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Ma C, Zhang Q, Lv DZ, Song J, Fan Q, Tian H, Wang MY. Study of Factors Influencing the Oral Bioaccessibility of Commonly Used and Detected Pesticides in Bananas and Mangoes Based on in vitro Methods. Foods 2024; 13:2019. [PMID: 38998525 PMCID: PMC11241204 DOI: 10.3390/foods13132019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Estimating the impact of pesticide residue bioaccessibility in fruits on dietary exposure is a complex task in human health risk assessment. This research investigated the bioaccessibility of ten commonly used and detected pesticides in bananas and mangoes, as well as the factors influencing it, using an in vitro model. The highest bioaccessibility was observed at pH levels of 2.5 and 6.5 in the gastric and intestinal stages, respectively. Bioaccessibility decreased significantly with increasing solid/liquid ratios for most pesticides. The consumption of protein and four dietary components (carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and dietary fiber) could significantly reduce pesticide bioaccessibility by 9.89-48.32% (p < 0.05). Bioaccessibility in oral and gastric stages among four populations followed the order of adults/the elderly > children > infants, due to decreasing concentrations of α-amylase and pepsin. Pesticides in bananas generally exhibited a higher bioaccessibility (18.65-82.97%) compared to that in mangoes (11.68-87.57%). Bioaccessibility showed a negative correlation with the Log P values of the target pesticide, while no clear relationship was found between bioaccessibility and initial pesticide concentrations. Incorporating bioaccessible pesticide concentrations into risk assessments could lower dietary risk estimates by 11.85-79.57%. Assessing human exposure to pesticides based on bioaccessibility would greatly improve the accuracy of the risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ma
- Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Health Benefits of Tropical Agricultural Products of Haikou City, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Health Benefits of Tropical Agricultural Products of Haikou City, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Dai-Zhu Lv
- Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Health Benefits of Tropical Agricultural Products of Haikou City, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jia Song
- Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Health Benefits of Tropical Agricultural Products of Haikou City, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Qiong Fan
- Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Health Benefits of Tropical Agricultural Products of Haikou City, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Hai Tian
- Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Ming-Yue Wang
- Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
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Chen Q, Yi S, Yang L, Zhu L. Penetration pathways, influencing factors and predictive models for dermal absorption of exobiotic molecules: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172390. [PMID: 38608904 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive summary of the skin penetration pathways of xenobiotics, including metals, organic pollutants, and nanoparticles (NPs), with a particular focus on the methodologies employed to elucidate these penetration routes. The impacts of the physicochemical properties of exogenous substances and the properties of solvent carriers on the penetration efficiencies were discussed. Furthermore, the review outlines the steady-state and transient models for predicting the skin permeability of xenobiotics, emphasizing the models which enable realistic visualization of pharmaco-kinetic phenomena via detailed geometric representations of the skin microstructure, such as stratum corneum (SC) (bricks and mortar) and skin appendages (hair follicles and sebaceous gland units). Limitations of published research, gaps in current knowledge, and recommendations for future research are highlighted, providing insight for a better understanding of the skin penetration behavior of xenobiotics and associated health risks in practical application contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Shujun Yi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China.
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
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3
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Ragnarsdóttir O, Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M, Harrad S. Dermal bioavailability of perfluoroalkyl substances using in vitro 3D human skin equivalent models. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 188:108772. [PMID: 38810496 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been identified in various products that come in contact with human skin, ranging from school uniforms to personal care products. Despite this, knowledge on human dermal uptake of PFAS is lacking. Thus, the human dermal absorption of 17 PFAS was assessed, for the first time, using in vitro 3D-human skin equivalent models exposed to 500 ng/cm2 PFAS dissolved in methanol over 24-36 h. The distribution of target PFAS is presented, based on three fractions: absorbed, un-absorbed, and retained within skin tissue (absorbable dose). Perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) had the highest absorbed fraction, 58.9 % and 48.7 % respectively, with the absorbed fraction decreasing with increasing carbon chain length of the studied perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) (r = 0.97, p = 0.001) and perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) (r = 0.97, p = 0.004). Interestingly, while longer chain PFAS (Cn ≥ 9) were not directly absorbed, a large fraction of the exposure dose was detected within the skin tissue at the end of the exposure. This was most apparent for perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) and perfluorononane sulfonate (PFNS) for which 66.5 % and 68.3 % of the exposure dose was found within the skin tissue, while neither compound was detected in the absorbed fraction. For compounds with a carbon chain length > 11, the fraction found within the skin tissue, decreases with increasing chain length. Physicochemical properties played a role in dermal permeation of PFAS, with a clear inverse correlation between logKOW and absorbed fraction for both PFCAs (r = -0.97; p ≤ 0.001) and PFSAs (r = -0.99; p ≤ 0.001). Steady-state flux (JSS) and permeation coefficients (Papp) were determined for target compounds with significant permeation after 36 h exposure (C5-C8 PFCAs and C4-C7 PFSAs). In general, both the flux and permeation coefficient decreased with increasing chain length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oddný Ragnarsdóttir
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | | | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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4
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Starr JM, Valentini E, Parker B, Graham SE, Waldron F. In vitro modeling of the post-ingestion mobilization and bioaccessibility of pesticides sorbed to soil and house dust. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123295. [PMID: 38184152 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Soils and dusts can act as sinks for semivolatile lipophilic organic compounds and children ingest relatively large amounts of both soils and dusts. Following intake, sorbed chemicals may desorb (mobilize) and become available for intestinal absorption (bioaccessible). When chemicals are not degraded in the digestive tract, mobilization can approximate bioaccessibility. Alternatively, when gastrointestinal degradation of mobilized chemicals does occur, it can be useful to separate mobilization from bioaccessibility. In this study we used synthetic digestive fluids in a sequential, three-compartment (saliva, gastric, and intestinal) in vitro assay to construct mobilization and bioaccessibility models for 16 pesticides (log Kow 2.5-6.8) sorbed to 32 characterized soils and house dusts. To address the potential loss of mobilized pesticides due to absorption, the assays were repeated using a solid phase sorbent (tenax) added to the digestive fluid immediately after addition of the intestinal fluid components. We found that pesticide mobilization was predicted by pesticide log Kow and the carbon content of the soils and dusts. Pesticide loss measurably reduced the bioaccessibility of most pesticides, and bioaccessibility was largely predicted by log Kow and pesticide loss rate constants. Introduction of the sink increased mobilization by x̄ = 4 ± 6% (soil) and x̄ = 9 ± 7% (dust) while bioaccessibility increases were x̄ = 41 ± 21% (soil) and x̄ = 24 ± 12% (dust). The physicochemical properties of the soils, dusts, and pesticides used in this study successfully predicted the in vitro mobilization and bioaccessibility of the pesticides. This suggests that modeling of pesticide mobilization and bioaccessibility could reduce uncertainty in exposure and risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Starr
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Evelyn Valentini
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Bethany Parker
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow at the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Stephen E Graham
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Faith Waldron
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow at the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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5
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Namazkar S, Ragnarsdottir O, Josefsson A, Branzell F, Abel S, Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M, Harrad S, Benskin JP. Characterization and dermal bioaccessibility of residual- and listed PFAS ingredients in cosmetic products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:259-268. [PMID: 38226854 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00461a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
