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Xu Q, Cheung RTF. Melatonin at repeated doses alleviates hyperglycemia-exacerbated cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury at 72 h via anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 16:418-427. [PMID: 38500787 PMCID: PMC10945201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective We aimed to investigate how hyperglycemia would exacerbate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) in a rat model of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and explore the beneficial effects of multiple doses of melatonin in T1DM induced CIRI. Method The T1DM rat model was induced with streptozocin, and melatonin (10 mg/kg) was injected at 0.5 h before ischemia as well as at 24 and 48 h after reperfusion. Results When compared to normoglycemic (NG) rats, T1DM rats had hyperglycemia with weight loss before CIRI. Despite comparable degrees of ischemia and initial reperfusion, T1DM rats tended to have greater weight loss and had worse neurological deficits and larger infarct volume than NG rats up to 72 h after CIRI. Persistent activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway but not of apoptosis or calpains was a crucial factor in T1DM-mediated exacerbation of CIRI at 72 h. Despite lacking effects on baseline hyperglycemia, ischemia and initial reperfusion, melatonin at multiple doses lessened post-CIRI weight loss, neurological deficits and infarct volume in T1DM rats at 72 h. when compared to vehicle-treated T1DM rats with CIRI. Beneficial effects of melatonin treatment included decreased activation of NF-κB pathway, apoptosis and calpains, leading to reduced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and enhanced neuronal density. Conclusion Melatonin at multiple doses can alleviate T1DM-mediated exacerbation of CIRI at 72 h through anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Raymond Tak Fai Cheung
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone & Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Xu Q, Cheung RTF. Melatonin mitigates type 1 diabetes-aggravated cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3118. [PMID: 37327371 PMCID: PMC10498092 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebral ischemia and diabetes mellitus (DM) are common diseases that often coexist and interact with each other. DM doubles the risk of ischemic stroke, and cerebral ischemia causes stress-induced hyperglycemia. Most experimental stroke studies used healthy animals. Melatonin is neuroprotective against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) in non-DM, normoglycemic animals through anti-oxidant effect, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis. Previous studies have also reported a negative correlation between hyperglycemia and urinary melatonin metabolite. OBJECTIVES The present study investigated the effects of type 1 DM (T1DM) on CIRI in rats and the role of melatonin against CIRI in T1DM animals. RESULTS Our results revealed that T1DM aggravated CIRI, leading to greater weight loss, increased infarct volume, and worse neurological deficit. T1DM aggravated the post-CIRI activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and increase in pro-apoptotic markers. A single intraperitoneal injection of melatonin at 10 mg/kg given 30 min before ischemia onset attenuated CIRI in T1DM rats, resulting in less weight loss, decreased infarct volume, and milder neurological deficit when compared with the vehicle group. Melatonin treatment achieved anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects with reduced NF-κB pathway activation, reduced mitochondrial cytochrome C release, decreased calpain-mediated spectrin breakdown product (SBDP), and decreased caspase-3-mediated SBDP. The treatment also led to fewer iNOS+ cells, milder CD-68+ macrophage/microglia infiltration, decreased TUNEL+ apoptotic cells, and better neuronal survival. CONCLUSIONS T1DM aggravates CIRI. Melatonin treatment is neuroprotective against CIRI in T1DM rats via anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Raymond Tak Fai Cheung
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone & Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
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Lipid mediators generated by the cytochrome P450—Epoxide hydrolase pathway. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 97:327-373. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Davis CM, Ibrahim AH, Alkayed NJ. Cytochrome P450-derived eicosanoids in brain: From basic discovery to clinical translation. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 97:283-326. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Lansdell TA, Chambers LC, Dorrance AM. Endothelial Cells and the Cerebral Circulation. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3449-3508. [PMID: 35766836 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells form the innermost layer of all blood vessels and are the only vascular component that remains throughout all vascular segments. The cerebral vasculature has several unique properties not found in the peripheral circulation; this requires that the cerebral endothelium be considered as a unique entity. Cerebral endothelial cells perform several functions vital for brain health. The cerebral vasculature is responsible for protecting the brain from external threats carried in the blood. The endothelial cells are central to this requirement as they form the basis of the blood-brain barrier. The endothelium also regulates fibrinolysis, thrombosis, platelet activation, vascular permeability, metabolism, catabolism, inflammation, and white cell trafficking. Endothelial cells regulate the changes in vascular structure caused by angiogenesis and artery remodeling. Further, the endothelium contributes to vascular tone, allowing proper perfusion of the brain which has high energy demands and no energy stores. In this article, we discuss the basic anatomy and physiology of the cerebral endothelium. Where appropriate, we discuss the detrimental effects of high blood pressure on the cerebral endothelium and the contribution of cerebrovascular disease endothelial dysfunction and dementia. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3449-3508, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Lansdell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Laura C Chambers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Anne M Dorrance
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Sharma S, Brown CE. Microvascular basis of cognitive impairment in type 1 diabetes. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 229:107929. [PMID: 34171341 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The complex computations of the brain require a constant supply of blood flow to meet its immense metabolic needs. Perturbations in blood supply, even in the smallest vascular networks, can have a profound effect on neuronal function and cognition. Type 1 diabetes is a prevalent and insidious metabolic disorder that progressively and heterogeneously disrupts vascular signalling and function in the brain. As a result, it is associated with an array of adverse vascular changes such as impaired regulation of vascular tone, pathological neovascularization and vasoregression, capillary plugging and blood brain barrier disruption. In this review, we highlight the link between microvascular dysfunction and cognitive impairment that is commonly associated with type 1 diabetes, with the aim of synthesizing current knowledge in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorabh Sharma
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Craig E Brown
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Liu L, Cao Q, Gao W, Li B, Xia Z, Zhao B. Melatonin protects against focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetic mice by ameliorating mitochondrial impairments: involvement of the Akt-SIRT3-SOD2 signaling pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:16105-16123. [PMID: 34118791 PMCID: PMC8266371 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic patients are more vulnerable to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CIR) injury and have a worse prognosis and higher mortality after ischemic stroke than non-diabetic counterparts. Melatonin can exert neuroprotective effects against CIR injury in nondiabetic animal models. However, its effects on diabetic CIR injury and the underlying mechanisms remain unclarified. Herein, we found that melatonin administration improved neurological deficit, cerebral infarct volume, brain edema, and cell viability, reduced mitochondrial swelling, reactive oxygen species generation, and cytoplasmic cytochrome C release, and increased mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes activities, adenosine triphosphate production, and mitochondrial membrane potential in both streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and high glucose-treated HT22 cells. Importantly, melatonin also activated protein kinase B (Akt) and sirtuin 3 (SIRT3)/superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) signaling and upregulated mitochondrial biogenesis-related transcription factors. However, these effects were largely attenuated by LY294002 (a specific Akt signaling blocker) administration. Additionally, 3-TYP (a selective SIRT3 inhibitor) and SIRT3 siRNA inhibited the above protective effects of melatonin as well as the upregulation of SIRT3 and the decrease of SOD2 acetylation but did not affect the p-Akt/Akt ratio. Overall, we demonstrate that melatonin can alleviate CIR injury in diabetic mice by activating Akt-SIRT3-SOD2 signaling and subsequently improving mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Quan Cao
