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Tureck C, Retondario A, de Moura Souza A, Barboza BP, Bricarello LP, Alves MDA, de Vasconcelos FDAG. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids food intake and metabolic syndrome in adolescents 12 to 17 years old: A school-based cross-sectional study. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 58:178-185. [PMID: 38057003 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.09.924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Fatty acids (FAs) of the omega-3 and omega-6 family are considered essential, and adequate intake seems to be associated with lower risk of developing chronic non-communicable diseases. The objective was to evaluate the association of omega-3 and omega-6 FAs dietary intake with the prevalence of MS and its components waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), fasting blood glucose, triglycerides and High Density Lipoprotein - cholesterol (HDL-c) in Brazilian adolescents aged 12-17 years. METHODS This is a school-based cross-sectional investigation, using data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), carried out between 2013 and 2014. The following variables were collected and assessed: 1) sociodemographic (sex, age, type of school, school location whether urban or rural and region of the country); 2) food consumption was measured through a 24-h Food Recall (24 hR), and a second 24 hR was applied to 7% of the total sample; 3) anthropometrics (weight, height, WC), BP and biochemical (glycemia, triglycerides and HDL-c) were also assessed. Logistic regression analysis was performed according to gender and age group. RESULTS A total of 36,751 adolescents participated in the study. The intake of omega-3 FAs in the total population was 1.71 g/day and of omega-6 FAs, 13.56 g/day, with an omega-6/omega-3 ratio of 7.93:1. It was found that higher intake of omega-3 FAs was associated with an 53% lower chance of low HDL-c. For omega-6 FAs, no significant results were found. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicated an association between omega-3 FAs and HDL-c. More studies are needed to elucidate the effects of omega-6 FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Tureck
- Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), M.S. Graduate Program in Nutrition, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Anabelle Retondario
- Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Department of Nutrition, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Amanda de Moura Souza
- Institute of Studies on Collective Health, Federal University of Rio De Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Bernardo Paz Barboza
- Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), M.S. Graduate Program in Nutrition, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Liliana Paula Bricarello
- Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Post-Doctoral Student in the Graduate Program in Nutrition, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Mariane de Almeida Alves
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo (USP), A Doctoral Student in the Graduate Program in Public Health Nutrition, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Li X, Qi F, Zhao Z, Ma J. Association of dietary fatty acid intake with hypertension in children and adolescents: evidence from the NHANES 2005-2018. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1185982. [PMID: 37753192 PMCID: PMC10518386 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1185982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aims to evaluate the association between dietary fatty acid intake and hypertension in children and adolescents. Methods This cross-sectional study used data of children and adolescents aged 8-17 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2018. Dietary intake of total fat and fatty acid was evaluated via two 24-h dietary recall interviews. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the association between fatty acid intake and hypertension, with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) calculated. A subgroup analysis was conducted according to gender, age, and body mass index Z-score. Results This study included 13,330 subjects, of which 11,614 were non-hypertensive and 1,716 were hypertensive. Higher intake of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was associated with significantly lower odds of hypertension (OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.74-0.97, P = 0.018). No significant associations were found between the density of total saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acids, and PUFAs and the odds of hypertension (all P > 0.05). Increased intake of omega-3 (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.72-0.93, P = 0.002) and omega-6 (OR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.75-0.98, P = 0.025) PUFAs, octadecatrienoic acid (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.72-0.93, P = 0.003), and octadecadienoic acid (OR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.75-0.98, P = 0.025) was associated with significantly lower odds of hypertension, and individuals with higher omega-6/omega-3 ratio had significantly higher odds of hypertension (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02-1.17, P = 0.025). The density of omega-3 PUFAs (OR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.78-0.95, P = 0.004) and octadecatrienoic acid (OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.78-0.96, P = 0.006) was inversely associated with the odds of hypertension, and the omega-6/omega-3 ratio was positively associated with the odds of hypertension (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02-1.17, P = 0.012). Conclusion Total PUFA intake was negatively associated with the odds of hypertension in children and adolescents. Higher intake of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs, octadecatrienoic acid, and octadecadienoic acid, as well as density of omega-3 PUFAs and octadecatrienoic acid, was associated with lower odds of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Li
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, The Second People’s Hospital of Liaocheng, Linqing, China
| | - Fengqin Qi
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, The Second People’s Hospital of Liaocheng, Linqing, China
| | - Zhihong Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, The Second People’s Hospital of Liaocheng, Linqing, China
| | - Jinbang Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second People’s Hospital of Liaocheng, Linqing, China
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Tureck C, Barboza BP, Bricarello LP, Retondario A, Alves MDA, de Moura Souza A, Fernandes R, de Vasconcelos FDAG. Scientific evidence of the association between oral intake of OMEGA-3 and OMEGA-6 fatty acids and the metabolic syndrome in adolescents: A systematic review. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:2689-2704. [PMID: 36336548 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To conduct a systematic review of the literature on the scientific evidence of the oral intake of omega-3 and omega-6 FAs and metabolic syndrome (MS) in adolescents. DATA SYNTHESIS The study was registered in PROSPERO (number 42020185370). Studies were carried out with adolescents aged 10-19 years, who presented as intervention/exposure the oral intake of omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acids (FAs), in the databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, CENTRAL, and PQDT Global e BDTD. The tools used to assess the risk of bias were RoB 2.0, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Fifteen papers retrieved published from 2010 to 2019 were included (n = 3534); nine were randomized studies and controlled clinical trials, four were cross-sectional studies, one was a retrospective cohort study, and one case-control study. No studies have evaluated the effect or association of omega-3 and/or of omega-6 FAs with actual MS, only with its components. The randomized clinical trials identified the effects of omega-3 FA on the decrease in blood pressure (n = 1 out of six), glycemia (n = 2 out of seven), and triglycerides (n = 5 out of eight), and the increase in HDL-c (n = 2 out of eight) considering the comparison between the group that received omega-3 FA and the control group. CONCLUSIONS Scientific evidence is controversial on the association between oral intake of omega-3 FAs and MS in adolescents, due to the heterogeneity between studies and the divergence of results for the same MS component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Tureck
- Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Brazil.