As a large group of chemicals with diverse properties, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have found extensive application throughout consumer products, including cosmetics. Little is known about the importance of dermal uptake as a human exposure pathway for PFAS. Here we investigate a suite of listed-ingredient and residual PFAS in cosmetic products, along with their dermal bioaccessibility using in vitro incubations with artificial sweat. Concentrations of volatile listed ingredients (including cyclic perfluorinated alkanes, perfluorinated ethers, and polyfluorinated silanes) in three products ranged from 876-1323 μg g-1, while polar listed ingredients (i.e., polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters [PAPs]) in a single product occurred at up to 2427 μg g-1 (6 : 2/6 : 2 diPAP)). Residual perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) were also measured at concentrations ranging from 0.02-29 μg g-1. When listed ingredients were included, our targeted analysis accounted for up to 103% of the total fluorine, while highlighting ambiguous and/or incorrect International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredient (INCI) names used in several products. Bioaccessibility experiments revealed that residual PFCAs readily partitioned to artificial sweat (bioaccessible fractions ranging from 43-76% for detectable substances) while listed ingredients (i.e., PAPs and neutral/volatile PFAS) displayed negligible partitioning. This work provides new insight into the occurrence of PFAS in cosmetic products, while furthering our understanding on their mechanisms of dermal uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Namazkar
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Oddny Ragnarsdottir
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Anton Josefsson
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Felice Branzell
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sebastian Abel
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jonathan P Benskin
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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6
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Ragnarsdóttir O, Abdallah MAE, Harrad S. Dermal bioaccessibility of perfluoroalkyl substances from household dust; influence of topically applied cosmetics. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117093. [PMID: 37683793 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
PFAS are known contaminants of indoor dust. Despite the adherence of such dust to skin, the dermal penetration potential of PFAS is not well understood. By applying in vitro physiologically based extraction tests, the bioaccessibility of 17 PFAS from indoor dust to synthetic human sweat sebum mixtures (SSSM) was assessed. The composition of the SSSM substantially impacted the bioaccessibility of all target compounds. PFAS bioaccessibility in a 1:1 sweat:sebum mixture ranged from 54 to 92% for perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and 61-77% for perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs). Commonly applied cosmetics (foundation, sunscreen, moisturiser, and deodorant) significantly impacted the dermal bioaccessibility of target PFAS, e.g., the presence of moisturiser significantly decreased the total bioaccessibility of both PFCAs and PFSAs. Preliminary human exposure estimates revealed dermal contact with indoor dust could contribute as much as pathways such as drinking water and dust ingestion to an adult's daily intake of PFAS. While further research is needed to assess the percutaneous penetration of PFAS in humans, the current study highlights the potential substantial contribution of dermal exposure to human body burdens of PFAS and the need for further consideration of this pathway in PFAS risk assessment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oddný Ragnarsdóttir
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | | | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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7
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Niu D, Xiao Y, Chen S, Du X, Qiu Y, Zhu Z, Yin D. Evaluation of the oral bioaccessibility of legacy and emerging brominated flame retardants in indoor dust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:99735-99747. [PMID: 37620695 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29304-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Indoor dust is the main source of human exposure to brominated flame retardants (BFRs). In this study, in vitro colon-extended physiologically-based extraction test (CE-PBET) with Tenax as a sorptive sink was applied to evaluate the oral bioaccessibility of twenty-two polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and seven novel BFRs (NBFRs) via indoor dust ingestion. The mean bioaccessibilities of two NBFRs pentabromotoluene (PBT) and 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) were first proposed, reaching 36.0% and 26.7%, respectively. In order to maintain homeostasis of the gastrointestinal tract, 0.4 g Tenax was added in CE-PEBT, which increased BFRs bioaccessibility by up to a factor of 1.4-1.9. The highest bioaccessibility of legacy PBDEs was tri-BDEs (73.3%), while 2-ethylhexyl-tetrabromo-benzoate (EHTBB), one of penta-BDE alternatives, showed the highest (62.2%) among NBFRs. The influence of food nutrients, liquid to solid (L/S) ratio, and octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) on bioaccessibility was assessed. The oral bioaccessibility of BFRs increased with existence of protein or carbohydrate while lipid did the opposite. The bioaccessibilities of PBDEs and NBFRs were relatively higher with 200:1 L/S ratio. PBDEs bioaccessibility generally decreased with increasing LogKow. No significant correlation was observed between NBFRs bioaccessibility and LogKow. This study comprehensively evaluated the bioaccessibilities of legacy and emerging BFRs via dust ingestion using Tenax-assisted CE-PBET, and highlighted the significance to fully consider potential influencing factors on BFRs bioaccessibility in further human exposure estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shiyan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Xinyu Du
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201206, China
| | - Yanling Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Zhiliang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
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Abafe OA, Harrad S, Abdallah MAE. Novel Insights into the Dermal Bioaccessibility and Human Exposure to Brominated Flame Retardant Additives in Microplastics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37450894 PMCID: PMC10373483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we optimized and applied an in vitro physiologically based extraction test to investigate the dermal bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), incorporated as additives in different types of microplastics (MPs), and assess human dermal exposure to these chemicals. The dermal bioaccessibility of PBDEs in polyethylene (PE) MPs was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in polypropylene (PP) MPs. Both log Kow and water solubility influenced the dermal bioaccessibility of PBDEs. For HBCDDs in polystyrene MPs, the dermally bioaccessible fractions were 1.8, 2.0, and 1.6% of the applied dose for α-, β-, and γ-HBCDDs, respectively. MP particle size and the presence of cosmetic formulations (antiperspirant, foundation, moisturizer and sunscreen) influenced the bioaccessibility of PBDEs and HBCDDs in MP matrices at varying degrees of significance. Human exposure to ∑PBDEs and ∑HBCDDs via dermal contact with MPs ranged from 0.02 to 22.2 and 0.01 to 231 ng (kg bw)-1 d-1 and from 0.02 to 6.27 and 0.2 to 65 ng (kg bw)-1 d-1 for adults and toddlers, respectively. Dermal exposure to PBDEs and HBCDDs in MPs is substantial, highlighting for the first time the significance of the dermal pathway as a major route of human exposure to additive chemicals in microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovokeroye A Abafe
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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9
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Zhu Y, Li Y, Liu X, Yang X, Song X, Jia Y, Zhong W, Zhu L. Bioaccessibility of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in food and dust: Implication for more accurate risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161739. [PMID: 36690103 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) mainly through oral exposure route, while little is known about their bioaccessibility (BC) in oral matrices. Here, the BC of 13 PFASs in simulated vegetable (VFs) and animal foods (AFs) as well as indoor dust was investigated using a physiology-based extraction test. The BC of PFASs in the AFs (78.5 ± 13.6 %) was distinctly higher than that in the VFs (60.6 ± 13.4 %), because high-saturated and long-chain fatty acids in the animal fat favored formation of more stable micelles. The BC of most long-chain PFASs was positively correlated with the protein content while negatively correlated with the carbohydrate content in the foods. The BC of polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters was negatively correlated with the lipid content. The BC of the very long-chain PFASs in the foods was 2.42-6.02 times higher than that in the dust, which might be attributed to their strong sequestration in dust. With the increase in bile salt concentration, the BC of PFASs in food increased and then remained constant, which was related to the changes in fatty acids and stability of the formed micelles. Comparing with the previous results obtained from animal study, the BC obtained in this study has the potential to predict PFAS bioavailability in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Yuqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Xiaosong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Xin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Song
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Yibo Jia
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Wenjue Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China.
