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Blades R, Ittner LM, Tietz O. Peptides for trans-blood-brain barrier delivery. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2023; 66:237-248. [PMID: 37002811 PMCID: PMC10952576 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.4023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Trans-blood-brain barrier (BBB) delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents is a major challenge in the development of central nervous system (CNS) targeted radiopharmaceuticals. This review is an introduction to the use of peptides as delivery agents to transport cargos into the CNS. The most widely used BBB-penetrating peptides are reviewed here, with a particular emphasis on the broad range of cargos delivered into the CNS using these. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been deployed as trans-BBB delivery agents for some time; new developments in the CPP field offer exciting opportunities for the design of next generation trans-BBB complexes. Many of the peptides highlighted here are ready to be combined with diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals to develop highly effective CNS-targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben Blades
- Dementia Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Lars M. Ittner
- Dementia Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ole Tietz
- Dementia Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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2
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Potretzke S, Zhang Y, Li J, Fecteau KM, Erikson DW, Hibert M, Ryabinin AE. Male-selective effects of oxytocin agonism on alcohol intake: behavioral assessment in socially housed prairie voles and involvement of RAGE. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:920-928. [PMID: 36369481 PMCID: PMC10156683 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01490-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the oxytocin (OXT) peptide system has emerged as a promising new approach for the treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, further advancements in this development depend on properly modeling various complex social aspects of AUD and its treatment. Here we examined behavioral and molecular underpinnings of OXT receptor (OXTR) agonism in prairie voles, a rodent species with demonstrated translational validity for neurobiological mechanisms regulating social affiliations. To further improve translational validity of these studies, we examined effects of intranasal (IN) OXT administration in male and female prairie voles socially housed in the presence of untreated cagemates. IN OXT selectively inhibited alcohol drinking in male, but not female, animals. Further, we confirmed that exogenously administered OXT penetrates the prairie vole brain and showed that Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products assists this penetration after IN, but not intraperitoneal (IP), OXT administration. Finally, we demonstrated that IP administration of LIT-001, a small-molecule OXTR agonist, inhibits alcohol intake in male, but not female, prairie voles socially housed in the presence of untreated cagemates. Taken together, results of this study support the promise of selectively targeting OXTR for individualized treatment of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena Potretzke
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Yangmiao Zhang
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Kristopher M Fecteau
- Endocrine Technologies Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - David W Erikson
- Endocrine Technologies Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Marcel Hibert
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, F-67412, Illkirch, France
| | - Andrey E Ryabinin
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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Sosnowski MJ, Reilly OT, Brosnan SF, Benítez ME. Oxytocin increases during fur‐rubbing regardless of level of social contact in tufted capuchin monkeys. Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23490. [PMID: 36967471 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Social interactions induce oxytocin release in many social species, suggesting that oxytocin is a critical part of social bonding among individuals. However, oxytocin also increases as a result of physical contact and stimulation, making it unclear which features of affiliative behaviors (for instance, social interaction or physical contact with a conspecific) drive the oxytocin increase observed after engaging in these behaviors. We attempted to tease this apart by studying the differential effect of social interaction, visual coordination with a conspecific, and physical stimulation during the fur-rubbing behavior of tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus [Cebus] apella), which often involves social contact with groupmates but is in some cases performed alone. We induced fur-rubbing by providing onions under three conditions: when capuchins had physical access to their social group and fur-rubbed in contact with groupmates (social condition), when capuchins were separated from their social group but could still see them fur-rub (visual coordination), and when capuchins were physically and visually separated from their groupmates (physical stimulation only). We assessed urinary oxytocin in these three conditions and compared them to a control condition in which apples were provided and no fur-rubbing was observed. Capuchins fur-rubbed for less time when they could not see their groupmates, but fur-rubbing increased urinary oxytocin above the control condition in all three fur-rubbing conditions equally, suggesting that the physical stimulation derived from fur-rubbing was the most important driver of oxytocin increase. These results support a model in which physical stimulation is an important factor in the relationship between oxytocin and at least some behaviors, suggesting that oxytocin increase alone is not necessarily indicative of a social influence on behavior. Future work is needed to determine the contexts in which social factors do impact oxytocin, and whether the downstream behaviors are the same for socially and nonsocially induced oxytocin release.
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4
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Buckley S, Uvnäs-Moberg K, Pajalic Z, Luegmair K, Ekström-Bergström A, Dencker A, Massarotti C, Kotlowska A, Callaway L, Morano S, Olza I, Magistretti CM. Maternal and newborn plasma oxytocin levels in response to maternal synthetic oxytocin administration during labour, birth and postpartum - a systematic review with implications for the function of the oxytocinergic system. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:137. [PMID: 36864410 PMCID: PMC9979579 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-05221-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reproductive hormone oxytocin facilitates labour, birth and postpartum adaptations for women and newborns. Synthetic oxytocin is commonly given to induce or augment labour and to decrease postpartum bleeding. AIM To systematically review studies measuring plasma oxytocin levels in women and newborns following maternal administration of synthetic oxytocin during labour, birth and/or postpartum and to consider possible impacts on endogenous oxytocin and related systems. METHODS Systematic searches of PubMed, CINAHL, PsycInfo and Scopus databases followed PRISMA guidelines, including all peer-reviewed studies in languages understood by the authors. Thirty-five publications met inclusion criteria, including 1373 women and 148 newborns. Studies varied substantially in design and methodology, so classical meta-analysis was not possible. Therefore, results were categorized, analysed and summarised in text and tables. RESULTS Infusions of synthetic oxytocin increased maternal plasma oxytocin levels dose-dependently; doubling the infusion rate approximately doubled oxytocin levels. Infusions below 10 milliunits per minute (mU/min) did not raise maternal oxytocin above the range observed in physiological labour. At high intrapartum infusion rates (up to 32 mU/min) maternal plasma oxytocin reached 2-3 times physiological levels. Postpartum synthetic oxytocin regimens used comparatively higher doses with shorter duration compared to labour, giving greater but transient maternal oxytocin elevations. Total postpartum dose was comparable to total intrapartum dose following vaginal birth, but post-caesarean dosages were higher. Newborn oxytocin levels were higher in the umbilical artery vs. umbilical vein, and both were higher than maternal plasma levels, implying substantial fetal oxytocin production in labour. Newborn oxytocin levels were not further elevated following maternal intrapartum synthetic oxytocin, suggesting that synthetic oxytocin at clinical doses does not cross from mother to fetus. CONCLUSIONS Synthetic oxytocin infusion during labour increased maternal plasma oxytocin levels 2-3-fold at the highest doses and was not associated with neonatal plasma oxytocin elevations. Therefore, direct effects from synthetic oxytocin transfer to maternal brain or fetus are unlikely. However, infusions of synthetic oxytocin in labour change uterine contraction patterns. This may influence uterine blood flow and maternal autonomic nervous system activity, potentially harming the fetus and increasing maternal pain and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Buckley
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Zada Pajalic
- grid.463529.f0000 0004 0610 6148Faculty for Health Sciences, VID Specialized University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karolina Luegmair
- grid.9018.00000 0001 0679 2801Institute for Health Care and Nursing Studies, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Anette Ekström-Bergström
- grid.412716.70000 0000 8970 3706Department of Health Sciences, University West, Trollhättan, Sweden
| | - Anna Dencker
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Institute of Health and Care Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Claudia Massarotti
- grid.5606.50000 0001 2151 3065Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alicja Kotlowska
- grid.11451.300000 0001 0531 3426Department of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Leonie Callaway
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sandra Morano
- grid.5606.50000 0001 2151 3065Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ibone Olza
- European Institute of Perinatal Mental Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Meier Magistretti
- grid.425064.10000 0001 2191 8943Institute for Health Policies, Prevention and Health Promotion, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Luzern, Switzerland
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Camerino C. The Long Way of Oxytocin from the Uterus to the Heart in 70 Years from Its Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032556. [PMID: 36768879 PMCID: PMC9916674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The research program on oxytocin started in 1895, when Oliver and Schafer reported that a substance extracted from the pituitary gland elevates blood pressure when injected intravenously into dogs. Dale later reported that a neurohypophysial substance triggers uterine contraction, lactation, and antidiuresis. Purification of this pituitary gland extracts revealed that the vasopressor and antidiuretic activity could be attributed to vasopressin, while uterotonic and lactation activity could be attributed to oxytocin. In 1950, the amino-acid sequences of vasopressin and oxytocin were determined and chemically synthesized. Vasopressin (CYFQNCPRG-NH2) and oxytocin (CYIQNCPLG-NH2) differ by two amino acids and have a disulfide bridge between the cysteine residues at position one and six conserved in all vasopressin/oxytocin-type peptides. This characterization of oxytocin led to the Nobel Prize awarded in 1955 to Vincent du Vigneaud. Nevertheless, it was only 50 years later when the evidence that mice depleted of oxytocin or its receptor develop late-onset obesity and metabolic syndrome established that oxytocin regulates energy and metabolism. Oxytocin is anorexigenic and regulates the lean/fat mass composition in skeletal muscle. Oxytocin's effect on muscle is mediated by thermogenesis via a pathway initiated in the myocardium. Oxytocin involvement in thermogenesis and muscle contraction is linked to Prader-Willi syndrome in humans, opening exciting therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Camerino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, P.za G. Cesare 11, 70100 Bari, Italy;