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Wenwei Gao
- Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Bingyu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Zhongyuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
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Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Blockade after Stroke Onset Protects Normal but Not Diabetic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115419. [PMID: 34063817 PMCID: PMC8196561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is abundant in the brain, is upregulated in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), and is possible mediator of ischemic injury via the breakdown of neuroprotective epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). Prophylactic, pre-ischemic sEH blockade with 4-[[trans-4-[[(tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]dec-1-ylamino)carbonyl]amino]cyclohexyl]oxy]-benzoic acid (tAUCB) reduces stroke-induced infarct in normal and diabetic mice, with larger neuroprotection in DM2. The present study tested whether benefit occurs in normal and DM2 mice if tAUCB is administered after stroke onset. We performed 60 min middle cerebral artery occlusion in young adult male C57BL mice divided into four groups: normal or DM2, with t-AUCB 2 mg/kg or vehicle 30 min before reperfusion. Endpoints were (1) cerebral blood flow (CBF) by laser Doppler, and (2) brain infarct at 24 h. In nondiabetic mice, t-AUCB reduced infarct size by 30% compared to vehicle-treated mice in the cortex (31.4 ± 4 vs. 43.8 ± 3 (SEM)%, respectively) and 26% in the whole hemisphere (26.3 ± 3 vs. 35.2 ± 2%, both p < 0.05). In contrast, in DM2 mice, tAUCB failed to ameliorate either cortical or hemispheric injury. No differences were seen in CBF. We conclude that tAUCB administered after ischemic stroke onset exerts brain protection in nondiabetic but not DM2 mice, that the neuroprotection appears independent of changes in gross CBF, and that DM2-induced hyperglycemia abolishes t-AUCB-mediated neuroprotection after stroke onset.
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Kursun O, Karatas H, Bariskaner H, Ozturk S. Arachidonic Acid Metabolites in Neurologic Disorders. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:150-159. [PMID: 33982658 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210512013648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Arachidonic acid (ARA) is essential for the fluidity, selective permeability, and flexibility of the cell membrane. It is an important factor for the function of all cells, particularly in the nervous system, immune system, and vascular endothelium. ARA, after docosahexaenoic acid, is the second most common polyunsaturated fatty acid in the phospholipids of the nerve cell membrane. ARA metabolites have many kinds of physiologic roles. The major action of ARA metabolites is the promotion of the acute inflammatory response, mediated by the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as PGE2 and PGI2, followed by the formation of lipid mediators, which have pro-resolving effects. Another important action of ARA derivatives, especially COX, is the regulation of vascular reactivity through PGs and TXA2. There is significant involvement of ARA metabolites in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and neuropsychiatric disorders. ARA derivatives also make an important contribution to acute stroke, global ischemia, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and anticoagulation- related hemorrhagic transformation. CONCLUSION In this review, we discuss experimental and human study results of neurologic disorders related to ARA and its metabolites in line with treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguzhan Kursun
- Ankara City Hospital, Neurology Clinic, Neurointensive Care Unit, Neurology, Turkey
| | - Hulya Karatas
- Hacettepe University, Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry Neurology, Turkey
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Zhao Y, Ye S, Lin J, Liang F, Chen J, Hu J, Chen K, Fang Y, Chen X, Xiong Y, Lin L, Tan X. NmFGF1-Regulated Glucolipid Metabolism and Angiogenesis Improves Functional Recovery in a Mouse Model of Diabetic Stroke and Acts via the AMPK Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:680351. [PMID: 34025437 PMCID: PMC8139577 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.680351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes increases the risk of stroke, exacerbates neurological deficits, and increases mortality. Non-mitogenic fibroblast growth factor 1 (nmFGF1) is a powerful neuroprotective factor that is also regarded as a metabolic regulator. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of nmFGF1 on the improvement of functional recovery in a mouse model of type 2 diabetic (T2D) stroke. We established a mouse model of T2D stroke by photothrombosis in mice that were fed a high-fat diet and injected with streptozotocin (STZ). We found that nmFGF1 reduced the size of the infarct and attenuated neurobehavioral deficits in our mouse model of T2D stroke. Angiogenesis plays an important role in neuronal survival and functional recovery post-stroke. NmFGF1 promoted angiogenesis in the mouse model of T2D stroke. Furthermore, nmFGF1 reversed the reduction of tube formation and migration in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) cultured in high glucose conditions and treated with oxygen glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD). Amp-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a critical role in the regulation of angiogenesis. Interestingly, we found that nmFGF1 increased the protein expression of phosphorylated AMPK (p-AMPK) both in vivo and in vitro. We found that nmFGF1 promoted tube formation and migration and that this effect was further enhanced by an AMPK agonist (A-769662). In contrast, these processes were inhibited by the application of an AMPK inhibitor (compound C) or siRNA targeting AMPK. Furthermore, nmFGF1 ameliorated neuronal loss in diabetic stroke mice via AMPK-mediated angiogenesis. In addition, nmFGF1 ameliorated glucose and lipid metabolic disorders in our mouse model of T2D stroke without causing significant changes in body weight. These results revealed that nmFGF1-regulated glucolipid metabolism and angiogenesis play a key role in the improvement of functional recovery in a mouse model of T2D stroke and that these effects are mediated by the AMPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeli Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shasha Ye
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fei Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yani Fang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiongjian Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ye Xiong
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xianxi Tan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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The Impact of the Ca 2+-Independent Phospholipase A 2β (iPLA 2β) on Immune Cells. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040577. [PMID: 33920898 PMCID: PMC8071342 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2β (iPLA2β) is a member of the PLA2 family that has been proposed to have roles in multiple biological processes including membrane remodeling, cell proliferation, bone formation, male fertility, cell death, and signaling. Such involvement has led to the identification of iPLA2β activation in several diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular abnormalities, glaucoma, periodontitis, neurological disorders, diabetes, and other metabolic disorders. More recently, there has been heightened interest in the role that iPLA2β plays in promoting inflammation. Recognizing the potential contribution of iPLA2β in the development of autoimmune diseases, we review this issue in the context of an iPLA2β link with macrophages and T-cells.
