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Kiyatkin EA, Choi S. Brain oxygen responses induced by opioids: focus on heroin, fentanyl, and their adulterants. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1354722. [PMID: 38299188 PMCID: PMC10828032 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1354722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Opioids are important tools for pain management, but abuse can result in serious health complications. Of these complications, respiratory depression that leads to brain hypoxia is the most dangerous, resulting in coma and death. Although all opioids at large doses induce brain hypoxia, danger is magnified with synthetic opioids such as fentanyl and structurally similar analogs. These drugs are highly potent, act rapidly, and are often not effectively treated by naloxone, the standard of care for opioid-induced respiratory depression. The goal of this review paper is to present and discuss brain oxygen responses induced by opioids, focusing on heroin and fentanyl. In contrast to studying drug-induced changes in respiratory activity, we used chronically implanted oxygen sensors coupled with high-speed amperometry to directly evaluate physiological and drug-induced fluctuations in brain oxygen levels in awake, freely moving rats. First, we provide an overview of brain oxygen responses to physiological stimuli and discuss the mechanisms regulating oxygen entry into brain tissue. Next, we present data on brain oxygen responses induced by heroin and fentanyl and review underlying mechanisms. These data allowed us to compare the effects of these drugs on brain oxygen in terms of their potency, time-dependent response pattern, and potentially lethal effect at high doses. Then, we present the interactive effects of opioids during polysubstance use (alcohol, ketamine, xylazine) on brain oxygenation. Finally, we consider factors that affect the therapeutic potential of naloxone, focusing on dosage, timing of drug delivery, and contamination of opioids by other neuroactive drugs. The latter issue is considered chiefly with respect to xylazine, which strongly potentiates the hypoxic effects of heroin and fentanyl. Although this work was done in rats, the data are human relevant and will aid in addressing the alarming rise in lethality associated with opioid misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene A. Kiyatkin
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse–Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, United States
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2
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Blaine S, Fogelman N, Lacadie C, Constable T, Sinha R. Blunted neural reward response to alcohol and greater alcohol motivation in binge drinkers in a randomized clinical experiment. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 47:1067-1078. [PMID: 37070596 PMCID: PMC10289130 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol stimulates cerebral blood flow (CBF) in brain reward regions. However, neural processes that support sustained alcohol motivation after the first drink are not well understood. METHODS Using a novel placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover experiment, 27 individuals who binge drink (BD; 15 M, 12 F) and 25 social drinkers (SD; 15 M, 10 F) underwent a behavioral test of self-motivated alcohol consumption using an Alcohol Taste Test (ATT) involving alcoholic and nonalcoholic beer on separate days. The test was followed immediately by perfusion functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). On both days, participants then engaged in a post-scan ATT with placebo beer to assess sustained alcohol self-motivation without active alcohol effects. Linear mixed effects models were used to examine the effects of drinking group on the placebo-controlled effect of initial alcohol motivation on brain perfusion (whole brain corrected p < 0.001, cluster corrected p < 0.025) and on the relationship between placebo-controlled brain perfusion and sustained alcohol motivation. RESULTS Initial alcohol self-motivation in the alcohol relative to placebo session led to markedly decreased activation in the medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the ventral striatum in BD relative to SD, indicative of neural reward tolerance. The BD group also showed an enhanced neural response in behavioral intention regions of the supplementary motor area (SMA) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) regions. Moreover, there was greater sustained alcohol motivation in BD than SD in the post-scan ATT in the alcohol relative to placebo session. Correspondingly, only in BD and only in the alcohol session, lower alcohol-induced OFC response correlated with concurrent sensitized SMA response, and each predicted the subsequent sustained higher alcohol motivation in the post-scan ATT. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol-related OFC tolerance may play an important role in sustained alcohol motivation. Furthermore, both specific alcohol-related neural reward tolerance and premotor sensitization responses may contribute to escalating alcohol motivation to drive excessive alcohol intake, even in individuals without alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Blaine
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University; Auburn, AL
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine; New Haven, CT
| | - Nia Fogelman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine; New Haven, CT
| | - Cheryl Lacadie
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine; New Haven, CT
| | - Todd Constable
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine; New Haven, CT
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine; New Haven, CT
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3
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Ochi R, Ueno F, Sakuma M, Tani H, Tsugawa S, Graff-Guerrero A, Uchida H, Mimura M, Oshima S, Matsushita S, Nakajima S. Patterns of functional connectivity alterations induced by alcohol reflect somatostatin interneuron expression in the human cerebral cortex. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7896. [PMID: 35550587 PMCID: PMC9098480 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute alcohol administration affects functional connectivity, yet the underlying mechanism is unknown. Previous work suggested that a moderate dose of alcohol reduces the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) interneurons, thereby leading to a state of pyramidal disinhibition and hyperexcitability. The present study aims to relate alcohol-induced changes in functional connectivity to regional genetic markers of GABAergic interneurons. Healthy young adults (N = 15, 5 males) underwent resting state functional MRI scanning prior to alcohol administration, immediately and 90 min after alcohol administration. Functional connectivity density mapping was performed to quantify alcohol-induced changes in resting brain activity between conditions. Patterns of differences between conditions were related to regional genetic markers that express the primary GABAergic cortical interneuron subtypes (parvalbumin, somatostatin, and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A) obtained from the Allen Human Brain Atlas. Acute alcohol administration increased local functional connectivity density within the visual cortex, sensorimotor cortex, thalamus, striatum, and cerebellum. Patterns of alcohol-induced changes in local functional connectivity density inversely correlated with somatostatin cortical gene expression. These findings suggest that somatostatin-expressing interneurons modulate alcohol-induced changes in functional connectivity in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ochi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Ueno
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mutsuki Sakuma
- National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tani
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Sakiko Tsugawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hiroyuki Uchida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shunji Oshima
- Sustainable Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sachio Matsushita
- National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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4
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Tong TT, Vaidya JG, Kramer JR, Kuperman S, Langbehn DR, O’Leary DS. Impact of binge drinking during college on resting state functional connectivity. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 227:108935. [PMID: 34388578 PMCID: PMC8464531 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM The current study examined the longitudinal effects of standard binge drinking (4+/5+ drinks for females/males in 2 hours) and extreme binge drinking (8+/10+ drinks for females/males in 2 hours) on resting-state functional connectivity. METHOD 119 college students (61 males) were recruited in groups of distinct bingeing patterns at baseline: non-bingeing controls, standard and extreme bingers. Resting-state scans were first obtained when participants were freshmen/sophomores and again approximately two years later. Associations between longitudinal bingeing (reported during this two-year gap) and network connectivity were examined. Network connectivity was calculated by aggregating all edges affiliated with the same network (an edge is a functional connection between two brain regions). The relationship between longitudinal bingeing and connectivity edges was also studied using connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM). RESULTS Greater standard bingeing was negatively associated with change in connectivity between Default Mode Network and Ventral Attention Network (DMN-VAN; False Discovery Rate corrected), controlling for initial binge groups, longitudinal network changes, motions, scanner, SES, sex, and age. The correlations between change in DMN-VAN connectivity and change in cognitive performance (Stroop, Digit Span, Letter Fluency, and Trail Making) were also tested, but the results were not significant. Lastly, CPM failed to identify a generalizable predictive model of longitudinal bingeing from change in connectivity edges. CONCLUSIONS Binge drinking is associated with abnormality in networks implicated in attention and self-focused processes, which, in turn, have been implicated in rumination, craving, and relapse. More extensive alterations in functional connectivity might be observed with heavier or longer binge drinking pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien T. Tong
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1399 Park Ave., New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jatin G. Vaidya
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - John R. Kramer
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Samuel Kuperman
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Douglas R. Langbehn
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Daniel S. O’Leary
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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5
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Effects of alcohol on brain oxygenation and brain hypoxia induced by intravenous heroin. Neuropharmacology 2021; 197:108713. [PMID: 34271019 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol is the most commonly used psychoactive drug, often taken in conjunction with opioid drugs. Since both alcohol and opioids can induce CNS depression, it is often assumed that alcohol potentiates the known hypoxic effects of opioid drugs. To address this supposition, we used oxygen sensors to examine the effects of alcohol on brain oxygenation and hypoxic responses induced by intravenous heroin in awake, freely moving rats. To eliminate robust sensory effects of alcohol following its oral or intraperitoneal delivery, alcohol was administered directly into the stomach via chronically implanted intragastric catheters at human relevant doses. Alcohol delivered at a 0.5 g/kg dose did not affect brain oxygen levels, except for a weak transient increase during drug delivery. This phasic oxygen increase was stronger at a 2.0 g/kg alcohol dose and followed by a weaker tonic increase. Since alcohol absorption from intragastric delivery is much slower and more prolonged than with intraperitoneal or intravenous injections, the rapid rise of brain oxygen levels suggests that alcohol has a direct action on sensory afferents in the stomach well before the drug physically reaches brain tissue via circulation. Despite slow tonic increases in brain oxygen, alcohol at the 2.0 g/kg dose strongly potentiates heroin-induced oxygen responses, increasing both the magnitude and duration of oxygen decrease. Therefore, under the influence of alcohol, the use of opioid drugs becomes much more dangerous, increasing brain hypoxia and enhancing the probability of serious health complications, including coma and death.
