kathryn H Schmitz
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - William R Phipps
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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Bradford AP, Jones K, Kechris K, Chosich J, Montague M, Warren WC, May MC, Al-Safi Z, Kuokkanen S, Appt SE, Polotsky AJ. Joint MiRNA/mRNA expression profiling reveals changes consistent with development of dysfunctional corpus luteum after weight gain. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135163. [PMID: 26258540 PMCID: PMC4530955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obese women exhibit decreased fertility, high miscarriage rates and dysfunctional corpus luteum (CL), but molecular mechanisms are poorly defined. We hypothesized that weight gain induces alterations in CL gene expression. RNA sequencing was used to identify changes in the CL transcriptome in the vervet monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops) during weight gain. 10 months of high-fat, high-fructose diet (HFHF) resulted in a 20% weight gain for HFHF animals vs. 2% for controls (p = 0.03) and a 66% increase in percent fat mass for HFHF group. Ovulation was confirmed at baseline and after intervention in all animals. CL were collected on luteal day 7-9 based on follicular phase estradiol peak. 432 mRNAs and 9 miRNAs were differentially expressed in response to HFHF diet. Specifically, miR-28, miR-26, and let-7b previously shown to inhibit sex steroid production in human granulosa cells, were up-regulated. Using integrated miRNA and gene expression analysis, we demonstrated changes in 52 coordinately regulated mRNA targets corresponding to opposite changes in miRNA. Specifically, 2 targets of miR-28 and 10 targets of miR-26 were down-regulated, including genes linked to follicular development, steroidogenesis, granulosa cell proliferation and survival. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of dietary-induced responses of the ovulating ovary to developing adiposity. The observed HFHF diet-induced changes were consistent with development of a dysfunctional CL and provide new mechanistic insights for decreased sex steroid production characteristic of obese women. MiRNAs may represent novel biomarkers of obesity-related subfertility and potential new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Bradford
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Jones
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Katerina Kechris
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Justin Chosich
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Michael Montague
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108, United States of America
| | - Wesley C. Warren
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108, United States of America
| | - Margaret C. May
- Department of Pathology (Comparative Medicine), Wake Forest University Primate Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States of America
| | - Zain Al-Safi
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Satu Kuokkanen
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
| | - Susan E. Appt
- Department of Pathology (Comparative Medicine), Wake Forest University Primate Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States of America
| | - Alex J. Polotsky
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sjaarda LA, Schisterman EF, Schliep KC, Plowden T, Zarek SM, Yeung E, Wactawski-Wende J, Mumford SL. Dietary Carbohydrate Intake Does Not Impact Insulin Resistance or Androgens in Healthy, Eumenorrheic Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:2979-86. [PMID: 26066675 PMCID: PMC4524988 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-1957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Diet is proposed to contribute to androgen-related reproductive dysfunction. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the association between dietary macronutrient intake, carbohydrate fraction intake, and overall diet quality on androgens and related hormones, including anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and insulin, in healthy, regularly menstruating women. DESIGN This was a prospective cohort study from 2005 and 2007. SETTING The study was conducted at the University at Buffalo, western New York State, USA. PARTICIPANTS Participants were 259 eumenorrheic women without a self-reported history of infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), or other endocrine disorder. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES A 24-hour dietary recall was administered 4 times per menstrual cycle, and hormones were measured 5 to 8 times per cycle for 1 (n = 9) or 2 (n = 250) cycles per woman (n = 509 cycles). Associations between the dietary intake of carbohydrates (starch, sugar, sucrose, and fiber), macronutrients, overall diet quality and hormones (insulin, AMH, and total and free testosterone), as well as the relationship of dietary intake with occurrences of high total testosterone combined with high AMH (fourth quartile of each), ie, the "PCOS-like phenotype," were assessed. RESULTS No significant relationships were identified between dietary intake of carbohydrates, percent calories from any macronutrient or overall diet quality (ie, Mediterranean diet score) and relevant hormones (insulin, AMH, and total and free testosterone). Likewise, no significant relationships were identified between dietary factors and the occurrence of a subclinical PCOS-like phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Despite evidence of a subclinical continuum of a PCOS-related phenotype of elevated androgens and AMH related to sporadic anovulation identified in previous studies, dietary carbohydrate and diet quality do not appear to relate to these subclinical endocrine characteristics in women without overt PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Sjaarda