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12
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Sun CP, Zhang XY, Morisseau C, Hwang SH, Zhang ZJ, Hammock BD, Ma XC. Discovery of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitors from Chemical Synthesis and Natural Products. J Med Chem 2020; 64:184-215. [PMID: 33369424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is an α/β hydrolase fold protein and widely distributed in numerous organs including the liver, kidney, and brain. The inhibition of sEH can effectively maintain endogenous epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) levels and reduce dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs) levels, resulting in therapeutic potentials for cardiovascular, central nervous system, and metabolic diseases. Therefore, since the beginning of this century, the development of sEH inhibitors is a hot research topic. A variety of potent sEH inhibitors have been developed by chemical synthesis or isolated from natural sources. In this review, we mainly summarized the interconnected aspects of sEH with cardiovascular, central nervous system, and metabolic diseases and then focus on representative inhibitors, which would provide some useful guidance for the future development of potential sEH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Peng Sun
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yue Zhang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Sung Hee Hwang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Zhan-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Xiao-Chi Ma
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, People's Republic of China.,College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, People's Republic of China
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Tang L, Ren X, Han Y, Chen L, Meng X, Zhang C, Chu H, Kong L, Ma H. Sulforaphane attenuates apoptosis of hippocampal neurons induced by high glucose via regulating endoplasmic reticulum. Neurochem Int 2020; 136:104728. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Insulin in the Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. World Neurosurg 2020; 136:e514-e534. [PMID: 31954893 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of tight glycemic control in the management of acute ischemic stroke remains uncertain. Our goal is to evaluate the effects of tight glucose control with insulin therapy after acute ischemic stroke. METHODS We searched PubMed, CENTRAL, and Embase for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effects of tight glycemic control (70-135 mg/dL) in acute ischemic stroke. Analysis was performed using fixed-effects and random-effects models. Outcomes were death, independence, and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at ≥90 days follow-up, and symptomatic or severe hypoglycemia during treatment. RESULTS Twelve RCTs including 2734 patients were included. Compared with conventional therapy or placebo, tight glycemic control was associated with similar rates of mortality at ≥90 days follow-up (pooled odds ratio [pOR], 0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79-1.22]; I2 = 0%), independence at ≥90 days follow-up (pOR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.79-1.14; I2 = 0%) and mRS scores at ≥90 days follow-up (standardized mean difference, 0.014; 95% CI, -0.15 to 0.17; I2 = 0%). In contrast, tight glycemic control was associated with increased rates of symptomatic or severe hypoglycemia during treatment (pOR, 5.2; 95% CI, 1.7-15.9; I2 = 28%). CONCLUSIONS Tight glucose control after acute ischemic stroke is not associated with improvements in mortality, independence, or mRS score and leads to higher rates of symptomatic or severe hypoglycemia.
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Dos Santos LRB, Fleming I. Role of cytochrome P450-derived, polyunsaturated fatty acid mediators in diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 148:106407. [PMID: 31899373 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, cases of metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes have increased exponentially. Exercise and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-enriched diets are usually prescribed but no therapy is effectively able to restore the impaired glucose metabolism, hypertension, and atherogenic dyslipidemia encountered by diabetic patients. PUFAs are metabolized by different enzymes into bioactive metabolites with anti- or pro-inflammatory activity. One important class of PUFA metabolizing enzymes are the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes that can generate a series of bioactive products, many of which have been attributed protective/anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects in animal models. PUFA epoxides are, however, further metabolized by the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) to fatty acid diols. The biological actions of the latter are less well understood but while low concentrations may be biologically important, higher concentrations of diols derived from linoleic acid and docosahexaenoic acid have been linked with inflammation. One potential application for sEH inhibitors is in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy where sEH expression and activity is elevated as are levels of a diol of docosahexaenoic acid that can induce the destabilization of the retina vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila R B Dos Santos
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Rhein-Main, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Rhein-Main, Germany.