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6
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Inoue T, Kozawa E, Ishikawa M, Okada H. Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Nutritional Status: A Literature Review with Focus on Dialysis Patients. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13062037. [PMID: 34198682 PMCID: PMC8232261 DOI: 10.3390/nu13062037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is indispensable in clinical medicine for the morphological and tomographic evaluation of many parenchymal organs. With varied imaging methods, diverse biological information, such as the perfusion volume and measurements of metabolic products, can be obtained. In addition to conventional MRI for morphological assessment, diffusion-weighted MRI/diffusion tensor imaging is used to evaluate white matter structures in the brain; arterial spin labeling is used for cerebral blood flow evaluation; magnetic resonance elastography for fatty liver and cirrhosis evaluation; magnetic resonance spectroscopy for evaluation of metabolites in specific regions of the brain; and blood oxygenation level-dependent imaging for neurological exploration of eating behavior, obesity, and food perception. This range of applications will continue to expand in the future. Nutritional science is a multidisciplinary and all-inclusive field of research; therefore, there are many different applications of MRI. We present a literature review of MRI techniques that can be used to evaluate the nutritional status, particularly in patients on dialysis. We used MEDLINE as the information source, conducted a keyword search in PubMed, and found that, as a nutritional evaluation method, MRI has been used frequently to comprehensively and quantitatively evaluate muscle mass for the determination of body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Inoue
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-0495, Japan;
| | - Eito Kozawa
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-0495, Japan;
| | - Masahiro Ishikawa
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Health and Medical Care, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-1241, Japan;
| | - Hirokazu Okada
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-0495, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-49-276-1611
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7
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Furtmann JK, Sichtermann T, Oros-Peusquens AM, Dekeyzer S, Shah NJ, Wiesmann M, Nikoubashman O. MRI Analysis Of the Water Content Change In the Brain During Acute Ethanol Consumption Via Quantitative Water Mapping. Alcohol Alcohol 2021; 57:429-436. [PMID: 34002208 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Alcohol consumption influences the water balance in the brain. While the impact of chronic alcohol misuse on cerebral water content has been the subject of several studies, less is known about the effects of acute alcohol misuse, with contradictory results in the literature. Therefore, we investigated the effects of acute alcohol intoxication on cerebral water content using a precise quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence. METHODS In a prospective study, we measured cerebral water content in 20 healthy volunteers before alcohol consumption and after reaching a breath alcohol concentration of 1 ‰. A quantitative MRI water mapping sequence was conducted on a clinical 3 T system. Non-alcoholic fluid input and output were documented and accounted for. Water content was assessed for whole brain, grey and white matter and more specifically for regions known to be affected by acute or chronic alcohol misuse (occipital and frontal lobes, thalamus and pons). Changes in the volume of grey and white matter as well as the whole brain were examined. RESULTS Quantitative cerebral water content before and after acute alcohol consumption did not differ significantly (P ≥ 0.07), with changes often being within the range of measurement accuracy. Whole brain, white and grey matter volume did not change significantly (P ≥ 0.12). CONCLUSION The results of our study show no significant water content or volume change in the brain after recent alcohol intake in healthy volunteers. This accounts for the whole brain, grey and white matter, occipital and frontal lobes, thalamus and pons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna K Furtmann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Sichtermann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ana-Maria Oros-Peusquens
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine 4 (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Sven Dekeyzer
- Department of Radiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Nadim J Shah
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine 4 (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Martin Wiesmann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Omid Nikoubashman
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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8
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Fairbairn CE, Kang D, Federmeier KD. Alcohol and Neural Dynamics: A Meta-analysis of Acute Alcohol Effects on Event-Related Brain Potentials. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:990-1000. [PMID: 33579536 PMCID: PMC8106628 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An understanding of alcohol's acute neural effects could augment our knowledge of mechanisms underlying alcohol-related cognitive/motor impairment and inform interventions for addiction. Focusing on studies employing event-related brain potential methods, which offer a direct measurement of neural activity in functionally well-characterized brain networks, we present the first meta-analysis to explore acute effects of alcohol on the human brain. METHODS Databases were searched for randomized laboratory alcohol-administration trials assessing brain activity using event-related potentials. Hedges' g coefficients were pooled using 3-level random-effects meta-regression. RESULTS Sixty independent randomized controlled trials met inclusion (total N = 2149). Alcohol's effects varied significantly across neural systems, with alcohol leading to reductions in event-related potential components linked with attention (P3b), g = -0.40, 95% CI (-0.50, -0.29), automatic auditory processing (mismatch negativity), g = -0.44, 95% CI (-0.66, -0.22), and performance monitoring (error-related negativity), g = -0.56, 95% CI (-0.79, -0.33). These effects were moderated by alcohol dose, emerging as significant at doses as low as 0.026% blood alcohol concentration and increasing to moderate/large at 0.12%. In contrast, irrespective of dose, relatively small or nonsignificant alcohol effects emerged in other processing domains, including those linked to executive control (N2b responses) and stimulus classification (N2c responses). CONCLUSIONS Contrary to traditional conceptualizations of alcohol as a "dirty drug" with broad central nervous system depressant effects, results instead support accounts positing targeted alcohol effects in specific processing domains. By identifying alcohol effects on brain systems involved in performance monitoring and attention, results move toward the identification of mechanisms underlying alcohol-related impairment as well as factors reinforcing addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharine E. Fairbairn
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois—Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Dahyeon Kang
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois—Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Kara D. Federmeier
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
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9
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Effects of acute alcohol consumption on neuronal activity and cerebral vasomotor response. Neurol Sci 2021; 43:625-631. [PMID: 33928457 PMCID: PMC8724078 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05273-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction In the majority of European countries, driving after drinking small-moderate amount of alcohol is legal. Motivated by our previous studies on cerebral hemodynamics, we aimed to study whether a small-moderate blood alcohol content (BAC), at which driving is legal in some countries (0.8 g/L), influences the neuronal activity, neurovascular coupling, and cerebral vasoreactivity. Methods Analyses of pattern-reversal visual evoked potential (VEP) and transcranial Doppler (TCD) examinations were performed in thirty young healthy adults before and 30 min after alcohol consumption. Cerebral vasoreactivity was evaluated by breath holding test in both middle cerebral arteries. By using a visual cortex stimulation paradigm, visually evoked flow velocity response during reading was measured in both posterior cerebral arteries (PCA). Results The BAC was 0.82 g/L and 0.94 g/L 30 and 60 min after drinking alcohol, respectively. Latency of the VEP P100 wave increased after alcohol consumption. Resting absolute flow velocity values increased, whereas pulsatility indices in the PCA decreased after alcohol ingestion, indicating vasodilation of cerebral microvessels. Breath holding index and the visually evoked maximum relative flow velocity increase in the PCA and steepness of rise of the flow velocity curve were smaller after than before alcohol consumption. Conclusion BAC close to a legal value at which driving is allowed in some European countries inhibited the neuronal activity and resulted in dilation of cerebral arterioles. Cerebral vasodilation may explain the decrease of cerebral vasoreactivity and might contribute to the disturbance of visually evoked flow response after alcohol consumption.
