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Cohen J, Hubbard H, Özkaynak H, Thomas K, Phillips L, Tulve N. Meta-analysis of soil and dust ingestion studies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 261:119649. [PMID: 39048064 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The ingestion of soil and dust by children and adults is a potential source of exposure to environmental contaminants. To advance beyond the simple averaging of estimates used in the U.S. EPA's Exposure Factors Handbook (EFH), we describe a novel meta-analysis of all available studies that provided soil or dust ingestion estimates for children or adults conducted in the United States and Canada. Using meta-analytic techniques, we estimate the mean total soil plus dust ingestion rates and confidence intervals (CIs) for eleven age groups (0 - <1 month (m), 1 - <3 m, 3 - <6 m, 6 - <12 m, 1 - <2 years (y), 2 - <3 y, 3 - <6 y, 6 - <11 y, 11 - <16 y, 16 - <21 y, and 21+ y). These age groups were selected for consistency with the EFH update to Chapter 5 and the U.S. EPA's Age Grouping Guidance. For each age group, we calculated best estimates for the three main types of ingestion studies: tracer studies based on the aluminum tracer, biokinetic studies, and activity pattern (modeling) studies, as well as overall estimates for all three study types combined. Our meta-analysis combined study estimates using the alternative statistical approaches of the fixed effect method (inverse variance method, "I-V") and two random effects methods, DerSimonian and Laird's method of moments ("DSL") and the restricted maximum likelihood method ("MIXED"). For each approach, the mean total soil plus dust ingestion rate estimates for each study type generally aligned well with the EFH, ranging from 36 to 68 mg/day for infants, 56-72 mg/day for young children, and 12-32 mg/day for adolescents and adults. When all three study types were combined, the upper bounds of the 95% CI were generally the lowest for the I-V method and the highest for the MIXED method. The estimates produced here can be used for stochastic risk assessments and provide a better estimate of soil and dust ingestion rates across age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kent Thomas
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Linda Phillips
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Nicolle Tulve
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Zinicovscaia I, Chernyagina O, Chaligava O, Grozdov D, Fedorenko M, Kapralov M. Can metals and radionuclides in Shiveluch (Kamchatka) volcanic ash affect human health? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 365:121616. [PMID: 38941854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Volcanic eruption is associated with the release of large volumes of pollutants in the environment, which can pose a risk to humans and other living organisms. The elemental and radioisotope composition of ash released during the Shiveluch Volcano eruption in 2023 was analyzed using ICP-MS and low-background gamma spectrometry. The ash consisted of 59% SiO2, 16.7% Al2O3, 5.3% CaO, 4.6 % Na2O, 4.5% Fe2O3, 1.4% K2O, 0.48% TiO2, 0.17% P2O5, 0.15% S, 0.078% MnO and 44 trace elements. Hazard Quotient and Hazard Index were calculated in order to evaluate the potential health risks to children and adults due to exposure to contaminants via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact. All values were below the unit, indicating a low probability of non-carcinogenic and cancerogenic risk occurrence in target groups. The average activity concentrations of the natural radionuclides were 350, 12.4 and 4.84 Bq/kg for 40K, 226Ra and 232Th. Radiological indices, including external and internal risk assessment, radium equivalent activity, annual effective dose, gamma index, and excess lifetime cancer risk were calculated to estimate the radiological hazard for the population. The values of all indices were below the recommended safety limits, indicating a low level of hazard for the exposed population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Zinicovscaia
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, 141980, Dubna, Russian Federation; Horia Hulubei National Institute for R&D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului Str., MG-6, Romania.
| | - Olga Chernyagina
- Kamchatka Branch of the Pacific Geographical Institute of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Partizanskaya Str. 6, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskii, 683001, Russian Federation.
| | - Omari Chaligava
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, 141980, Dubna, Russian Federation; Faculty of Informatics and Control Systems, Georgian Technical University, 77 Merab Kostava Street, 0171, Tbilisi, Georgia.
| | - Dmitrii Grozdov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, 141980, Dubna, Russian Federation.
| | - Maria Fedorenko
- Kamchatka Branch of the Pacific Geographical Institute of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Partizanskaya Str. 6, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskii, 683001, Russian Federation.
| | - Mikhail Kapralov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, 141980, Dubna, Russian Federation.
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Ferguson A, Adelabu F, Solo-Gabriele H, Obeng-Gyasi E, Fayad-Martinez C, Gidley M, Honan J, Ogunseye OO, Beamer PI. Methodologies for the collection of parameters to estimate dust/soil ingestion for young children. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1357346. [PMID: 38989126 PMCID: PMC11234889 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1357346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Heavy metals, pesticides and a host of contaminants found in dust and soil pose a health risk to young children through ingestion. Dust/soil ingestion rates for young children can be estimated using micro-level activity time series (MLATS) as model inputs. MLATS allow for the generation of frequency and duration of children's contact activities, along with sequential contact patterns. Models using MLATS consider contact types, and transfer dynamics to assign mechanisms of contact and appropriate exposure factors for cumulative estimates of ingestion rates. Objective The objective of this study is to describe field implementation, data needs, advanced field collection, laboratory methodologies, and challenges for integrating into and updating a previously validated physical-stochastic MLATS-based model framework called the Child-Specific Aggregate Cumulative Human Exposure and Dose (CACHED) model. The manuscript focuses on describing the methods implemented in the current study. Methods This current multidisciplinary study (Dust Ingestion childRen sTudy [DIRT]) was implemented across three US regions: Tucson, Arizona; Miami, Florida and Greensboro, North Carolina. Four hundred and fifty participants were recruited between August 2021 to June 2023 to complete a 4-part household survey, of which 100 also participated in a field study. Discussion The field study focused on videotaping children's natural play using advanced unattended 360° cameras mounted for participants' tracking and ultimately conversion to MLATS. Additionally, children's hand rinses were collected before and after recording, along with indoor dust and outdoor soil, followed by advanced mass analysis. The gathered data will be used to quantify dust/soil ingestion by region, sociodemographic variables, age groups (from 6 months to 6 years), and other variables for indoor/outdoor settings within an adapted version of the CACHED model framework. Significance New innovative approaches for the estimation of dust/soil ingestion rates can potentially improve modeling and quantification of children's risks to contaminants from dust exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alesia Ferguson
- Department of Built Environment, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Foluke Adelabu
- Department of Built Environment, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Helena Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi
- Department of Built Environment, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Cristina Fayad-Martinez
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Maribeth Gidley
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Jenna Honan
- Department of Community, Environmental and Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Olusola O Ogunseye
- Department of Community, Environmental and Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Paloma I Beamer
- Department of Community, Environmental and Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Mane MK, Raffy G, Glorennec P, Bonvallot N, Bonnet P, Dumas O, Nchama AE, Saramito G, Duguépéroux C, Mandin C, Le Moual N, Le Bot B. Biocide and other semi-volatile organic compound concentrations in settled indoor dust of CRESPI daycare centers and implication for public health. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134277. [PMID: 38657505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the presence of biocides and other semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in cleaning products used in daycare centers and health impact through ingestion of settled dust by young children. In Paris metropolitan area, 106 daycares area were investigated between 2019-2022. Fifteen substances were analyzed in settled indoor dust by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Detection rates and concentrations ranged from 5 to 100%, and
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayoro Kebe Mane
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Gaëlle Raffy
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Nathalie Bonvallot
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Pierre Bonnet
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Indoor Environment Quality Unit, 77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France.
| | - Orianne Dumas
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Équipe d'Épidémiologie Respiratoire Intégrative, CESP, 94807 Villejuif, France.
| | - Anastasie Eworo Nchama
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Équipe d'Épidémiologie Respiratoire Intégrative, CESP, 94807 Villejuif, France.
| | - Gaëlle Saramito
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Camille Duguépéroux
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Corinne Mandin
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Indoor Environment Quality Unit, 77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France.
| | - Nicole Le Moual
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Équipe d'Épidémiologie Respiratoire Intégrative, CESP, 94807 Villejuif, France.
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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Pinto-Vidal FA, Novák J, Jílková SR, Rusina T, Vrana B, Melymuk L, Hilscherová K. Endocrine disrupting potential of total and bioaccessible extracts of dust from seven different types of indoor environment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133778. [PMID: 38460255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Information on the indoor environment as a source of exposure with potential adverse health effects is mostly limited to a few pollutant groups and indoor types. This study provides a comprehensive toxicological profile of chemical mixtures associated with dust from various types of indoor environments, namely cars, houses, prefabricated apartments, kindergartens, offices, public spaces, and schools. Organic extracts of two different polarities and bioaccessible extracts mimicking the gastrointestinal conditions were prepared from two different particle size fractions of dust. These extracts were tested on a battery of human cell-based bioassays to assess endocrine disrupting potentials. Furthermore, 155 chemicals from different pollutant groups were measured and their relevance for the bioactivity was determined using concentration addition modelling. The exhaustive and bioaccessible extracts of dust from the different microenvironments interfered with aryl hydrocarbon receptor, estrogen, androgen, glucocorticoid, and thyroid hormone (TH) receptor signalling, and with TH transport. Noteably, bioaccessible extracts from offices and public spaces showed higher estrogenic effects than the organic solvent extracts. 114 of the 155 targeted chemicals were detectable, but the observed bioactivity could be only marginally explained by the detected chemicals. Diverse toxicity patterns across different microenvironments that people inhabit throughout their lifetime indicate potential health and developmental risks, especially for children. Limited data on the endocrine disrupting potency of relevant chemical classes, especially those deployed as replacements for legacy contaminants, requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiří Novák
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Rozárka Jílková
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tatsiana Rusina
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Branislav Vrana
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Hilscherová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Ogunbiyi OD, Cappelini LTD, Monem M, Mejias E, George F, Gardinali P, Bagner DM, Quinete N. Innovative non-targeted screening approach using High-resolution mass spectrometry for the screening of organic chemicals and identification of specific tracers of soil and dust exposure in children. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:134025. [PMID: 38492398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Environmental contamination through direct contact, ingestion and inhalation are common routes of children's exposure to chemicals, in which through indoor and outdoor activities associated with common hand-to-mouth, touching objects, and behavioral tendencies, children can be susceptible and vulnerable to organic contaminants in the environment. The objectives of this study were the screening and identification of a wide range of organic contaminants in indoor dust, soil, food, drinking water, and urine matrices (N = 439), prioritizing chemicals to assess children's environmental exposure, and selection of unique tracers of soil and dust ingestion in young children by non-targeted analysis (NTA) using Q-Exactive Orbitrap followed data processing by the Compound Discoverer (v3.3, SP2). Chemical features were first prioritized based on their predominant abundance (peak area>500,000), detection frequency (in >50% of the samples), available information on their uses and potential toxicological effects. Specific tracers of soil and dust exposure in children were selected in this study including Tripropyl citrate and 4-Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid. The criteria for selection of the tracers were based on their higher abundance, detection frequency, unique functional uses, measurable amounts in urine (suitable biomarker), and with information on gastrointestinal absorption, metabolism, and excretion, and were further confirmed by authentic standards. We are proposing for the first time suitable unique tracers for dust ingestion by children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olutobi Daniel Ogunbiyi
- Instittute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151ST St, Biscayne Bay Campus, Marine Science Building, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | | | - Mymuna Monem
- Dept. of Mathematics & Statistics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Emily Mejias
- Instittute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Florence George
- Dept. of Mathematics & Statistics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Piero Gardinali
- Instittute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151ST St, Biscayne Bay Campus, Marine Science Building, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Daniel M Bagner
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Phycology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Natalia Quinete
- Instittute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151ST St, Biscayne Bay Campus, Marine Science Building, North Miami, FL 33181, USA.