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10
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Hammel SC, Andersen HV, Knudsen LE, Frederiksen M. Inhalation and dermal absorption as dominant pathways of PCB exposure for residents of contaminated apartment buildings. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 247:114056. [PMID: 36395656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Applications of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in buildings and their persistence in indoor environments have led to cases of current and highly elevated exposure in humans, despite the global cease of production decades ago. Personal exposure to PCBs was assessed among residents in a social housing estate in Denmark containing both contaminated (n = 67) and non-contaminated (n = 23) apartments. Samples and estimated daily intakes (EDIs) were assessed for 15 PCB congeners, and body burden, which was limited by the dietary data availability, was compared across 7 indicator PCBs, with its sum (PCBsum7) often applied in European regulation of PCBs. Median PCBsum7 EDI across measured pathways for exposed residents was 101 ng· (kg bodyweight)-1· day-1, with the majority of exposure (60%) coming from inhalation of contaminated indoor air. Calculated from both PCBs measured in indoor air and on hand wipes, dermal absorption estimates showed comparable results and served as a secondary exposure pathway, accounting for 35% of personal exposure and considering selected assumptions and sources of physical-chemical parameters. Estimates revealed that diet was the primary PCB source among the reference group, accounting for over 75% of the PCBsum7 EDI across exposure routes. When evaluating overall EDIs across the two study groups and including dietary estimates, PCB exposure among exposed residents was around 10 times higher than the reference group. Solely within the exposed population, pathway-specific body burdens were calculated to account for exposure across years of residence in contaminated apartments, where lower chlorinated PCBs were dominant in indoor air. Among these dominant congeners, estimated body burdens of PCB-28 and -52 were significantly correlated with measured serum (rs = 0.49, 0.45; p < 0.001). This study demonstrates that inhalation and dermal absorption serve as dominant exposure pathways for residents of apartments contaminated with predominantly lower chlorinated PCBs and suggest that predictions of body burden from indoor environment measurements may be comparable to measured serum PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Hammel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Helle Vibeke Andersen
- Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, 2400, Copenhagen SV, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth E Knudsen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, 1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Marie Frederiksen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Rasmussen PE, Kubwabo C, Gardner HD, Levesque C, Beauchemin S. Relationships between House Characteristics and Exposures to Metal(loid)s and Synthetic Organic Contaminants Evaluated Using Settled Indoor Dust. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10329. [PMID: 36011971 PMCID: PMC9408639 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates associations between house characteristics and chemical contaminants in house dust, collected under the nationally representative Canadian House Dust Study (2007−2010). Vacuum samples (<80 µm fraction) were analysed for over 200 synthetic organic compounds and metal(loid)s. Spearman rank correlations between contaminant concentrations in dust and presence of children and pets, types of flooring, heating styles and other characteristics suggested a number of indoor sources, pointing to future research directions. Numerous synthetic organics were significantly associated with reported use of room deodorizers and with the presence of cats in the home. Hardwood flooring, which is a manufactured wood product, emerged as a source of metal(loid)s, phthalates, organophosphate flame retardants/plasticizers, and obsolete organochlorine pesticides such as ∑DDT (but not halogenated flame retardants). Many metal(loid)s were significantly correlated with flame-retardant compounds used in building materials and heating systems. Components of heating appliances and heat distribution systems appeared to contribute heat-resistant chemicals and alloys to settled dust. Carpets displayed a dual role as both a source and repository of dust-borne contaminants. Contaminant loadings (<80 µm fraction) were significantly elevated in heavily carpeted homes, particularly those located near industry. Depending on the chemical (and its source), the results show that increased dust mass loading may enrich or dilute chemical concentrations in dust. Research is needed to improve the characterisation of hidden indoor sources such as flame retardants used in building materials and heating systems, or undisclosed ingredients used in common household products, such as air fresheners and products used for companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pat E. Rasmussen
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, HECS Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 9A7, Canada
| | - Cariton Kubwabo
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, HECS Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - H. David Gardner
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, HECS Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 9A7, Canada
| | - Christine Levesque
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, HECS Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Suzanne Beauchemin
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, HECS Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
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12
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Impact of Nonylphenols and Polyhalogenated Compounds in Follicular Fluid on the Outcome of Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:2118-2128. [PMID: 33620705 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00472-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) interfere with the mammalian hormone system and alter its endo- and paracrine regulation. The goal of the present study was to examine the presence of 14 EDCs, including the technical mixture of nonylphenols and Mirex, in human follicular fluid (FF) and to find a potential correlation between endocrine active substances and a possible impact on female fertility. Furthermore, potential sources of EDC exposition regarding patients' lifestyle and socioeconomic factors were investigated. Human FF was collected from a total of 210 women undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection-treatment cycles because of male subfertility. The presence of EDCs was analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Thirteen of the 14 investigated EDCs were present in every FF sample; compounds with the highest concentrations in FF were nonylphenol and Mirex. Nearly all kinds of EDCs led to significantly reduced maturation and fertilization rate. No significant influence of EDC concentration on the clinical pregnancy rate was observed for neither of the analyzed EDCs. Patients who obtained their clothes and textiles at fashion discounters displayed a higher amount of EDCs in their FF. In contrast, patients' residential area, source of food products, and nicotine or caffeine consumed were not associated with EDC accumulation. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01385605 (11 July 2011).
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13
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Lu M, Li G, Yang Y, Yu Y. A review on in-vitro oral bioaccessibility of organic pollutants and its application in human exposure assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:142001. [PMID: 32892057 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Generally, human oral exposure assessments of contaminants have not considered the absorption factor in the human gastrointestinal tract, thus overestimating human exposure and associated health risk. Currently, more researchers are adding the absorption factor into human exposure assessment, and bioaccessibility measured by in-vitro methods is generally replacing bioavailability for estimation because of the cheap and rapid determination. However, no single unified in-vitro method is used for bioaccessibility measurement of organic pollutants, although several methods have been developed for these pollutants and have shown good in vitro-in vivo correlation between bioaccessibility and bioavailability. The present review has focused on the development of in-vitro methods, validation of these methods through in-vivo assays, determination of factors influencing bioaccessibility, application of bioaccessibility in human exposure assessment, and the challenges faced. Overall, most in-vitro methods were validated using bioavailability, and better in vitro-in vivo correlations were obtained when absorption sinks were added to the digestion solution to mimic dynamic absorption of organic chemicals by small intestine. Incorporating bioaccessibility into the estimation of human exposure by oral ingestion significantly decreases the estimated exposure dose. However, more investigations on bioaccessibility of hydrophobic organic compounds are urgently needed because many challenges for in-vitro methods remain to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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14
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Beriro DJ, Cave M, Kim A, Craggs J, Wragg J, Thomas R, Taylor C, Nathanail CP, Vane C. Soil-sebum partition coefficients for high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW-PAH). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 398:122633. [PMID: 32512434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In vitro high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW-PAH) soil-sebum partition coefficients (KSS) were measured for twelve soils collected from former UK gasworks. Concentrations of ∑16 USEPA PAH in the soils ranged from 51 to 1440 mg/kg. Time series extractions (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h) at skin temperature (32 °C) of HMW-PAH from sebum to soil for two samples were conducted to determine the maximum release time-step. The maximum HMW-PAH release time-step was determined as 4 h, which was subsequently used as the extraction time for the remaining samples. The 4 h extraction for all samples showed HMW-PAH KSS ranging from 0.06 to 1.4 (median = 0.59; mean = 0.59; standard deviation = 0.27; median absolute deviation = 0.29). Evaluation of KSS data for the 4 h extractions showed that soil type and selected HMW-PAH properties (literature based molecular weight and octanol-carbon partition coefficients) affect the amount of HMW-PAH released from soil into sebum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J Beriro
- British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GG, UK.