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10
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Sullivan EV, Zhao Q, Pohl KM, Zahr NM, Pfefferbaum A. Attenuated cerebral blood flow in frontolimbic and insular cortices in Alcohol Use Disorder: Relation to working memory. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 136:140-148. [PMID: 33592385 PMCID: PMC8009820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic, excessive alcohol consumption is associated with cerebrovascular hypoperfusion, which has the potential to interfere with cognitive processes. Magnetic resonance pulsed continuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) provides a noninvasive approach for measuring regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) and was used to study 24 men and women with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) and 20 age- and sex-matched controls. Two analysis approaches tested group differences: a data-driven, regionally-free method to test for group differences on a voxel-by-voxel basis and a region of interest (ROI) approach, which focused quantification on atlas-determined brain structures. Whole-brain, voxel-wise quantification identified low AUD-related cerebral perfusion in large volumes of medial frontal and cingulate cortices. The ROI analysis also identified lower CBF in the AUD group relative to the control group in medial frontal, anterior/middle cingulate, insular, and hippocampal/amygdala ROIs. Further, years of AUD diagnosis negatively correlated with temporal cortical CBF, and scores on an alcohol withdrawal scale negatively correlated with posterior cingulate and occipital gray matter CBF. Regional volume deficits did not account for AUD CBF deficits. Functional relevance of attenuated regional CBF in the AUD group emerged with positive correlations between episodic working memory test scores and anterior/middle cingulum, insula, and thalamus CBF. The frontolimbic and insular cortical neuroconstellation with dampened perfusion suggests a mechanism of dysfunction associated with these brain regions in AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith V. Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA;,Correspondence Edith V. Sullivan, Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine (MC5723), 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5723, phone: (650) 859-2880, FAX: (650) 859-2743,
| | - Qingyu Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Kilian M. Pohl
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA;,Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
| | - Natalie M. Zahr
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA;,Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
| | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA;,Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
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11
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Tanabe J, Yamamoto DJ, Sutton B, Brown MS, Hoffman PL, Burnham EL, Glueck DH, Tabakoff B. Effects of Alcohol and Acetate on Cerebral Blood Flow: A Pilot Study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:2070-2078. [PMID: 31386214 PMCID: PMC7066986 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute alcohol produces effects on cerebral metabolism and blood flow. Alcohol is converted to acetate, which serves as a source of energy for the brain and is an agonist at G protein-coupled receptors distributed in different cell types in the body including neurons. Acetate has been hypothesized to play a role in the cerebral blood flow (CBF) response after alcohol ingestion. We tested whether administration of acetate would alter CBF in a pattern similar to or different from that of alcohol ingestion in healthy individuals. METHODS Twenty-four healthy participants were assigned by convenience to receive either 0.6 g/kg alcohol orally (n = 12) or acetate intravenously (n = 12). For each participant, CBF maps were acquired using an arterial spin labeling sequence on a 3T magnetic resonance scanner after placebo and after drug administration. Whole-brain CBF maps were compared between placebo and drug using a paired t-test, and set at a threshold of p < 0.05 corrected for multiple comparisons (k ≥ 142 voxels, ≥3.78 cm3 ), voxel-level p < 0.005. Intoxication was measured after placebo and drug administration with a Subjective High Assessment Scale (SHAS-7). RESULTS Compared to placebo, alcohol and acetate were associated with increased CBF in the medial thalamus. Alcohol, but not acetate, was associated with increased CBF in the right orbitofrontal, medial prefrontal and cingulate cortex, and hippocampus. Plasma acetate levels increased following administration of alcohol and acetate and did not differ between the 2 arms. Alcohol, but not acetate, was associated with an increase in SHAS-7 scores (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Increased thalamic CBF associated with either alcohol or acetate administration suggests that the thalamic CBF response after alcohol could be mediated by acetate. Compared to other brain regions, thalamus may differ in its ability to metabolize acetate or expression of receptors responsive to acetate. Increased prefrontal and limbic CBF associated with alcohol may be linked to alcohol's behavioral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody Tanabe
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of
Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of
Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Dorothy J. Yamamoto
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of
Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Brianne Sutton
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of
Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of
Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Mark S. Brown
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of
Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Paula L. Hoffman
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University
of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ellen L. Burnham
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of
Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Deborah H. Glueck
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of
Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Boris Tabakoff
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy,
University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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12
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Courtney KE, Infante MA, Brown GG, Tapert SF, Simmons AN, Smith TL, Schuckit MA. The Relationship Between Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Estimates and Alcohol Problems at 5-Year Follow-Up: The Role of Level of Response. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:812-821. [PMID: 30924954 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute alcohol consumption is associated with temporarily increased regional cerebral blood flow (CBF). The extent of this increase appears to be moderated by individual differences in the level of response (LR) to alcohol's subjective effects. The low LR phenotype is a known risk factor for the development of alcohol problems. This study investigates how the low LR phenotype relates to the relationship between alcohol-related changes in CBF and alcohol problems 5 years later. METHODS Young adults (ages 18 to 25) were selected based on their LR to alcohol and underwent a neuroimaging protocol including arterial spin labeling and functional scans. These participants were recontacted ~5 years later and assessed on alcohol outcomes. A final sample of 107 subjects (54 low and 53 high LR subjects) was included in the analyses. Whole-brain analysis revealed 5 clusters of significant alcohol-induced, versus placebo-induced, CBF changes that were consistent with a previous report. Peak alcohol-placebo CBF response was extracted from these regions and, along with the LR group, submitted to a hierarchical linear regression predicting alcohol problems. Analyses controlled for age, sex, and baseline alcohol problems. RESULTS In the regression analysis, greater alcohol-placebo CBF difference in the right middle/superior/inferior frontal gyri and bilateral anterior cingulate gyri clusters predicted greater future alcohol problems for the low LR group, whereas this relationship was not found to be significant in the high LR group. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a clinically important relationship between CBF and future alcohol problems, particularly in individuals with a low LR phenotype. These initial results help to elucidate the neurobiological pathways involved in the development of alcohol use disorders for individuals with low LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Courtney
- Department of Psychiatry , University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Gregory G Brown
- Department of Psychiatry , University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Veteran's Affairs Healthcare System , San Diego, California
| | - Susan F Tapert
- Department of Psychiatry , University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Alan N Simmons
- Department of Psychiatry , University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Veteran's Affairs Healthcare System , San Diego, California
| | - Tom L Smith
- Department of Psychiatry , University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Marc A Schuckit
- Department of Psychiatry , University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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13
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The neural correlates of alcohol-related aggression. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 18:203-215. [PMID: 29313253 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-017-0558-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol intoxication is implicated in approximately half of all violent crimes. Over the past several decades, numerous theories have been proposed to account for the influence of alcohol on aggression. Nearly all of these theories imply that altered functioning in the prefrontal cortex is a proximal cause. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment, 50 healthy young men consumed either a low dose of alcohol or a placebo and completed an aggression paradigm against provocative and nonprovocative opponents. Provocation did not affect neural responses. However, relative to sober participants, during acts of aggression, intoxicated participants showed decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex, caudate, and ventral striatum, but heightened activation in the hippocampus. Among intoxicated participants, but not among sober participants, aggressive behavior was positively correlated with activation in the medial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These results support theories that posit a role for prefrontal cortical dysfunction as an important factor in intoxicated aggression.