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Bernstein HG, Keilhoff G, Dobrowolny H, Steiner J. The many facets of CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase 4 and its inhibitors in disorders of the CNS - a critical overview. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:1-24. [PMID: 35771831 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a serine protease that cleaves X-proline or X-alanine in the penultimate position. Natural substrates of the enzyme are glucagon-like peptide-1, glucagon inhibiting peptide, glucagon, neuropeptide Y, secretin, substance P, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, endorphins, endomorphins, brain natriuretic peptide, beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone and amyloid peptides as well as some cytokines and chemokines. The enzyme is involved in the maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis and regulation of the immune system. It is expressed in many organs including the brain. DPP4 activity may be effectively depressed by DPP4 inhibitors. Apart from enzyme activity, DPP4 acts as a cell surface (co)receptor, associates with adeosine deaminase, interacts with extracellular matrix, and controls cell migration and differentiation. This review aims at revealing the impact of DPP4 and DPP4 inhibitors for several brain diseases (virus infections affecting the brain, tumours of the CNS, neurological and psychiatric disorders). Special emphasis is given to a possible involvement of DPP4 expressed in the brain.While prominent contributions of extracerebral DPP4 are evident for a majority of diseases discussed herein; a possible role of "brain" DPP4 is restricted to brain cancers and Alzheimer disease. For a number of diseases (Covid-19 infection, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia, Parkinson disease, Huntington disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and epilepsy), use of DPP4 inhibitors has been shown to have a disease-mitigating effect. However, these beneficial effects should mostly be attributed to the depression of "peripheral" DPP4, since currently used DPP4 inhibitors are not able to pass through the intact blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Gert Bernstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto v. Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gerburg Keilhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Otto v. Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Dobrowolny
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto v. Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto v. Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Li L, Li P, Guo J, Wu Y, Zeng Q, Li N, Huang X, He Y, Ai W, Sun W, Liu T, Xiong D, Xiao L, Sun Y, Zhou Q, Kuang H, Wang Z, Jiang C. Up-regulation of oxytocin receptors on peripheral sensory neurons mediates analgesia in chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain. Br J Pharmacol 2023. [PMID: 36702458 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain (CINP) currently has limited effective treatment. Although the roles of oxytocin (OXT) and the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) in central analgesia have been well documented, the expression and function of OXTR in the peripheral nervous system remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the peripheral antinociceptive profiles of OXTR in CINP. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Paclitaxel (PTX) was used to establish CINP. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry were used to observe OXTR expression in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). The antinociceptive effects of OXT were assessed by hot-plate and von Frey tests. Whole-cell patch clamp was performed to record sodium currents, excitability of DRG neurons, and excitatory synapse transmission. KEY RESULTS Expression of OXTR in DRG neurons was enhanced significantly after PTX treatment. Activation of OXTR exhibited antinociceptive effects, by decreasing the hyperexcitability of DRG neurons in PTX-treated mice. Additionally, OXTR activation up-regulated the phosphorylation of protein kinase C (pPKC) and, in turn, impaired voltage-gated sodium currents, particularly the voltage-gated sodium channel 1.7 (NaV 1.7) current, that plays an indispensable role in PTX-induced neuropathic pain. OXT suppressed excitatory transmission in the spinal dorsal horn as well as excitatory inputs from primary afferents in PTX-treated mice. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The OXTR in small-sized DRG neurons is up-regulated in CINP and its activation relieved CINP by inhibiting the neural excitability by impairment of NaV 1.7 currents via pPKC. Our results suggest that OXTR on peripheral sensory neurons is a potential therapeutic target to relieve CINP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixuan Li
- Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Pupu Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shenzhen University General Hospital and Shenzhen University Academy of Clinical Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yifei Wu
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, SUSTech Center for Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Zeng
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoting Huang
- Medical Research Center, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongshen He
- Medical Research Center, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen Ai
- Medical Research Center, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wuping Sun
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Donglin Xiong
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lizu Xiao
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanyan Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen University General Hospital and Shenzhen University Academy of Clinical Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiming Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Haixia Kuang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zilong Wang
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, SUSTech Center for Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Changyu Jiang
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Medical Research Center, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Neurobiology of Maternal Behavior in Nonhuman Mammals: Acceptance, Recognition, Motivation, and Rejection. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243589. [PMID: 36552508 PMCID: PMC9774276 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the different species of mammals, the expression of maternal behavior varies considerably, although the end points of nurturance and protection are the same. Females may display passive or active responses of acceptance, recognition, rejection/fear, or motivation to care for the offspring. Each type of response may indicate different levels of neural activation. Different natural stimuli can trigger the expression of maternal and paternal behavior in both pregnant or virgin females and males, such as hormone priming during pregnancy, vagino-cervical stimulation during parturition, mating, exposure to pups, previous experience, or environmental enrichment. Herein, we discuss how the olfactory pathways and the interconnections of the medial preoptic area (mPOA) with structures such as nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, amygdala, and bed nucleus of stria terminalis mediate maternal behavior. We also discuss how the triggering stimuli activate oxytocin, vasopressin, dopamine, galanin, and opioids in neurocircuitries that mediate acceptance, recognition, maternal motivation, and rejection/fear.
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Novel Long-Acting Oxytocin Analog with Increased Efficacy in Reducing Food Intake and Body Weight. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911249. [PMID: 36232550 PMCID: PMC9569447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin (OXT) analogues have been designed to overcome the limitation of the short half-life of the native OXT peptide. Here, we tested ASK2131 on obesity related outcomes in diet-induced obese (DIO) Sprague Dawley rats. In vitro function assays were conducted. The effects of daily subcutaneous injections of ASK2131 vs. OXT and pair-feeding were assessed on food intake and body weight in vivo. ASK2131 is a longer-lasting OXT analog with improved pharmacokinetics compared to OXT (T1/2: 2.3 vs. 0.12 h). In chronic 22-day administration, ASK2131 was administered at 50 nmol/kg, while OXT doses were titrated up to 600 nmol/kg because OXT appeared to be less effective at reducing energy intake relative to ASK2131 at equimolar doses. After 22 days, vehicle-treated animals gained 4.5% body weight, OXT rats maintained their body weight, while those treated with ASK2131 declined in weight continuously over the 22-day period, leading to a 6.6 ± 1.3% reduction (mean ± standard error) compared to baseline. Compared to their pair-fed counterparts, ASK2131-treated rats showed a more pronounced reduction in body weight through most of the study. In summary, ASK2131 is a promising OXT-based therapeutic, with extended in vivo stability and improved potency leading to a profound reduction in body weight partly explained by reduced food intake.
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Podico G, Migliorisi AC, Wilkins PA, Canisso IF. Successful induction of lactation, foal grafting and maintenance of pregnancy in a nonparturient Thoroughbred mare. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Podico
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
| | - A. C. Migliorisi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
| | - P. A. Wilkins
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
| | - I. F. Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
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11
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Abstract
The oxytocin receptor plays a significant role in peripheral regulation of parturition and lactation. Given this important role, multiple drug discovery programs have been conducted to develop agonists and antagonists for peripheral activity. The role of the oxytocin receptor in the central nervous system is also significant, promoting social interaction, trust, and empathy in humans. As such, molecules that can access the central nervous system and target the oxytocin receptor are of significant interest. Due to the role of the oxytocin receptor in regulating social function and psychological well-being, agonists of this receptor have considerable promise for the treatment of numerous neuropsychiatric conditions. The poor pharmacokinetic properties and blood-brain barrier penetration of peptide-based molecules means nonpeptide compounds have more commonly been the focus for central nervous system activity. This chapter aims to summarize the current standing of peptide and nonpeptide drug discovery for antagonists and agonists of the oxytocin receptor and focusses on centrally active nonpeptidic agonists.