| | - Mark Cave
- British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Alex Kim
- British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Jonathan Craggs
- University of Nottingham, School of Geography, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Joanna Wragg
- British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GG, UK
| | | | - Christopher Taylor
- National Grid Property Holdings Ltd. National Grid House, Warwick Technology Park, Gallows Hill, Warwick, CV34 6DA, UK
| | - C Paul Nathanail
- British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GG, UK; Land Quality Management, Sir Colin Campbell Building, University of Nottingham Innovation Park, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK
| | - Christopher Vane
- British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GG, UK
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15
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Craggs M, Gibson GR, Whalley P, Collins CD. Bioaccessibility of Difenoconazole in Rice Following Industry Standard Processing and Preparation Procedures. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10167-10173. [PMID: 32786844 PMCID: PMC7499419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For pesticide registration a post application assessment is made on the safety of any residue remaining in the edible portion of the treated crop. This assessment does not typically consider the bioaccessibility of pesticide residues. The effects of this on potential exposure to incurred difenoconazole residues passing through the human gastrointestinal tract were studied, including the impact of commodity processing. It has previously been demonstrated that solvent extraction methods have the potential to overestimate the bioaccessible fraction, so in vitro simulated gut systems may offer a better approach to determine residue bioaccessibility to refine the risk assessment process. The bioaccessibility of difenoconazole residues associated with processed rice samples was assessed using in vitro intestinal extraction and colonic fermentation methods. The mean bioaccessibility following intestinal digestion was 33.3% with a range from 13% to 70.6%. Quantification of the colonic bioaccessible fraction was not possible due to compound metabolism. Mechanical processing methods generally increased the residue bioaccessibility, while chemical methods resulted in a decrease. Both mechanical and chemical processing methods reduced the total difenoconazole residue level by ca. 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Craggs
- Product Safety, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta International AG, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - G R Gibson
- Food Microbial Sciences Unit, School of Food Biosciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - P Whalley
- Product Safety, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta International AG, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - C D Collins
- Department of Soil Science, School of Human & Environmental Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DW, United Kingdom
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16
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Luo K, Zeng D, Kang Y, Lin X, Sun N, Li C, Zhu M, Chen Z, Man YB, Li H. Dermal bioaccessibility and absorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor dust and its implication in risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114829. [PMID: 32559865 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have focused on assessing the risk of human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor dust via dermal contact. However, the dermal bioaccessibility and dermal absorption of PAHs in indoor dust have seldom been reported. In the present study, the effects of temperature, sweat ratio, solid-liquid ratio and incubation time on the dermal bioaccessibility of PAHs were examined. Naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrenewere selected for examination in an absorption assay with keratinocyte cells. The results showed the release of PAHs from indoor dust fitted a first-order one-compartment model. Naphthalene had the highest rate of release, which was consistent with the bioaccessibility assay results. In addition, the absorption rate of naphthalene and phenanthrene by keratinocytes was higher than that of pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene, with the latter being of higher molecular weight. These results indicated that low molecular weight PAHs were much more easily absorbed via dermal contact than were high molecular weight PAHs. The dermal bioavailability of PAHs in indoor dust was estimated by multiplying the bioaccessibility of PAHs in indoor dust by the ratio of dermal absorption by skin cells, and ranged from 0.12 to 51.0%. These data will be useful in risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesong Luo
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Diya Zeng
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan Kang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Xunyang Lin
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Na Sun
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Mengqi Zhu
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhenwen Chen
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu Bon Man
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hui Li
- Departmentof Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, China
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17
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Milinčić DD, Vojinović UD, Kostić AŽ, Pešić MB, Špirović Trifunović BD, Brkić DV, Stević MŽ, Kojić MO, Stanisavljević NS. In vitro assessment of pesticide residues bioaccessibility in conventionally grown blueberries as affected by complex food matrix. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126568. [PMID: 32220723 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the bioaccessibility of pesticide residues in blueberries (commercial and sample from controlled field trial) from Serbia, involving the presence of a complex food matrix and to assess the potential risk to human health. The presence of nine active substances (azoxystrobin, boscalid, fludioxonil, cyprodinil, pyrimethanil, pyridaben, pyriproxyfen, acetamiprid and thiametoxam) in initial blueberry samples was determined in concentration range from 5.15 μg/kg for thiametoxam to 187 μg/kg for azoxystrobin. Clothianidin, metabolite of thiametoxam, was not detected in any blueberry sample. However, after in vitro digestion, the content of initially detected pesticides residues was significantly decreased or it was below limit of quantification resulting in the total bioaccessibility of about 15%. Azoxystrobin, pyrimethanil and fludioxonil was quantified in digestive juice at concentrations which were about 81%, 37% and 10% less than the inital concentration, respectively. The presence of food matrix during digestion of blueberries even more severely reduced concentration of pesticide residues (total bioaccessibility was about 7%) compared to digestion without the food matrix. Only azoxystrobin was quantified after digestion with food matrix in concentration of 27 μg/kg in sample from controlled field trial and detected in two commercial samples but below the limit of quantification. Furthermore, chronic risk assessment indicated that risk is acceptable for the health of different human subpopulation groups. The current study on pesticides residues, most commonly applied on blueberries, provides for the first time an insight into their bioaccessibility under conditions that mimic physiological environment of human digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijel D Milinčić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute for Food Technology and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Nemanjina 6, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Uroš D Vojinović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Phytomedicine, Department for Pesticides and Herbology, Nemanjina 6, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Ž Kostić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute for Food Technology and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Nemanjina 6, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana B Pešić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute for Food Technology and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Nemanjina 6, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojana D Špirović Trifunović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Phytomedicine, Department for Pesticides and Herbology, Nemanjina 6, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragica V Brkić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Phytomedicine, Department for Pesticides and Herbology, Nemanjina 6, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Ž Stević
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Phytomedicine, Department for Pesticides and Herbology, Nemanjina 6, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan O Kojić
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, P.O. Box 23, 11 010, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nemanja S Stanisavljević
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, P.O. Box 23, 11 010, Belgrade, Serbia