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14
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Kong LM, Zeng JY, Zheng WB, Shen ZW, Wu RH. Effects of Acute Alcohol Consumption on the Human Brain: Diffusional Kurtosis Imaging and Arterial Spin-Labeling Study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019; 40:641-647. [PMID: 30872417 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Brain function and microstructure are affected by alcohol consumption. Until recently, the effect of alcohol on neural mechanisms has not been fully elucidated. Our aim was to explore the acute effects of alcohol on healthy human brains by diffusional kurtosis imaging and 3D arterial spin-labeling and elucidate structural and functional changes in the brain on acute alcohol intake. MATERIALS AND METHODS Conventional MR imaging, diffusional kurtosis imaging, and 3D arterial spin-labeling were performed on 24 healthy volunteers before and 0.5 and 1 hour after drinking alcohol. Participants were divided into 2 groups according to the response to alcohol: blushing (n = 12) and unblushing (n = 12) groups. Twenty brain regions were analyzed. RESULTS Diffusional kurtosis imaging revealed an increase in mean kurtosis and fractional anisotropy at 0.5 hour post-alcohol intake in most brain regions, whereas mean diffusion was decreased in several brain regions at 1 hour after drinking. 3D arterial spin-labeling showed increased cerebral blood flow in most brain regions, particularly in the frontal regions. However, perfusion in the anterior commissure decreased. Regional changes in the brain correlated with various behavioral performances with respect to blush response and sex. In general, blushing individuals and men are more sensitive to alcohol with acute effects. CONCLUSIONS Physiologic and microstructural alterations in the brain on alcohol consumption were examined. Brain areas with blood flow alteration detected by 3D arterial spin-labeling were highly consistent with susceptible areas detected by diffusional kurtosis imaging. The current study provides new insight into the effects of alcohol on the brain and behavioral performance in different blush response and sex populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Kong
- From the Department of Radiology (L.M.K., J.Y.Z., W.B.Z., Z.W.S., R.H.W.), the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - J Y Zeng
- From the Department of Radiology (L.M.K., J.Y.Z., W.B.Z., Z.W.S., R.H.W.), the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - W B Zheng
- From the Department of Radiology (L.M.K., J.Y.Z., W.B.Z., Z.W.S., R.H.W.), the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Z W Shen
- From the Department of Radiology (L.M.K., J.Y.Z., W.B.Z., Z.W.S., R.H.W.), the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - R H Wu
- From the Department of Radiology (L.M.K., J.Y.Z., W.B.Z., Z.W.S., R.H.W.), the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, China .,China Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging (R.H.W.), Guangdong, Shantou, China
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15
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Weafer J, Ross TJ, O’Connor S, Stein EA, de Wit H, Childs E. Striatal activity correlates with stimulant-like effects of alcohol in healthy volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:2532-2538. [PMID: 30093699 PMCID: PMC6224577 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Individuals who experience greater stimulation and less sedation from alcohol are at increased risk for alcohol-related problems. However, little is known regarding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying subjective response to alcohol. The current study examined the degree to which alcohol-induced brain activation correlates with ratings of stimulation and sedation, using a within-subjects, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Participants (N = 34 healthy adults with no history of alcohol use disorder) completed three sessions: a calibration session to determine the duration of infusion needed to bring the breath alcohol to 80 mg/dl for each subject, and two counterbalanced fMRI sessions with placebo and alcohol administration. During the fMRI sessions, participants underwent 50 min scans, which included a 10 min baseline period, the IV infusion period needed to bring breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) to a peak 80 mg/dl (on the alcohol session), followed by a post-peak decline period. Participants rated their subjective stimulation and sedation at regular intervals throughout the scan. A priori VOI analyses showed that the time course of stimulation correlated with BOLD signal in the striatum. The time course of sedation did not correlate with BOLD signal in any VOIs. There were no correlations in primary visual cortex, which served as a control. These findings are the first to show that alcohol effects in the striatum are linked to the positive, stimulant-like effects of the drug and advance our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying individual differences in subjective responses to alcohol, and more broadly, risk for alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Weafer
- 0000 0004 1936 7822grid.170205.1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Thomas J. Ross
- 0000 0004 0533 7147grid.420090.fNeuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Sean O’Connor
- 0000 0001 2287 3919grid.257413.6Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA ,0000 0000 9681 3540grid.280828.8R.L. Roudebush VAMC, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Elliot A. Stein
- 0000 0004 0533 7147grid.420090.fNeuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Harriet de Wit
- 0000 0004 1936 7822grid.170205.1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Emma Childs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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16
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Clement P, Mutsaerts HJ, Václavů L, Ghariq E, Pizzini FB, Smits M, Acou M, Jovicich J, Vanninen R, Kononen M, Wiest R, Rostrup E, Bastos-Leite AJ, Larsson EM, Achten E. Variability of physiological brain perfusion in healthy subjects - A systematic review of modifiers. Considerations for multi-center ASL studies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1418-1437. [PMID: 28393659 PMCID: PMC6120130 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17702156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative measurements of brain perfusion are influenced by perfusion-modifiers. Standardization of measurement conditions and correction for important modifiers is essential to improve accuracy and to facilitate the interpretation of perfusion-derived parameters. An extensive literature search was carried out for factors influencing quantitative measurements of perfusion in the human brain unrelated to medication use. A total of 58 perfusion modifiers were categorized into four groups. Several factors (e.g., caffeine, aging, and blood gases) were found to induce a considerable effect on brain perfusion that was consistent across different studies; for other factors, the modifying effect was found to be debatable, due to contradictory results or lack of evidence. Using the results of this review, we propose a standard operating procedure, based on practices already implemented in several research centers. Also, a theory of 'deep MRI physiotyping' is inferred from the combined knowledge of factors influencing brain perfusion as a strategy to reduce variance by taking both personal information and the presence or absence of perfusion modifiers into account. We hypothesize that this will allow to personalize the concept of normality, as well as to reach more rigorous and earlier diagnoses of brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Clement
- 1 Department of Radiology and nuclear medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Henk-Jan Mutsaerts
- 2 Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Healthy Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada.,3 Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lena Václavů
- 3 Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eidrees Ghariq
- 4 Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marjan Acou
- 1 Department of Radiology and nuclear medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jorge Jovicich
- 7 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Mattarello, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Egill Rostrup
- 10 Department of Diagnostics, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Eric Achten
- 1 Department of Radiology and nuclear medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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17