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12
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Chen M, Zhang X, Fan J, Sun H, Yao Q, Shi J, Qu H, Du S, Cheng Y, Ma S, Zhang M, Zhan S. Dynorphin A (1-8) inhibits oxidative stress and apoptosis in MCAO rats, affording neuroprotection through NMDA receptor and κ-opioid receptor channels. Neuropeptides 2021; 89:102182. [PMID: 34298371 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The contents of Dynorphin A(1-8) decreased gradually in ischemic cortices in rats and an intracerebroventricular administration of synthetic Dynorphin A(1-8) reduced the volume of cerebral infarction in our previous research. However, the specific protective mechanism is unclear and Dynorphin A(1-8) is unlikely to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by noninvasive oral or intravenous administration as a macromolecule neuropeptide. In this study, intranasal administration was used to middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) rats to assessed the therapeutic effects of Dynorphin A(1-8) by evaluating behavior, volume of cerebral infarct, cerebral edema ratio, histological observation. Then apoptosis neuron rate was detected by TUNEL staining. Immunohistochemical staining was carried out to explore the alteration of Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-3. Finally, κ-opioid receptor antagonist and N-methyl-d-aspartate(NMDA) receptor antagonist were used to explore its possible mechanism. We found that MCAO rats under intranasal administration of Dynorphin A(1-8) showed better behavioral improvement, higher extent of Bcl-2, activity of SOD along with much lower level of infarction volume, brain water content, number of cell apoptosis, extent of Bax and Caspase-3, and concentration of MDA compared with those in MCAO model group and intravenous Dynorphin A(1-8) group. Administration of nor-BNI or MK-801 reversed these neuroprotective effects of intranasal Dynorphin A(1-8). In summary, Dynorphin A(1-8), with advantages of intranasal administration, could be effectively delivered to central nervous system(CNS). Dynorphin A(1-8) inhibited oxidative stress and apoptosis against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, affording neuroprotection through NMDA receptor and κ-opioid receptor channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Jiaxin Fan
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Qingling Yao
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Jinming Shi
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Huiyang Qu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Shuang Du
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Yuxuan Cheng
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Shuyin Ma
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Meijuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Shuqin Zhan
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China.
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13
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Cowan RP, Gross NB, Sweeney MD, Sagare AP, Montagne A, Arakaki X, Fonteh AN, Zlokovic BV, Pogoda JM, Harrington MG. Evidence that blood-CSF barrier transport, but not inflammatory biomarkers, change in migraine, while CSF sVCAM1 associates with migraine frequency and CSF fibrinogen. Headache 2021; 61:536-545. [PMID: 33724462 PMCID: PMC8023403 DOI: 10.1111/head.14088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective Our objective is to explore whether blood–cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier biomarkers differ in episodic migraine (EM) or chronic migraine (CM) from controls. Background Reports of blood–brain barrier and blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) disruption in migraine vary. Our hypothesis is that investigation of biomarkers associated with blood, CSF, brain, cell adhesion, and inflammation will help elucidate migraine pathophysiology. Methods We recruited 14 control volunteers without headache disorders and 42 individuals with EM or CM as classified using the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition, criteria in a cross‐sectional study located at our Pasadena and Stanford headache research centers in California. Blood and lumbar CSF samples were collected once from those diagnosed with CM or those with EM during two states: during a typical migraine, before rescue therapy, with at least 6/10 level of pain (ictal); and when migraine free for at least 48 h (interictal). The average number of headaches per month over the previous year was estimated by those with EM; this enabled comparison of biomarker changes between controls and three headache frequency groups: <2 per month, 2–14 per month, and CM. Blood and CSF biomarkers were determined using antibody‐based methods. Results Antimigraine medication was only taken by the EM and CM groups. Compared to controls, the migraine group had significantly higher mean CSF–blood quotients of albumin (Qalb: mean ± standard deviation (SD): 5.6 ± 2.3 vs. 4.1 ± 1.9) and fibrinogen (Qfib mean ± SD: 1615 ± 99.0 vs. 86.1 ± 55.0). Mean CSF but not plasma soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (sVCAM‐1) levels were significantly higher in those with more frequent migraine: (4.5 ng/mL ± 1.1 in those with <2 headache days a month; 5.5 ± 1.9 with 2–14 days a month; and 7.1 ± 2.9 in CM), while the Qfib ratio was inversely related to headache frequency. We did not find any difference in individuals with EM or CM from controls for CSF cell count, total protein, matrix metalloproteinase‐9, soluble platelet‐derived growth factor receptor β, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha, interferon‐gamma, interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, or C‐reactive protein. Conclusions The higher Qalb and Qfib ratios may indicate that the transport of these blood‐derived proteins is disturbed at the BCSFB in persons with migraine. These changes most likely occur at the choroid plexus epithelium, as there are no signs of typical endothelial barrier disruption. The most striking finding in this hypothesis‐generating study of migraine pathophysiology is that sVCAM‐1 levels in CSF may be a biomarker of higher frequency of migraine and CM. An effect from migraine medications cannot be excluded, but there is no known mechanism to suggest they have a role in altering the CSF biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Cowan
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Noah B Gross
- Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Melanie D Sweeney
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Abhay P Sagare
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Axel Montagne
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xianghong Arakaki
- Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Alfred N Fonteh
- Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael G Harrington
- Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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14
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Walcott AT, Ryabinin AE. Assessing effects of oxytocin on alcohol consumption in socially housed prairie voles using radio frequency tracking. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12893. [PMID: 32160654 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder affects millions of people each year. Currently approved pharmacotherapies have limited success in treating this disorder. Evidence suggests that this lack of success is partly due to how these pharmacotherapies are tested in preclinical settings. The vast majority of preclinical studies assessing the effects of pharmacotherapies on alcohol or drug self-administration are done in individually housed animals. However, it is known that alcohol and drug intake are heavily influenced by social settings. Here, we adapted radio frequency tracking technology to determine the effects of oxytocin, a potential therapy for alcohol use disorder, on alcohol consumption in socially housed male and female prairie voles. Voluntary alcohol consumption in these animals resulted in high daily alcohol intakes, blood ethanol concentrations that are considered intoxicating, and central changes in FosB immunoreactivity, indicative of changes in neural activity. Prairie voles that received oxytocin temporarily reduced alcohol consumption but not alcohol preference, compared with control prairie voles regardless whether their cagemates received a similar treatment or not. Our results demonstrate that oxytocin can decrease consummatory behaviors in the presence of peers that are not receiving this treatment, and therefore, its potential use in clinical trials is warranted. Moreover, effectiveness of other pharmacotherapies in preclinical studies can be tested in mixed-treatment socially housed animals similarly to clinical studies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre T. Walcott
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience Oregon Health & Science University Portland OR 97239 USA
| | - Andrey E. Ryabinin
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience Oregon Health & Science University Portland OR 97239 USA
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15
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Caruso MA, Robins MT, Fulenwider HD, Ryabinin AE. Temporal analysis of individual ethanol consumption in socially housed mice and the effects of oxytocin. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:899-911. [PMID: 33404737 PMCID: PMC7786142 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05741-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The majority of preclinical studies assessing treatments for alcohol use disorder use singly housed animals. Because social factors affect ethanol intake, studies investigating such treatments in group-housed animals are needed. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effects of repeated oxytocin treatment on ethanol intake in socially housed male and female C57BL/6J mice. METHODS We used the novel "Herdsman" system implementing radiotracking technology to measure individual ethanol intake in group-housed animals. Mice were housed in same-sex groups of 4 per cage and exposed to 3 and 6% ethanol solutions. After baseline drinking was established, half of the animals in each cage received repeated intraperitoneal injections of 3 mg/kg oxytocin. RESULTS During baseline, females consumed more ethanol than males partly due to greater number of ethanol drinks taken by females. We also observed a gradual development of two peaks of ethanol consumption during the dark phase of the circadian cycle. The effects of oxytocin treatment were short-acting and varied across treatment days. Oxytocin significantly decreased ethanol intake on three out the four treatment days. On the fourth treatment day, oxytocin decreased ethanol intake and water intake. CONCLUSION The greater intake of ethanol in female mice is associated with the number of drinks taken. Oxytocin treatments not only cause an acute decrease in ethanol consumption, but can also change in efficacy over time. While the oxytocin system remains a promising therapeutic target for alcoholism, studies investigating longer periods of repeated oxytocin treatment and those using additional oxytocin receptor agonists are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya A. Caruso
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road L470, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Meridith T. Robins
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road L470, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Hannah D. Fulenwider
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road L470, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Andrey E. Ryabinin
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road L470, Portland, OR 97239 USA
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16
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Pilozzi A, Carro C, Huang X. Roles of β-Endorphin in Stress, Behavior, Neuroinflammation, and Brain Energy Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E338. [PMID: 33396962 PMCID: PMC7796446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Endorphins are peptides that exert a wide variety of effects throughout the body. Produced through the cleavage pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), β-endorphins are the primarily agonist of mu opioid receptors, which can be found throughout the body, brain, and cells of the immune system that regulate a diverse set of systems. As an agonist of the body's opioid receptors, β-endorphins are most noted for their potent analgesic effects, but they also have their involvement in reward-centric and homeostasis-restoring behaviors, among other effects. These effects have implicated the peptide in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, making it a research target of interest. This review briefly summarizes the basics of endorphin function, goes over the behaviors and regulatory pathways it governs, and examines the variability of β-endorphin levels observed between normal and disease/disorder affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xudong Huang
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (A.P.); (C.C.)