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Iannone A, Carriera F, Passarella S, Fratianni A, Avino P. There's Something in What We Eat: An Overview on the Extraction Techniques and Chromatographic Analysis for PFAS Identification in Agri-Food Products. Foods 2024; 13:1085. [PMID: 38611389 PMCID: PMC11011820 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) are a group of anthropogenic chemicals used in a range of industrial processes and consumer products. Recently, their ubiquitous presence in the environment as well as their toxicological effects in humans have gained relevant attention. Although the occurrence of PFASs is widely investigated in scientific community, the standardization of analytical method for all matrices still remains an important issue. In this review, we discussed extraction and detection methods in depth to evaluate the best procedures of PFAS identification in terms of analytical parameters (e.g., limits of detection (LODs), limits of quantification (LOQs), recoveries). Extraction approaches based on liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), alkaline digestion, and solid phase extraction (SPE), followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis are the main analytical methods applied in the literature. The results showed detectable recoveries of PFOA and PFOS in meat, milk, vegetables, eggs products (90.6-101.2% and of 89.2-98.4%), and fish (96-108%). Furthermore, the low LOD and LOQ values obtained for meat (0.00592-0.01907 ng g-1; 0.050 ng g-1), milk (0.003-0.009 ng g-1; 0.010-0.027 ng g-1), fruit (0.002-0.009 ng g-1; 0.006-0.024 ng g-1), and fish (0.00369-0.017.33 ng g-1; 0.05 ng g-1) also confirmed the effectiveness of the recent quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method (QuEChERS) for simple, speedy, and sensitive ultra-trace PFAS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Iannone
- Department of Agriculture, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, IT-86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.I.); (F.C.); (S.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Fabiana Carriera
- Department of Agriculture, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, IT-86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.I.); (F.C.); (S.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Sergio Passarella
- Department of Agriculture, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, IT-86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.I.); (F.C.); (S.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Alessandra Fratianni
- Department of Agriculture, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, IT-86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.I.); (F.C.); (S.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Pasquale Avino
- Department of Agriculture, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, IT-86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.I.); (F.C.); (S.P.); (A.F.)
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Division of Rome, c/o Ministry of Environment and Energy Security, Via Cristoforo Colombo 44, IT-00147 Rome, Italy
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Sadouni F, Asgari HM, Amanipoor H, Heidari M, Mojiri-Forushani H. Integrative assessment of urban dust polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using ground and satellite data in Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1052. [PMID: 37589823 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, for quick urbanization and industrialization, pollutants, especially urban dust, have posed many threats to the human environment. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are regarded as the main dangerous pollutants that are widespread, persistent, and carcinogenic. The present work aimed to investigate the contamination and sources of PAHs, as well as to assess the risk of cancer for 16 priority PAHs, in urban dust samples in Ahvaz, Isfahan, and Shiraz cities in Iran. We measured PAH concentrations by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The average concentrations of the 16 PAHs in Ahvaz, Isfahan, and Shiraz were 6215.11, 7611.03, and 7810.37 μg kg-1, respectively. The domination of low-molecular-weight (LMW) PAHs was observed in Ahvaz, while maximum contribution was observed for high-molecular-weight (HMW) PAHs in Esfahan and Shiraz. For PAHs' source identification, diagnostic ratio, correlation analysis, clustering, and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model were used. PAHs had a combustion (coal and wood, oil, fossil fuels) and gasoline/diesel engine emissions in all cities. Comparative studies suggest that the PAH compounds' level is higher in the research area than in other countries, except for China and India. Also, the pollution of urban dust PAHs has increased over time compared to previous studies in the same cities. The cancer risk from exposure to dust contaminated with PAHs was assessed using the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) model. According to the findings, a high risk of exposure to cancer was observed in Ahvaz, Isfahan, and Shiraz. However, compared to adults, children are at higher risk of cancer in their daily lives via dermal contact and unconscious ingestion. Based on the ILCR values, the risk of cancer is in the order of Shiraz > Isfahan > Ahvaz. To assess air pollutants and their effects on urban dust, TROPOMI onboard the Sentinel-5P data were used in the studied cities during 2018-2021. The results show that Ahvaz has different high levels of CO compared to the other 2 cities. Also, Isfahan has different high levels of NO2 compared to the other 2 cities, but Shiraz has different low levels of O3. According to satellite time series data, the trend of the Aerosol Absorbing Index (AAI) has been increasing, while there was a decreasing trend in AAI from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic until 12 months later. Therefore, the natural and anthropogenic sources of urban dust PAHs have been increasing in all studied cities. Our findings show that PAH compounds in urban dust pose a significant threat to human health. Therefore, strategic management and planning are vital in reducing urban dust pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sadouni
- Department of Environment, College of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Hossien Mohammad Asgari
- Department of Environment, College of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran.
| | - Hakimeh Amanipoor
- Department of Geology, College of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Majid Heidari
- Department of Geology, College of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
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Özkaynak H, Cohen J, Hubbard H, Thomas K, Phillips L, Tulve N. Advancing Methodologies Used in Trace Element-Based Mass Balance Studies to Separately Estimate Soil and Dust Ingestion Rates for Children. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:107983. [PMID: 37354879 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Historically, soil ingestion rate estimates were based on trace element-based mass balance (MB) study results. These were used in assessing exposures and health risks for children residing in Superfund or chemically contaminated communities. However, soil and dust can have considerable differences with respect to their sources, chemical, physical, and toxicological characteristics. Unfortunately, the MB approach is incapable of disentangling dust ingestion rates from soil ingestion rates. Alternative methods, such as activity pattern and biokinetic modeling techniques, have also been used to predict soil and dust ingestion rates. The results from these studies differed from those obtained from the MB studies. This research evaluated the MB methodology and formulated a physical model which characterized the environmental and behavioral determinants of soil and dust ingestion exposures by children. This new approach explicitly separates outdoor soil exposures from the indoor tracked-in soil portion of the dust and total dust exposures by utilizing information from five key MB studies along with new information derived from the SHEDS-Soil/Dust time-activity pattern-based modeling runs. Application of this new hybrid methodology showed that the predicted mean soil ingestion rates are 30%-70% less than the "total soil" ingestion rates obtained from the selected MB studies. In contrast, most of the predicted dust ingestion rate estimates were typically greater than the predicted soil ingestion rates. Moreover, the predicted total soil plus dust ingestion rates were found to be mostly higher (by ≤ 60%) than the MB-based "total soil" ingestion rates. Except for one study these results were higher than the results produced by the stand-alone SHEDS-Soil/Dust model runs. Across the MB studies analyzed, predicted outdoor soil ingestion rate contributions to "total soil" ingestion rates varied between 29% and 70% while the tracked-in soil portion of the indoor dust ingestion rates varied between 30% and 71%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kent Thomas
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Linda Phillips
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Nicolle Tulve
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
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Li N, Zhang J, Yu H, Xu M, Feng Q, Zhang J, Wang X, Wei P, Fan Y, Yan G, Zou W, Cao Z, Li L. A systematic characterization of soil/dust ingestion for typical subpopulations in China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:6199-6214. [PMID: 37273087 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An accurate assessment of human exposure to pollutants through the ingestion of dust and/or soil particles depends on a thorough understanding their rate of human ingestion. To this end, we investigated the load and size distribution patterns of dust/soil particles on the hands of three typical subpopulations, including preschoolers, college students, and security guards (outdoor workers). The geometric mean diameter of dust/soil particles on hands was observed to be 38.7 ± 11.2, 40.0 ± 12.1, and 36.8 ± 10.4 μm for preschoolers, college students, and security guards, respectively. The particle size distribution differed between subpopulations: Preschoolers were more exposed to fine particles, whereas security guards were exposed to more coarse particles. The geometric means of dust/soil particle loading on the hands were 0.126, 0.0163, and 0.0377 mg/cm2 for preschoolers, college students, and security guards, respectively. Males had statistically higher dust/soil particle loadings on hands than females, notably for preschoolers and college students; preschoolers with frequent hand contact with the bare ground had higher dust/soil particle loadings compared to those of peers in contact with commercial and residential grounds. The mean total dust/soil particle ingestion rate was estimated to be 245, 19.7, and 33.1 mg/day for preschoolers, college students, and security guards, respectively. Our estimates for college students and security guards are close to the consensus central-tendency values recommended by the U.S. EPA's Exposure Factor Handbook for American adults, whereas the estimates for children are much higher than the upper percentile values recommended for American children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Hao Yu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Menghan Xu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Qian Feng
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Pengkun Wei
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Yujuan Fan
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Guangxuan Yan
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Wei Zou
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
| | - Li Li
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, 89557-0204, USA.