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Nelson AJ, Stephenson DJ, Cardona CL, Lei X, Almutairi A, White TD, Tusing YG, Park MA, Barbour SE, Chalfant CE, Ramanadham S. Macrophage polarization is linked to Ca 2+-independent phospholipase A 2β-derived lipids and cross-cell signaling in mice. J Lipid Res 2019; 61:143-158. [PMID: 31818877 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) catalyze hydrolysis of the sn-2 substituent from glycerophospholipids to yield a free fatty acid (i.e., arachidonic acid), which can be metabolized to pro- or anti-inflammatory eicosanoids. Macrophages modulate inflammatory responses and are affected by Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 (PLA2)β (iPLA2β). Here, we assessed the link between iPLA2β-derived lipids (iDLs) and macrophage polarization. Macrophages from WT and KO (iPLA2β-/-) mice were classically M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype activated or alternatively M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype activated, and eicosanoid production was determined by ultra-performance LC ESI-MS/MS. As a genotypic control, we performed similar analyses on macrophages from RIP.iPLA2β.Tg mice with selective iPLA2β overexpression in β-cells. Compared with WT, generation of select pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGs) was lower in iPLA2β-/- , and that of a specialized pro-resolving lipid mediator (SPM), resolvin D2, was higher; both changes are consistent with the M2 phenotype. Conversely, macrophages from RIP.iPLA2β.Tg mice exhibited an opposite landscape, one associated with the M1 phenotype: namely, increased production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids (6-keto PGF1α, PGE2, leukotriene B4) and decreased ability to generate resolvin D2. These changes were not linked with secretory PLA2 or cytosolic PLA2α or with leakage of the transgene. Thus, we report previously unidentified links between select iPLA2β-derived eicosanoids, an SPM, and macrophage polarization. Importantly, our findings reveal for the first time that β-cell iPLA2β-derived signaling can predispose macrophage responses. These findings suggest that iDLs play critical roles in macrophage polarization, and we posit that they could be targeted therapeutically to counter inflammation-based disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Nelson
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294.,Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Daniel J Stephenson
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology (CMMB), University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Christopher L Cardona
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology (CMMB), University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Xiaoyong Lei
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294.,Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Abdulaziz Almutairi
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294.,Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Tayleur D White
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294.,Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Ying G Tusing
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294.,Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Margaret A Park
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology (CMMB), University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Suzanne E Barbour
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Charles E Chalfant
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology (CMMB), University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620.,Research Service, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Sasanka Ramanadham
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 .,Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase regulates monocyte/macrophage polarization and improves neurological outcome in a rat model of ischemic stroke. Neuroreport 2019; 30:567-572. [PMID: 30950936 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It is generally understood that continuing neuroinflammation after ischemic stroke can exacerbate the brain damage. During the inflammatory hematogenous recruitment process, the monocytes and macrophages are activated into proinflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 cell types. Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) activity has been reported to regulate monocytes/macrophages, and attenuates neuroinflammation. This study aimed to evaluate whether a selective sEH inhibitor, 12-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-dodecanoic acid (AUDA), can regulate monocyte/macrophage polarization and improve motor function in the rats with ischemic stroke induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion. We measured the infarct volume with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and used the rotarod test to assess motor performance in rats. The monocyte/macrophage activation and mRNA expression of proinflammatory mediators were measured by flow cytometry and reverse-transcription quantitative PCR, respectively. Our results showed better neurological function and less infarct volume in the rats treated with AUDA. Compared with the vehicle group, the AUDA-treated group showed a reduction in M1 monocyte/macrophage activation and proinflammatory mRNA expressions in the infarct cortex of rats. Our data suggest that the sEH inhibition may regulate monocyte/macrophage polarization and improve neurological outcome after ischemic stroke.
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18
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Luo M, Xu F, Lu Y, Zhou X, Cui W, Miao L. Elabela protects against podocyte injury in mice with streptozocin-induced diabetes by associating with the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Peptides 2019; 114:29-37. [PMID: 30959144 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is a common complication of diabetes characterized by an increased rate of protein excretion in urine and kidney function loss. Elabela is a newly discovered peptide whose role in the regulation of diabetes is the major focus of this research. We established an in vivo model of Type 1 diabetes mellitus by injecting mice intraperitoneally with streptozotocin. The treatment group was administered Elabela for 6 months. In the present study, Elabela administration under diabetic conditions was found to reduce renal inflammation and fibrosis markers, leading to improvement in renal pathology and kidney dysfunction. Furthermore, Elabela acts through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase /Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway and decreases podocyte apoptosis, thereby exhibiting a nephroprotective effect against diabetic nephropathy. Our findings provide the first evidence that Elabela has a potential renoprotective effect in patients of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixian Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yangwei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Manyu Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Wenpeng Cui
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
| | - Lining Miao
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
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19
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Yeh CF, Chuang TY, Hung YW, Lan MY, Tsai CH, Huang HX, Lin YY. Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition enhances anti-inflammatory and antioxidative processes, modulates microglia polarization, and promotes recovery after ischemic stroke. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:2927-2941. [PMID: 31686827 PMCID: PMC6800549 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s210403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke triggers inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in the brain, and microglia polarization affects the degree of neuroinflammation. It has been reported that the inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) activity protects brain tissue. However, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of sEH inhibition in the ischemic brain are not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a selective sEH inhibitor, 12-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-dodecanoic acid (AUDA), after ischemic stroke. METHODS Adult male rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were administered with AUDA or a vehicle. Behavioral outcome, infarct volume, microglia polarization, and gene expression were assessed. RESULTS Rats treated with AUDA showed better behavioral outcomes and smaller infarct volumes after MCAO. After AUDA treatment, a reduction of M1 microglia and an increase of M2 microglia occurred at the ischemic cortex of rats. Additionally, there was an increase in the mRNA expressions of antioxidant enzymes and anti-inflammatory interleukin-10, and pro-inflammatory mediators were decreased after AUDA administration. Heme oxygenase-1 was mainly expressed by neurons, and AUDA was found to improve the survival of neurons. CONCLUSION The results of this study provided novel and significant insights into how AUDA can improve outcomes and modulate inflammation and oxidative stress after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Fu Yeh
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Yueh Chuang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Hung
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ying Lan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Han Tsai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Xiang Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Yang Lin
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.,Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
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20
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Abstract
Therapeutics for arachidonic acid pathways began with the development of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX). The enzymatic pathways and arachidonic acid metabolites and respective receptors have been successfully targeted and therapeutics developed for pain, inflammation, pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. These drugs target the COX and lipoxygenase pathways but not the third branch for arachidonic acid metabolism, the cytochrome P450 (CYP) pathway. Small molecule compounds targeting enzymes and CYP epoxy-fatty acid metabolites have evolved rapidly over the last two decades. These therapeutics have primarily focused on inhibiting soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) or agonist mimetics for epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EET). Based on preclinical animal model studies and human studies, major therapeutic indications for these sEH inhibitors and EET mimics/analogs are renal and cardiovascular diseases. Novel small molecules that inhibit sEH have advanced to human clinical trials and demonstrate promise for cardiovascular diseases. Challenges remain for sEH inhibitor and EET analog drug development; however, there is a high likelihood that a drug that acts on this third branch of arachidonic acid metabolism will be utilized to treat a cardiovascular or kidney disease in the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Imig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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21
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Gannon OJ, Robison LS, Custozzo AJ, Zuloaga KL. Sex differences in risk factors for vascular contributions to cognitive impairment & dementia. Neurochem Int 2018; 127:38-55. [PMID: 30471324 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is the second most common cause of dementia. While males overall appear to be at a slightly higher risk for VCID throughout most of the lifespan (up to age 85), some risk factors for VCID more adversely affect women. These include female-specific risk factors associated with pregnancy related disorders (e.g. preeclampsia), menopause, and poorly timed hormone replacement. Further, presence of certain co-morbid risk factors, such as diabetes, obesity and hypertension, also may more adversely affect women than men. In contrast, some risk factors more greatly affect men, such as hyperlipidemia, myocardial infarction, and heart disease. Further, stroke, one of the leading risk factors for VCID, has a higher incidence in men than in women throughout much of the lifespan, though this trend is reversed at advanced ages. This review will highlight the need to take biological sex and common co-morbidities for VCID into account in both preclinical and clinical research. Given that there are currently no treatments available for VCID, it is critical that we understand how to mitigate risk factors for this devastating disease in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Gannon
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
| | - L S Robison
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
| | - A J Custozzo
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
| | - K L Zuloaga
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghee Cho
- From the Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY (S.C., J.Y.); and Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (S.C.).