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17
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Patel D, Sundar M, Lorenz E, Leong KC. Oxytocin Attenuates Expression, but Not Acquisition, of Sucrose Conditioned Place Preference in Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:603232. [PMID: 33384589 PMCID: PMC7769941 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.603232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Maladaptation of reward processing for natural rewards, such as sucrose or sugar, may play a role in the development of diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Furthermore, uncovering mechanisms to disrupt or reverse maladaptation of reward-seeking behaviors for natural reinforcers can provide insight into treatment of such diseases, as well as disorders such as addiction. As such, studying the effects of potential pharmacotherapeutics on maladaptive sugar-seeking behavior offers valuable clinical significance. Sucrose conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigms can offer insight into aspects of reward processes as it provides a way to assess acquisition and expression of context-reward associations. The present study examined the effect of peripheral oxytocin injections on sucrose CPP in rats. Oxytocin, when administered prior to CPP test, attenuated expression of sucrose CPP. However, oxytocin, when administered during sucrose conditioning, did not affect subsequent place preference. These findings suggest oxytocin sufficiently attenuates expression of sucrose-associated place preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Patel
- Department of Psychology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Megana Sundar
- Department of Psychology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Eva Lorenz
- Department of Psychology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Kah-Chung Leong
- Department of Psychology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, United States
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18
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Sarkar A, Harty S, Johnson KVA, Moeller AH, Carmody RN, Lehto SM, Erdman SE, Dunbar RIM, Burnet PWJ. The role of the microbiome in the neurobiology of social behaviour. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1131-1166. [PMID: 32383208 PMCID: PMC10040264 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microbes colonise all multicellular life, and the gut microbiome has been shown to influence a range of host physiological and behavioural phenotypes. One of the most intriguing and least understood of these influences lies in the domain of the microbiome's interactions with host social behaviour, with new evidence revealing that the gut microbiome makes important contributions to animal sociality. However, little is known about the biological processes through which the microbiome might influence host social behaviour. Here, we synthesise evidence of the gut microbiome's interactions with various aspects of host sociality, including sociability, social cognition, social stress, and autism. We discuss evidence of microbial associations with the most likely physiological mediators of animal social interaction. These include the structure and function of regions of the 'social' brain (the amygdala, the prefrontal cortex, and the hippocampus) and the regulation of 'social' signalling molecules (glucocorticoids including corticosterone and cortisol, sex hormones including testosterone, oestrogens, and progestogens, neuropeptide hormones such as oxytocin and arginine vasopressin, and monoamine neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine). We also discuss microbiome-associated host genetic and epigenetic processes relevant to social behaviour. We then review research on microbial interactions with olfaction in insects and mammals, which contribute to social signalling and communication. Following these discussions, we examine evidence of microbial associations with emotion and social behaviour in humans, focussing on psychobiotic studies, microbe-depression correlations, early human development, autism, and issues of statistical power, replication, and causality. We analyse how the putative physiological mediators of the microbiome-sociality connection may be investigated, and discuss issues relating to the interpretation of results. We also suggest that other candidate molecules should be studied, insofar as they exert effects on social behaviour and are known to interact with the microbiome. Finally, we consider different models of the sequence of microbial effects on host physiological development, and how these may contribute to host social behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Sarkar
- Trinity College, Trinity Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1TQ, U.K.,Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Archaeology, Fitzwilliam Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QH, U.K
| | - Siobhán Harty
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katerina V-A Johnson
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, U.K.,Pembroke College, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 1DW, U.K.,Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, U.K
| | - Andrew H Moeller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Corson Hall, Tower Road, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, U.S.A
| | - Rachel N Carmody
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Peabody Museum, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
| | - Soili M Lehto
- Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, PL 590, FI-00029, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 6, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine/Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Susan E Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Building 16-825, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, U.S.A
| | - Robin I M Dunbar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, U.K
| | - Philip W J Burnet
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, U.K
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19
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Yamagishi A, Lee J, Sato N. Oxytocin in the anterior cingulate cortex is involved in helping behaviour. Behav Brain Res 2020; 393:112790. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Duarte-Guterman P, Lieblich SE, Qiu W, Splinter JEJ, Go KA, Casanueva-Reimon L, Galea LAM. Oxytocin has sex-specific effects on social behaviour and hypothalamic oxytocin immunoreactive cells but not hippocampal neurogenesis in adult rats. Horm Behav 2020; 122:104734. [PMID: 32169583 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin regulates social behaviours, pair bonding and hippocampal neurogenesis but most studies have used adult males. Our study investigated the effects of oxytocin on social investigation and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in male and female rats. Oxytocin has poor penetration of the blood-brain barrier, therefore we tested a nanoparticle drug, TRIOZAN™ (Ovensa Inc.), which permits greater blood-brain-barrier penetration. Adult male and female rats were injected daily (i.p.) for 10 days with either: oxytocin in PBS (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg), oxytocin in TRIOZAN™ (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg), or vehicle (PBS) and tested for social investigation. Oxytocin decreased body mass and increased social investigation and number of oxytocin-immunoreactive cells in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the hypothalamus in male rats only. In both sexes, oxytocin decreased the number of immature neurons (doublecortin+ cells) in the ventral hippocampus and reduced plasma 17β-estradiol levels in a dose- and delivery-dependent way. Oxytocin in TRIOZAN™ reduced "sedation" observed post-injection and increased certain central effects (oxytocin levels in the hypothalamus and neurogenesis in the ventral hippocampus) relative to oxytocin in PBS, indicating that the nanoparticle may be used as an alternative brain delivery system. We showed that oxytocin has sex-specific effects on social investigation, body mass, "sedation", and the oxytocin system. In contrast, similar effects were observed in both sexes in neurogenesis and plasma 17β-estradiol. Our work suggests that sex differences in oxytocin regulation of brain endpoints is region-specific (hypothalamus versus hippocampus) and that oxytocin does not promote social investigation in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Duarte-Guterman
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephanie E Lieblich
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wansu Qiu
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jared E J Splinter
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kimberly A Go
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Laura Casanueva-Reimon
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Liisa A M Galea
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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21
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Estes MK, Freels TG, Prater WT, Lester DB. Systemic oxytocin administration alters mesolimbic dopamine release in mice. Neuroscience 2019; 408:226-238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Yamagishi A, Okada M, Masuda M, Sato N. Oxytocin administration modulates rats' helping behavior depending on social context. Neurosci Res 2019; 153:56-61. [PMID: 30953682 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The affiliative effect of oxytocin on behavior toward other individuals can be modulated by positive and negative aspects of those individuals. However, the context-dependent effect of oxytocin on helping behavior is still unclear. In this study, we examined the effect of oxytocin administration on helping behavior in rats. The rats learned to open a door to help a cagemate soaked with water. The rats were divided into Pair and Solo groups. The rats in the Pair group were housed with their cagemates and those in the Solo group were housed individually. The rats in both groups received oxytocin (1.0 mg/kg) or saline injections intraperitoneally for 5 consecutive days before starting the experimental sessions. In the rats injected with oxytocin, the Solo group showed helping behavior faster than those in the Pair group. The results suggest that the effects of oxytocin administration on helping behavior are dependent on the social context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhito Yamagishi
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1-1-155, Uegahara, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 662-8501, Japan
| | - Maya Okada
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1-1-155, Uegahara, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 662-8501, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Masuda
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1-1-155, Uegahara, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 662-8501, Japan
| | - Nobuya Sato
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1-1-155, Uegahara, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 662-8501, Japan.