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11
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Gastellu T, Le Bizec B, Rivière G. Characterisation of the risk associated with chronic lifetime exposure to mixture of chemical hazards: case study of trace elements. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:951-970. [PMID: 37428801 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2231086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessment methodology, mostly commonly used, faces the complexity of the environment. Populations are exposed to multiple sources of chemicals throughout life and the chemical mixtures they are exposed change during time (lifestyle factors, regulatory decisions, etc). The risk assessment needs to consider these dynamics and the evolution of the body with age, in order to refine the exposure assessment to chemicals and to predict the health impact of these exposures. This review highlights the latest methodologies developed to improve risk assessment, especially cor heavy metals. The methodologies aim to better describe the chemical toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic as well as the exposure assessment. Human Biomonitoring (HBM) data give great opportunities to link biomarkers of exposure with an adverse effect. Physiologically-Based Toxicokinetic (PBTK) models are more and more used to simulate the evolution of biomarkers in organisms, considering the external exposures and the physiological evolutions. PBTK models may also be used to determine the routes of exposure or to predict the impacts of schemes of exposure. The major limit is the integration of several chemicals in mixture with common adverse effects and the interactions between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gastellu
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, Nantes, France
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Gilles Rivière
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
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12
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Abdulrahman N, Honda TJ, Ali A, Abdulrahman N, Vrinceanu D, Shishodia S. Impacts of Indoor Dust Exposure on Human Colonic Cell Viability, Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis. TOXICS 2023; 11:633. [PMID: 37505597 PMCID: PMC10383473 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11070633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Environmental exposure to indoor dust is known to be associated with myriad health conditions, especially among children. Established routes of exposure include inhalation and non-dietary ingestion, which result in the direct exposure of gastrointestinal epithelia to indoor dust. Despite this, little prior research is available on the impacts of indoor dust on the health of human gastrointestinal tissue. METHODS Cultured human colonic (CCD841) cells were exposed for 24 h to standard trace metal dust (TMD) and organic contaminant dust (OD) samples at the following concentrations: 0, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 250, and 500 µg/mL. Cell viability was assessed using an MTT assay and protease analysis (glycyl-phenylalanyl-aminofluorocoumarin (GF-AFC)); cytotoxicity was assessed with a lactate dehydrogenase release assay, and apoptosis was assessed using a Caspase-Glo 3/7 activation assay. RESULTS TMD and OD decreased cellular metabolic and protease activity and increased apoptosis and biomarkers of cell membrane damage (LDH) in CCD841 human colonic epithelial cells. Patterns appeared to be, in general, dose-dependent, with the highest TMD and OD exposures associated with the largest increases in apoptosis and LDH, as well as with the largest decrements in metabolic and protease activities. CONCLUSIONS TMD and OD exposure were associated with markers of reduced viability and increased cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human colonic cells. These findings add important information to the understanding of the physiologic effects of indoor dust exposure on human health. The doses used in our study represent a range of potential exposure levels, and the effects observed at the higher doses may not necessarily occur under typical exposure conditions. The effects of long-term, low-dose exposure to indoor dust are still not fully understood and warrant further investigation. Future research should explore these physiological mechanisms to further our understanding and inform public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura Abdulrahman
- Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Trenton J Honda
- School of Clinical and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ayat Ali
- Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Nabras Abdulrahman
- Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Daniel Vrinceanu
- Department of Physics, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Shishir Shishodia
- Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
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13
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Castro-Ramirez I, Rocha-Amador DO, Ruiz-Vera T, Alegría-Torres JA, Cruz-Jiménez G, Enciso-Donis I, Costilla-Salazar R. Environmental and biological monitoring of organochlorine pesticides in the city of Salamanca, Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:2839-2856. [PMID: 36066703 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The former Tekchem Industrial Unit located in the city of Salamanca, Mexico, constitutes an environmental liability in which the presence of high levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) has been reported. In the present study, levels of OCPs were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in 52 soil samples and in 88 blood samples from school-age children in the city of Salamanca. A median concentration of 70.6 ng/g (6.93-3299) was obtained for total OCPs in soil, while for the total sum of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) the value was 49.6 ng/g (6.93-3276). In children, the median level of the total sum of OCPs was 390 ng/g lipid (7.34-14,895), and for the total sum of DDT was 175 ng/g lipid (< LOD-14,802). The OCPs that resulted in highest concentrations in soil were DDT and its metabolites, as well as aldrin and heptachlor epoxide, while in blood the highest levels corresponded to 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (4,4'-DDT) and its metabolites, followed by heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide. The spatial distribution of the concentrations of OCPs in soil shows that the facilities of Tekchem may be a significant potential source for the dispersion of these compounds toward the metropolitan area of Salamanca. The results obtained in the present study demonstrate the presence of OCPs in soil and in child population, providing important bases to study the problem from a broader perspective, while reiterating the importance of continuing efforts to generate resolute and precautionary measures with respect to the environmental liability of Tekchem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Castro-Ramirez
- DICIVA, Environmental Science Department, University of Guanajuato, Irapuato, Mexico
| | | | - Tania Ruiz-Vera
- DICIVA, Environmental Science Department, University of Guanajuato, Irapuato, Mexico
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14
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Lupolt SN, Newmeyer MN, Lyu Q, Prasse C, Nachman KE. Optimization of a method for collecting infant and toddler urine for non-target analysis using cotton pads and commercially available disposable diapers. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023:10.1038/s41370-023-00553-x. [PMID: 37149702 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00553-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urine is an abundant and useful medium for measuring biomarkers related to chemical exposures in infants and children. Identification of novel biomarkers is greatly enhanced with non-targeted analysis (NTA), a powerful methodology for broad chemical analysis of environmental and biological specimens. However, collecting urine in non-toilet trained children presents many challenges, and contamination from specimen collection can impact NTA results. OBJECTIVES We optimized a caregiver-driven method for collecting urine from infants and children using cotton pads and commercially available disposable diapers for NTA and demonstrate its applicability to various children biomonitoring studies. METHODS Experiments were first performed to evaluate the effects of processing method (i.e., centrifuge vs. syringe), storage temperature, and diaper brand on recovery of urine absorbed to cotton pads. Caregivers of 11 children (<2 years) used and retained diapers (with cotton pads) to collect their child's urine for 24 h. Specimens were analyzed via a NTA method implementing an exclusion list of ions related to contamination from collection materials. RESULTS Centrifuging cotton pads through a small-pore membrane, compared to a manual syringe method, and storing diapers at 4 °C, compared to room temperature, resulted in larger volumes of recovered sample. This method was successfully implemented to recover urine from cotton pads collected in the field; between 5-9 diapers were collected per child in 24 h, and the total mean volume of urine recovered was 44.7 (range 26.7-71.1) mL. NTA yielded a list of compounds present in urine and/or stool that may hold promise as biomarkers of chemical exposures from a variety of sources. IMPACT STATEMENT Infant and children urine is a valuable matrix for studies of the early life exposome, in that numerous biological markers of exposure and outcome can be derived from a single analysis. Depending on the nature of the exposure study, it may be the case that a simple collection method that can be facilitated by caregivers of young children is desirable, especially when time-integrated samples or large volumes of urine are needed. We describe the process for development and results of an optimized method for urine collection and analysis using commercially available diapers and non-target analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Lupolt
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew N Newmeyer
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qinfan Lyu
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carsten Prasse
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Keeve E Nachman
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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15
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Li ZM, Kannan K. Occurrence of 1,3-Diphenylguanidine, 1,3-Di- o-tolylguanidine, and 1,2,3-Triphenylguanidine in Indoor Dust from 11 Countries: Implications for Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6129-6138. [PMID: 37010350 PMCID: PMC10116588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Diphenylguanidine (DPG), 1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine (DTG), and 1,2,3-triphenylguanidine (TPG) are synthetic chemicals widely used in rubber and other polymers. Nevertheless, limited information is available on their occurrence in indoor dust. We measured these chemicals in 332 dust samples collected from 11 countries. DPG, DTG, and TPG were found in 100%, 62%, and 76% of the house dust samples, at median concentrations of 140, 2.3, and 0.9 ng/g, respectively. The sum concentrations of DPG and its analogues varied among the countries in the following decreasing order: Japan (median: 1300 ng/g) > Greece (940) > South Korea (560) > Saudi Arabia (440) > the United States (250) > Kuwait (160) > Romania (140) > Vietnam (120) > Colombia (100) > Pakistan (33) > India (26). DPG accounted for ≥87% of the sum concentrations of the three compounds in all countries. DPG, DTG, and TPG exhibited significant correlations (r: 0.35-0.73; p < 0.001). Elevated concentrations of DPG were found in dust from certain microenvironments (e.g., offices and cars). Human exposure to DPG through dust ingestion were in the ranges 0.07-4.40, 0.09-5.20, 0.03-1.70, 0.02-1.04, and 0.01-0.87 ng/kg body weight (BW)/day for infants, toddlers, children, teenagers, and adults, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Min Li
- Department
of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman
School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department
of Environmental Medicine, New York University
Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department
of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman
School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department
of Environmental Medicine, New York University
Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
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16
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Dietrich M, Filippelli GM. Positive outcomes from U.S. lead regulations, continued challenges, and lessons learned for regulating emerging contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:57178-57187. [PMID: 36897455 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26319-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Albeit slow and not without its challenges, lead (Pb) emissions and sources in the United States (U.S.) have decreased immensely over the past several decades. Despite the prevalence of childhood Pb poisoning throughout the twentieth century, most U.S. children born in the last two decades are significantly better off than their predecessors in regard to Pb exposure. However, this is not equal across demographic groups and challenges remain. Modern atmospheric emissions of Pb in the U.S. are nearly negligible since the banning of leaded gasoline in vehicles and regulatory controls on Pb smelting plants and refineries. This is evident in the rapid decrease of atmospheric Pb concentrations across the U.S. over the last four decades. One of the most significant remaining contributors to air Pb is aviation gasoline (avgas), which is minor compared to former Pb emissions. However, continual exposure risks to Pb exist in older homes and urban centers, where leaded paint and/or historically contaminated soils + dusts can still harm children. Thus, while effective in eliminating nearly all primary sources of Pb in the environment, the slow rate of U.S. Pb regulation has led to legacy sources of Pb in the environment. More proactive planning, communication, and research of commonly used emerging contaminants of concern that can persist in the environment long after their initial use (i.e., PFAS) should be prioritized so that the same mistakes are not made again.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dietrich
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- The Polis Center, IU Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Gabriel M Filippelli
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Environmental Resilience Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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17
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Peters SJW, Warner SM, Saikawa E, Ryan PB, Panuwet P, Barr DB, D'Souza PE, Frank G, Hernandez R, Alvarado T, Hines A, Theal C. Community-Engaged Assessment of Soil Lead Contamination in Atlanta Urban Growing Spaces. GEOHEALTH 2023; 7:e2022GH000674. [PMID: 36968153 PMCID: PMC10038125 DOI: 10.1029/2022gh000674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Urban agriculture is emerging as a method to improve food security and public health in cities across the United States. However, an increased risk of exposure to heavy metals and metalloids (HMM) exists through interaction with contaminated soil. Community-engaged research (CEnR) is one method that can promote the inclusion of all partners when studying exposures such as HMM in soil. Researchers and community gardeners co-designed this study to measure the concentrations of lead (Pb), using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) verified with Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) in soils from 19 urban agricultural and residential sites in the Westside of Atlanta and three rural sites in Georgia. Seventeen other HMM were measured but not included in this study, because they did not pose risks to the community comparable to elevated Pb levels. Pb concentrations were compared to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s regional screening levels (RSLs) for residential soil and the University of Georgia (UGA) extension service's low-risk levels (LRLs) for agriculture. Soils from the majority of sites had levels below EPA RSLs for Pb, yet above the UGA LRL. However, soil Pb concentrations were three times higher than the EPA RSL on some sites that contained metal refining waste or slag. Our findings led to direct action by local and federal government agencies to initiate the cleanup of slag residue. Studies involving exposures to communities should engage those affected throughout the process for maximum impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. W. Peters
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental HealthRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Sydney M. Warner
- Department of Environmental SciencesEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Eri Saikawa
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental HealthRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
- Department of Environmental SciencesEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - P. Barry Ryan
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental HealthRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental HealthRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Dana B. Barr
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental HealthRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Priya E. D'Souza
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental HealthRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Gil Frank
- Historic Westside Gardens AtlantaAtlantaGAUSA
| | | | | | | | - Chris Theal
- Historic Westside Gardens AtlantaAtlantaGAUSA
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18
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Aruta A, Albanese S, Daniele L, Cannatelli C, Buscher JT, De Vivo B, Petrik A, Cicchella D, Lima A. A new approach to assess the degree of contamination and determine sources and risks related to PTEs in an urban environment: the case study of Santiago (Chile). ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:275-297. [PMID: 35014008 PMCID: PMC9884654 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In 2017, a geochemical survey was carried out across the Commune of Santiago, a local administrative unit located at the center of the namesake capital city of Chile, and the concentration of a number of major and trace elements (53 in total) was determined on 121 topsoil samples. Multifractal IDW (MIDW) interpolation method was applied to raw data to generate geochemical baseline maps of 15 potential toxic elements (PTEs); the concentration-area (C-A) plot was applied to MIDW grids to highlight the fractal distribution of geochemical data. Data of PTEs were elaborated to statistically determine local geochemical baselines and to assess the spatial variation of the degree of soil contamination by means of a new method taking into account both the severity of contamination and its complexity. Afterwards, to discriminate the sources of PTEs in soils, a robust Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to data expressed in isometric log-ratio (ilr) coordinates. Based on PCA results, a Sequential Binary Partition (SBP) was also defined and balances were determined to generate contrasts among those elements considered as proxies of specific contamination sources (Urban traffic, productive settlements, etc.). A risk assessment was finally completed to potentially relate contamination sources to their potential effect on public health in the long term. A probabilistic approach, based on Monte Carlo method, was deemed more appropriate to include uncertainty due to spatial variation of geochemical data across the study area. Results showed how the integrated use of multivariate statistics and compositional data analysis gave the authors the chance to both discriminate between main contamination processes characterizing the soil of Santiago and to observe the existence of secondary phenomena that are normally difficult to constrain. Furthermore, it was demonstrated how a probabilistic approach in risk assessment could offer a more reliable view of the complexity of the process considering uncertainty as an integral part of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Aruta
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Resources Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Albanese
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Resources Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Linda Daniele
- Department of Geology, FCFM, Andean Geothermal Center of Excellence (CEGA) and Millenium Nucleus for Metal Tracing Along Subduction, Universidad de Chile, Plaza Ercilla 803, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Cannatelli
- University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - Jamie T Buscher
- University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - Benedetto De Vivo
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- Pegaso On Line University, Piazza Trieste e Trento 48, 80132, Naples, Italy
| | - Attila Petrik
- Eriksfiord AS, Prof. Olav Hanssensvei 7A, 4021, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Domenico Cicchella