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research (L.A.S., E.F.S., K.C.S., T.P., S.M.Z., E.Y., S.L.M.) and Program of Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology (T.P., S.M.Z.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (J.W.W.), School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214
| | - Enrique F Schisterman
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research (L.A.S., E.F.S., K.C.S., T.P., S.M.Z., E.Y., S.L.M.) and Program of Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology (T.P., S.M.Z.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (J.W.W.), School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214
| | - Karen C Schliep
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research (L.A.S., E.F.S., K.C.S., T.P., S.M.Z., E.Y., S.L.M.) and Program of Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology (T.P., S.M.Z.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (J.W.W.), School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214
| | - Torie Plowden
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research (L.A.S., E.F.S., K.C.S., T.P., S.M.Z., E.Y., S.L.M.) and Program of Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology (T.P., S.M.Z.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (J.W.W.), School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214
| | - Shvetha M Zarek
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research (L.A.S., E.F.S., K.C.S., T.P., S.M.Z., E.Y., S.L.M.) and Program of Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology (T.P., S.M.Z.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (J.W.W.), School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214
| | - Edwina Yeung
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research (L.A.S., E.F.S., K.C.S., T.P., S.M.Z., E.Y., S.L.M.) and Program of Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology (T.P., S.M.Z.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (J.W.W.), School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research (L.A.S., E.F.S., K.C.S., T.P., S.M.Z., E.Y., S.L.M.) and Program of Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology (T.P., S.M.Z.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (J.W.W.), School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214
| | - Sunni L Mumford
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research (L.A.S., E.F.S., K.C.S., T.P., S.M.Z., E.Y., S.L.M.) and Program of Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology (T.P., S.M.Z.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (J.W.W.), School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214
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Qiu X, Dao H, Wang M, Heston A, Garcia KM, Sangal A, Dowling AR, Faulkner LD, Molitor SC, Elias CF, Hill JW. Insulin and Leptin Signaling Interact in the Mouse Kiss1 Neuron during the Peripubertal Period. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121974. [PMID: 25946091 PMCID: PMC4422586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproduction requires adequate energy stores for parents and offspring to survive. Kiss1 neurons, which are essential for fertility, have the potential to serve as the central sensors of metabolic factors that signal to the reproductive axis the presence of stored calories. Paradoxically, obesity is often accompanied by infertility. Despite excess circulating levels of insulin and leptin, obese individuals exhibit resistance to both metabolic factors in many neuron types. Thus, resistance to insulin or leptin in Kiss1 neurons could lead to infertility. Single deletion of the receptors for either insulin or the adipokine leptin from Kiss1 neurons does not impair adult reproductive dysfunction. However, insulin and leptin signaling pathways may interact in such a way as to obscure their individual functions. We hypothesized that in the presence of genetic or obesity-induced concurrent insulin and leptin resistance, Kiss1 neurons would be unable to maintain reproductive function. We therefore induced a chronic hyperinsulinemic and hyperleptinemic state in mice lacking insulin receptors in Kiss1 neurons through high fat feeding and examined the impact on fertility. In an additional, genetic model, we ablated both leptin and insulin signaling in Kiss1 neurons (IR/LepRKiss mice). Counter to our hypothesis, we found that the addition of leptin insensitivity did not alter the reproductive phenotype of IRKiss mice. We also found that weight gain, body composition, glucose and insulin tolerance were normal in mice of both genders. Nonetheless, leptin and insulin receptor deletion altered pubertal timing as well as LH and FSH levels in mid-puberty in a reciprocal manner. Our results confirm that Kiss1 neurons do not directly mediate the critical role that insulin and leptin play in reproduction. However, during puberty kisspeptin neurons may experience a critical window of susceptibility to the influence of metabolic factors that can modify the onset of fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Qiu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Hoangha Dao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mengjie Wang
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Amelia Heston
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn M. Garcia
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Alisha Sangal
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Abigail R. Dowling
- Center for Reproductive Genomics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Latrice D. Faulkner
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Scott C. Molitor