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Joris PJ, Mensink RP, Adam TC, Liu TT. Cerebral Blood Flow Measurements in Adults: A Review on the Effects of Dietary Factors and Exercise. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10050530. [PMID: 29693564 PMCID: PMC5986410 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving cerebrovascular function may be a key mechanism whereby a healthy lifestyle, of which a healthy diet combined with increased physical activity levels is a cornerstone, protects against cognitive impairments. In this respect, effects on cerebral blood flow (CBF)—a sensitive physiological marker of cerebrovascular function—are of major interest. This review summarizes the impact of specific dietary determinants and physical exercise on CBF in adults and discusses the relation between these effects with potential changes in cognitive function. A limited number of randomized controlled trials have already demonstrated the beneficial effects of an acute intake of nitrate and polyphenols on CBF, but evidence for a relationship between these effects as well as improvements in cognitive functioning is limited. Moreover, long-term trans-resveratrol supplementation has been shown to increase CBF in populations at increased risk of accelerated cognitive decline. Long-term supplementation of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids may also increase CBF, but related effects on cognitive performance have not yet been found. Significant decreases in cerebral perfusion were observed by commonly consumed amounts of caffeine, while alcohol intake was shown to increase CBF in a dose-dependent way. However, the long-term effects are not clear. Finally, long-term exercise training may be a promising approach to improve CBF, as increases in perfusion may contribute to the beneficial effects on cognitive functioning observed following increased physical activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Joris
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Tanja C Adam
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Thomas T Liu
- Center for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0677, USA.
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18
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Pfefferbaum A, Kwon D, Brumback T, Thomson WK, Cummins K, Tapert SF, Brown SA, Colrain IM, Baker FC, Prouty D, De Bellis MD, Clark DB, Nagel BJ, Chu W, Park SH, Pohl KM, Sullivan EV. Altered Brain Developmental Trajectories in Adolescents After Initiating Drinking. Am J Psychiatry 2018; 175:370-380. [PMID: 29084454 PMCID: PMC6504929 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17040469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors sought evidence for altered adolescent brain growth trajectory associated with moderate and heavy alcohol use in a large national, multisite, prospective study of adolescents before and after initiation of appreciable alcohol use. METHOD This study examined 483 adolescents (ages 12-21) before initiation of drinking and 1 and 2 years later. At the 2-year assessment, 356 participants continued to meet the study's no/low alcohol consumption entry criteria, 65 had initiated moderate drinking, and 62 had initiated heavy drinking. MRI was used to quantify regional cortical and white matter volumes. Percent change per year (slopes) in adolescents who continued to meet no/low criteria served as developmental control trajectories against which to compare those who initiated moderate or heavy drinking. RESULTS In no/low drinkers, gray matter volume declined throughout adolescence and slowed in many regions in later adolescence. Complementing gray matter declines, white matter regions grew at faster rates at younger ages and slowed toward young adulthood. Youths who initiated heavy drinking exhibited an accelerated frontal cortical gray matter trajectory, divergent from the norm. Although significant effects on trajectories were not observed in moderate drinkers, their intermediate position between no/low and heavy drinkers suggests a dose effect. Neither marijuana co-use nor baseline volumes contributed significantly to the alcohol effect. CONCLUSIONS Initiation of drinking during adolescence, with or without marijuana co-use, disordered normal brain growth trajectories. Factors possibly contributing to abnormal cortical volume trajectories include peak consumption in the past year and family history of alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Dongjin Kwon
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Ty Brumback
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Wesley K. Thomson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Kevin Cummins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Susan F. Tapert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Sandra A. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ian M. Colrain
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
| | - Fiona C. Baker
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
| | - Devin Prouty
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
| | - Michael D. De Bellis
- Healthy Childhood Brain Development Research Program, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Duncan B. Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Bonnie J. Nagel
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR
| | - Weiwei Chu
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
| | - Sang Hyun Park
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA,Department of Robotics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, South Korea
| | - Kilian M. Pohl
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
| | - Edith V. Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA,Correspondence Edith V. Sullivan, Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine (MC5723), 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5723, phone: (650) 859-2880, FAX: (650)859-2743,
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19
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Hendershot CS, Nona CN. A Review of Developmental Considerations in Human Laboratory Alcohol Research. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2017; 4:364-378. [PMID: 29326866 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-017-0173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Human laboratory studies involving alcohol administration have generated critical knowledge about individual differences in risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD), but have primarily involved adult populations and cross-sectional research designs. Ethical constraints have largely precluded human laboratory alcohol research in adolescence, and prospective studies have been rare. This paper provides an overview of developmental considerations in human laboratory alcohol research, with a focus on studies conducted with youth. RECENT FINDINGS Recent human laboratory studies from Europe and Canada have examined aspects of alcohol response during late adolescence, while recent survey studies from the United States have highlighted methods for circumventing alcohol administration in studies of adolescents. SUMMARY Across several decades of research, exceedingly few laboratory studies have examined developmental differences in alcohol responses or utilized prospective designs. Efforts to prioritize prospective research would further clarify the role of alcohol sensitivity traits as predictors or markers of AUD onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian S Hendershot
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christina N Nona
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Alcohol affects brain functional connectivity and its coupling with behavior: greater effects in male heavy drinkers. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:1185-1195. [PMID: 27021821 PMCID: PMC5138152 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Acute and chronic alcohol exposure significantly affect behavior but the underlying neurobiological mechanisms are still poorly understood. Here, we used functional connectivity density (FCD) mapping to study alcohol-related changes in resting brain activity and their association with behavior. Heavy drinkers (HD, N=16, 16 males) and normal controls (NM, N=24, 14 males) were tested after placebo and after acute alcohol administration. Group comparisons showed that NM had higher FCD in visual and prefrontal cortices, default mode network regions and thalamus, while HD had higher FCD in cerebellum. Acute alcohol significantly increased FCD within the thalamus, impaired cognitive and motor functions, and affected self-reports of mood/drug effects in both groups. Partial least squares regression showed that alcohol-induced changes in mood/drug effects were associated with changes in thalamic FCD in both groups. Disruptions in motor function were associated with increases in cerebellar FCD in NM and thalamus FCD in HD. Alcohol-induced declines in cognitive performance were associated with connectivity increases in visual cortex and thalamus in NM, but in HD, increases in precuneus FCD were associated with improved cognitive performance. Acute alcohol reduced 'neurocognitive coupling', the association between behavioral performance and FCD (indexing brain activity), an effect that was accentuated in HD compared with NM. Findings suggest that reduced cortical connectivity in HD contribute to decline in cognitive abilities associated with heavy alcohol consumption, whereas increased cerebellar connectivity in HD may have compensatory effects on behavioral performance. The results reveal how drinking history alters the association between brain FCD and individual differences in behavioral performance.