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Annamaria Lima
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Resources Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy
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Saleem M, Sens DA, Somji S, Pierce D, Wang Y, Leopold A, Haque ME, Garrett SH. Contamination Assessment and Potential Human Health Risks of Heavy Metals in Urban Soils from Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA. TOXICS 2023; 11:132. [PMID: 36851006 PMCID: PMC9958806 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal (HM) pollution of soil is an increasingly serious problem worldwide. The current study assessed the metal levels and ecological and human health risk associated with HMs in Grand Forks urban soils. A total 40 composite surface soil samples were investigated for Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Pb, Hg, Cr, Cd and Tl using microwave-assisted HNO3-HCl acid digestion and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis. The enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), ecological risk and potential ecological risk index were used for ecological risk assessment. The park soils revealed the following decreasing trend for metal levels: Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Ni > Cu > Pb > As > Co > Cd > Tl > Hg. Based on mean levels, all the studied HMs except As and Cr were lower than guideline limits set by international agencies. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, Cr and Tl may originate from natural sources, while Hg, Pb, As and Cd may come from anthropogenic/mixed sources. The Igeo results showed that the soil was moderately polluted by As and Cd and, based on EF results, As and Cd exhibited significant enrichment. The contamination factor analysis revealed that Zn and Pb showed moderate contamination, Hg exhibited low to moderate contamination and As and Cd showed high contamination in the soil. Comparatively higher risk was noted for children over adults and, overall, As was the major contributor (>50%), followed by Cr (>13%), in the non-carcinogenic risk assessment. Carcinogenic risk assessment revealed that As and Cr pose significant risks to the populations associated with this urban soil. Lastly, this study showed that the soil was moderately contaminated by As, Cd, Pb and Hg and should be regularly monitored for metal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saleem
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Donald A. Sens
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Seema Somji
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - David Pierce
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Yuqiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - August Leopold
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Mohammad Ehsanul Haque
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Scott H. Garrett
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
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Zheng K, Zeng Z, Huang J, Tian Q, Cao B, Huo X. Kindergarten indoor dust metal(loid) exposure associates with elevated risk of anemia in children. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158227. [PMID: 35998718 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to metals and metalloids in indoor dust is associated with adverse health effects in young children, but there is limited evidence for an association with anemia, which is at high risk in children. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between exposure to multiple metal(loid)s in indoor dust in kindergartens and the risk of anemia in children. In 2021, 2165 children from 25 kindergartens in eastern China were included in the study and had their hemoglobin (Hb) measured. Indoor dust samples were collected from the children's kindergartens, and the concentrations of 11 metals and metalloids in the samples were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The daily exposure dose (DED) of dust was used to assess the risk of metal(loid) exposure in the children. The results showed that of the 2165 children with available data, 351 (16.2 %) met the WHO definition of anemia. In multiple linear regression and logistic regression analyses, we found that for each quartile of DED increase in Cd inhalation, child Hb levels decreased by 2.703 g/L (95 % CI: -4.055, -1.351), and the risk of anemia increased 1.602-fold (95 % CI: 1.087, 2.360). Mn ingestion was associated with increased odds of anemia [odds ratio (OR) = 1.760 (95 % CI: 1.217, 2.544)]. Interaction analysis indicated that metal(loid)s exposure effects were modified by child sex, age, and body mass index (BMI). Cluster analysis found that children at high risk of metal(loid) exposure in the school environment tended to have lower Hb levels and higher prevalence of anemia compared with those at low risk, although this was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that child school exposure to metal(loid)s in indoor dust is associated with an increased risk of developing anemia in children, modified by child sex, age, and BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyang Zheng
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, School of Environment, Jinan University, 855 East Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 511443, Guangdong, China; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhijun Zeng
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, School of Environment, Jinan University, 855 East Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 511443, Guangdong, China
| | - Jintao Huang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, School of Environment, Jinan University, 855 East Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 511443, Guangdong, China; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianwen Tian
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, School of Environment, Jinan University, 855 East Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 511443, Guangdong, China; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Cao
- Community Health Service Center of Kou Town Street, Jinan 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, School of Environment, Jinan University, 855 East Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 511443, Guangdong, China.
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21
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Hubbard H, Özkaynak H, Glen G, Cohen J, Thomas K, Phillips L, Tulve N. Model-based predictions of soil and dust ingestion rates for U.S. adults using the stochastic human exposure and dose simulation soil and dust model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157501. [PMID: 35870603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults can be exposed to chemicals through incidental ingestion of soil and dust, either through hobbies, occupations, or behaviors that increase contact with soil or dust (e.g., cleaning or renovating). However, few data describing these ingestion rates are available. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to use the Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation Soil and Dust (SHEDS-Soil/Dust) model to estimate distributions of soil and dust ingestion rates for adults (≥21 years old) with varying degrees of soil and dust contact. METHODS We parameterized SHEDS-Soil/Dust to estimate soil and dust ingestion rates for several categories of adults: adults in the general population; adults with moderate (higher) soil exposure (represented by hobbyists, such as gardeners, with increased soil contact); adults with high soil exposure (represented by occupationally exposed individuals, such as landscapers); and individuals who have high dust exposure (e.g., are in contact with very dusty indoor environments). RESULTS Total soil plus dust ingestion for adults in the general population was 7 mg/day. Hobbyists or adults with moderate soil exposure averaged 33 mg/day and occupationally exposed individuals averaged 123 mg/day. Total soil plus dust ingestion for adults in the high dust exposure scenario was 25 mg/day. Results were driven by time spent in contact with soil and, thus, warmer seasons (e.g., summer) were associated with higher ingestion rates than colder seasons (e.g., winter). SIGNIFICANCE These results provide modeled estimates of soil and dust ingestion rates for adults for use in decision making using real-world exposure considerations. These modeled estimates suggest that soil and dust ingestion is a potential concern for adults who spend a higher amount of time interacting with either soil or dusty environments. IMPACT STATEMENT The parameterization of real-world scenarios within the application of SHEDS-Soil/Dust model to predict soil and dust ingestion rates for adults provides estimates of soil and dust ingestion rates useful for refining population-based risk assessments. These data illuminate drivers of exposure useful for both risk management decisions and designing future studies to improve existing tracer methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haluk Özkaynak
- Independent Consultant, Laguna Woods, CA, United States of America.
| | | | | | - Kent Thomas
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America.
| | - Linda Phillips
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Retired, United States of America.
| | - Nicolle Tulve
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America.
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22
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Zanetta-Colombo NC, Fleming ZL, Gayo EM, Manzano CA, Panagi M, Valdés J, Siegmund A. Impact of mining on the metal content of dust in indigenous villages of northern Chile. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 169:107490. [PMID: 36116364 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Indigenous communities from northern Chile have historically been exposed to the impacts of massive copper industrial activities conducted in the region. Some of the communities belonging to the Alto El Loa Indigenous Development Area are located less than 10 km from the "Talabre'' tailings dam, which contains residues from copper production and other metals that can be toxic to human health (e.g., As, Sb, Cd, Mo, Pb). Given the increasing demand of copper production to achieve net-zero emission scenarios and concomitant expansions of the tailings, the exposure to toxic metals is a latent risk to local communities. Despite the impact that copper production could generate on ancestral communities from northern Chile, studies and monitoring are limited and the results are often not made accessible for local communities. Here, we evaluate such risks by characterizing metal concentrations in dust collected from roofs and windows of houses from the Alto El Loa area. Our results showed that As, Sb, Cd, Cu, Mo, Ag, S, and Pb concentrations in these matrices can be connected to local copper mining activities. Additionally, air transport models indicate that high concentrations of toxic elements (As, Sb, and Cd) can be explained by the atmospheric transport of particles from the tailings in a NE direction up to 50 km away. Pollution indices and Health Risk Assessment suggested a highly contaminated region with a health risk for its inhabitants. Our analysis on a local scale seeks to make visible the case of northern Chile as a critical territory where actions should be taken to mitigate the effects of mining in the face of this new scenario of international demand for the raw materials necessary for the transition to a net-zero carbon global society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás C Zanetta-Colombo
- Heidelberg Center for the Environment (HCE), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Geography - Research Group for Earth Observation (rgeo), Heidelberg University of Education, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Geography, SAI, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Zoë L Fleming
- Envirohealth Dynamics Lab, C+ Research Center in Technologies for Society, School of Engineering, Universidad Del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Chile
| | - Eugenia M Gayo
- Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Chile; ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program- Nucleo Milenio UPWELL, Chile
| | - Carlos A Manzano
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Marios Panagi
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Jorge Valdés
- Laboratorio de Sedimentología y Paleoambientes (LASPAL), Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Alexander von Humboldt, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Alexander Siegmund
- Heidelberg Center for the Environment (HCE), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Geography - Research Group for Earth Observation (rgeo), Heidelberg University of Education, Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Dong X, Yang C, Zhang R, Tao S, Han W, Wang Y, Xie Q, Chen J, Li X. Occurrence, exposure and risk assessment of semi-volatile organic compounds in Chinese homes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119550. [PMID: 35636718 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Indoor semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) can have a significant impact on human health. Previous studies involved the detection of limited classes of indoor SVOCs in different regions of China. However, overall indoor pollution profiles and the associated health risks via multiple exposure pathways remain unclear. High-throughput screening of SVOCs would help clarify the overall indoor pollution status and identify high-risk pollutants. We collected indoor air and dust samples from 35 Chinese homes and investigated the occurrence of a wide range of SVOCs. Ninety-seven SVOCs including phthalate esters (PAEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organophosphate esters, alcohols, fatty acids, phenols, etc., were detected in the air (total concentrations: 0.13-48 μg/m3; median: 3.4 μg/m3) and dust (total concentrations: 120-1500 μg/g; median: 490 μg/g) samples. PAEs were the most abundant, accounting for 55.3 ± 28.6% and 43.4 ± 16.9% of the total SVOC concentrations in the air and dust samples respectively. Human exposure and health risks of 34 SVOCs with detection frequencies >10% were assessed based on inhalation, ingestion and dermal absorption of SVOCs from air and dust by infants and adults. In the case of indoor SVOCs with log Koa < 9, inhalation and dermal contact with air was >90% for adults and >69% for infants. The following five SVOCs in air samples posed significant non-carcinogenic risks and are listed based on their decreasing risk level: dibutyl phthalate > phenanthrene > stearic acid > methyl palmitate > lauryl alcohol. Four PAHs with 2-4 rings posed potential carcinogenic risks, with phenanthrene exceeding the acceptable risk level of 10-4. The high risks posed by SVOCs were due to inhalation exposure. Therefore, keeping the air concentrations of SVOCs, especially that of PAEs and PAHs under check would greatly benefit human health in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ruohan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Siru Tao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Wenjing Han
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xuehua Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
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24
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Sauzéat L, Eychenne J, Gurioli L, Boyet M, Jessop DE, Moretti R, Monrose M, Holota H, Beaudoin C, Volle DH. Metallome deregulation and health-related impacts due to long-term exposure to recent volcanic ash deposits: New chemical and isotopic insights. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154383. [PMID: 35276143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Volcanic ash exposure can lead to significant health risks. Damage to the respiratory and pulmonary systems are the most evident toxic side effects although the causes of these symptoms remain unclear. Conversely, the effects on other organs remain largely under-explored, limiting our understanding of the long-term volcanic ash-related risk at the whole-body scale. The metallome i.e. metal concentrations and isotopic compositions within the body, is suspected to be affected by volcanic ash exposure, having thus the potential for capturing some specificities of ash toxicity. However, the means by and extent to which the metallome is affected at the entire body scale and how the consequent chemical and isotopic deregulations correlate with pathophysiological dysfunctions are currently poorly understood. Here, we adopt a transdisciplinary approach combining high precision chemical analyses (major and trace element concentrations) and CuZn isotope measurements in seven organs and two biological fluids of isogenic mice (C57BL/6) exposed to eruption products from La Soufrière de Guadeloupe (Eastern Carribean), in tandem with biological parameters including physiological and morphological data. Based on principal component analysis, we show that after one month of exposure to volcanic ash deposits, the mice metallome; originally organ-specific and isotopically-typified, is highly disrupted as shown for example by heavy metal accumulation in testis (e.g., Fe, Zn) and Cu, Zn isotopic divergence in liver, intestine and blood. These metallomic variations are correlated with early testicular defects and might reflect the warning signs of premature (entero)hepatic impairments that may seriously affect fertility and favor the emergence of liver diseases after prolonged exposure. Monitoring the temporal evolution of the Cu and Zn isotope compositions seems to be a promising technique to identify the main biological processes and vital functions that are vulnerable to environmental volcanogenic pollutants although this will require further validation on human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Sauzéat
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, OPGC, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Génétique, Reproduction et Développement, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Julia Eychenne
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, OPGC, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Génétique, Reproduction et Développement, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lucia Gurioli
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, OPGC, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS UMR 7154, F-75005 Paris, France; Observatoire volcanologique et sismologique de Guadeloupe, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, F-97113 Gourbeyre, France
| | - Maud Boyet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, OPGC, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David E Jessop
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, OPGC, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS UMR 7154, F-75005 Paris, France; Observatoire volcanologique et sismologique de Guadeloupe, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, F-97113 Gourbeyre, France
| | - Roberto Moretti
- Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS UMR 7154, F-75005 Paris, France; Observatoire volcanologique et sismologique de Guadeloupe, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, F-97113 Gourbeyre, France
| | - Mélusine Monrose
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Génétique, Reproduction et Développement, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hélène Holota
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Génétique, Reproduction et Développement, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Claude Beaudoin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Génétique, Reproduction et Développement, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David H Volle
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Génétique, Reproduction et Développement, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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25
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Estimation of Children's Soil and Dust Ingestion Rates and Health Risk at E-Waste Dismantling Area. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127332. [PMID: 35742584 PMCID: PMC9224165 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Due to environmental health concerns, exposure to heavy metals and related adverse effects in electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling areas have attracted considerable interest in the recent years. However, little information is available about the Soil/Dust Ingestion Rates (SIR) of heavy metals for children living in such sites. This study estimated the soil ingestion of 66 children from e-waste disassembly areas by collecting and analyzing selected tracer elements in matched samples of their consumed food, feces, and urine, as well as soil samples from their play areas. The concentrations of tracer elements (including Al, Ba, Ce, Mn, Sc, Ti, Y, and V) in these samples were analyzed. The SIR was estimated to be 148.3 mg/day (median) and 383.3 mg/day (95th percentile) based on the Best Tracer Method (BTM). These values are somewhat higher than those observed in America, Canada, and other parts of China. Health risk assessments showed that Cr presented the greatest carcinogenic risk, at more than 10-6 in this typical polluted area, while As was second. These findings provide important insights into the exposure risks of heavy metals in e-waste dismantling sites and emphasize the health risk caused by Cr and As.