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Carol F. Elias
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Jennifer W. Hill
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Roth LW, Allshouse AA, Bradshaw-Pierce EL, Lesh J, Chosich J, Kohrt W, Bradford AP, Polotsky AJ, Santoro N. Luteal phase dynamics of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones in obese and normal weight women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014; 81:418-25. [PMID: 24576183 PMCID: PMC4115008 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Female obesity is a state of relative hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. The aim of this study is to examine gonadotrophin secretion and response to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and to investigate the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of endogenous and exogenous luteinizing hormone (LH) in obese women. DESIGN Participants underwent a luteal phase frequent blood sampling study. Endogenous LH pulsatility was observed, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was given in two weight-based doses, and GnRH antagonist was administered followed by recombinant LH. PATIENTS Regularly menstruating obese (n = 10) and normal weight (n = 10) women. MEASUREMENTS Endogenous hypothalamic-pituitary function (as measured by LH pulsatility), pituitary sensitivity (GnRH-induced LH secretion), pharmacodynamics of endogenous LH and pharmacokinetics of exogenous LH were compared between the obese and normal weight groups. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in endogenous LH pulsatility or pituitary responses to two weight-based doses of GnRH between the obese and normal weight women. There were no differences in the pharmacodynamics of endogenous LH or the pharmacokinetics of exogenous LH between the groups. FSH dynamics did not differ between the groups throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS The relative hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism of obesity cannot be explained by differences in LH and FSH luteal phase dynamics or differences in endogenous LH pharmacodynamics or exogenous LH pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren W Roth
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
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Sjaarda LA, Mumford SL, Kissell K, Schliep KC, Hammoud AO, Perkins NJ, Weck J, Wactawski-Wende J, Schisterman EF. Increased androgen, anti-Müllerian hormone, and sporadic anovulation in healthy, eumenorrheic women: a mild PCOS-like phenotype? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:2208-16. [PMID: 24606085 PMCID: PMC4037725 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hyperandrogenism is a hallmark of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women with irregular menses, yet the relationship between androgens and ovarian dysfunction remains poorly understood in eumenorrheic women. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to evaluate whether sporadic anovulation was associated with higher T and anti-müllerian hormone (AMH; marker of ovarian follicle count) concentrations in eumenorrheic women. DESIGN This was a prospective cohort study from 2005 to 2007. SETTING The study was conducted at the University of Buffalo in western New York state. PARTICIPANTS A total of 259 eumenorrheic women without a self-reported history of infertility, PCOS, or other endocrine disorder participated in the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Total T and AMH were measured five to eight times per cycle for one (n = 9) or two (n = 250) cycles per woman (n = 509 cycles) with timing of menstrual cycle phase assisted by fertility monitors. Anovulatory cycles were defined biochemically by progesterone and LH concentrations. Repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted on log-transformed data with adjustment for age. RESULTS Compared with ovulatory cycles (n = 467), sporadic anovulatory cycles (n = 42) had marginally higher total and significantly higher free T [mean 23.7 ng/dL (95% confidence interval [CI] 21.4-26.3) vs 21.6 ng/dL (95% CI 20.9-22.3), P = .08, and 0.36 ng/dL (95% CI 0.33-0.40) vs 0.32 ng/dL (95% CI 0.31-0.33), P = .02, respectively] during menses and also throughout the luteal phase (P < .01 for all). Women with higher T had elevated AMH concentrations, increased reporting of a history of acne requiring medical treatment, but not increased hirsutism. CONCLUSIONS Mechanisms of androgen-related ovulatory dysfunction that characterize PCOS in women with menstrual disturbances may occur across a continuum of T concentrations, including in eumenorrheic women without clinical hyperandrogenism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Sjaarda
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research (L.A.S., S.L.M., K.K., K.C.S., N.J.P., J.W., E.F.S.) and Program of Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology (K.K.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility (A.O.H.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132; and Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (J.W.-W.), School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214
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44