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18
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Li Y, Yu Y, Zheng N, Hou S, Song X, Dong W. Metallic elements in human hair from residents in smelting districts in northeast China: Environmental factors and differences in ingestion media. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:108914. [PMID: 31812938 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The health of residents in Huludao City is affected by the emissions of heavy metals from smelting, diet and atmospheric precipitation. This study investigated the concentrations of Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in scalp hair samples from 259 residents of different ages and genders from five districts in Huludao City and examined the main factors for heavy metal exposure. Cd and Pb concentrations in hair samples exceeded the normal concentration ranges for human hair (Cd < 0.3 mg/kg; Pb < 9.3 mg/kg), and the highest Pb concentrations were found in subjects in the age range 0-15 years. Samples from men were higher in Cd and Pb compared to those for women. Workers from the Huludao zinc plant (HZP) had higher concentrations of all metals in their hair relative to other occupations except for Cu. Geographically, the highest Cd and Pb concentrations in hair were found for residents living in Daochi district (DCD) and the Zn plant district (ZPD), respectively. In smelting regions, the effects of dust ingestion on heavy metal exposure were more important than in non-smelting regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China; Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Dermatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Na Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China; Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Shengnan Hou
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Song
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wu Dong
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory Toxinscant Monitoring and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, 028043, China
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19
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Minzaghi D, Pavel P, Dubrac S. Xenobiotic Receptors and Their Mates in Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4234. [PMID: 31470652 PMCID: PMC6747412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common inflammatory skin disease worldwide. It is a chronic, relapsing and pruritic skin disorder which results from epidermal barrier abnormalities and immune dysregulation, both modulated by environmental factors. AD is strongly associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis in the so-called 'atopic march.' Xenobiotic receptors and their mates are ligand-activated transcription factors expressed in the skin where they control cellular detoxification pathways. Moreover, they regulate the expression of genes in pathways involved in AD in epithelial cells and immune cells. Activation or overexpression of xenobiotic receptors in the skin can be deleterious or beneficial, depending on context, ligand and activation duration. Moreover, their impact on skin might be amplified by crosstalk among xenobiotic receptors and their mates. Because they are activated by a broad range of endogenous molecules, drugs and pollutants owing to their promiscuous ligand affinity, they have recently crystalized the attention of researchers, including in dermatology and especially in the AD field. This review examines the putative roles of these receptors in AD by critically evaluating the conditions under which the proteins and their ligands have been studied. This information should provide new insights into AD pathogenesis and ways to develop new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Minzaghi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Petra Pavel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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20
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Zeng D, Kang Y, Chen J, Li A, Chen W, Li Z, He L, Zhang Q, Luo J, Zeng L. Dermal bioaccessibility of plasticizers in indoor dust and clothing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 672:798-805. [PMID: 30978542 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Several studies indicate that human exposure to plasticizers via dermal pathway is not negligible, but the dermal bioaccessibility of phthalates and alternative plasticizers from the important environmental matrix including indoor dust and clothing and the importance weight of dermal exposure to those pollutants have been poorly studied. An in vitro physiologically based extraction test was employed to investigate the dermal bioaccessibility of target phthalates and alternative plasticizers from indoor dust and clothing. Temperature, incubation time, sweat/sebum ratio and solid/liquid ratio were selected to study their effects on the bioaccessibility. The bioaccessibility of Diethyl phthalates (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), bis-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), Acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC), bis-2-ethylhexyladipate (DEHA) and bis-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHT) in indoor dust were 66.20 ± 1.93%, 94.27 ± 1.31%, 80.37 ± 8.09%, 75.02 ± 2.12%, 94.50 ± 3.42% and 74.09 ± 3.79%, respectively, under the condition of 1:1 sweat/sebum ratio, 1/100 solid/liquid ratio (indoor dust), 1:1 area/area ratio (1:1, clothing) and 90 min incubation time at 36.3 °C which are chosen based on the experimental results and human physical conditions. DBP showed the highest bioaccessibility in all samples. The time course of the plasticizer release was fitted to a first-order one-compartment model. DBP showed the highest release rate (k1) calculated from the model, which was consistent with the bioaccessibility result. Risk assessment indicated that dermal exposure of DBP was an important exposure route, accounting for about 21.58% of total intake, and indoor dust was an important exposure media when considering the dermal bioaccessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diya Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Kang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Junheng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Anyao Li
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanyu Chen
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhumei Li
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lintao He
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyun Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Luo
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixuan Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
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21
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Cui L, Gao L, Zheng M, Li J, Zhang L, Wu Y, Qiao L, Xu C, Wang K, Huang D. Bioaccessibility of short chain chlorinated paraffins in meat and seafood. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:996-1003. [PMID: 31018478 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccessibility of short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), which is important for estimation of dietary exposure, has not been evaluated in previous studies. In the present study, we determined the bioaccessibility of SCCPs in meat (pork, beef and chicken) and seafood (fish, clams, and prawns) using the colon-extended physiologically based extraction test as an in vitro model. The bioaccessibility percentages (BAs) ranged from 33% to 84% in the fed state and from 41% to 63% in the unfed state. The BAs observed in the fed state were lower than in the unfed state in most samples, except for pork sample, which had the highest lipid content. This could be attributed to the effects caused by dietary components added in the fed state. The effects of lipid and protein in samples on bioaccessibility were investigated. In food with a high lipid content, like pork in this study, lipid was the main factor controlling SCCP bioaccessibility. In the other five foods, which had low-medium lipid contents, BA in the unfed state was positively correlated with lipid content (p < 0.05) and negatively correlated with the protein-to-lipid content ratio (p < 0.05). No significant relationships between lipid and protein content and BA were found in the fed state. As to SCCP congener groups, a positive relationship between the BAs of SCCP congener groups and their octanol-water partition coefficients (log Kow) was found in pork sample in the fed state (p < 0.05). The BAs obtained in samples from fish, prawn, clam, and pork in the unfed state and that obtained in clam sample in the fed state were negatively correlated with log Kow (p < 0.05). We calculated more accurate estimated dietary intakes of SCCPs using our SCCP bioaccessibility data. These results will contribute to more reliable dietary risk assessments of SCCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Jingguang Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kunran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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22