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26
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Gong Y, Wu Y, Lin C, Xu D, Duan X, Wang B, Liu X, Cheng H, Wang Q, Ma J. Is hand-to-mouth contact the main pathway of children's soil and dust intake? ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:1567-1580. [PMID: 33580438 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00830-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Children (n = 240) between the ages of 2 and 17 years were randomly selected from three cities in China. The total amount of soil and dust (SD) on their hands was measured and ranged from 3.50-187.39 mg (median = 19.49 mg). We screened for seven elements (Ce, V, Y, Al, Ba, Sc, and Mn), and Ce levels were used to calculate hand SD by variability and soil elements. The main factors affecting SD amount were location and age group, as identified using a conditional inference tree. Hand SD and the hand SD intake rate were highest in Gansu Province, followed by Guangdong and Hubei provinces, respectively. Hand SD and the hand SD intake rate were highest among children in primary school, followed by kindergarten and secondary school, respectively. The hand SD intake rate of the three typical areas was 11.9 mg/d, which was about 26.6% of the children's soil intake rate (44.8 mg/d), indicating that hand-to-mouth contact is not the main route for children's soil intake in the three areas of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yihang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Chunye Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongqun Xu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Environmental Health, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xiaoli Duan
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Xitao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongguang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Environmental Health, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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27
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Özkaynak H, Glen G, Cohen J, Hubbard H, Thomas K, Phillips L, Tulve N. Model based prediction of age-specific soil and dust ingestion rates for children. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 32:472-480. [PMID: 35039613 PMCID: PMC9119852 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00406-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soil and dust ingestion can be a primary route of environmental exposures. Studies have shown that young children are more vulnerable to incidental soil and dust ingestion. However, available data to develop soil and dust ingestion rates for some child-specific age groups are either lacking or uncertain. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to use the Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation Soil and Dust (SHEDS-Soil/Dust) model to estimate distributions of soil and dust ingestion rates for ten age ranges from infancy to late adolescents (birth to 21 years). METHODS We developed approaches for modeling age groups previously not studied, including a new exposure scenario for infants to capture exposures to indoor dust via pacifier use and accounting for use of blankets that act as a barrier to soil and dust exposure. RESULTS Overall mean soil and dust ingestion rates ranged from ~35 mg/day (infants, 0-<6 m) to ~60 mg/day (toddlers and young children, 6m-<11 yr) and were considerably lower (about 20 mg/day) for teenagers and late adolescents (16-<21 y). The pacifier use scenario contributed about 20 mg/day to the median dust ingestion rate for young infants. Except for the infant age groups, seasonal analysis showed that the modeled estimates of average summer mean daily total soil plus dust ingestion rates were about 50% higher than the values predicted for the winter months. Pacifier use factors and carpet dust loading values were drivers of exposure for infants and younger children. For older children, influential variables included carpet dust loading, soil adherence, and factors that capture the frequency and intensity of hand-to-mouth behaviors. SIGNIFICANCE These results provide modeled estimates of children's soil and dust ingestion rates for use in decision making using real-world exposure considerations. IMPACT STATEMENT The parameterization of scenarios to capture infant soil and dust ingestion and the application of SHEDS-Soil/Dust to a broader age range of children provides additional estimates of soil and dust ingestion rates that are useful in refining population-based risk assessments. These data illuminate drivers of exposure that are useful to both risk management applications and for designing future studies that improve upon existing tracer methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kent Thomas
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Linda Phillips
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Retired, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Nicolle Tulve
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
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28
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Jeong H, Ra K. Source apportionment and health risk assessment for potentially toxic elements in size-fractionated road dust in Busan Metropolitan City, Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:350. [PMID: 35394204 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Potentially toxic elements' (PTEs; V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sb, Pb, and Hg) pollution level was investigated in size-fractionated road dust in Busan Metropolitan City. Health risks to humans (adult and children) were also evaluated in fine particle fraction (< 63 μm) of road dust. PTE concentrations in the fine particles (< 63 μm) were ranked as follows (unit: mg/kg): Zn (2511) > Cu (559) > Cr (531) > Pb (385) > Ni (139) > V (83.8) > Sb (31.6) > Co (21.6) > As (17.2) > Cd (4.1) > Hg (0.38). The PTE concentrations in fine particles (< 63 μm) were significantly higher than those in coarse particles except for V, Co, and As. The mean PTE loadings of fine particle fraction (< 63 μm; 233 mg/m2) in road dust were up to 4.5 times higher than other particle fractions. Igeo values of Sb were higher than 5 except for > 1000-μm fraction, indicating extremely polluted status. PCA results and elemental ratios indicated that most of the PTEs in road dust were derived from non-exhaust traffic-related sources such as brake pads and tires. Cr, Pb, and Sb had higher HI values than other metals for both adults and children. Sampling sites of heavy traffic and industrial areas showed that the carcinogenic risk exceeded the maximum threshold level (10 - 4). Especially in children, the mean carcinogenic risk (ingestion pathway) of As (6.8 × 10 - 4) Cd (2.0 × 10 - 4), and Ni (4.1 × 10 - 4) exceeded the maximum threshold level, indicating that continuous exposure to road dust may pose a high cancer risk to children. Therefore, continuous monitoring and management of these metals are needed to protect human health and the urban environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeryeong Jeong
- Marine Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Busan, 49111, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ocean Science (Oceanography), KIOST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kongtae Ra
- Marine Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Busan, 49111, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Ocean Science (Oceanography), KIOST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Han I, Whitworth KW, Christensen B, Afshar M, An Han H, Rammah A, Oluwadairo T, Symanski E. Heavy metal pollution of soils and risk assessment in Houston, Texas following Hurricane Harvey. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 296:118717. [PMID: 34933061 PMCID: PMC8883480 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In August 2017, after Hurricane Harvey made landfall, almost 52 inches of rain fell during a three-day period along the Gulf Coast Region of Texas, including Harris County, where Houston is located. Harris County was heavily impacted with over 177,000 homes and buildings (approximately 12 percent of all buildings in the county) experiencing flooding. The objective of this study was to measure 13 heavy metals in soil in residential areas and to assess cancer and non-cancer risk for children and adults after floodwaters receded. Between September and November 2017, we collected 174 surface soil samples in 10 communities, which were classified as "High Environmental Impact" or "Low Environmental Impact" communities, based on a composite metric of six environmental parameters. A second campaign was conducted between May 2019 and July 2019 when additional 204 soil samples were collected. Concentrations of metals at both sampling campaigns were higher in High Environmental Impact communities than in Low Environmental Impact communities and there was little change in metal levels between the two sampling periods. The Pollution Indices of lead (Pb), zinc, copper, nickel, and manganese in High Environmental Impact communities were significantly higher than those in Low Environmental Impact communities. Further, cancer risk estimates in three communities for arsenic through soil ingestion were greater than 1 in 1,000,000. Although average soil Pb was lower than the benchmark of the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the hazard indices for non-cancer outcomes in three communities, mostly attributed to Pb, were greater than 1. Health risk estimates for children living in these communities were greater than those for adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inkyu Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Temple University College of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Kristina W Whitworth
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Brian Christensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center (UTHealth) at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Cincinnati, OH, 45213, USA
| | - Masoud Afshar
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center (UTHealth) at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Heyreoun An Han
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Amal Rammah
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Temitope Oluwadairo
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center (UTHealth) at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Elaine Symanski
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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30
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Wcisło E, Bronder J. Health Risk Assessment for the Residential Area Adjacent to a Former Chemical Plant. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052590. [PMID: 35270282 PMCID: PMC8909588 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A health risk assessment was carried out for the residents of Łęgnowo-Wieś settlement adjacent to a former Zachem Chemical Plant, Bydgoszcz, Poland. Due to the unique Zachem site history and contamination profile, an innovative strategy for soil sampling and contaminant selection was applied. The novelty in the developed strategy consisted of selecting substances for the health risk assessment, taking into consideration the location and boundaries of the groundwater contamination plumes in relation to contamination sources. This allowed limiting the number of the analysed contaminants. The risk assessment focused on the surface soil of a residential area, which was divided into 20 sampling sectors and 6 backyards with wells from which water was used for watering edible plants. A total of 80 inorganic and organic substances were determined, including metals, phenol, aniline, BTEX, diphenyl sulphone, chloroaniline, epichlorohydrin, hydroxybiphenyl, nitrobenzene, octylphenols, toluenediamine, toluidine, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene. For the health risk assessment, the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s deterministic method was applied. This applies conservative assumptions to obtain risk estimates protective for most of the potential receptors. Three exposure pathways were analysed: (1) incidental soil ingestion, (2) dermal contact with soil and (3) inhalation of fugitive soil particles and volatiles. In all sampling sectors and backyards, the total non-cancer risks (hazard index) were significantly lower than the acceptable level of 1. The acceptable cancer risk level for the single carcinogen of 1 × 10−5 was only insignificantly exceeded in the case of benzo(a)pyrene in three sectors and one backyard. The total cancer risks were lower than the acceptable level of 1 × 10−4 in all sampling sectors and all backyards. The findings show that the soil in the entire residential area is safe for the residents’ health and no remedial actions are required. However, since not all possible exposure pathways were analysed in this study, further research focused on assessing the health risk resulting from the consumption of locally grown food is strongly recommended.