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23
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Janeček M, Dabrowska J. Oxytocin facilitates adaptive fear and attenuates anxiety responses in animal models and human studies-potential interaction with the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:143-172. [PMID: 30054732 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2889-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite its relatively well-understood role as a reproductive and pro-social peptide, oxytocin (OT) tells a more convoluted story in terms of its modulation of fear and anxiety. This nuanced story has been obscured by a great deal of research into the therapeutic applications of exogenous OT, driving more than 400 ongoing clinical trials. Drawing from animal models and human studies, we review the complex evidence concerning OT's role in fear learning and anxiety, clarifying the existing confusion about modulation of fear versus anxiety. We discuss animal models and human studies demonstrating the prevailing role of OT in strengthening fear memory to a discrete signal or cue, which allows accurate and rapid threat detection that facilitates survival. We also review ostensibly contrasting behavioral studies that nonetheless provide compelling evidence of OT attenuating sustained contextual fear and anxiety-like behavior, arguing that these OT effects on the modulation of fear vs. anxiety are not mutually exclusive. To disambiguate how endogenous OT modulates fear and anxiety, an understudied area compared to exogenous OT, we survey behavioral studies utilizing OT receptor (OTR) antagonists. Based on emerging evidence about the role of OTR in rat dorsolateral bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST) and elsewhere, we postulate that OT plays a critical role in facilitating accurate discrimination between stimuli representing threat and safety. Supported by human studies, we demonstrate that OT uniquely facilitates adaptive fear but reduces maladaptive anxiety. Last, we explore the limited literature on endogenous OT and its interaction with corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) with a special emphasis on the dorsolateral BNST, which may hold the key to the neurobiology of phasic fear and sustained anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Janeček
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Joanna Dabrowska
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
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24
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Jurek B, Neumann ID. The Oxytocin Receptor: From Intracellular Signaling to Behavior. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1805-1908. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The many facets of the oxytocin (OXT) system of the brain and periphery elicited nearly 25,000 publications since 1930 (see FIGURE 1 , as listed in PubMed), which revealed central roles for OXT and its receptor (OXTR) in reproduction, and social and emotional behaviors in animal and human studies focusing on mental and physical health and disease. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of OXT expression and release, expression and binding of the OXTR in brain and periphery, OXTR-coupled signaling cascades, and their involvement in behavioral outcomes to assemble a comprehensive picture of the central and peripheral OXT system. Traditionally known for its role in milk let-down and uterine contraction during labor, OXT also has implications in physiological, and also behavioral, aspects of reproduction, such as sexual and maternal behaviors and pair bonding, but also anxiety, trust, sociability, food intake, or even drug abuse. The many facets of OXT are, on a molecular basis, brought about by a single receptor. The OXTR, a 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor capable of binding to either Gαior Gαqproteins, activates a set of signaling cascades, such as the MAPK, PKC, PLC, or CaMK pathways, which converge on transcription factors like CREB or MEF-2. The cellular response to OXT includes regulation of neurite outgrowth, cellular viability, and increased survival. OXTergic projections in the brain represent anxiety and stress-regulating circuits connecting the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, or the medial prefrontal cortex. Which OXT-induced patterns finally alter the behavior of an animal or a human being is still poorly understood, and studying those OXTR-coupled signaling cascades is one initial step toward a better understanding of the molecular background of those behavioral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Jurek
- Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Inga D. Neumann
- Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Renicker MD, Cysewski N, Palmer S, Nakonechnyy D, Keef A, Thomas M, Magori K, Daberkow DP. Ameliorating Impact of Prophylactic Intranasal Oxytocin on Signs of Fear in a Rat Model of Traumatic Stress. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:105. [PMID: 29892216 PMCID: PMC5985313 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin treatment reduces signs of long-term emotional stress after exposure to trauma; however, little is known about the potential protective effects of oxytocin treatment on behavioral and physiological changes associated with extreme stress exposure. The objective of this study was to investigate oxytocin treatment as a prophylactic measure against rat signs of fear. Two separate experiments were conducted in which the time of intranasal oxytocin administration differed. Intranasal oxytocin (1.0 μg/kg) was administered 5 min after daily exposure to foot shock in Experiment #1 and 1 h before foot shock in Experiment #2. In Experiment #1, possible massage-evoked oxytocin release (5 min after foot shock) was also investigated. In both experiments, a contextual fear conditioning procedure was employed in which stress was induced via inescapable foot shock (3 days, 40 shocks/day, 8 mA/shock) in a fear conditioning chamber. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 24) were divided into four groups (n = 6, per group) for each experiment. Experiment #1 groups: Control Exp#1 (intranasal saline and no foot shock); Stress Exp#1 (intranasal saline 5 min after foot shock); Massage+Stress Exp#1 (massage-like stroking and intranasal saline 5 min after foot shock); Oxytocin+Stress Exp#1 (intranasal oxytocin 5 min after foot shock). Experiment #2 groups: Control Exp#2 (intranasal saline and no foot shock); Stress Exp#2 (intranasal saline 1 h before foot shock); Oxytocin Exp#2 (intranasal oxytocin and no foot shock); Oxytocin+Stress Exp#2 (intranasal oxytocin 1 h before foot shock). One week after fear conditioning (and other treatments), rats were independently evaluated for behavioral signs of fear. Two weeks after conditioning, physiological signs of fear were also assessed (Experiment #1). Relative to controls, rats treated with intranasal oxytocin 5 min after daily foot shock sessions exhibited significantly less immobility upon re-exposure to the shock chamber and attenuated physiological responses related to fear (e.g., elevated heart rate and blood pressure). Furthermore, intranasal oxytocin treatment given 1 h before daily foot shock sessions significantly decreased immobility and defecation upon re-exposure to the shock chamber, relative to controls. The results of this study suggest that prophylactic intranasal oxytocin, administered contemporaneously with aversive stimuli, mitigates behavioral and physiological responses associated with traumatic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah D Renicker
- Department of Biology, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA, United States
| | - Nicholas Cysewski
- Department of Biology, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA, United States
| | - Samuel Palmer
- Department of Biology, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA, United States
| | - Dmytro Nakonechnyy
- Department of Biology, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA, United States
| | - Andrew Keef
- Department of Biology, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA, United States
| | - Morgan Thomas
- Department of Biology, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA, United States
| | - Krisztian Magori
- Department of Biology, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA, United States
| | - David P Daberkow
- Department of Biology, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA, United States
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Abstract
This review summarises the evidence that chronic low grade inflammation triggers changes that contribute to the mental and physical ill health of patients with major depression. Inflammation, and the activation of the hypothalamic pituitary axis by stress, are normal components of the stress response but when stress is prolonged and the endocrine and immune system become chronic resulting in the activation of the peripheral macrophages, the central microglia and hypercortisolemia, the neuronal networks are damaged and become dysfunctional. The proinflammatory cytokines, in addition to activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and thereby increasing cortisol synthesis, also activate the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway. This results in the synthesis of the neurotoxic N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate agonist quinolinic acid and 3-hydroxykynurenine thereby enhancing oxidative stress and contributes to neurodegeneration which characterise major depression particularly in late life.While antidepressants attenuate some of the endocrine and immune changes caused by inflammation, not all therapeutically effective antidepressants do so. This suggests that drugs which specifically target the immune, endocrine and neurotransmitter systems may be more effective antidepressants.The preliminary clinical evidence that some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as the cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor celecoxib, can enhance the response to standard antidepressant treatment is therefore considered and a critical assessment made of the possible limitations of such an approach to novel antidepressant development.
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Jones C, Barrera I, Brothers S, Ring R, Wahlestedt C. Oxytocin and social functioning. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018. [PMID: 28867943 PMCID: PMC5573563 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2017.19.2/cjones] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Social anxiety is a form of anxiety characterized by continuous fear of one or more social or performance situations. Although multiple treatment modalities (cognitive behavioral therapy, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors/selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, benzodiazepines) exist for social anxiety, they are effective for only 60% to 70% of patients. Thus, researchers have looked for other candidates for social anxiety treatment. Our review focuses on the peptide oxytocin as a potential therapeutic option for individuals with social anxiety. Animal research both in nonprimates and primates supports oxytocin's role in facilitation of prosocial behaviors and its anxiolytic effects. Human studies indicate significant associations between social anxiety and oxytocin receptor gene alleles, as well as social anxiety and oxytocin plasma levels. In addition, intranasal administration of oxytocin in humans has favorable effects on social anxiety symptomology. Other disorders, including autism, schizophrenia, and anorexia, have components of social anxiety in their pathophysiology. The therapeutic role of oxytocin for social dysfunction in these disorders is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace Jones
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ingrid Barrera
- University of Miami Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Shaun Brothers
- University of Miami Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Robert Ring
- Drexel University Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Claes Wahlestedt
- University of Miami Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miami, Florida, USA
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Abstract
There is growing interest in the use of oxytocin (OT) as a potential treatment for alcohol and other substance-use disorders. OT is a neuropeptide that modulates adaptive processes associated with addiction including reward, tolerance, associative learning, memory, and stress responses. OT exerts its effects through interactions with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and multiple neurotransmitter systems including the dopamine mesolimbic reward and corticotrophin-releasing factor stress systems. The effects of OT on stress systems are of high interest, given the strong link between stress, drug use and relapse, and known dysregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis activity associated with substance-use disorders. At the same time, the OT system is itself altered by acute or chronic drug exposure. This review summarizes the preclinical and clinical literature on the OT system and its relevance to drug and alcohol addiction. In addition, findings from recent clinical trials conducted in participants with cocaine, cannabis, or alcohol use disorder are included and evidence that OT may help to normalize blunted stress responses, and attenuate withdrawal-associated hypercortisolism, negative mood, and withdrawal symptoms is summarized.
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29
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Lee MR, Scheidweiler KB, Diao XX, Akhlaghi F, Cummins A, Huestis MA, Leggio L, Averbeck BB. Oxytocin by intranasal and intravenous routes reaches the cerebrospinal fluid in rhesus macaques: determination using a novel oxytocin assay. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:115-122. [PMID: 28289281 PMCID: PMC5862033 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) is a potential treatment for multiple neuropsychiatric disorders. As OT is a peptide, delivery by the intranasal (IN) route is the preferred method in clinical studies. Although studies have shown increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) OT levels following IN administration, this does not unequivocably demonstrate that the peripherally administered OT is entering the CSF. For example, it has been suggested that peripheral delivery of OT could lead to central release of endogenous OT. It is also unknown whether the IN route provides for more efficient entry of the peptide into the CSF compared to the intravenous (IV) route, which requires blood-brain barrier penetration. To address these questions, we developed a sensitive and specific quantitative mass spectrometry assay that distinguishes labeled (d5-deuterated) from endogenous (d0) OT. We administered d5 OT (80 IU) to six nonhuman primates via IN and IV routes as well as IN saline as a control condition. We measured plasma and CSF concentrations of administered and endogenous OT before (t=0) and after (t=10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 min) d5 OT dosing. We demonstrate CSF penetrance of d5, exogenous OT delivered by IN and IV administration. Peripheral administration of d5 OT did not lead to increased d0, endogenous OT in the CSF. This suggests that peripheral administration of OT does not lead to central release of endogenous OT. We also did not find that IN administration offered an advantage compared to IV administration with respect to achieving greater CSF concentrations of OT.