| | - Jiwon Yang
- From the Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY (S.C., J.Y.); and Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (S.C.)
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23
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Abstract
Cytochrome P450 eicosanoids play important roles in brain function and disease through their complementary actions on cell-cell communications within the neurovascular unit (NVU) and mechanisms of brain injury. Epoxy- and hydroxyeicosanoids, respectively formed by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases and ω-hydroxylases, play opposing roles in cerebrovascular function and in pathological processes underlying neural injury, including ischemia, neuroinflammation and oxidative injury. P450 eicosanoids also contribute to cerebrovascular disease risk factors, including hypertension and diabetes. We summarize studies investigating the roles P450 eicosanoids in cerebrovascular physiology and disease to highlight the existing balance between these important lipid signaling molecules, as well as their roles in maintaining neurovascular homeostasis and in acute and chronic neurovascular and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Davis
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States; The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Xuehong Liu
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Nabil J Alkayed
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States; The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
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24
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Xu X, Li R, Chen G, Hoopes SL, Zeldin DC, Wang DW. The Role of Cytochrome P450 Epoxygenases, Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase, and Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids in Metabolic Diseases. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:1122-1128. [PMID: 28140329 PMCID: PMC5105036 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.012245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases are associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. The features comprising metabolic diseases include obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. Recent evidence has emerged showcasing a role for cytochrome P450 epoxygenases, soluble epoxide hydrolase, and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) in the development and progression of metabolic diseases. This review discusses the current knowledge related to the modulation of cytochrome P450 epoxygenases and soluble epoxide hydrolase to alter concentrations of biologically active EETs, resulting in effects on insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, obesity, and diabetes. Future areas of research to address current deficiencies in the understanding of these enzymes and their eicosanoid metabolites in various aspects of metabolic diseases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhen Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Institute of Hypertension, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Institute of Hypertension, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Guangzhi Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Institute of Hypertension, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Samantha L Hoopes
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Darryl C Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Institute of Hypertension, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and
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25
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Katary MM, Pye C, Elmarakby AA. Meloxicam fails to augment the reno-protective effects of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats via increased 20-HETE levels. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2016; 132:3-11. [PMID: 27596333 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cyclooxygenase (COX)-derived prostaglandins and the anti-inflammatory cytochrome P450 epoxygenase-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) play an important role in the regulation of renal injury. The current study examined whether COX inhibition augments the reno-protective effects of increased EETs levels via inhibiting EETs degradation by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) in diabetic rats. Streptozotocin (50mg/kg, i.v) was used to induce diabetes in male Sprague Dawley rats. Rats were then divided into 5 groups (n=6-8); control non diabetic, diabetic, diabetic treated with the sEH inhibitor trans-4-[4-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-cyclohexyloxy]-benzoic acid (t-AUCB), diabetic treated with the COX inhibitor meloxicam and diabetic treated with meloxicam plus t-AUCB for 2 months. Glomerular albumin permeability and urinary albumin and nephrin excretion levels were significantly elevated in diabetic rats together with decreased glomerular α3 integrin and nephrin expression levels. Inhibition of sEH reduced glomerular albumin permeability, albumin and nephrin excretion levels and restored the decrease in glomerular α3 integrin and nephrin expression in diabetic rats. Meloxicam failed to reduce renal injury or even to synergize the reno-protective effects of sEH inhibition in diabetic rats. Furthermore, inhibition of sEH reduced the elevation in renal collagen deposition and urinary MCP-1 excretion levels together with a reduction in the number of renal TUNEL positive cells in diabetic vs. control rats (P<0.05). Meloxicam did not reduce renal inflammation or apoptosis in diabetic rats or even exacerbate the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of sEH inhibition. Renal 20-hydroxyeicosatetranoic acid (20-HETE) levels were elevated in diabetic rats and meloxicam further exacerbated this elevation. In conclusion, our study suggests that inhibition of COX failed to provide renal protection or to augment the reno-protective effects of sEH inhibition in diabetic rats, at least in part, via increased inflammatory 20-HETE levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Katary
- Department of Oral Biology & Pharmacology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhur University, Egypt
| | - Chelsey Pye
- Department of Oral Biology & Pharmacology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Ahmed A Elmarakby
- Department of Oral Biology & Pharmacology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.