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Heavy Metals in Soil and Sand from Playgrounds of Çanakkale City (Turkey), and Related Health Risks for Children. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Children spend most of their time in playgrounds and, in parallel, constitute the social group most sensitive to contaminants. Here, we present the results of a comparative study of heavy-metal contents between soils and sand from sandboxes obtained from playgrounds of Çanakkale city. Average contents of soils followed the order of iron (Fe) (12,901 mg kg−1) > manganese (Mn) (475 mg kg−1) > zinc (Zn) (58 mg kg−1) > copper (Cu) (28 mg kg−1) > nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr) (21 mg kg−1) > lead (Pb) (18 mg kg−1). Sand had lower contents, however, due to the reduction of particles size through prolonged use, and accumulation of Fe/Mn (oxyhydr)oxides on sand grains tended to diminish the differences between soils and sand. Through chemometric analysis, Cr and Ni were found to have a lithogenic origin, while the rest of metals were related to anthropogenic activities. Spatially, heavy-metal contents followed the pattern of the city’s sprawl. Risk estimates on children’s health showed that ingestion was the most important exposure route, followed by dermal contact and inhalation. Exposure of children to sand was of similar importance to that of soils. These findings are significant, as the contamination of sand has not yet received much attention compared to the soil of playgrounds.
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32
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Zhang Z, Wang S, Li L. Emerging investigator series: the role of chemical properties in human exposure to environmental chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:1839-1862. [PMID: 34542121 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00252j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
One of the ultimate goals of environmental exposure science is to mechanistically understand how chemical properties and human behavior interactively determine human exposure to the wide spectrum of chemicals present in the environment. This comprehensive review assembles state-of-the-art knowledge of the role of partitioning, dissociation, mass transfer, and reactive properties in human contact with and absorption of organic chemicals via oral, dermal, and respiratory routes. Existing studies have revealed that chemicals with different properties vary greatly in mass distribution and occurrence among multiple exposure media, resulting in distinct patterns of human intake from the environment. On the other hand, these chemicals encounter different levels of resistance in the passage of intestinal, dermal, and pulmonary absorption barriers and demonstrate different levels of bioavailability, due to the selectivity of biochemical, anatomical and physiological structures of these absorption barriers. Moving forward, the research community needs to gain more in-depth mechanistic insights into the complex processes in human exposure, advance the technique to better characterize and predict chemical properties, generate and leverage experimental data for a more diverse range of chemicals, and describe better the interactions between chemical properties and human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhen Zhang
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, 89557-274, Reno, Nevada, USA.
| | - Shenghong Wang
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, 89557-274, Reno, Nevada, USA.
| | - Li Li
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, 89557-274, Reno, Nevada, USA.
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Wang YL, Tsou MCM, Pan KH, Özkaynak H, Dang W, Hsi HC, Chien LC. Estimation of Soil and Dust Ingestion Rates from the Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation Soil and Dust Model for Children in Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11805-11813. [PMID: 34388337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on estimating the probabilistic soil and dust ingestion rates for children under 3 years old by the Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation Soil and Dust (SHEDS-S/D) model developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The health risk of children's exposure to heavy metals through soil and dust ingestion and dermal absorption was then assessed in three exposure scenarios. In the exposure scenario of direct contact with soil, the average soil and dust ingestion rates for children aged 24 to 36 months were 90.7 and 29.8 mg day-1 in the sand and clay groups, respectively. Hand-to-mouth soil ingestion was identified as the main contributor to soil and dust ingestion rates, followed by hand-to-mouth dust ingestion and object-to-mouth dust ingestion. The soil-to-skin adherence factor was the most influential factor increasing the soil and dust ingestion rate based on a sensitivity analysis in the SHEDS-S/D model. Furthermore, the modeled soil and dust ingestion rates based on the SHEDS-S/D model were coincident with results calculated by the tracer element method. Our estimates highlight the soil ingestion rate as the key parameter increasing the risk for children, while a higher frequency of hand washing could potentially reduce the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Lin Wang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Rd., Sec. 4, Da'an Dist., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chien Mark Tsou
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Building, No.128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hsuan Pan
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Rd., Sec. 4, Da'an Dist., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Halûk Özkaynak
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (D205-05), RTP, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Winston Dang
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Cheng Hsi
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Rd., Sec. 4, Da'an Dist., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Chu Chien
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 252 Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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34
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von Stackelberg K, Williams PR, Sánchez-Triana E. A Systematic Framework for Collecting Site-Specific Sampling and Survey Data to Support Analyses of Health Impacts from Land-Based Pollution in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094676. [PMID: 33924797 PMCID: PMC8125743 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The rise of small-scale and localized economic activities in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) has led to increased exposures to contaminants associated with these processes and the potential for resulting adverse health effects in exposed communities. Risk assessment is the process of building models to predict the probability of adverse outcomes based on concentration-response functions and exposure scenarios for individual contaminants, while epidemiology uses statistical methods to explore associations between potential exposures and observed health outcomes. Neither approach by itself is practical or sufficient for evaluating the magnitude of exposures and health impacts associated with land-based pollution in LMICs. Here we propose a more pragmatic framework for designing representative studies, including uniform sampling guidelines and household surveys, that draws from both methodologies to better support community health impact analyses associated with land-based pollution sources in LMICs. Our primary goal is to explicitly link environmental contamination from land-based pollution associated with specific localized economic activities to community exposures and health outcomes at the household level. The proposed framework was applied to the following three types of industries that are now widespread in many LMICs: artisanal scale gold mining (ASGM), used lead-acid battery recycling (ULAB), and small tanning facilities. For each activity, we develop a generalized conceptual site model (CSM) that describes qualitative linkages from chemical releases or discharges, environmental fate and transport mechanisms, exposure pathways and routes, populations at risk, and health outcomes. This upfront information, which is often overlooked, is essential for delineating the contaminant zone of influence in a community and identifying relevant households for study. We also recommend cost-effective methods for use in LMICs related to environmental sampling, biological monitoring, survey questionnaires, and health outcome measurements at contaminated and unexposed reference sites. Future study designs based on this framework will facilitate consistent, comparable, and standardized community exposure, risk, and health impact assessments for land-based pollution in LMICs. The results of these studies can also support economic burden analyses and risk management decision-making around site cleanup, risk mitigation, and public health education.
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35
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Kwong LH, Ercumen A, Pickering AJ, Unicomb L, Davis J, Leckie JO, Luby SP. Soil ingestion among young children in rural Bangladesh. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2021; 31:82-93. [PMID: 31673039 PMCID: PMC7722350 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ingestion of soil and dust is a pathway of children's exposure to several environmental contaminants, including lead, pesticides, and fecal contamination. Empirically based estimates of central tendency for soil consumption by children in high-income countries range from 9 to 135 dry mg/day. Using a Monte Carlo simulation, we modeled the mass of soil directly and indirectly ingested per day by rural Bangladeshi children and identified the parameters that influence the mass ingested. We combined data from observations of direct and indirect ingestion among children with measurements of soil mass on the children's hands, mother's hands, and objects to quantify soil ingestion/day. Estimated geometric mean soil ingestion was 162 dry mg/day for children 3-5 months, 224 dry mg/day for children 6-11 months, 234 dry mg/day for children 12-23 months, 168 dry mg/day for children 24-35 months, and 178 dry mg/day for children 36-47 months old. Across all age groups, children placing their hands in their mouths accounted for 46-78% of total ingestion and mouthing objects contributed 8-12%. Direct ingestion of soil accounted for nearly 40% of soil ingested among children 6-23 months old. Sensitivity analyses identified that the parameters most affecting the estimates were the load of soil on the child's hand, the frequency of hand-to-mouth contacts while not eating, and, for children 6-23 months old, the frequency of direct soil ingestion. In a rural, low-income setting, children's soil consumption was substantially more than the estimates for children in high-income countries. Further characterizing soil ingestion of children in low-income contexts would improve assessments of the risks they face from soil-associated contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Kwong
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Ayse Ercumen
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Amy J Pickering
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Leanne Unicomb
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jennifer Davis
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James O Leckie
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephen P Luby
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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36
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Panagopoulos Abrahamsson D, Sobus JR, Ulrich EM, Isaacs K, Moschet C, Young TM, Bennett DH, Tulve NS. A quest to identify suitable organic tracers for estimating children's dust ingestion rates. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2021; 31:70-81. [PMID: 32661335 PMCID: PMC7909007 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-020-0244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chemical exposure via dust ingestion is of great interest to researchers and regulators because children are exposed to dust through their daily activities, and as a result, to the many chemicals contained within dust. Our goal was to develop a workflow to identify and rank organic chemicals that could be used as tracers to calculate children's dust ingestion rates. We proposed a set of criteria for a chemical to be considered a promising tracer. The best tracers must be (1) ubiquitous in dust, (2) unique to dust, (3) detectable as biomarkers in accessible biological samples, and (4) have available or obtainable ADME information for biomarker-based exposure reconstruction. To identify compounds meeting these four criteria, we developed a workflow that encompasses non-targeted analysis approaches, literature and database searching, and multimedia modeling. We then implemented an ad hoc grading system and ranked candidate chemicals based on fulfillment of our criteria (using one small, publicly available dataset to show proof of concept). Initially, five chemicals (1,3-diphenylguanidine, leucine, piperine, 6:2/8:2 fluorotelomer phosphate diester, 6:2 fluorotelomer phosphate diester) appeared to satisfy many of our criteria. However, a rigorous manual investigation raised many questions about the applicability of these chemicals as tracers. Based on the results of this initial pilot study, no individual compounds can be unequivocally considered suitable tracers for calculating dust ingestion rates. Future work must therefore consider larger datasets, generated from broader measurement studies and literature searches, as well as refinements to selection criteria, to identify robust and defensible tracer compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Panagopoulos Abrahamsson
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Post-Doctoral Participant stationed at National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jon R Sobus
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Elin M Ulrich
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kristin Isaacs
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christoph Moschet
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M Young
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Deborah H Bennett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nicolle S Tulve
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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37
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Ferguson A, Rattler K, Perone H, Dwivedi AK, Obeng-Gyasi E, Mena KD, Solo-Gabriele H. Soil-skin adherence measures from hand press trials in a Gulf study of exposures. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2021; 31:158-169. [PMID: 32994540 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-020-00269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Marine oil spills and the resulting environmental contamination is common along coastal areas; however, information is lacking about the safety of impacted beaches for public use, especially for the most vulnerable population: children. One route of exposure for children at oil impacted beaches is through contact with sands. The purpose of this study was to evaluate beach sand skin adherence for children under the age of seven. Each of 122 children participated in a hand press trial conducted at one of four different U.S. beaches (two in Miami, FL, and two in Galveston, TX USA). During the hand press trials, hand conditions of the children were randomized (dry, wet, or with sunscreen), and soil adherence (mass of sand per palmar surface area of the hand) and the maximum pressure applied (force applied per area of hand) was measured and calculated. Each child was instructed to press their hands on a soil laden tray for 5 s and pressure of contact was measured using a scale. Results (n = 98) showed that the average soil adherence for both palmar hands across the four beaches ranged from 0.200 to 234 mg/cm2 with an average of 35.7 mg/cm2, with boys (40.4 mg/cm2) showing slightly higher means than girls (31.7 mg/cm2), but these differences were not significant even after adjusting for age. Among the three conditions evaluated, the highest loading was measured for children with wet hands (mean 65.3 mg/cm2), followed by dry hands (mean 24.5 mg/cm2). Sunscreen hands (mean 23.2 mg/cm2) had the lowest loadings. The pressure of contact ranged from 0.180 to 1.69 psi and varied by age groups and by height and weight, where pressure of contact did not have a significant influence on soil adherence. The average adhered sand grain size and average ambient sand grain size both had a statistically significant impact on hand soil adherence. Overall results from this study can be utilized in exposure and risk assessment models to evaluate the possible health impacts from contaminants found in beach sands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alesia Ferguson
- Department of Built Environment, North Carolina A&T, Greensboro, NC, 27411, USA.