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21
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Nalmefene Reduces Reward Anticipation in Alcohol Dependence: An Experimental Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:941-948. [PMID: 28216062 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nalmefene is a µ and δ opioid receptor antagonist, κ opioid receptor partial agonist that has recently been approved in Europe for treating alcohol dependence. It offers a treatment approach for alcohol-dependent individuals with "high-risk drinking levels" to reduce their alcohol consumption. However, the neurobiological mechanism underpinning its effects on alcohol consumption remains to be determined. Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject crossover design we aimed to determine the effect of a single dose of nalmefene on striatal blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal change during anticipation of monetary reward using the monetary incentive delay task following alcohol challenge. METHODS Twenty-two currently heavy-drinking, non-treatment-seeking alcohol-dependent males were recruited. The effect of single dose nalmefene (18 mg) on changes in a priori defined striatal region of interest BOLD signal change during reward anticipation compared with placebo was investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Both conditions were performed under intravenous alcohol administration (6% vol/vol infusion to achieve a target level of 80 mg/dL). RESULTS Datasets from 18 participants were available and showed that in the presence of the alcohol infusion, nalmefene significantly reduced the BOLD response in the striatal region of interest compared with placebo. Nalmefene did not alter brain perfusion. CONCLUSIONS Nalmefene blunts BOLD response in the mesolimbic system during anticipation of monetary reward and an alcohol infusion. This is consistent with nalmefene's actions on opioid receptors, which modulate the mesolimbic dopaminergic system, and provides a neurobiological basis for its efficacy.
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22
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Khalili-Mahani N, Rombouts SARB, van Osch MJP, Duff EP, Carbonell F, Nickerson LD, Becerra L, Dahan A, Evans AC, Soucy JP, Wise R, Zijdenbos AP, van Gerven JM. Biomarkers, designs, and interpretations of resting-state fMRI in translational pharmacological research: A review of state-of-the-Art, challenges, and opportunities for studying brain chemistry. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:2276-2325. [PMID: 28145075 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A decade of research and development in resting-state functional MRI (RSfMRI) has opened new translational and clinical research frontiers. This review aims to bridge between technical and clinical researchers who seek reliable neuroimaging biomarkers for studying drug interactions with the brain. About 85 pharma-RSfMRI studies using BOLD signal (75% of all) or arterial spin labeling (ASL) were surveyed to investigate the acute effects of psychoactive drugs. Experimental designs and objectives include drug fingerprinting dose-response evaluation, biomarker validation and calibration, and translational studies. Common biomarkers in these studies include functional connectivity, graph metrics, cerebral blood flow and the amplitude and spectrum of BOLD fluctuations. Overall, RSfMRI-derived biomarkers seem to be sensitive to spatiotemporal dynamics of drug interactions with the brain. However, drugs cause both central and peripheral effects, thus exacerbate difficulties related to biological confounds, structured noise from motion and physiological confounds, as well as modeling and inference testing. Currently, these issues are not well explored, and heterogeneities in experimental design, data acquisition and preprocessing make comparative or meta-analysis of existing reports impossible. A unifying collaborative framework for data-sharing and data-mining is thus necessary for investigating the commonalities and differences in biomarker sensitivity and specificity, and establishing guidelines. Multimodal datasets including sham-placebo or active control sessions and repeated measurements of various psychometric, physiological, metabolic and neuroimaging phenotypes are essential for pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling and interpretation of the findings. We provide a list of basic minimum and advanced options that can be considered in design and analyses of future pharma-RSfMRI studies. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2276-2325, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Khalili-Mahani
- McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Serge A R B Rombouts
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Institute of Psychology and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eugene P Duff
- Institute of Psychology and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lisa D Nickerson
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lino Becerra
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Harvard Medical School & Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Albert Dahan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alan C Evans
- McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean-Paul Soucy
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.,McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Richard Wise
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alex P Zijdenbos
- McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Biospective Inc, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joop M van Gerven
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Baskini M, Proios H. The effect of alcohol on the nature of lexical representations in different taste domains. PSYCHOLOGICAL THOUGHT 2016. [DOI: 10.5964/psyct.v9i2.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Moderate alcohol consumption may be involved in cognitive feedback mechanisms (Hofmann & Friese, 2008), participants execute verbal fluency test (VFT) better (Cerhan et al., 1998) and there is positive association between sweet taste and excessive alcohol intake (Lange, Kampov-Polevoy, & Garbutt, 2010). We investigate the immediate pharmacological consequences of moderate to light alcohol consumption in verbal fluency and categorical sorting within the different taste domains (i.e. sweet, salty, sour and bitter). Our hypothesis is that subjects under the influence of light to moderate alcohol will produce more items in the sweet domain. 53 healthy adults had moderate alcohol consumption and were compared in two semantic tasks to 53 adults, who did not drink alcohol. Mann-Whitney U tests showed that the total number of clusters, switches, and repetitions were equal between the two groups in all taste domains (p-values: .211, .401, and .684 respectively). The number of responses in the alcohol group generated more disinhibiting intrusive words during the VFTs as compared to the control group (p-value: <.001). VFTs and the order of taste preference in the card-sorting task showed positive correlation and agreement. Light to moderate alcohol did not affect verbal fluency. However, participants under the influence of alcohol generated significantly more errors in the VFTs that were emotionally laden. This corroborates with research that certain emotions are innervated with taste domains. This leaves open question about the effects of alcohol on decision making in eating and executive functions as they relate to lexical representations.