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26
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Wang B, Aw TY, Stokes KY. The protection conferred against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the diabetic brain by N-acetylcysteine is associated with decreased dicarbonyl stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 96:89-98. [PMID: 27083477 PMCID: PMC5079522 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes, a risk factor for stroke, leads to elevated blood methylglyoxal (MG) levels. This is due to increased MG generation from the high glucose levels, and because diabetes impairs the glutathione (GSH)-glyoxalase system for MG elimination. MG glycates proteins and causes dicarbonyl stress. We investigated the contribution of MG and GSH to stroke outcome. Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion was performed in chemical-induced (streptozotocin) and genetic Akita mouse models of Type 1 diabetes. Brain infarction and functions of the GSH-dependent MG elimination pathway were determined. Diabetes increased post-ischemia-reperfusion cerebral infarct area in association with elevated MG and diminished GSH levels. Infarct size correlated with brain MG-to-GSH ratio. Expression of glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLc) was increased in diabetic brain. GCL activity was unchanged. MG-adducts were elevated in the diabetic brain and, using immunoprecipitation, we identified one of the bands as glycated occludin. This was accompanied by increased blood-brain barrier permeability. Total protein carbonyls were elevated, indicative of oxidative/carbonyl stress. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) corrected MG-to-GSH ratio, and reduced diabetic brain infarct area, occludin glycation and permeability. In addition, protein carbonyls were decreased by NAC. We showed that the diabetic brain exhibited a lower GSH-dependent potential for MG elimination, which contributed to increased protein glycation, and oxidative/carbonyl stress. The consequence of these changes was aggravated post-stroke brain injury. NAC administration protected against the exacerbated brain damage via restored GSH generation and normalization of the MG-to-GSH ratio and possibly by attenuating oxidative/carbonyl stress. This treatment could contribute to the successful management of stroke risk/outcome in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Hwy, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, LSU Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Hwy, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA; Department of Geriatrics, Union hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Tak Yee Aw
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Hwy, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, LSU Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Hwy, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Karen Y Stokes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Hwy, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, LSU Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Hwy, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA; Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, LSU Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Hwy, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
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27
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He J, Wang C, Zhu Y, Ai D. Soluble epoxide hydrolase: A potential target for metabolic diseases. J Diabetes 2016; 8:305-13. [PMID: 26621325 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), important lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid, have many beneficial effects in metabolic diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and kidney disease. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids can be further hydrolyzed to less active diols by the enzyme soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Increasing evidence suggests that inhibition of sEH increases levels of EETs, which have anti-inflammatory effects and can prevent the development of hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, fatty liver, and multiple organ fibrosis. Arachidonic acid is the most abundant omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and shares the same set of enzymes with omega-3 PUFAs, such as docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. The omega-3 PUFAs and metabolites, such as regioisomeric epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids and epoxydocosapentaenoic acids, have been reported to have strong vasodilatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, sEH may be a potential therapeutic target for metabolic disorders. In this review, we focus on our and other recent studies of the functions of sEH, including the effects of its eicosanoid products from both omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs, in various metabolic diseases. We also discuss the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of sEH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong He
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunjiong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ding Ai
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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28
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Siler DA, Martini RP, Ward JP, Nelson JW, Borkar RN, Zuloaga KL, Liu JJ, Fairbanks SL, Raskin JS, Anderson VC, Dogan A, Wang RK, Alkayed NJ, Cetas JS. Protective role of p450 epoxyeicosanoids in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2016; 22:306-19. [PMID: 25231529 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-014-0011-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients recovering from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are at risk for developing delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). Experimental and human studies implicate the vasoconstrictor P450 eicosanoid 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) in the pathogenesis of DCI. To date, no studies have evaluated the role of vasodilator epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) in DCI. METHODS Using mass spectrometry, we measured P450 eicosanoids in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 34 SAH patients from 1 to 14 days after admission. CSF eicosanoid levels were compared in patients who experienced DCI versus those who did not. We then studied the effect of EETs in a model of SAH using mice lacking the enzyme soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), which catabolizes EETs into their inactive diol. To assess changes in vessel morphology and cortical perfusion in the mouse brain, we used optical microangiography, a non-invasive coherence-based imaging technique. RESULTS Along with increases in 20-HETE, we found that CSF levels of 14,15-EET were elevated in SAH patients compared to control CSF, and levels were significantly higher in patients who experienced DCI compared to those who did not. Mice lacking sEH had elevated 14,15-EET and were protected from the delayed decrease in microvascular cortical perfusion after SAH, compared to wild type mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that P450 eicosanoids play an important role in the pathogenesis of DCI. While 20-HETE may contribute to the development of DCI, 14,15-EET may afford protection against DCI. Strategies to enhance 14,15-EET, including sEH inhibition, should be considered as part of a comprehensive approach to prevent DCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic A Siler
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Huang H, Al-Shabrawey M, Wang MH. Cyclooxygenase- and cytochrome P450-derived eicosanoids in stroke. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015; 122:45-53. [PMID: 26747234 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) is metabolized by cyclooxygenase (COX) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes into eicosanoids, which are involved in cardiovascular diseases and stroke. Evidence has demonstrated the important functions of these eicosanoids in regulating cerebral vascular tone, cerebral blood flow, and autoregulation of cerebral circulation. Although COX-2 inhibitors have been suggested as potential treatments for stroke, adverse events, including an increased risk of stroke, occur following long-term use of coxibs. It is important to note that prolonged treatment with rofecoxib increased circulating levels of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), and 20-HETE blockade is a possible strategy to prevent coxib-induced stroke events. It appears that 20-HETE has detrimental effects in the brain, and that its blockade exerts cerebroprotection against ischemic stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). There is clear evidence that activation of EP2 and EP4 receptors exerts cerebroprotection against ischemic stroke. Several elegant studies have contributed to defining the importance of stabilizing the levels of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), by inhibiting or deleting soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), in stroke research. These reports support the notion that sEH blockade is cerebroprotective against ischemic stroke and SAH. Here, we summarize recent findings implicating these eicosanoid pathways in cerebral vascular function and stroke. We also discuss the development of animal models with targeted gene deletion and specific enzymatic inhibitors in each pathway to identify potential targets for the treatment of ischemic stroke and SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mohamed Al-Shabrawey
- Department of Oral Biology/Anatomy, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United states
| | - Mong-Heng Wang
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United states.