| | - Kyra Rattler
- Psychology Department, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR, USA
| | - Hanna Perone
- University of Texas-Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar Dwivedi
- Department of Built Environment, North Carolina A&T, Greensboro, NC, 27411, USA
| | | | - Kristina D Mena
- University of Texas-Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Helena Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
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38
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Bi C, Wang X, Li H, Li X, Xu Y. Direct Transfer of Phthalate and Alternative Plasticizers from Indoor Source Products to Dust: Laboratory Measurements and Predictive Modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:341-351. [PMID: 33287540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate and alternative plasticizers are semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and among the most abundant indoor pollutants. Although ingestion of dust is one of the major exposure pathways to them, migration knowledge from source products to indoor dust is still limited. Systematic chamber measurements were conducted to investigate the direct transfer of these SVOCs between source products and dust in contact with the source. Substantial direct source-to-dust transfer of SVOCs was observed for all tests. The concentration of bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in dust was 12 times higher than the pre-experimental level after only two days of source-dust contact. A mechanistic model was developed to predict the direct transfer process, and a reasonable agreement between model predictions and measurements was achieved. The octanol/air partition coefficient (Koa) of SVOCs, the emission parameter of the source product (y0), and the characteristics of the dust layer (i.e., porosity and thickness) control the transfer, affecting the SVOC concentration in dust, the kinetics of direct transfer, or both. Dust mass loading has a significant influence on the transfer, while relative humidity only has a limited effect. The findings suggest that minimizing the use of SVOC-containing products and house vacuuming are effective intervention strategies to reduce young children's exposure to SVOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Bi
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1139, United States of America
| | - Xinke Wang
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Hongwan Li
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1139, United States of America
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1139, United States of America
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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39
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Hiller E, Filová L, Jurkovič Ľ, Mihaljevič M, Lachká L, Rapant S. Trace elements in two particle size fractions of urban soils collected from playgrounds in Bratislava (Slovakia). ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:3925-3947. [PMID: 32638253 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00656-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Today, it is proven that the contaminated urban soils are hazardous for the human health. Soil substrates of playgrounds call for special research as they are places where children are directly exposed to soil contaminants. Therefore, the objective of this work was to measure the pseudo-total contents and bioaccessibility of several metals and metalloids (As, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, V, Zn) in two grain sizes (< 150 μm and < 50 μm) of playground soils in Bratislava city (the capital of Slovakia). The content of metal(loid)s in the soils was controlled by a number of factors, with their increased contents (above 75% percentile or higher) at sites influenced by point sources of pollution (industry and agriculture) or at old sites located in the city centre. Cobalt, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni and V had relatively uniform contents in soils compared to the other elements. As regression modelling with a categorical variable confirmed, the age of urban areas influenced the accumulation of As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb and Sn in playground soils. Exploratory statistical techniques with compositionally transformed data (principal component analysis, cluster analysis and construction of symmetric coordinates for correlation analysis) divided trace elements into the two main groupings, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, V and Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb, Sn, Zn. Median concentrations of the elements in smaller soil grains (< 50 μm) were significantly higher than in coarser grains (< 150 μm). Cobalt, Cu, Mn, Pb, Sn and Zn had significantly higher bioaccessible proportions (% of the pseudo-total content) in < 50 μm soil size than in < 150 μm; however, the same order of bioaccessibility was achieved in both grain sizes. The highest bioaccessibility had Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn (~ 40% and more), followed by Co, As, Mn, Sb (18-27%), Hg, Ni, Sn (10-12%) and finally Cr, Fe and V (less than 4%). The hazard index and carcinogenic risk values were higher in < 50 μm than in < 150 μm and significantly decreased in the two soil sizes when the bioaccessibility results were included in the health hazard calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Hiller
- Department of Geochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Lenka Filová
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina 1, 842 48, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ľubomír Jurkovič
- Department of Geochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Mihaljevič
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Lachká
- Department of Geochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Stanislav Rapant
- Department of Geochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: Impact of environmental dust exposure in modulating microbiome and its association with non-communicable diseases. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2020; 11:545-556. [PMID: 32536356 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174420000549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including obesity, diabetes, and allergy are chronic, multi-factorial conditions that are affected by both genetic and environmental factors. Over the last decade, the microbiome has emerged as a possible contributor to the pathogenesis of NCDs. Microbiome profiles were altered in patients with NCDs, and shift in microbial communities was associated with improvement in these health conditions. Since the genetic component of these diseases cannot be altered, the ability to manipulate the microbiome holds great promise for design of novel therapies in the prevention and treatment of NCDs. Together, the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease concept and the microbial hypothesis propose that early life exposure to environmental stimuli will alter the development and composition of the human microbiome, resulting in health consequences. Recent studies indicated that the environment we are exposed to in early life is instrumental in shaping robust immune development, possibly through modulation of the human microbiome (skin, airway, and gut). Despite much research into human microbiome, the origin of their constituent microbiota remains unclear. Dust (also known as particulate matter) is a key determinant of poor air quality in the modern urban environment. It is ubiquitous and serves as a major source and reservoir of microbial communities that modulates the human microbiome, contributing to health and disease. There are evidence that reported significant associations between environmental dust and NCDs. In this review, we will focus on the impact of dust exposure in shaping the human microbiome and its possible contribution to the development of NCDs.
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Vanacker M, Tressou J, Perouel G, Glorennec P, Crépet A. Combining data from heterogeneous surveys for aggregate exposure: Application to children exposure to lead in France. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:109069. [PMID: 31923848 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To assess human health risks related to the environment, it is necessary to aggregate exposure from multiple sources. The objective of this paper was to propose a relevant approach to combine data from heterogeneous populations and methodologies. Five different methods based on Monte-Carlo simulations were tested and compared. Differences were: taking into account or not stratification variable, timeline to assign exposure factors and concentration and way to account for concentration correlations. The methods were applied to estimate lead exposure from food, dust, soil, air, and tap water or French children aged between six months and three years old. Comparing results' uncertainty, it is recommended to 1) select a reference population representative of the target population, 2) select stratification variables to combine surveys, and 3) simulate a new population by randomly sampling individuals in the reference population and simultaneously assigning human exposure factors and environmental concentrations from other surveys in integrating correlations (MC1S). No difference was observed when taking into account correlations using vectors of determinist data from one survey or rank of correlations with the Iman-Conover method. Regardless the methods used to combine data, dust was the main exposure source, followed by soil and in a less extent by food. Exposures from air and tap water were found to be insignificant for most children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Vanacker
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Risk Assessment Department, 94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jessica Tressou
- UMR MIA-Paris, AgroParisTech, INRA, Paris-Saclay University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Perouel
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Risk Assessment Department, 94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, INSERM, IRSET (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Amélie Crépet
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Risk Assessment Department, 94701, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Schachter AE, Gailey A, Egendorf SP, Mielke HW. Mechanisms of children's soil exposure. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2020; 50:100742. [PMID: 31992501 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2019.100742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pollution is a concerning and highly studied area, especially in the arena of children's health. The focus of this concern, however, is typically limited to air and water pollution, leaving an important source under-studied and out of the concern of the general public. Soil pollution provides a unique threat to children's health, due to their increased exposure and susceptibility to its contaminants. The microbiome of a child is developed prior to birth and continues to evolve over their lifetime with each encounter to the outside world. The environment a child inhabits directly affects their microbiome and their overall health, and through interactions with contaminated soil, a child can accumulate adverse health outcomes. The aim of this article is to summarize the methods by which soil becomes contaminated and how children become exposed to the resulting toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey E Schachter
- Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Andrew Gailey
- The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, United States
| | - Sara Perl Egendorf
- The Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center and Brooklyn College of the City, University of New York, NY 10031, United States
| | - Howard W Mielke
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States.
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Plichta V, Völkel W, Fembacher L, Spolders M, Wöckner M, Aschenbrenner B, Schafft H, Fromme H. Bioavailability of phthalate and DINCH® plasticizers, after oral administration of dust to piglets. Toxicol Lett 2019; 314:82-88. [PMID: 31306742 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For decades, phthalates have been widely used as plasticizers in a large number of consumer products, leading to a complex exposure to humans via ingestion, inhalation or dermal uptake. Children may have a higher unintended dust intake per day compared to adults. Therefore, dust intake of children could pose a relevant exposure and subsequently a potential health risk. The aim of this study was to determine the relative bioavailability of certain phthalates, such as di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) and the non-phthalate plasticizer diisononyl 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (DINCH®, Hexamoll®), after ingestion of dust. Seven 5-week-old male piglets were fed five different dust samples collected from daycare centers. Overall, 0.43 g to 0.83 g of dust sieved to 63 μm were administered orally. The piglets' urine was collected over a period of 38 h. The excreted metabolites were quantified using an LC-MS/MS method. The mean uptake rates of the applied doses for DEHP, DINP, and DINCH® were 43% ± 11%, 47% ± 26%, and 9% ± 3.5%, respectively. The metabolites of DEHP and DINP showed maximum concentrations in urine after three to five hours, whereas the metabolites of DINCH®, reached maximum concentrations 24 h post-dose. The oral bioavailability of the investigated plasticizers was higher compared to the bioaccessibility reported from in vitro digestion tests. Furthermore, the bioavailability of DEHP did not vary substantially between the dust samples, whereas a dose-dependent saturation process for DINP was observed. In addition to other intake pathways, dust could be a source of plasticizers in children using the recent intake rates for dust ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Plichta
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, D-80538, Munich, Germany
| | - W Völkel
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, D-80538, Munich, Germany.