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Jünger E, Gan G, Mick I, Seipt C, Markovic A, Sommer C, Plawecki MH, O'Connor S, Smolka MN, Zimmermann US. Adolescent Women Induce Lower Blood Alcohol Levels Than Men in a Laboratory Alcohol Self-Administration Experiment. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:1769-78. [PMID: 27340798 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is a critical period for the development of alcohol use disorders; drinking habits are rather unstable and genetic influences, such as male sex and a positive family history of alcoholism (FH), are often masked by environmental factors such as peer pressure. METHODS We investigated how sex and FH modulate alcohol use in a sample of 18- to 19-year-olds from the Dresden Longitudinal Study on Alcohol use in Young Adults. Adolescents reported their real-life drinking in a TimeLine Follow-Back interview. They subsequently completed a training and an experimental session of free-access intravenous alcohol self-administration (i.v. ASA) using the computer-assisted alcohol infusion system to control for environmental cues as well as for biological differences in alcohol pharmacokinetics. During i.v. ASA, we assessed subjective alcohol effects at 8 time points. RESULTS Women reported significantly less real-life drinking than men and achieved significantly lower mean arterial blood alcohol concentrations (aBACs) in the laboratory. At the same time, women reported greater sedation relative to men and rated negative effects as high as did men. A positive FH was associated with lower real-life drinking in men but not in women. In the laboratory, FH was not linked to i.v. ASA. Greater real-life drinking was significantly positively associated with higher mean aBACs in the laboratory, and all i.v. ASA indices were highly correlated across the 2 sessions. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that adolescent women chose lower aBACs because they experienced adverse alcohol effects, namely sedation and negative effects, at lower aBACs than men. A positive FH was not apparent as risk factor for drinking in our young sample. The i.v. ASA method demonstrated good external validity as well as test-retest reliability, the latter indicating that a separate training session is not required when employing the i.v. ASA paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Jünger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gabriela Gan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Inge Mick
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Seipt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexandra Markovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin H Plawecki
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sean O'Connor
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Roudebush Veterans Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Zimmermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Abstract
Alcoholic drinks (ADs) have been reported as a migraine trigger in about one-third of the migraine patients in retrospective studies. Some studies found that ADs trigger also other primary headaches. The studies concerning the role of ADs in triggering various types of primary headaches published after the International Headache Society classification criteria of 1988 were reviewed, and the pathophysiological mechanisms were discussed. Many studies show that ADs are a trigger of migraine without aura (MO), migraine with aura (MA), cluster headache (CH), and tension-type headache (TH). While data on MO and CH are well delineated, those in MA and TH are discordant. There are sparse reports that ADs are also triggers of less frequent types of primary headache such as familial hemiplegic migraine, hemicrania continua, and paroxysmal hemicrania. However, in some countries, the occurrence of alcohol as headache trigger is negligible, perhaps determined by alcohol habits. The frequency estimates vary widely based on the study approach and population. In fact, prospective studies report a limited importance of ADs as migraine trigger. If ADs are capable of triggering practically all primary headaches, they should act at a common pathogenetic level. The mechanisms of alcohol-provoking headache were discussed in relationship to the principal pathogenetic theories of primary headaches. The conclusion was that vasodilatation is hardly compatible with ADs trigger activity of all primary headaches and a common pathogenetic mechanism at cortical, or more likely at subcortical/brainstem, level is more plausible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Panconesi
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, San Giuseppe Hospital, Empoli, FI, Italy
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26
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Gowin JL, Vatsalya V, Westman JG, Schwandt ML, Bartlett S, Heilig M, Momenan R, Ramchandani VA. The Effect of Varenicline on the Neural Processing of Fearful Faces and the Subjective Effects of Alcohol in Heavy Drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:979-87. [PMID: 27062270 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacotherapies for alcohol use disorder have been shown to reduce hazardous drinking and improve overall health. The effect sizes for the effectiveness of these medications, however, are small, underscoring the need to expand the range of therapeutics and develop personalized treatment approaches. Recent studies have suggested that varenicline, an α4β2-nicotinic partial agonist widely used for smoking cessation, can help alcoholics reduce drinking, but the neurocognitive underpinnings of its effectiveness remain largely unexplored. METHODS In this double-blind study, 32 heavy drinkers were randomized to receive varenicline (2 mg/d) or placebo. After 2 weeks of dosing, participants underwent functional MRI scans, during which they viewed images of faces with either neutral or fearful expressions at baseline and following an intravenous alcohol infusion to a target breath alcohol concentration of 80 mg%. Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response was analyzed with Analysis of Functional Neuroimaging software. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine the effects of facial expression (fearful vs. neutral) and medication (placebo vs. varenicline) on BOLD response. The effect of medication on measures of subjective response to alcohol was also examined. RESULTS Results indicated a significant facial expression-by-medication interaction in the left amygdala. The groups showed equivalent activation to neutral faces, but, whereas the placebo group showed increased activation to fearful faces, the varenicline group showed no change in activation. Amygdala activation to fearful faces correlated with number of drinks in the previous 90 days and Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale scores. There was no effect of varenicline on subjective response to alcohol. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that varenicline may disrupt amygdala response to fearful faces in heavy drinkers. Further, amygdala activation correlated with alcohol consumption, suggesting that the effects of varenicline may be related to aspects of drinking behavior. These results suggest that amygdala response to fearful faces may be developed as a biomarker of the effectiveness of medications being developed for the treatment of alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vatsalya Vatsalya
- Section on Human Psychopharmacology, Bethesda, Maryland.,University of Louisville and Robley Rex VAMC, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | | | - Selena Bartlett
- Translational Research Institute, Institute for Health and Biomedial Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Markus Heilig
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Reza Momenan
- Clinical Neuroimaging Research Core, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland
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27
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Lipids and Oxidative Stress Associated with Ethanol-Induced Neurological Damage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1543809. [PMID: 26949445 PMCID: PMC4753689 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1543809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The excessive intake of alcohol is a serious public health problem, especially given the severe damage provoked by chronic or prenatal exposure to alcohol that affects many physiological processes, such as memory, motor function, and cognitive abilities. This damage is related to the ethanol oxidation in the brain. The metabolism of ethanol to acetaldehyde and then to acetate is associated with the production of reactive oxygen species that accentuate the oxidative state of cells. This metabolism of ethanol can induce the oxidation of the fatty acids in phospholipids, and the bioactive aldehydes produced are known to be associated with neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration. As such, here we will review the role of lipids in the neuronal damage induced by ethanol-related oxidative stress and the role that lipids play in the related compensatory or defense mechanisms.
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28
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Neural and Behavioral Correlates of Alcohol-Induced Aggression Under Provocation. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2886-96. [PMID: 25971590 PMCID: PMC4864624 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although alcohol consumption is linked to increased aggression, its neural correlates have not directly been studied in humans so far. Based on a comprehensive neurobiological model of alcohol-induced aggression, we hypothesized that alcohol-induced aggression would go along with increased amygdala and ventral striatum reactivity and impaired functioning of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) under alcohol. We measured neural and behavioral correlates of alcohol-induced aggression in a provoking vs non-provoking condition with a variant of the Taylor aggression paradigm (TAP) allowing to differentiate between reactive (provoked) and proactive (unprovoked) aggression. In a placebo-controlled cross-over design with moderate alcohol intoxication (~0.6 g/kg), 35 young healthy adults performed the TAP during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Analyses revealed that provoking vs non-provoking conditions and alcohol vs placebo increased aggression and decreased brain responses in the anterior cingulate cortex/dorso-medial PFC (provoking<non-provoking) and the ventral striatum (alcohol<placebo) across our healthy sample. Interestingly, alcohol specifically increased proactive (unprovoked) but not reactive (provoked) aggression (alcohol × provocation interaction). However, investigation of inter-individual differences revealed (1) that pronounced alcohol-induced proactive aggression was linked to higher levels of aggression under placebo, and (2) that pronounced alcohol-induced reactive aggression was related to increased amygdala and ventral striatum reactivity under alcohol, providing evidence for their role in human alcohol-induced reactive aggression. Our findings suggest that in healthy young adults a liability for alcohol-induced aggression in a non-provoking context might depend on overall high levels of aggression, but on alcohol-induced increased striatal and amygdala reactivity when triggered by provocation.