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Affiliation(s)
- MR Lee
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - KB Scheidweiler
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - XX Diao
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - F Akhlaghi
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
| | - A Cummins
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - MA Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - L Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - BB Averbeck
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Temesi A, Thuróczy J, Balogh L, Miklósi Á. Increased Serum and Urinary Oxytocin Concentrations after Nasal Administration in Beagle Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:147. [PMID: 28929104 PMCID: PMC5591891 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years more and more studies have revealed the effect of extraneous oxytocin on the social behavior of dogs. The distribution of administered oxytocin in different physiologically relevant compartments is important because this knowledge forms the basis for the timing of behavior tests after the administration. Most behavioral studies rely on the non-invasive intranasal application of oxytocin. The aim of this study was to determine the time course of intranasal administered oxytocin secretion into blood and urine and also establish a connection between intranasal received oxytocin and urinary cortisol in dogs. In our experiment, four dogs received three puffs, 12 IU intranasal oxytocin treatment, two dogs received three puffs intranasal placebo treatment. Blood and urine samples were collected immediately prior to the administration then regularly during 4 h. After nasal oxytocin application, the serum oxytocin concentration increased, reached a maximum 15 min after the treatment and then rapidly returned to baseline levels 45 min later. The peak urinary oxytocin concentration occurred between 45 and 60 min after administration and returned to baseline levels slowly. We found considerable differences among individuals in the secretion of oxytocin in both the serum and the urinary oxytocin concentration measurements. Our results confirm that intranasally administered oxytocin passes into the blood stream. The time course of intranasally administered oxytocin secretion is similar to the time course of intravenously administered oxytocin secretion, and the peak values are also similar in both the serum and the urinary oxytocin concentration measurements, although there are large individual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Temesi
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Lajos Balogh
- National Public Health Center, National Research Directorate for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Miklósi
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
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31
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Dux M, Will C, Eberhardt M, Fischer MJM, Messlinger K. Stimulation of rat cranial dura mater with potassium chloride causes CGRP release into the cerebrospinal fluid and increases medullary blood flow. Neuropeptides 2017; 64:61-68. [PMID: 28202186 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Primary headaches may be accompanied by increased intracranial blood flow induced by the release of the potent vasodilator calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from activated meningeal afferents. We aimed to record meningeal and medullary blood flow simultaneously and to localize the sites of CGRP release in rodent preparations in vivo and ex vivo. Blood flow in the exposed rat parietal dura mater and the medulla oblongata was recorded by laser Doppler flowmetry, while the dura was stimulated by topical application of 60mM potassium chloride (KCl). Samples of jugular venous plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from the cisterna magna were analysed for CGRP concentrations using an enzyme immunoassay. In a hemisected rat skull preparation lined with dura mater the CGRP releasing effect of KCl superfusion was examined. Superfusion of the dura mater with KCl decreased meningeal blood flow unless alpha-adrenoceptors were blocked by phentolamine, whereas the medullary blood flow was increased. The same treatment caused increased CGRP concentrations in jugular plasma and CSF and induced significant CGRP release in the hemisected rat skull preparation. Anaesthesia of the trigeminal ganglion by injection of lidocaine reduced increases in medullary blood flow and CGRP concentration in the CSF upon meningeal KCl application. CGRP release evoked by depolarisation of meningeal afferents is accompanied by increased blood flow in the medulla oblongata but not the dura mater. This discrepancy can be explained by the smooth muscle depolarising effect of KCl and the activation of sympathetic vasoconstrictor mechanisms. The medullary blood flow response is most likely mediated by CGRP released from activated central terminals of trigeminal afferents. Increased blood supply of the medulla oblongata and CGRP release into the CSF may also occur in headaches accompanying vigorous activation of meningeal afferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Dux
- Department of Physiology, University of Szeged. Dóm tér 10, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Christine Will
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstrasse 17, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mirjam Eberhardt
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael J M Fischer
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstrasse 17, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl Messlinger
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstrasse 17, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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32
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Peripheral oxytocin receptors inhibit the nociceptive input signal to spinal dorsal horn wide-dynamic-range neurons. Pain 2017; 158:2117-2128. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Klockars A, Brunton C, Li L, Levine AS, Olszewski PK. Intravenous administration of oxytocin in rats acutely decreases deprivation-induced chow intake, but it fails to affect consumption of palatable solutions. Peptides 2017; 93:13-19. [PMID: 28460894 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite its limited ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, peripherally administered oxytocin (OT) acutely decreases food intake, most likely via the brainstem and hypothalamic mechanisms. Studies performed to date have focused mainly on the effects of subcutaneous or intraperitoneal OT on the consumption of only solid calorie-dense diets (either standard or high-fat), whereas it is unknown whether, similarly to central OT, peripherally administered peptide reduces intake of calorie-dilute and non-caloric palatable solutions. In this project, we established that 0.1μg/kg intravenous (IV) OT is the lowest anorexigenic dose, decreasing deprivation-induced standard chow intake by ca. 40% in rats and its effect does not stem from aversion. We then used this dose in paradigms in which effects of centrally acting OT ligands on consumption of palatable solutions had been previously reported. We found that IV OT did not change episodic intake of individually presented palatable solutions containing 10% sucrose, 0.1% saccharin, combined 10% sucrose-0.1% saccharin or 4.1%. Intralipid and it failed to affect daily scheduled consumption of a sucrose solution in non-deprived rats. In a two-bottle choice test, IV OT did not shift animals' preference from sucrose to Intralipid. Finally, OT injected IV prior to the simultaneous presentation chow and a sucrose solution in food-deprived rats significantly decreased chow intake, whereas sugar water consumption remained unchanged. We conclude that IV OT reduces deprivation-induced chow intake without causing aversion, but the dose effective in decreasing energy-driven consumption of high-calorie food fails to affect consumption of palatable calorie-dilute solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anica Klockars
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Chloe Brunton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Lu Li
- University of Auckland, Waikato Clinical School, Hamilton, 3240 New Zealand
| | - Allen S Levine
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Pawel K Olszewski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA.