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30
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Qin J, Sun D, Jiang H, Kandhi S, Froogh G, Hwang SH, Hammock BD, Wolin MS, Thompson CI, Hintze TH, Huang A. Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase increases coronary perfusion in mice. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/6/e12427. [PMID: 26071213 PMCID: PMC4510629 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Roles of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), the enzyme responsible for hydrolysis of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) to their diols (DHETs), in the coronary circulation and cardiac function remain unknown. We tested the hypothesis that compromising EET hydrolysis/degradation, via sEH deficiency, lowers the coronary resistance to promote cardiac perfusion and function. Hearts were isolated from wild type (WT), sEH knockout (KO) mice and WT mice chronically treated with t-TUCB (sEH inhibitor), and perfused with constant flow at different pre-loads. Compared to WT controls, sEH-deficient hearts required significantly greater basal coronary flow to maintain the perfusion pressure at 100 mmHg and exhibited a greater reduction in vascular resistance during tension-induced heart work, implying a better coronary perfusion during cardiac performance. Cardiac contractility, characterized by developed tension in response to changes in preload, was potentially increased in sEH-KO hearts, manifested by an enlarged magnitude at each step-wise increase in end-diastolic to peak-systolic tension. 14,15-EEZE (EET antagonist) prevented the adaptation of coronary circulation in sEH null hearts whereas responses in WT hearts were sensitive to the inhibition of NO. Cardiac expression of EET synthases (CYP2J2/2C29) was comparable in both genotypic mice whereas, levels of 14,15-, 11,12- and 8,9-EETs were significantly higher in sEH-KO hearts, accompanied with lower levels of DHETs. In conclusion, the elevation of cardiac EETs, as a function of sEH deficiency, plays key roles in the adaptation of coronary flow and cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qin
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York Department of GI Surgery, Renji Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Houli Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Sharath Kandhi
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Ghezal Froogh
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Sung Hee Hwang
- Department of Entomology, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, Davis, California
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, Davis, California
| | - Michael S Wolin
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Carl I Thompson
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Thomas H Hintze
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - An Huang
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
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31
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Yang L, Mäki-Petäjä K, Cheriyan J, McEniery C, Wilkinson IB. The role of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids in the cardiovascular system. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 80:28-44. [PMID: 25655310 PMCID: PMC4500322 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence suggesting that epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) play an important role in cardioprotective mechanisms. These include regulating vascular tone, modulating inflammatory responses, improving cardiomyocyte function and reducing ischaemic damage, resulting in attenuation of animal models of cardiovascular risk factors. This review discusses the current knowledge on the role of EETs in endothelium-dependent control of vascular tone in the healthy and in subjects with cardiovascular risk factors, and considers the pharmacological potential of targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Yang
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Department of Medicine, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - K Mäki-Petäjä
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Department of Medicine, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - J Cheriyan
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Department of Medicine, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - C McEniery
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Department of Medicine, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - I B Wilkinson
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Department of Medicine, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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32
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Lan X, Wang W, Li Q, Wang J. The Natural Flavonoid Pinocembrin: Molecular Targets and Potential Therapeutic Applications. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1794-1801. [PMID: 25744566 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pinocembrin is a natural flavonoid compound extracted from honey, propolis, ginger roots, wild marjoram, and other plants. In preclinical studies, it has shown anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects as well as the ability to reduce reactive oxygen species, protect the blood-brain barrier, modulate mitochondrial function, and regulate apoptosis. Considering these pharmaceutical characteristics, pinocembrin has potential as a drug to treat ischemic stroke and other clinical conditions. In this review, we summarize its pharmacologic characteristics and discuss its mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Lan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross Bldg 370B, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Wenzhu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross Bldg 370B, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross Bldg 370B, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross Bldg 370B, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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33
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Zuloaga KL, Zhang W, Roese NE, Alkayed NJ. Soluble epoxide hydrolase gene deletion improves blood flow and reduces infarct size after cerebral ischemia in reproductively senescent female mice. Front Pharmacol 2015; 5:290. [PMID: 25642188 PMCID: PMC4295540 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), a key enzyme in the metabolism of vasodilatory epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), is sexually dimorphic, suppressed by estrogen, and contributes to underlying sex differences in cerebral blood flow and injury after cerebral ischemia. We tested the hypothesis that sEH inhibition or gene deletion in reproductively senescent (RS) female mice would increase cerebral perfusion and decrease infarct size following stroke. RS (15–18 month old) and young (3–4 month old) female sEH knockout (sEHKO) mice and wild type (WT) mice were subjected to 45 min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with laser Doppler perfusion monitoring. WT mice were treated with vehicle or a sEH inhibitor t-AUCB at the time of reperfusion and every 24 h thereafter for 3 days. Differences in regional cerebral blood flow were measured in vivo using optical microangiography (OMAG). Infarct size was measured 3 days after reperfusion. Infarct size and cerebral perfusion 24 h after MCAO were not altered by age. Both sEH gene deletion and sEH inhibition increased cortical perfusion 24 h after MCAO. Neither sEH gene deletion nor sEH inhibition reduced infarct size in young mice. However, sEH gene deletion, but not sEH inhibition of the hydrolase domain of the enzyme, decreased infarct size in RS mice. Results of these studies show that sEH gene deletion and sEH inhibition enhance cortical perfusion following MCAO and sEH gene deletion reduces damage after ischemia in RS female mice; however this neuroprotection in absent is young mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Zuloaga
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
| | - Wenri Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
| | - Natalie E Roese
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nabil J Alkayed
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
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34
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Kibel A, Novak S, Cosic A, Mihaljevic Z, Falck JR, Drenjancevic I. Hyperbaric oxygenation modulates vascular reactivity to angiotensin-(1-7) in diabetic rats: potential role of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2015; 12:33-45. [PMID: 25326234 DOI: 10.1177/1479164114553424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, a facilitating effect of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO₂) on aortic ring responses to angiotensin-(1-7) in healthy rats was reported, with epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) possibly playing an important role. The aim of this study was to assess whether HBO₂ exerts similar effects in diabetic rats and to further explore the role of specific cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in changes induced by HBO₂. Aortic relaxation to angiotensin-(1-7) was significantly higher in HBO₂ diabetic rats compared to control diabetic rats, while HBO₂ had no effect on angiotensin II contraction. N-methylsulphonyl-6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl/hexanamide inhibited the facilitation of angiotensin-(1-7) responses in HBO₂ rats, suggesting an important role of EETs in this modulation. mRNA expression of CYP2J3 and protein expression of CYP2C11 were significantly upregulated in HBO₂ diabetic rats, whereas CYP4A1, CYP4A2 and CYP4A3 mRNA and CYP2J3 protein expression was similar between groups. Mean arterial pressure, ferric reducing ability of plasma and Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances levels and serum angiotensin-(1-7) concentrations were not significantly changed.