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Eiler WJ, Džemidžić M, Case KR, Soeurt CM, Armstrong CL, Mattes RD, O'Connor SJ, Harezlak J, Acton AJ, Considine RV, Kareken DA. The apéritif effect: Alcohol's effects on the brain's response to food aromas in women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:1386-93. [PMID: 26110891 PMCID: PMC4493764 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Consuming alcohol prior to a meal (an apéritif) increases food consumption. This greater food consumption may result from increased activity in brain regions that mediate reward and regulate feeding behavior. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we evaluated the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response to the food aromas of either roast beef or Italian meat sauce following pharmacokinetically controlled intravenous infusion of alcohol. METHODS BOLD activation to food aromas in non-obese women (n = 35) was evaluated once during intravenous infusion of 6% v/v EtOH, clamped at a steady-state breath alcohol concentration of 50 mg%, and once during infusion of saline using matching pump rates. Ad libitum intake of roast beef with noodles or Italian meat sauce with pasta following imaging was recorded. RESULTS BOLD activation to food relative to non-food odors in the hypothalamic area was increased during alcohol pre-load when compared to saline. Food consumption was significantly greater, and levels of ghrelin were reduced, following alcohol. CONCLUSIONS An alcohol pre-load increased food consumption and potentiated differences between food and non-food BOLD responses in the region of the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus may mediate the interplay of alcohol and responses to food cues, thus playing a role in the apéritif phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J.A. Eiler
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Mario Džemidžić
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - K. Rose Case
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Christina M. Soeurt
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Richard D. Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Sean J. O'Connor
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jaroslaw Harezlak
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Anthony J. Acton
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert V. Considine
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - David A. Kareken
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Corresponding Author: David A. Kareken, Ph.D. Neuropsychology Section (GH 4700) Department of Neurology Indiana University School of Medicine 355 West 16 Street Indianapolis, IN 46202 (317) 963-7212
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30
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Sommer C, Seipt C, Spreer M, Blümke T, Markovic A, Jünger E, Plawecki MH, Zimmermann US. Laboratory alcohol self-administration experiments do not increase subsequent real-life drinking in young adult social drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1057-63. [PMID: 25903217 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the utility of experimental free-access alcohol self-administration paradigms is well established, little data exist addressing the question of whether study participation influences subsequent natural alcohol consumption. We here present drinking reports of young adults before and after participation in intravenous alcohol self-administration studies. METHODS Timeline Follow-back drinking reports for the 6 weeks immediately preceding the first, and the 6 weeks after the last experimental alcohol challenge were examined from subjects completing 1 of 2 similar alcohol self-administration paradigms. In study 1, 18 social drinkers (9 females, mean age 24.1 years) participated in 3 alcohol self-infusion sessions up to a maximum blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 160 mg%. Study 2 involved 60 participants (30 females, mean age 18.3 years) of the Dresden Longitudinal Study on Alcohol Use in Young Adults (D-LAYA), who participated in 2 sessions of alcohol self-infusion up to a maximum BAC of 120 mg%, and a nonexposed age-matched control group of 42 (28 females, mean age 18.4 years) subjects. RESULTS In study 1, participants reported (3.7%) fewer heavy drinking days as well as a decrease of 2.5 drinks per drinking day after study participation compared to prestudy levels (p < 0.05, respectively). In study 2, alcohol-exposed participants reported 7.1% and non-alcohol-exposed controls 6.5% fewer drinking days at poststudy measurement (p < 0.001), while percent heavy drinking days and drinks per drinking day did not differ. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that participation in intravenous alcohol self-administration experiments does not increase subsequent real-life drinking of young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Seipt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maik Spreer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Toni Blümke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexandra Markovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Jünger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin H Plawecki
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ulrich S Zimmermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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31
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Ramage AE, Lin AL, Olvera RL, Fox PT, Williamson DE. Resting-state regional cerebral blood flow during adolescence: associations with initiation of substance use and prediction of future use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 149:40-8. [PMID: 25682478 PMCID: PMC4361292 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is a period of developmental flux when brain systems are vulnerable to influences of early substance use, which in turn relays increased risk for substance use disorders. Our study intent was to assess adolescent regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) as it relates to current and future alcohol use. The aim was to identify brain-based predictors for initiation of alcohol use and onset of future substance use disorders. METHODS Quantitative rCBF was assessed in 100 adolescents (age 12-15). Prospective behavioral assessments were conducted annually over a three-year follow-up period to characterize onset of alcohol initiation, future drinking patterns and use disorders. Comparisons amongst use groups (i.e., current-, future-, and non-alcohol using adolescents) identified rCBF associated with initiation of alcohol use. Regression by future drinking patterns identified rCBF predictive of heavier drinking. Survival analysis determined whether or not baseline rCBF predicted later development of use disorders. RESULTS Baseline rCBF was decreased to the parietal cortex and increased to mesolimbic regions in adolescents currently using alcohol as well as those who would use alcohol in the future. Higher baseline rCBF to the left fusiform gyrus and lower rCBF to the right inferior parietal cortex and left cerebellum was associated with future drinking patterns as well as predicted the onset of alcohol and substance use disorders in this cohort. CONCLUSIONS Variations in resting rCBF to regions within reward and default mode or control networks appear to represent trait markers of alcohol use initiation and are predictive of future development of use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Ramage
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio,Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Ai-Ling Lin
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio,Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio,Cellular & Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Rene L. Olvera
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio,Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Peter T. Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio,Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio,Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Douglas E. Williamson
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio,Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio,Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
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32
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Strang NM, Claus ED, Ramchandani VA, Graff-Guerrero A, Boileau I, Hendershot CS. Dose-dependent effects of intravenous alcohol administration on cerebral blood flow in young adults. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:733-44. [PMID: 25110231 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3706-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies involving alcohol challenge are important for identifying neural correlates of alcohol's psychopharmacological effects. However, evaluating acute alcohol effects on blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal change is complicated by alcohol-related increases in cerebral blood flow (CBF). OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to further characterize acute alcohol effects on CBF using intravenous alcohol administration to maximize control over brain alcohol exposure. METHODS Twenty heavy-drinking young adults (M = 19.95 years old, SD = 0.76) completed alcohol and placebo imaging sessions in a within-subject, counter-balanced, placebo-controlled design. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) provided estimates of perfusion change at two target blood alcohol concentrations (40 and 80 mg%) relative to baseline and relative to a saline control infusion. RESULTS Voxel-wise analyses showed widespread and dose-dependent effects of alcohol on CBF increase. Region-of-interest analyses confirmed these findings, also indicating regional variation in the magnitude of perfusion change. Additional findings indicated that lower self-reported sensitivity to alcohol corresponded with reduced perfusion change during alcohol administration. CONCLUSIONS This study provides further evidence for widespread effects of acute alcohol on cerebral perfusion, also demonstrating regional, dose-dependent, and inter-individual variation. Further research is needed to evaluate implications of these effects for the design and interpretation of pharmacological fMRI studies involving alcohol challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Strang
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, 100 Stokes Street, Toronto, ON, M6J 1H4, Canada
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