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34
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The analgesic effects of oxytocin in the peripheral and central nervous system. Neurochem Int 2017; 103:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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35
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Makinodan M, Iwata K, Ikawa D, Yamashita Y, Yamamuro K, Toritsuka M, Kimoto S, Okumura K, Yamauchi T, Yoshino H, Tsujii M, Sugiyama T, Tsuchiya K, Mori N, Matsuzaki H, Kishimoto T. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells correlates with early childhood social interaction in autism spectrum disorder. Neurochem Int 2016; 104:1-5. [PMID: 28007470 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction, poor communication skills, and repetitive/restrictive behaviors. Elevated blood levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been reported in subjects with autism spectrum disorder. On the other hand, early childhood adverse experience also increases blood levels of these cytokines. Since social experience of children with autism spectrum disorder is generally unlike to typically developing children, we hypothesized that social interaction during childhood contribute to pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in subjects with autism spectrum disorder. We compared revised Autism Diagnostic Interview scores and expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of subjects with autism spectrum disorder (n = 30). The score of domain A on the revised Autism Diagnostic Interview, indicating social interaction impairment in early childhood, was negatively correlated with tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA expression level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells but not interleukin-1β or -6. Consistently, tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA expression was markedly low in subjects with autism spectrum disorder compared to typically developing children who presumably experienced the regular levels of social interaction. These findings suggest that the low blood levels of tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA in subjects with autism spectrum disorder might be due to impaired social interaction in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Makinodan
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Keiko Iwata
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Japan; Department of Development of Functional Brain Activities, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ikawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Yasunori Yamashita
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamuro
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Michihiro Toritsuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Sohei Kimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Kazuki Okumura
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Takahira Yamauchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yoshino
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Tsujii
- Department of Faculty of Sociology, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Tsuchiya
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Norio Mori
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hideo Matsuzaki
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Japan; Department of Development of Functional Brain Activities, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Kishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
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36
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Intranasal oxytocin administration improves depression-like behaviors in adult rats that experienced neonatal maternal deprivation. Behav Pharmacol 2016; 27:689-696. [PMID: 27644094 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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37
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Makinodan M, Ikawa D, Miyamoto Y, Yamauchi J, Yamamuro K, Yamashita Y, Toritsuka M, Kimoto S, Okumura K, Yamauchi T, Fukami SI, Yoshino H, Wanaka A, Kishimoto T. Social isolation impairs remyelination in mice through modulation of IL-6. FASEB J 2016; 30:4267-4274. [PMID: 27613805 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600537r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that social experience affects myelination. These findings have important implications for disorders that feature abnormal myelination, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), as previous studies have shown that psychosocial stress exacerbates the pathobiology of MS. However, most studies have focused on psychosocial stress during the demyelination phase of MS and have not investigated the effects of social experience on remyelination. Thus, the current study sought to determine whether social experience can alter remyelination after myelin depletion. Myelin in the mouse medial prefrontal cortex was depleted with cuprizone, and the effects of subsequent social isolation on remyelination were evaluated. Remyelination was severely impaired in socially isolated mice. Social isolation also increased IL-6 levels in the medial prefrontal cortex, and administration of an IL-6 inhibitor (ND50 = 0.01-0.03 μg for 0.25 ng/ml IL-6) ameliorated remyelination impairments. Consistent with this result, IL-6 administration (ED50 = 0.02-0.06 ng/ml) disturbed remyelination. In addition, neuron-oligodendrocyte coculture experiments showed that IL-6 treatment (ED50 ≤ 0.02 ng/ml) markedly impeded myelination, which was recovered with IL-6 inhibitor administration (ND50 = 0.01-0.03 μg for 0.25 ng/ml IL-6). This study provides the first direct evidence, to our knowledge, that social experience influences remyelination via modulation of IL-6 expression. These findings indicate that psychosocial stress may disturb remyelination through regulation of IL-6 expression in patients with such demyelinating diseases that involve remyelination as MS.-Makinodan, M., Ikawa, D., Miyamoto, Y., Yamauchi, J., Yamamuro, K., Yamashita, Y., Toritsuka, M., Kimoto, S., Okumura, K., Yamauchi, T., Fukami, S., Yoshino, H., Wanaka, A., Kishimoto, T. Social isolation impairs remyelination in mice through modulation of IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Makinodan
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan;
| | - Daisuke Ikawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Yuki Miyamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamuro
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Yasunori Yamashita
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Michihiro Toritsuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Sohei Kimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Kazuki Okumura
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Takahira Yamauchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Fukami
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yoshino
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Akio Wanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Kishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
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Stefanucci A, Mollica A, Macedonio G, Zengin G, Ahmed AA, Novellino E. Exogenous opioid peptides derived from food proteins and their possible uses as dietary supplements: A critical review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2016.1225220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azzurra Stefanucci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giorgia Macedonio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Abdelkareem A. Ahmed
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, Nyala, Sudan
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
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Plasma and CSF oxytocin levels after intranasal and intravenous oxytocin in awake macaques. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 66:185-94. [PMID: 26826355 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) is a neuropeptide that mediates a variety of complex social behaviors in animals and humans. Intranasal OT has been used as an experimental therapeutic for human conditions characterized by deficits in social functioning, especially autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. However, it is currently under intense debate whether intranasal delivery of OT reaches the central nervous system. In this study, four female rhesus macaques were implanted with chronic intrathecal catheters and used to investigate the pharmacokinetic profile of OT in the central nervous system and the peripheral vasculature following intravenous (IV) and intranasal (IN) administration of OT. In a randomized, crossover design, OT was given to four awake monkeys at three different doses based on body weight (0.1 IU/kg; 1 IU/kg; 5 IU/kg). A time course of concurrent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma samples were taken following administration. We found a dose-dependent effect of IV OT treatment on plasma OT levels, which peaked at 5 min post-dose and gradually returned to baseline by 120 min. In contrast, a change in CSF OT was only observed at the highest IV dose (5 IU/kg) at 15 min post-dose and gradually returned to baseline by 120 min. After IN administration, there was no significant change in plasma OT at any of the three doses. However, at the highest dose level, we found a significant increase in CSF OT at 15-30 min post- dose. The results of this study in light of recent, similar publications highlight the importance of methodological consistency across studies. This study also establishes a non-human primate model that can provide a stable platform for carrying out serial sampling from the central nervous system and peripheral vasculature concurrently.
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Trivedi M, Zhang Y, Lopez-Toledano M, Clarke A, Deth R. Differential neurogenic effects of casein-derived opioid peptides on neuronal stem cells: implications for redox-based epigenetic changes. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 37:39-46. [PMID: 27611101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Food-derived peptides, such as β-casomorphin BCM7, have potential to cross the gastrointestinal tract and blood-brain barrier and are associated with neurological disorders and neurodevelopmental disorders. We previously established a novel mechanism through which BCM7 affects the antioxidant levels in neuronal cells leading to inflammatory consequences. In the current study, we elucidated the effects of casein-derived peptides on neuronal development by using the neurogenesis of neural stem cells (NSCs) as an experimental model. First, the transient changes in intracellular thiol metabolites during NSC differentiation (neurogenesis) were investigated. Next, the neurogenic effects of food-derived opioid peptides were measured, along with changes in intracellular thiol metabolites, redox status and global DNA methylation levels. We observed that the neurogenesis of NSCs was promoted by human BCM7 to a greater extent, followed by A2-derived BCM9 in contrast to bovine BCM7, which induced increased astrocyte formation. The effect was most apparent when human BCM7 was administered for 1day starting on 3days postplating, consistent with immunocytochemistry. Furthermore, neurogenic changes regulated by bovine BCM7 and morphine were associated with an increase in the glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio and a decrease in the S-adenosylmethionine/S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio, indicative of changes in the redox and the methylation states. Finally, bovine BCM7 and morphine decreased DNA methylation in differentiating NSCs. In conclusion, these results suggest that food-derived opioid peptides and morphine regulated neurogenesis and differentiation of NSCs through changes in the redox state and epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malav Trivedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
| | - Yiting Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Miguel Lopez-Toledano
- Department of Biology, Fischer School of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter Campus, FL, USA
| | | | - Richard Deth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
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Martín-Sánchez A, McLean L, Beynon RJ, Hurst JL, Ayala G, Lanuza E, Martínez-Garcia F. From sexual attraction to maternal aggression: when pheromones change their behavioural significance. Horm Behav 2015; 68:65-76. [PMID: 25161057 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Chemosignals and Reproduction". This paper reviews the role of chemosignals in the socio-sexual interactions of female mice, and reports two experiments testing the role of pup-derived chemosignals and the male sexual pheromone darcin in inducing and promoting maternal aggression. Female mice are attracted to urine-borne male pheromones. Volatile and non-volatile urine fractions have been proposed to contain olfactory and vomeronasal pheromones. In particular, the male-specific major urinary protein (MUP) MUP20, darcin, has been shown to be rewarding and attractive to females. Non-urinary male chemosignals, such as the lacrimal protein ESP1, promote lordosis in female mice, but its attractive properties are still to be tested. There is evidence indicating that ESP1 and MUPs are detected by vomeronasal type 2 receptors (V2R). When a female mouse becomes pregnant, she undergoes dramatic changes in her physiology and behaviour. She builds a nest for her pups and takes care of them. Dams also defend the nest against conspecific intruders, attacking especially gonadally intact males. Maternal behaviour is dependent on a functional olfactory system, thus suggesting a role of chemosignals in the development of maternal behaviour. Our first experiment demonstrates, however, that pup chemosignals are not sufficient to induce maternal aggression in virgin females. In addition, it is known that vomeronasal stimuli are needed for maternal aggression. Since MUPs (and other molecules) are able to promote intermale aggression, in our second experiment we test if the attractive MUP darcin also promotes attacks on castrated male intruders by lactating dams. Our findings demonstrate that the same chemosignal, darcin, promotes attraction or aggression according to female reproductive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martín-Sánchez