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MESH Headings
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/analogs & derivatives
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/metabolism
- Amides/pharmacology
- Angiotensin I/blood
- Angiotensin I/pharmacology
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiopathology
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/genetics
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/metabolism
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/chemistry
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism
- Cytochrome P450 Family 2
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Diabetic Angiopathies/prevention & control
- Enzyme Induction
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Hyperbaric Oxygenation/adverse effects
- Male
- Oxidative Stress
- Peptide Fragments/blood
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase/genetics
- Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase/metabolism
- Vascular Resistance/drug effects
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasodilation/drug effects
- Vasodilator Agents/blood
- Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanja Novak
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anita Cosic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | | | - John R Falck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Matsumoto N, Suzuki E, Ishikawa M, Shirafuji T, Hasumi K. Soluble epoxide hydrolase as an anti-inflammatory target of the thrombolytic stroke drug SMTP-7. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:35826-38. [PMID: 25361765 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.588087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ischemic stroke is a major cause of death and disability worldwide, only a small fraction of patients benefit from the current thrombolytic therapy due to a risk of cerebral hemorrhage caused by inflammation. Thus, the development of a new strategy to combat inflammation during thrombolysis is an urgent demand. The small molecule thrombolytic SMTP-7 effectively treats ischemic stroke in several animal models with reducing cerebral hemorrhage. Here we revealed that SMTP-7 targeted soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) to suppress inflammation. SMTP-7 inhibited both of the two sEH enzyme activities: epoxide hydrolase (which inactivates anti-inflammatory epoxy-fatty acids) and lipid phosphate phosphatase. SMTP-7 suppressed epoxy-fatty acid hydrolysis in HepG2 cells in culture, implicating the sEH inhibition in the anti-inflammatory mechanism. The sEH inhibition by SMTP-7 was independent of its thrombolytic activity. The simultaneous targeting of thrombolysis and sEH by a single molecule is a promising strategy to revolutionize the current stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Matsumoto
- From the Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Eriko Suzuki
- From the Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Makoto Ishikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Nihon Pharmaceutical, 34 Shin-izumi, Narita, Chiba 286-0825, Japan, and
| | - Takumi Shirafuji
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Nihon Pharmaceutical, 34 Shin-izumi, Narita, Chiba 286-0825, Japan, and
| | - Keiji Hasumi
- From the Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan, TMS Co., Ltd., 1-32-1-102 Fuchucho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-0055, Japan
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36
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Fleming I. The Pharmacology of the Cytochrome P450 Epoxygenase/Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Axis in the Vasculature and Cardiovascular Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2014; 66:1106-40. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.007781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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37
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Zuloaga KL, Krasnow SM, Zhu X, Zhang W, Jouihan SA, Shangraw RE, Alkayed NJ, Marks DL. Mechanism of protection by soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition in type 2 diabetic stroke. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97529. [PMID: 24824753 PMCID: PMC4019567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a potential target of therapy for ischemic injury. sEH metabolizes neuroprotective epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). We recently demonstrated that sEH inhibition reduces infarct size after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in type 1 diabetic mice. We hypothesized that inhibition of sEH would protect against ischemic injury in type 2 diabetic mice. Type 2 diabetes was produced by combined high-fat diet, nicotinamide and streptozotocin in male mice. Diabetic and control mice were treated with vehicle or the sEH inhibitor t-AUCB then subjected to 60-min MCAO. Compared to chow-fed mice, high fat diet-fed mice exhibited an upregulation of sEH mRNA and protein in brain, but no differences in brain EETs levels were observed between groups. Type 2 diabetic mice had increased blood glucose levels at baseline and throughout ischemia, decreased laser-Doppler perfusion of the MCA territory after reperfusion, and sustained larger cortical infarcts compared to control mice. t-AUCB decreased fasting glucose levels at baseline and throughout ischemia, improved cortical perfusion after MCAO and significantly reduced infarct size in diabetic mice. We conclude that sEH inhibition, as a preventative treatment, improves glycemic status, post-ischemic reperfusion in the ischemic territory, and stroke outcome in type 2 diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L. Zuloaga
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Stephanie M. Krasnow
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Xinxia Zhu
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Wenri Zhang
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Sari A. Jouihan
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Shangraw
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Nabil J. Alkayed
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Marks
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bishop-Bailey D, Thomson S, Askari A, Faulkner A, Wheeler-Jones C. Lipid-metabolizing CYPs in the regulation and dysregulation of metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr 2014; 34:261-79. [PMID: 24819323 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071813-105747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450s (CYPs) represent a highly divergent class of enzymes involved in the oxidation of organic compounds. A subgroup of CYPs metabolize ω3-arachidonic and linoleic acids and ω6-docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) into a series of related biologically active mediators. Over the past 20 years, increasing evidence has emerged for a role of these PUFA-derived mediators in physiological and pathophysiological processes in the vasculature, during inflammation, and in the regulation of metabolism. With recent technological advances and increased availability of lipid mass spectroscopy, we are now starting to discern the patterns of these CYP-PUFA products in health and disease. These analyses not only are revealing the diverse spectrum of lipid nutrients regulated by CYPs, but also clearly indicate that the balance of these mediators changes with dietary intake of different PUFA classes. These findings suggest that we are only just beginning to understand all of the relevant lipid species produced by CYP pathways. Moreover, we are still a long way from understanding the nature and presence of their receptors, their tissue expression, and the pathophysiological processes they regulate. This review highlights these future issues in the context of lipid-metabolizing CYP enzymes, focusing particularly on the CYP450 family of epoxygenases and the lipid mediators they produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bishop-Bailey
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom;
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