| | - L Fembacher
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, D-80538, Munich, Germany
| | - M Spolders
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, D-10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Wöckner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, D-80538, Munich, Germany
| | - B Aschenbrenner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, D-80538, Munich, Germany
| | - H Schafft
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, D-10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - H Fromme
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, D-80538, Munich, Germany; Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, D-80336, Munich, Germany
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44
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Smolders E, Roels L, Kuhangana TC, Coorevits K, Vassilieva E, Nemery B, Lubaba Nkulu CB. Unprecedentedly High Dust Ingestion Estimates for the General Population in a Mining District of DR Congo. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7851-7858. [PMID: 31149816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mining of metals in low income countries is often associated with high exposure to dust that contributes to metal exposure. Here, dust ingestion estimates were made from fecal excretion of inert tracers with corrections for dietary contribution. The study took place in the cobalt mining area of Lubumbashi (DR Congo) and involved 120 nonoccupationally exposed participants in the dry season, with 51 of these being repeated in the rainy season. For each participant, duplicate meals (0-96 h), feces (24-120 h), and indoor/outdoor dust (<250 μm) were collected. The dust ingestion estimates (g day-1) were derived from Nb, Ti, and V as best tracers and were 0.28 (geometric mean), 3.3 (mean), and 13 (P95); these values are almost a factor 10 above currently accepted estimates for the general population in high income countries. Mean dust ingestion in the dry season was twice that of the rainy season, and the P95s were significantly higher in children (3-15 years) than in male adults and toddlers; geophagy (>40 g day-1) was suspected in three individuals. These data explain the previously reported extreme cobalt exposures in children and support the need to manage dust in the metal mining operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Smolders
- Division of Water and Soil Management, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , KU Leuven , 3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Lore Roels
- Division of Water and Soil Management, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , KU Leuven , 3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Trésor Carsi Kuhangana
- Unit of Toxicology and Environment, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine , University of Lubumbashi , 1825 Lubumbashi , Democratic Republic of the Congo
- School of Public Health , University of Malemba Nkulu , 8235 Malemba Nkulu , Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Kristin Coorevits
- Division of Water and Soil Management, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , KU Leuven , 3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Elvira Vassilieva
- Division of Geology, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , KU Leuven , 3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Benoit Nemery
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care , KU Leuven , 3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Célestin Banza Lubaba Nkulu
- Unit of Toxicology and Environment, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine , University of Lubumbashi , 1825 Lubumbashi , Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Lemos AT, Rocha JAV, Vargas VMF. Soil mutagenicity - Effects of acidification and organic pollutants in urban/industrial areas. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 209:666-674. [PMID: 29960195 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze (i) the effect of different acid extractions, simulating changes in the background pH of rain on the availability of soil mutagenic compounds, (ii) the presence of organic compounds in soil and (iii) evaluation of the effects of soil sieving on the samples mutagenicity. Surface soil samples were collected at urban and industrial areas and assessed as total grain size composition (Total Soil) and in sieved fraction <0.5 mm (Soil <0.5 mm), through acid extracts with pH simulating those found in local rainfall. Metals were quantified in extracts and soils in natura. Organic extracts were analyzed for PAH content. Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay (TA98 strain) was used, in the presence/absence of exogenous metabolism. Nitro-sensitive strains YG1021 and YG1024 were used in the organic extracts. Results showed different mutagenic responses in total soils and in soil <0.5 mm. Soil extraction at pH 3.6 presented higher toxicity, greater variety and concentration of metals. Extraction at pH 5.3 improved mutagenic detection. Thus, local rainfall may be an environmental contamination route, with additional risk of releasing toxic substances during acid precipitation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréia Torres Lemos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pesquisas Ambientais, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler (FEPAM), Avenida Salvador França, 1707 CEP, 90690-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Jocelita Aparecida Vaz Rocha
- Programa de Pesquisas Ambientais, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler (FEPAM), Avenida Salvador França, 1707 CEP, 90690-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Vera Maria Ferrão Vargas
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pesquisas Ambientais, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler (FEPAM), Avenida Salvador França, 1707 CEP, 90690-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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47
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Wang B, Lin C, Zhang X, Duan X, Xu D, Cheng H, Wang Q, Liu X, Ma J, Ma J, Wu F. A soil ingestion pilot study for teenage children in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 202:40-47. [PMID: 29554506 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil ingestion by people is an important route of exposure to environmental contaminants. Studies on soil ingestion using tracer mass-balance method are mainly for young children and adults, scarcely for teenagers. In such case, the soil ingestion rate for teenagers recommended by regulators is generally identical to that of adults based on one activity pattern modeling study. However, teenagers are expected to have different soil ingestion exposure via ingestion pathway due to different activity patterns and exposure scenarios. We conducted a pilot study on soil ingestion in 30 teenage children aged 12.0-16.5 years from Hubei Province of China, using the best tracer method, with the results compared with previous soil ingestion studies. The estimated mean and median soil ingestion rates for teenagers in this study based on the best five tracers (Al, Ce, Sc, V, and Y) were 45.2 mg d-1 and 44.8 mg d-1 respectively, with the 95% confidence interval of the mean value ranging from 28.0 mg d-1 to 50.9 mg d-1. These soil ingestion rate estimates were slightly higher than the recommended values for adults by U.S. EPA, but lower than those for Chinese younger children observed in the other similar study. The result in this study is important to access the health risk resulting from exposure to toxic substances in soil via direct soil ingestion pathway by teenagers in China as well as other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Chunye Lin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China.
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Duan
- University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Dongqun Xu
- Institute of Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, PR China
| | - Hongguang Cheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Qin Wang
- Institute of Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, PR China
| | - Xitao Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Jin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Junwei Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China
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Landrigan PJ, Fuller R, Acosta NJR, Adeyi O, Arnold R, Basu NN, Baldé AB, Bertollini R, Bose-O'Reilly S, Boufford JI, Breysse PN, Chiles T, Mahidol C, Coll-Seck AM, Cropper ML, Fobil J, Fuster V, Greenstone M, Haines A, Hanrahan D, Hunter D, Khare M, Krupnick A, Lanphear B, Lohani B, Martin K, Mathiasen KV, McTeer MA, Murray CJL, Ndahimananjara JD, Perera F, Potočnik J, Preker AS, Ramesh J, Rockström J, Salinas C, Samson LD, Sandilya K, Sly PD, Smith KR, Steiner A, Stewart RB, Suk WA, van Schayck OCP, Yadama GN, Yumkella K, Zhong M. The Lancet Commission on pollution and health. Lancet 2018; 391:462-512. [PMID: 29056410 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32345-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1746] [Impact Index Per Article: 291.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Landrigan
- Arnhold Institute for Global Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | | | - Olusoji Adeyi
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Population Global Practice, The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robert Arnold
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Niladri Nil Basu
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Roberto Bertollini
- Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks of the European Commission, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg; Office of the Minister of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar
| | - Stephan Bose-O'Reilly
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Public Health, Health Services Research and Health Technology Assessment, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | | | - Patrick N Breysse
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Chiles
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Maureen L Cropper
- Department of Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Resources for the Future, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Julius Fobil
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Valentin Fuster
- Mount Sinai Heart, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Andy Haines
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research and Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - David Hunter
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mukesh Khare
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | | | - Bruce Lanphear
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Bindu Lohani
- Centennial Group, Washington, DC, USA; The Resources Center, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Keith Martin
- Consortium of Universities for Global Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Karen V Mathiasen
- Office of the US Executive Director, The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Frederica Perera
- Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Janez Potočnik
- UN International Resource Panel, Paris, France; SYSTEMIQ, London, UK
| | - Alexander S Preker
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Global Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Health Policy and Management, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Health Investment & Financing Corporation, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Johan Rockström
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Leona D Samson
- Department of Biological Engineering and Department of Biology, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Peter D Sly
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kirk R Smith
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Achim Steiner
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard B Stewart
- Guarini Center on Environmental, Energy, and Land Use Law, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - William A Suk
- Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Onno C P van Schayck
- Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Gautam N Yadama
- School of Social Work, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Kandeh Yumkella
- United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ma Zhong
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
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Lin C, Wang B, Cui X, Xu D, Cheng H, Wang Q, Ma J, Chai T, Duan X, Liu X, Ma J, Zhang X, Liu Y. Estimates of Soil Ingestion in a Population of Chinese Children. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:077002. [PMID: 28728141 PMCID: PMC5744705 DOI: 10.1289/ehp930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND China's soil pollution poses serious health risks. However, data regarding the soil ingestion rate (SIR) of the Chinese population, which is critical to assessing associated health risks, are lacking. OBJECTIVES We estimated soil ingestion of 177 Chinese children from Guangdong, Hubei, and Gansu Provinces. METHODS We conducted this investigation by employing a tracer mass-balance method. We collected a duplicate of all food consumed and all feces and urine excreted on 1 d (n=153) and over 3 consecutive d (n=24), as well as soil samples from play areas and drinking-water samples. We analyzed concentrations of the tracer elements Al, Ba, Ce, Mn, Sc, Ti, V, and Y in these samples using ICP-AES and ICP-MS and estimated the SIR for each subject. RESULTS The estimated SIR data based on each tracer element were characterized by a skewed distribution, as well as higher inter-tracer and inter-subject variation, with several outliers. After removing the outliers, daily SIR median (range) values in milligrams per day were Al, 27.8 (−42.0 to 257.3); Ba, 36.5 (−230.3 to 412.7); Ce, 35.3 (−21.2 to 225.8); Mn, 146.6 (−1259.4 to 1827.7); Sc, 54.8 (−4.5 to 292.0); Ti, 36.7 (−233.7 to 687.0); V, 92.1 (10.4 to 308.0); and Y, 59.1 (−18.4 to 283.0). Daily SIR median/95th percentile (range) values based on the best tracer method (BTM) were 51.7/216.6 (−9.5 to 297.6) mg/d. CONCLUSIONS Based on the BTM, recommended SIR values for the general population of Chinese children (2.5 to 12 years old) are 52 mg/d for the central tendency and 217 mg/d for the upper percentile. We did not differentiate between outside soil and indoor dust. Considering the lower concentration of tracer elements in indoor dust than outside soil, actual soil and dust ingestion rates could be higher. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP930.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunye Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University , Beijing, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University , Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyong Cui
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Dongqun Xu
- Institute of Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease and Prevention , Beijing, China
| | - Hongguang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University , Beijing, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Institute of Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease and Prevention , Beijing, China
| | - Jin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Tuanyao Chai
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing, China
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Xitao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University , Beijing, China
| | - Junwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University , Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University , Beijing, China
| | - Yanzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University , Beijing, China
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Smith MN, Workman T, McDonald KM, Vredevoogd MA, Vigoren EM, Griffith WC, Thompson B, Coronado GD, Barr D, Faustman EM. Seasonal and occupational trends of five organophosphate pesticides in house dust. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2017; 27:372-378. [PMID: 27553992 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Since 1998, the University of Washington's Center for Child Environmental Health Risks Research has followed a community-based participatory research strategy in the Lower Yakima Valley of Washington State to assess pesticide exposure among families of Hispanic farmworkers. As a part of this longitudinal study, house dust samples were collected from both farmworker and non-farmworker households, across three agricultural seasons (thinning, harvest and non-spray). The household dust samples were analyzed for five organophosphate pesticides: azinphos-methyl, phosmet, malathion, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos. Organophosphate pesticide levels in house dust were generally reflective of annual use rates and varied by occupational status and agricultural season. Overall, organophosphate pesticide concentrations were higher in the thinning and harvest seasons than in the non-spray season. Azinphos-methyl was found in the highest concentrations across all seasons and occupations. Farmworker house dust had between 5- and 9-fold higher concentrations of azinphos-methyl than non-farmworker house dust. Phosmet was found in 5-7-fold higher concentrations in farmworker house dust relative to non-farmworker house dust. Malathion and chlorpyriphos concentrations in farmworker house dust ranged between 1.8- and 9.8-fold higher than non-farmworker house dust. Diazinon showed a defined seasonal pattern that peaked in the harvest season and did not significantly differ between farmworker and non-farmworker house dust. The observed occupational differences in four out of five of the pesticide residues measured provides evidence supporting an occupational take home pathway, in which workers may bring pesticides home on their skin or clothing. Further, these results demonstrate the ability of dust samples to inform the episodic nature of organophosphate pesticide exposures and the need to collect multiple samples for complete characterization of exposure potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa N Smith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Washington Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Washington Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Katie M McDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Melinda A Vredevoogd
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Eric M Vigoren
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Washington Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William C Griffith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Washington Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Beti Thompson
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Dana Barr
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Washington Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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