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Shi YH, Xiao JJ, Liu YY, Fu YY, Ye Z, Liao M, Cao HQ. Interactions of food matrix and dietary components on neonicotinoid bioaccessibility in raw fruit and vegetables. Food Funct 2019; 10:289-295. [PMID: 30566153 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02142b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Humans are frequently exposed to the residues of various neonicotinoids, highlighting the need to understand human exposure through oral ingestion of contaminated foods. In this study, the effects of different food matrices (tomato, cucumber, and carrot) and their interaction with dietary component additives, including proteins and dietary fiber, was investigated. The results showed that the presence of a food matrix had a significant effect on the bioaccessibility of neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, and thiacloprid) in both the gastric and intestinal environments. Neonicotinoids in tomato presented relatively low bioaccessibility, indicating that the daily intake of the tomato can be regarded as being relatively safer. Moreover, the addition of protein or dietary fiber to fruit and vegetables had a marked influence on neonicotinoid bioaccessibility and the effects varied between the different matrices. In particular, the addition of 2.0% dietary fiber significantly reduced the bioaccessibility (18.38-67.91%). Therefore, we recommend that consuming an increased intake of dietary fiber could improve the safety of fruit and vegetables in daily life. The present results can support the identification of suitable food intake conditions for the significant reduction of pesticide residue levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Shi
- School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
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23
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Shen H, Li W, Graham SE, Starr JM. The role of soil and house dust physicochemical properties in determining the post ingestion bioaccessibility of sorbed polychlorinated biphenyls. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 217:1-8. [PMID: 30391787 PMCID: PMC6529950 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ingestion of soils and house dusts is an important pathway for children's exposure to sorbed organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). To reduce the uncertainty of the exposure estimates, it is important to understand the extent to which chemicals desorb and become bioaccessible following ingestion. In this study we use a three compartment in vitro digestive system to model the role of soil and house dust physicochemical properties on the post ingestion bioaccessibility of PCBs. Matched pairs (n = 37) of soil and dust were characterized for percent carbon and nitrogen, pH, moisture content, and particle size distribution. They were then fortified with a mixture of 18 PCBs and processed through the assay. The percent bioaccessibility of each PCB was calculated, then modeled using individual PCB log Kow values and the soil and dust properties. The bioaccessibility of the PCBs in soil (x̄ = 65 ± 16%) was greater (p < 0.001) than that of the PCBs in house dust (x̄ = 36 ± 14%). In the soil model, carbon was the sole statistically significant predictive (p ≤ 0.05) variable, while in house dust, both carbon and clay content were statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, 310051, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow at the United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Stephen E Graham
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Protection Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - James M Starr
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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Wang J, Lin K, Taylor A, Gan J. In vitro assessment of pyrethroid bioaccessibility via particle ingestion. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 119:125-132. [PMID: 29957354 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to their intensive use in agricultural and residential pest control, human exposure to residues of multiple pyrethroids frequently occurs. Pyrethroids have exceptionally high affinity for solid particles, highlighting the need to understand human exposure through oral ingestion of contaminated soil or dust particles. In this study, we used artificial gastrointestinal fluids to measure the desorption or bioaccessibility of eight current-use pyrethroids in soil and dust samples. Tenax was further included as a sink in parallel treatments to simulate the effect of removal due to transfer of pyrethroids to lipid membranes. The use of 0.4 g of Tenax in 20 mL digestive fluids resulted in rapid and efficient trapping of pyrethroids, and further, greatly increased bioaccessibility. In the artificial digestive fluids without Tenax, 6.0-48.0% of pyrethroids were desorbed over 21 h, and the fractions increased by 1.6-4.1 folds to 21.5-79.3% with the Tenax sink. Therefore, 6.0-79.3% of soil or dust-borne pyrethroids may be considered bioavailable upon ingestion. While protein and sucrose increased the estimated bioaccessibility, co-presence of lipid (vegetable oil) decreased the bioaccessibility of pyrethroids, likely due to competitive phase partition. Pyrethroids were also found to be unstable in the artificial intestinal fluid containing pancreatin, further decreasing the potential bioaccessibility of pyrethroids on soil or dust particles. The limited bioaccessibility should be considered to refine the prediction of human exposure and risk through oral ingestion of pyrethroid residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Kunde Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China
| | - Allison Taylor
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Serpe FP, Fiorito F, Esposito M, Ferrari A, Fracassi F, Miniero R, Pietra M, Roncada P, Brambilla G. Polychlorobiphenyl levels in the serum of cats from residential flats in Italy: Role of the indoor environment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:777-785. [PMID: 29553911 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2018.1445079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The domestic cat (Felis catus) was used as a sentinel of exposure to polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) in indoor urban environments y. Sera from 120 cats were pooled to form 30 different groups selected by age (<2 years; > 2 ≤ 8 years; > 8 years), sex, municipality (Bologna and Turin) and environment (indoor vs. outdoor). Test portions of 1 mL were analyzed by means of gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) for six selected indicators non-dioxin-like PCBs (∑6 PCBs: congeners #28, #52, #101, #132, #153 and #180) and the results were computed in the upper-bound mode. The internal dose of PCBs attributable to the cats' alimentary lipid intake ranged from 32.4 to 1,446 ng/g (P50 165; mean 258). The Wilcoxon test revealed significantly lower PCB burden in "outdoor" groups than in "indoor" groups. Age correlated well with the heptachlorinated and most bio-accumulative congener, PCB #180, and slightly with hexachlorinated PCBs #138 and #153. Contamination attributable to house dust collected in 15 living-rooms ranged from 10.0 to 279 ng/g dry weight (P50 97.4; mean 94.4). Exposure estimates indicated a 0.6-16 ng/kg bw range of daily ∑6 PCB intake from a default value of 200 mg/cat of dust ingestion. The intake of PCBs due to dust ingestion fell within the same order of magnitude as that computed from a 60 g daily intake of commercial dry pet foods, while inhalation accounted for 0.21-8.2 ng/kg bw/day, on setting the nominal ∑6 PCB contamination in outdoor and indoor air at 0.37 and 15 ng/m3, respectively. Italian indoor cats could be exposed to higher levels of ∑6 PCBs than the Reference Dose (RfD) of 10 ng/kg/bw/day; this supports the World Health Organization's statement that the quality of the indoor environment is a major determinant of health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filomena Fiorito
- a Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno , Portici (Naples) , Italy
| | - Mauro Esposito
- a Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno , Portici (Naples) , Italy
| | - Angelo Ferrari
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin , Italy
| | - Federico Fracassi
- c Università degli Studi di Bologna , Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences , Ozzano Emilia , Bologna , Italy
| | - Roberto Miniero
- d Istituto Superiore di sanità , Environment & Health Department , Rome , Italy
| | - Marco Pietra
- c Università degli Studi di Bologna , Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences , Ozzano Emilia , Bologna , Italy
| | - Paola Roncada
- c Università degli Studi di Bologna , Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences , Ozzano Emilia , Bologna , Italy
| | - Gianfranco Brambilla
- e Istituto Superiore di sanità , Food Safety, Nutrition, and Veterinary Public Health Department , Rome , Italy
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26