- Laboratori de Neuroanatomia Funcional Comparada, Departments of Functional Biology and of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Univ. Valencia, C. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Lynn McLean
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Robert J Beynon
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Jane L Hurst
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Guillermo Ayala
- Department of Statistics and Operative Research, Faculty of Mathematics, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, 1, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Enrique Lanuza
- Laboratori de Neuroanatomia Funcional Comparada, Departments of Functional Biology and of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Univ. Valencia, C. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Fernando Martínez-Garcia
- Laboratori de Neuroanatomia Funcional Comparada, Departments of Functional Biology and of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Univ. Valencia, C. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
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Qiu F, Qiu CY, Cai H, Liu TT, Qu ZW, Yang Z, Li JD, Zhou QY, Hu WP. Oxytocin inhibits the activity of acid-sensing ion channels through the vasopressin, V1A receptor in primary sensory neurons. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3065-76. [PMID: 24641084 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A growing number of studies have demonstrated that oxytocin (OT) plays an analgesic role in modulation of nociception and pain. Most work to date has focused on the central mechanisms of OT analgesia, but little is known about whether peripheral mechanisms are also involved. Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are distributed in peripheral sensory neurons and participate in nociception. Here, we investigated the effects of OT on the activity of ASICs in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Electrophysiological experiments were performed on neurons from rat DRG. Nociceptive behaviour was induced by acetic acid in rats and mice lacking vasopressin, V1A receptors. KEY RESULTS OT inhibited the functional activity of native ASICs. Firstly, OT dose-dependently decreased the amplitude of ASIC currents in DRG neurons. Secondly, OT inhibition of ASIC currents was mimicked by arginine vasopressin (AVP) and completely blocked by the V1A receptor antagonist SR49059, but not by the OT receptor antagonist L-368899. Thirdly, OT altered acidosis-evoked membrane excitability of DRG neurons and significantly decreased the amplitude of the depolarization and number of action potentials induced by acid stimuli. Finally, peripherally administered OT or AVP inhibited nociceptive responses to intraplantar injection of acetic acid in rats. Both OT and AVP also induced an analgesic effect on acidosis-evoked pain in wild-type mice, but not in V1A receptor knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results reveal a novel peripheral mechanism for the analgesic effect of OT involving the modulation of native ASICs in primary sensory neurons mediated by V1A receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China; College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
Social cognition is a major problem underlying deficiencies in interpersonal relationships in several psychiatric populations. And yet there is currently no gold standard for pharmacological treatment of psychiatric illness that directly targets these social cognitive areas. This chapter serves to illustrate some of the most innovative attempts at pharmacological modulation of social cognition in psychiatric illnesses including schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder, autism spectrum disorders, antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy, social anxiety disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Pharmacological modulation includes studies administering oxytocin, ecstasy (MDMA), modafinil, methylphenidate, and D-cycloserine. Furthermore, some background on social cognition research in healthy individuals, which could be helpful in developing future treatments, is provided as well as the potential for each drug as a long-term treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Patin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105, Bonn, Germany
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Christensen JC, Shiyanov PA, Estepp JR, Schlager JJ. Lack of association between human plasma oxytocin and interpersonal trust in a Prisoner's Dilemma paradigm. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116172. [PMID: 25549255 PMCID: PMC4280178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Expanding interest in oxytocin, particularly the role of endogenous oxytocin in human social behavior, has created a pressing need for replication of results and verification of assay methods. In this study, we sought to replicate and extend previous results correlating plasma oxytocin with trust and trustworthy behavior. As a necessary first step, the two most commonly used commercial assays were compared in human plasma via the addition of a known quantity of exogenous oxytocin, with and without sample extraction. Plasma sample extraction was found to be critical in obtaining repeatable concentrations of oxytocin. In the subsequent trust experiment, twelve samples in duplicate, from each of 82 participants, were collected over approximately six hours during the performance of a Prisoner’s Dilemma task paradigm that stressed human interpersonal trust. We found no significant relationship between plasma oxytocin concentrations and trusting or trustworthy behavior. In light of these findings, previous published work that used oxytocin immunoassays without sample extraction should be reexamined and future research exploring links between endogenous human oxytocin and trust or social behavior should proceed with careful consideration of methods and appropriate biofluids for analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Christensen
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Pavel A. Shiyanov
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Justin R. Estepp
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John J. Schlager
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, United States of America
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Peripherally administered oxytocin modulates latent inhibition in a manner consistent with antipsychotic drugs. Behav Brain Res 2014; 278:424-8. [PMID: 25447298 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripherally administered oxytocin (OT) has produced antipsychotic drug (APD)-like effects in animal tests that are predictive of APD efficacy. However, these effects have mainly been demonstrated using animal models of schizophrenia-like deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex. Another schizophrenia-relevant abnormality that is the basis of a predictive animal test for APD efficacy is deficient latent inhibition (LI). LI is the normal suppression of a classically conditioned response when the subject is pre-exposed to the conditioned stimulus (CS) before it is paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Conditioned taste aversion (CTA), the normal avoidance of ingesting a food or liquid by animals when its taste is associated with an aversive experience, was used to test whether OT facilitates LI consistent with APDs. METHODS Brown Norway rats, known to naturally display attenuated LI, were aversively conditioned on two consecutive exposures to flavored drinking water (0.1% saccharin) by pairing it with malaise-inducing lithium chloride injections. Concurrent with conditioning, rats received subcutaneous OT (0.02, 0.1, 0.5mg/kg) or saline. Some rats were pre-exposed to the flavored water prior to its aversive conditioning (pre-exposed) while others were not (non pre-exposed). Two days after aversive conditioning the amount of flavored water consumed during a 20-min session was recorded. RESULTS As expected, LI, defined as greater consumption by pre-exposed vs. non pre-exposed rats was only weakly exhibited in Brown Norway rats and OT enhanced LI by reducing CTA in pre-exposed rats in a dose-dependent manner, with the 0.02 mg/kg dose producing the strongest effect. CONCLUSIONS The facilitation of LI by OT is consistent with the effects produced by APDs and provides further support for the notion that OT has therapeutic potential for schizophrenia.
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Kenkel WM, Yee JR, Carter CS. Is oxytocin a maternal-foetal signalling molecule at birth? Implications for development. J Neuroendocrinol 2014; 26:739-49. [PMID: 25059673 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide oxytocin was first noted for its capacity to promote uterine contractions and facilitate delivery in mammals. The study of oxytocin has grown to include awareness that this peptide is a neuromodulator with broad effects throughout the body. Accumulating evidence suggests that oxytocin is a powerful signal to the foetus, helping to prepare the offspring for the extrauterine environment. Concurrently, the use of exogenous oxytocin or other drugs to manipulate labour has become common practice. The use of oxytocin to expedite labour and minimise blood loss improves both infant and maternal survival under some conditions. However, further investigations are needed to assess the developmental consequences of changes in oxytocin, such as those associated with pre-eclampsia or obstetric manipulations associated with birth. This review focuses on the role of endogenous and exogenous oxytocin as a neurochemical signal to the foetal nervous system. We also examine the possible developmental consequences, including those associated with autism spectrum disorder, that arise from exogenous oxytocin supplementation during labour.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Kenkel
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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47
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Method of labelling of individual ependymal areas according to periventricular structures of the rat lateral brain ventricles. Biologia (Bratisl) 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-014-0421-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dal Monte O, Noble PL, Turchi J, Cummins A, Averbeck BB. CSF and blood oxytocin concentration changes following intranasal delivery in macaque. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103677. [PMID: 25133536 PMCID: PMC4136720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) in the central nervous system (CNS) influences social cognition and behavior, making it a candidate for treating clinical disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. Intranasal administration has been proposed as a possible route of delivery to the CNS for molecules like OT. While intranasal administration of OT influences social cognition and behavior, it is not well established whether this is an effective means for delivering OT to CNS targets. We administered OT or its vehicle (saline) to 15 primates (Macaca mulatta), using either intranasal spray or a nebulizer, and measured OT concentration changes in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and in blood. All subjects received both delivery methods and both drug conditions. Baseline samples of blood and CSF were taken immediately before drug administration. Blood was collected every 10 minutes after administration for 40 minutes and CSF was collected once post-delivery, at the 40 minutes time point. We found that intranasal administration of exogenous OT increased concentrations in both CSF and plasma compared to saline. Both delivery methods resulted in similar elevations of OT concentration in CSF, while the changes in plasma OT concentration were greater after nasal spray compared to nebulizer. In conclusion our study provides evidence that both nebulizer and nasal spray OT administration can elevate CSF OT levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Dal Monte
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Department of Neuropsychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Pamela L. Noble
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Janita Turchi
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Alex Cummins
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Bruno B. Averbeck
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Stewart AM, Kalueff AV. Anxiolytic drug discovery: what are the novel approaches and how can we improve them? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 9:15-26. [PMID: 24206163 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.857309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Contemporary biological psychiatry uses experimental (animal) models to increase our understanding of affective disorder pathogenesis. Despite the well-recognized spectrum nature of affective disorders, modern anxiolytic drug discovery mainly targets specific pathways and molecular determinants within a single phenotypic domain. However, greater understanding of the integrative mechanisms and pathogenesis is essential in order to develop new effective therapies. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors emphasize the importance of a 'domain interplay-oriented' approach to experimental affective research. They also highlight the need to expand the scope of anxiolytic drug targets to better understand the pathogenesis of anxiety-spectrum disorders. EXPERT OPINION There is the potential to markedly improve the utility of animal models for affective disorders. First, the authors suggest that one such way would be by analyzing the systems of several domains and their interplay to better understand disease pathogenesis. Further, it could also be improved by expanding the range of model species and by extending the spectrum of anxiolytic drug targets; this would help to focus on emerging and unconventional systems to better develop new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Michael Stewart
- ZENEREI Institute , 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458 , USA +1 240 328 2275 ; +1 240 328 2275 ;
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50
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Neurohormonal effects of oxytocin and vasopressin receptor agonists on spinal pain processing in male rats. Pain 2013; 154:1449-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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