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Key TJ, Appleby PN, Reeves GK, Travis RC, Alberg AJ, Barricarte A, Berrino F, Krogh V, Sieri S, Brinton LA, Dorgan JF, Dossus L, Dowsett M, Eliassen AH, Fortner RT, Hankinson SE, Helzlsouer KJ, Hoff man-Bolton J, Comstock GW, Kaaks R, Kahle LL, Muti P, Overvad K, Peeters PHM, Riboli E, Rinaldi S, Rollison DE, Stanczyk FZ, Trichopoulos D, Tworoger SS, Vineis P. Sex hormones and risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women: a collaborative reanalysis of individual participant data from seven prospective studies. Lancet Oncol 2013; 14:1009-19. [PMID: 23890780 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(13)70301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between circulating concentrations of oestrogens, progesterone, and androgens with breast cancer and related risk factors in premenopausal women are not well understood. We aimed to characterise these associations with a pooled analysis of data from seven studies. METHODS Individual participant data for prediagnostic sex hormone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations were contributed from seven prospective studies. We restricted analyses to women who were premenopausal and younger than 50 years at blood collection, and to women with breast cancer diagnosed before age 50 years. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs for breast cancer associated with hormone concentrations by conditional logistic regression in cases and controls matched for age, date of blood collection, and day of cycle, with stratification by study and further adjustment for cycle phase. We examined associations of hormones with risk factors for breast cancer in control women by comparing geometric mean hormone concentrations in categories of these risk factors, adjusted for study, age, phase of menstrual cycle, and body-mass index (BMI). All statistical tests were two-sided. FINDINGS We included data for up to 767 women with breast cancer and 1699 controls in the risk analyses. Breast cancer risk was associated with a doubling in concentrations of oestradiol (OR 1·19, 95% CI 1·06-1·35), calculated free oestradiol (1·17, 1·03-1·33), oestrone (1·27, 1·05-1·54), androstenedione (1·30, 1·10-1·55), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (1·17, 1·04-1·32), testosterone (1·18, 1·03-1·35), and calculated free testosterone (1·08, 0·97-1·21). Breast cancer risk was not associated with luteal phase progesterone (doubling in concentration OR 1·00, 95% CI 0·92-1·09), and adjustment for other factors had little effect on any of these ORs. Cross-sectional analyses in control women showed several associations of sex hormones with breast cancer risk factors. INTERPRETATION Circulating oestrogens and androgens are positively associated with the risk for breast cancer in premenopausal women.
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Cordier AG, Léveillé P, Dupont C, Tarrade A, Picone O, Larcher T, Dahirel M, Poumerol E, Mandon-Pepin B, Lévy R, Chavatte-Palmer P. Dietary lipid and cholesterol induce ovarian dysfunction and abnormal LH response to stimulation in rabbits. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63101. [PMID: 23690983 PMCID: PMC3653923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Excess of fat intake is dramatically increasing in women of childbearing age and results in numerous health complications, including reproductive disorders. Using rabbit does as a biomedical model, the aim of this study was to evaluate onset of puberty, endocrine responses to stimulation and ovarian follicular maturation in females fed a high fat high cholesterol diet (HH diet) from 10 weeks of age (i.e., 2 weeks before normal onset of puberty) or a control diet (C diet). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Three experiments were performed, each including 8 treated (HH group) and 8 control (C group) does. In experiment 1, the endocrine response to Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) was evaluated at 13, 18 and 22 weeks of age. In experiment 2, the follicular population was counted in ovaries of adult females (18 weeks of age). In experiment 3, the LH response to mating and steroid profiles throughout gestation were evaluated at 18 weeks of age. Fetal growth was monitored by ultrasound and offspring birth weight was recorded. Data showed a significantly higher Luteinizing hormone (LH) response after induction of ovulation at 13 weeks of age in the HH group. There was no difference at 18 weeks, but at 22 weeks, the LH response to GnRH was significantly reduced in the HH group. The number of atretic follicles was significantly increased and the number of antral follicles significantly reduced in HH does vs. controls. During gestation, the HH diet induced intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR). CONCLUSION The HH diet administered from before puberty onwards affected onset of puberty, follicular growth, hormonal responses to breeding and GnRH stimulation in relation to age and lead to fetal IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Gaël Cordier
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- APHP, Hosp Antoine Béclère, Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique et Médecine de la Reproduction, Clamart, France
| | - Pauline Léveillé
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (UREN), Bobigny, France
- APHP, Hôpital Jean-Verdier, Bondy, France
| | - Charlotte Dupont
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (UREN), Bobigny, France
- APHP, Hôpital Jean-Verdier, Bondy, France
| | - Anne Tarrade
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- PremUp foundation, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Picone
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Michèle Dahirel
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- PremUp foundation, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Poumerol
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Rachel Lévy
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (UREN), Bobigny, France
- APHP, Hôpital Jean-Verdier, Bondy, France
| | - Pascale Chavatte-Palmer
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- PremUp foundation, Paris, France
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