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Tay JH, Sellström U, Papadopoulou E, Padilla-Sánchez JA, Haug LS, de Wit CA. Assessment of dermal exposure to halogenated flame retardants: Comparison using direct measurements from hand wipes with an indirect estimation from settled dust concentrations. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 115:285-294. [PMID: 29621716 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There are few studies estimating dermal exposure to halogenated flame retardants in adults. To fill this gap, sixty-one hand wipe samples were collected from a Norwegian adult cohort using gauze pads immersed in isopropanol. BDE-47, BDE-209, bis(2‑ethyl‑hexyl)‑3,4,5,6‑tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were the most frequently detected chemicals. The highest median mass in hand wipes was that of sumEHFR (570 ng), followed by sumHBCDD (180 ng) and sumPBDE (2.9 ng). The high EHFR level was mainly driven by tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) which accounted for 77% of the total mass. Positive and significant correlations were observed between FR levels in hand wipes and settled dust (0.26 < r < 0.56, p < 0.05), as well as between FR levels in hand wipes and the number of electronic consumer products at home (0.27 < r < 0.40, p < 0.05). Significant bivariate associations with number of laptops/tablets and phones/mobiles were further confirmed by multivariate linear regression analyses. Dermal exposure was estimated using the levels measured in handwipes. The estimated median dermal exposure was 2600, 840 and 6.2 pg/kg bw/d for sumEHFR, sumHBCDD and sumPBDE, respectively. Further, we compared these results with the dermal exposure as estimated indirectly by utilizing previously reported FR levels in settled dust collected from the residences of the same studied cohort. With the indirect approach, higher dermal exposures to sumPBDE but lower exposures to sumEHFR and sumHBCDD were observed compared to the direct dermal exposure estimated via hand wipes. Comparable exposure estimates between hand wipes and the indirect method were obtained for α‑, β‑tetrabromoethylcyclohexane (DBE-DBCH), DBDPE, BDE-28, -35, -49, -99, -153, 154, and -183. For other individual HFRs, the exposure estimates obtained from the two approaches were significantly different (Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.05). Both methods gave similar dermal exposure estimates for many individual FRs. However, it is important to be aware of the value and limitations of each method when using them to estimate human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hui Tay
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ulla Sellström
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eleni Papadopoulou
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Lovisenberggata 8, Oslo, Norway
| | - Juan Antonio Padilla-Sánchez
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Lovisenberggata 8, Oslo, Norway
| | - Line Småstuen Haug
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Lovisenberggata 8, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cynthia A de Wit
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Kademoglou K, Williams AC, Collins CD. Bioaccessibility of PBDEs present in indoor dust: A novel dialysis membrane method with a Tenax TA® absorption sink. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 621:1-8. [PMID: 29175617 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human uptake of flame retardants (FRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) via indoor dust ingestion is commonly considered as 100% bioaccessible, leading to potential risk overestimation. Here, we present a novel in vitro colon-extended physiologically-based extraction test (CE-PBET) with Tenax TA® as an absorptive "sink" capable to enhance PBDE gut bioaccessibility. A cellulose-based dialysis membrane (MW cut-off 3.5kDa) with high pH and temperature tolerance was used to encapsulate Tenax TA®, facilitating efficient physical separation between the absorbent and the dust, while minimizing re-absorption of the ingested PBDEs to the dust particles. As a proof of concept, PBDE-spiked indoor dust samples (n=3) were tested under four different conditions; without any Tenax TA® addition (control) and with three different Tenax TA® loadings (i.e. 0.25, 0.5 or 0.75g). Our results show that in order to maintain a constant sorptive gradient for the low MW PBDEs, 0.5g of Tenax TA® are required in CE-PBET. Tenax TA® inclusion (0.5g) resulted in 40% gut bioaccessibility for BDE153 and BDE183, whereas greater bioaccessibility values were seen for less hydrophobic PBDEs such as BDE28 and BDE47 (~60%). When tested using SRM 2585 (n=3), our new Tenax TA® method did not present any statistically significant effect (p>0.05) between non-spiked and PBDE-spiked SRM 2585 treatments. Our study describes an efficient method where due to the sophisticated design, Tenax TA® recovery and subsequent bioaccessibility determination can be simply and reliably achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Kademoglou
- Soil Research Centre, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, RG6 6DW Reading, UK.
| | - Adrian C Williams
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, RG6 6AD Reading, UK
| | - Chris D Collins
- Soil Research Centre, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, RG6 6DW Reading, UK.
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28
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Hermant M, Blanchard O, Perouel G, Boulanger G, Merlo M, Desvignes V. Environmental Exposure of the Adult French Population to Permethrin. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2018; 38:853-865. [PMID: 28799652 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to assess the exposure to permethrin of the adult French population from available contamination measurements of outdoor air, indoor air, and settled dust. Priority is given to the assessment of chronic exposure, given the potential of permethrin to induce cancers and/or endocrine disorders. A statistical method was devised to calculate exposure to permethrin by different pathways (inhalation, indirect dust ingestion, and dermal contact). This method considers anthropometric parameters, the population's space-time budget, and recent methods for calculating dermal exposure. Considering the media of interest, our results pointed to house dust as the main environmental source of permethrin exposure, followed by indoor and outdoor air. Dermal contact and indirect dust ingestion may be more important exposure pathways than inhalation. A sensitivity analysis indicated that exposure estimates were mainly affected by variability within contamination data. This study is the first step in aggregated exposure and risk assessment due to pyrethroid exposure. Outdoor air, indoor air, and settled dust may constitute significant exposure sources, in addition to diet, which could be important. The next step entails assessing internal doses and estimating the proportion of each exposure source and pathway relative to internal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hermant
- French agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (Anses), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Guillaume Perouel
- French agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (Anses), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Guillaume Boulanger
- French agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (Anses), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mathilde Merlo
- French agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (Anses), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Virginie Desvignes
- French agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (Anses), Maisons-Alfort, France
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29
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Longitudinal Study of the Psoriasis-Associated Skin Microbiome during Therapy with Ustekinumab in a Randomized Phase 3b Clinical Trial. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:1973-1981. [PMID: 29559344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Plaque psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory disease primarily affecting the skin, is thought to have a multifactorial etiology, including innate immune system dysregulation, environmental triggers, and genetic susceptibility. We sought to further understand the role of skin microbiota in psoriasis pathogenesis, as well as their response to therapy. We systematically analyzed dynamic microbiota colonizing psoriasis lesions and adjacent nonlesional skin in 114 patients prior to and during ustekinumab treatment in a phase 3b clinical trial. By sequencing the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene from skin swab samples obtained at six anatomical sites, we identified minor, site-specific differences in microbial diversity and composition between pretreatment lesional and nonlesional skin. During therapy, microbial communities within lesional and nonlesional skin diverged, and body-site dispersion increased, reflecting microbial skin site-specificity. Microbiota demonstrated greater pretreatment heterogeneity in psoriatic lesions than in nonlesional skin, and variance increased as treatment progressed. Microbiota colonizing recurrent lesions did not overlap with pretreatment lesional microbiota, suggesting colonization patterns varied between initial and recurrent psoriatic lesions. While plaque psoriasis does not appear to be associated with specific microbes and/or microbial diversity, this large dataset provides insight into microbial variation associated with (i) disease in different body locations, (ii) initial versus recurrent lesions, and (iii) anti-IL12/23 therapy.
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30
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Ginsberg GL, Belleggia G. Use of Monte Carlo analysis in a risk-based prioritization of toxic constituents in house dust. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 109:101-113. [PMID: 28890219 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many chemicals have been detected in house dust with exposures to the general public and particularly young children of potential health concern. House dust is also an indicator of chemicals present in consumer products and the built environment that may constitute a health risk. The current analysis compiles a database of recent house dust concentrations from the United States and Canada, focusing upon semi-volatile constituents. Seven constituents from the phthalate and flame retardant categories were selected for risk-based screening and prioritization: diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), a pentabrominated diphenyl ether congener (BDE-99), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). Monte Carlo analysis was used to represent the variability in house dust concentration as well as the uncertainty in the toxicology database in the estimation of children's exposure and risk. Constituents were prioritized based upon the percentage of the distribution of risk results for cancer and non-cancer endpoints that exceeded a hazard quotient (HQ) of 1. The greatest percent HQ exceedances were for DEHP (cancer and non-cancer), BDE-99 (non-cancer) and TDCIPP (cancer). Current uses and the potential for reducing levels of these constituents in house dust are discussed. Exposure and risk for other phthalates and flame retardants in house dust may increase if they are used to substitute for these prioritized constituents. Therefore, alternative assessment and green chemistry solutions are important elements in decreasing children's exposure to chemicals of concern in the indoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary L Ginsberg
- Department of Community Medicine, MPH Program, University of Connecticut Health Center School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Giuliana Belleggia
- Department of Community Medicine, MPH Program, University of Connecticut Health Center School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
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31
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Mi XB, Su Y, Bao LJ, Tao S, Zeng EY. Significance of Cooking Oil to Bioaccessibility of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Raw and Cooked Fish: Implications for Human Health Risk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3268-3275. [PMID: 28382825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the bioacessibility of DDTs and PBDEs in cooked fish (yellow grouper; Epinephelus awoara) with and without heating using the colon extended physiologically based extraction test. The bioaccessibility of DDTs and PBDEs increased from 60 and 26% in raw fish to 83 and 63%, respectively, after the addition of oil to raw fish. However, they decreased from 83 to 66% and from 63 to 40%, respectively, when oil-added fish were cooked. Human health risk assessment based on bioaccessible concentrations of DDTs and PBDEs in fish showed that the maximum allowable daily fish consumption rates decreased from 25, 59, and 86 g day-1 to 22, 53, and 77 g day-1 for children, youths, and adults, respectively, after fish were cooked with oil. These findings indicated that the significance of cooking oil to the bioaccessibility of DDTs and PBDEs in food should be considered in assessments of human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Bo Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
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Pawar G, Abdallah MAE, de Sáa EV, Harrad S. Dermal bioaccessibility of flame retardants from indoor dust and the influence of topically applied cosmetics. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2017; 27:100-105. [PMID: 26732374 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2015.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive literature on their potential adverse health effects, there is a lack of information on human dermal exposure to organic flame retardant chemicals (FRs). This study applies an in vitro physiologically based extraction test to provide new insights into the dermal bioaccessibility of various FRs from indoor dust to synthetic sweat/sebum mixture (SSSM). The bioaccessible fractions of α-, β- and γ-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) to 1:1 (sweat/sebum) mixture were 41%, 47%, 50% and 40%, respectively. For Tris-2-chloroethyl phosphate (TCEP), tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) and tris-1,3-dichloropropyl phosphate (TDCIPP), bioaccessible fractions were 10%, 17% and 19%. Composition of the SSSM and compound-specific physicochemical properties were the major factors influencing the bioaccessibility of target FRs. Except for TBBPA, the presence of cosmetics (moisturising cream, sunscreen lotion, body spray and shower gel) had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the bioaccessibility of the studied FRs. The presence of cosmetics decreased the bioaccessibility of HBCDs from indoor dust, whereas shower gel and sunscreen lotion enhanced the bioaccessibility of target PFRs. Our bioaccessibility data were applied to estimate the internal exposure of UK adults and toddlers to the target FRs via dermal contact with dust. Our worst-case scenario exposure estimates fell far below available health-based limit values for TCEP, TCIPP and TDCIPP. However, future research may erode the margin of safety for these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Pawar
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University Assiut, Egypt
| | - Eugenia Villaverde de Sáa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Stuart Harrad
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Shen H, Starr J, Han J, Zhang L, Lu D, Guan R, Xu X, Wang X, Li J, Li W, Zhang Y, Wu Y. The bioaccessibility of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) in cooked plant and animal origin foods. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:33-42. [PMID: 27203782 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we compared the effect of boiling and frying food preparation methods in determining the bioaccessibility of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) in rice, cabbage, milk powder, eggs, beef, and fresh water fish. We then used these data to calculate a toxic equivalent (TEQ) for risk assessment and compared it to published values that did not account for bioaccessibility. When the foods were prepared by boiling, the mean bioaccessibility (%) in rice (PCBs: 16.5±1.0, PCDD/Fs: 4.9±0.3) and cabbage (PCBs: 4.2±0.9, PCDD/Fs: 1.9±0.7) were lower than in animal origin foods (beef, PCBs: 49.0±3.3, PCDD/Fs: 7.8±0.9; egg, PCBs: 29.7±3.1, PCDD/Fs: 8.6±1.3; fish, PCBs: 26.9±2.5, PCDD/Fs: 7.9±1.3; milk powder, PCBs: 72.3±1.6, PCDD/Fs: 28.4±1.2). When fried in cooking oil, the bioaccessibilities of all analytes in all foods increased, but the increase in plant based foods (rice, PCBs: 3.4×, PCDD/Fs: 3.6×; cabbage, PCBs: 10.3×, PCDD/Fs: 7.9×) was greater than that of animal origin foods (beef, PCBs: 1.6×, PCDD/Fs: 3.4×; egg, PCBs: 2.1×, PCDD/Fs: 1.8×; fish, PCBs: 2.8, PCDD/Fs: 3.2×). Comparison of PCBs/PCDD/Fs bioaccessibility in rice and cabbage showed that bioaccessibility was greater in the low fat, high carbohydrate/protein content food (rice) than in the low carbohydrate/protein, low fat content food (cabbage), regardless of the method used to prepare the food. Adjusting for bioaccessibility reduced the gross estimated daily intake (EDI) of 112pgWHO-TEQ/day, by 88% and 63% respectively for foods prepared by boiling and frying. Our results indicate that: 1) The method used for cooking is an important determinant of PCBs/PCDD/Fs bioaccessibility, especially for plant origin foods, 2) there might be a joint fat, carbohydrate and protein effect that influences the bioaccessibilities of PCBs/PCDD/Fs in foods, and 3) use of bioaccessibility estimates would reduce the uncertainty in TEQ calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, 310051 Hangzhou, China.
| | - James Starr
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jianlong Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, 310051 Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, 7 Panjiayuan Nanli Road, 100021 Beijing, China
| | - Dasheng Lu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Rongfa Guan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, China Jiliang University, 310018 Hangzhou,China
| | - Xiaomin Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, 310051 Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, 310051 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, 7 Panjiayuan Nanli Road, 100021 Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, 310051 Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, 7 Panjiayuan Nanli Road, 100021 Beijing, China.
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Collins CD, Craggs M, Garcia-Alcega S, Kademoglou K, Lowe S. 'Towards a unified approach for the determination of the bioaccessibility of organic pollutants'. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 78:24-31. [PMID: 25728561 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccessibility studies have been widely used as a research tool to determine the potential human exposure to ingested contaminants. More recently they have been practically applied for soil borne toxic elements. This paper reviews the application of bioaccessibility tests across a range of organic pollutants and contaminated matrices. Important factors are reported to be: the physiological relevance of the test, the components in the gut media, the size fraction chosen for the test and whether it contains a sorptive sink. The bioaccessibility is also a function of the composition of the matrix (e.g. organic carbon content of soils) and the physico-chemical characteristics of the pollutant under test. Despite the widespread use of these tests, there are a large number of formats used and very few validation studies with animal models. We propose a unified format for a bioaccessibility test for organic pollutants. The robustness of this test should first be confirmed through inter laboratory comparison, then tested in-vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Craggs
- Soil Research Centre, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | | | | | - Stephen Lowe
- Soil Research Centre, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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