| | - Bernardo Paz Barboza
- Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mariane de Almeida Alves
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo (USP), Postgraduate Program in Public Health Nutrition, Brazil
| | - Amanda de Moura Souza
- Institute of Studies on Collective Health, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - Ricardo Fernandes
- Grande Dourados Federal University (UFGD), School of Health Sciences, Brazil
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Mesas AE, Jimenez-López E, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Fernández-Rodríguez R, Bizzozero-Peroni B, Garrido-Miguel M, Cavero-Redondo I, López-Gil JF. Are adherence to the Mediterranean diet and siesta individually or jointly associated with blood pressure in Spanish adolescents? Results from the EHDLA study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:934854. [PMID: 36276362 PMCID: PMC9581154 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.934854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Both dietary and sleep patterns can influence both blood pressure levels and heart rate, but these associations have been understudied in adolescents. Furthermore, it is not known whether diet and sleep could exert a synergistic effect with respect to the maintenance of optimal BP levels in this population. Objective To investigate the relationship of blood pressure levels with the combination of higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet and the habit of siesta (daytime napping) in Spanish adolescents. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with data obtained through personal interviews and physical examination from a representative sample of 1,378 adolescents (12-17 years of age) from the Valle de Ricote (Region of Murcia, Spain) selected using a simple random sampling technique. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was assessed with the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index in Children and Adolescents, and the frequency and duration of siesta were self-reported. Objective measurements of systolic and diastolic blood pressure were obtained under standardized conditions. Statistical procedures were performed with SPSS software (v.25) and included logistic and generalized regression models adjusted for sex, age, socioeconomic status, body mass index, total energy intake, nighttime sleep duration, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Results Of the 698 adolescents finally studied (mean age 13.9 ± 1.5 years; 56.2% female), 37.1% (n = 259) had high adherence to the Mediterranean diet and 19.6% (n = 137) reported frequent siesta. In the completely adjusted models, compared to adolescents with low Mediterranean diet adherence and no or infrequent siesta, those with high Mediterranean diet adherence and frequent siesta were less likely to have high-normal blood pressure or hypertension (odds ratio = 0.47; 95% confidence interval: 0.26, 0.88) and showed slightly lower systolic blood pressure (ß-coef. = -2.60; 95% CI: -5.18, -0.02). Conclusion Greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet and frequent siesta have a synergistic effect on maintaining lower blood pressure levels in adolescence. These findings reinforce that adherence to both Mediterranean lifestyle behaviors early in life may be an important strategy to prevent hypertension throughout adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Eumann Mesas
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain,Postgraduate Program in Public Health, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Estela Jimenez-López
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Virgen de La Luz, Cuenca, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el area temática de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Estela Jimenez-López
| | - Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain,Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | | | - Bruno Bizzozero-Peroni
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain,Higher Institute of Physical Education, Universidad de la República, Rivera, Uruguay
| | - Miriam Garrido-Miguel
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain,Faculty of Nursing, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Iván Cavero-Redondo
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain,Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
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Zeng L, Liu Z, Zhou L, Chen M, Zheng X, Yang P, Zhao X, Tian Z. Effects of almonds on ameliorating salt-induced hypertension in dahl salt-sensitive rats. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:2710-2722. [PMID: 34708426 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive dietary salt intake is related to an increased risk of hypertension. Dietary functional foods probably could help to improve salt-induced hypertension. In this study, Dahl salt-sensitive (DSS) rats were used to investigate their metabolic differences from those of salt-resistant SS.13BN rats and determine whether dietary protein-rich almonds could ameliorate salt-induced elevation of blood pressure in DSS rats. RESULTS After high-salt intake, the systolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure of the DSS rats increased dramatically. Metabolomics analysis indicated abnormal amino acid metabolism in their kidneys. Their renal nitric oxide (NO) content and nitric oxide synthase activity decreased significantly after high-salt diet. Oxidative stress also occurred in DSS rats. After the DSS rats received almond supplementation, the levels of various amino acids in their kidney increased, and renal arginine and NO contents were upregulated. Their renal hydrogen peroxide and malonaldehyde levels decreased, whereas renal catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and glutathione levels increased. CONCLUSION The renal abnormal amino acid metabolism of DSS rats contributed to the impaired NO production in response to high-salt intake. Together with salt-induced oxidative stress, high-salt diet intake ultimately led to an increase in the blood pressure of DSS rats. Protein-rich almond supplementation might prevent the development of salt-induced hypertension by restoring arginine and NO regeneration and alleviating salt-induced oxidative stress. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zerong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Luxin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuewei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pengfei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinrui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhongmin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Feng Y, Bi Y, Tang X, Zhang P, Tong J, Peng X, Tian J, Liang X. Protective Effects of Appropriate Amount of Nuts Intake on Childhood Blood Pressure Level: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:793672. [PMID: 35118090 PMCID: PMC8806033 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.793672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased blood pressure (BP) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adults. Regular consumption of nuts may improve some BP in adults whereas evidence in children is relatively lacking. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of nuts intake on BP in children. METHODS Stratified cluster sampling was performed to include a total of 15,268 primary school children aged 6-12 years in urban and rural areas in Southwest China. The daily nuts intake dosage was collected by questionnaires, and generalized linear model (GLM) and logistic regression were used to analyze the relationship between nuts intake and BP. RESULTS For the total subjects, 11,130 (72.9%) participants consumed <35 g/day of nuts, 1,145 (7.5%) participants consumed 35 g/day ≤ nut <50 g/day of nuts, 2,053 (13.4%) participants consumed 50~100 g/day of nuts, and 940 (6.2%) participants consumed over 100 g/day of nut. For sex subgroup, 1,074 (13.53%) boys and 979 (13.35%) girls consumed 50~100 g/day of nuts. Compared with the 50~100 g/day of nuts intake group, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were significantly different in <35 g/day, 35g/day ≤ nut <50 g/day, and >100 g/day nuts intake groups (all p < 0.001). The logistic regression showed that compared with the 50~100 g/day group, the other three groups are more likely associated with childhood hypertension (all p < 0.001). Therefore, a U-shaped relationship between nuts intake and BP level was identified. CONCLUSIONS The finding suggests that intake of 50~100 g/day nuts is the recommended dose of nuts intake to control childhood hypertension, as well as for cardioprotection purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Feng
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Health and Nutrition, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Bi
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Health and Nutrition, Chongqing, China
| | - Xian Tang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Health and Nutrition, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Health and Nutrition, Chongqing, China
| | - Jishuang Tong
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Health and Nutrition, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Peng
- School of Computing, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jie Tian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohua Liang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Health and Nutrition, Chongqing, China
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Association between dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acid and prevalence of hypertension in U.S. adults: A cross-sectional study using data from NHANES 2009-2016. Hypertens Res 2022; 45:516-526. [PMID: 35031774 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00849-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the association between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake and the prevalence of hypertension in U.S. adults. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-2016 were used. Total PUFAs and subtypes of PUFAs, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), linoleic acid (LA), and arachidonic acid (AA), were obtained through two 24 h recalls and adjusted by body weight. Hypertension was defined as the average of three measurements of blood pressure above 130/80 mmHg or taking antihypertensive medication. Weighted odds ratios (ORs) of hypertension and adjusted rate differences (ARDs) in prevalence, as well as their 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were estimated by using the logistic regression model of survey design. A total of 17,108 participants were included in this study. Dietary intake of PUFAs was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of hypertension for the highest versus lowest quartiles. The weighted ORs with 95% CIs of hypertension for total PUFA, omega-3 fatty acid, fish oil, ALA, omega-6 fatty acid, LA and AA were 0.47(0.40-0.55), 0.61(0.51-0.72), 0.85(0.74-0.97), 0.65(0.55-0.76), 0.49(0.42-0.58), 0.49(0.42-0.57) and 0.75(0.64-0.89), and the ARDs with 95% CIs were -18.06%(-22.54%, -13.58%), -12.06%(-16.68%, -7.44%), -4.13%(-8.25%, -0.01%), -10.54%(-15.31%, -5.78%), -17.03%(-21.49%, -12.58%), -17.23%(-21.76%, -12.69%) and -6.91%(-11.37%, -2.46%), respectively. Our study proposed that the intake of total PUFAs, omega-3 fatty acids, fish oil, ALA, omega-6 fatty acids, LA, and AA was associated with a lower prevalence of hypertension in the U.S. adults.
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Sudayasa IP, Alifariki LO, Rahmawati, Hafizah I, Jamaludin, Milasari N, Nisda, Usman AN. Determinant juvenile blood pressure factors in coastal areas of Sampara district in Southeast Sulawesi. ENFERMERIA CLINICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.07.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vuholm S, Rantanen JM, Teisen MN, Stark KD, Mølgaard C, Christensen JH, Lauritzen L, Damsgaard CT. Effects of oily fish intake on cardiometabolic markers in healthy 8- to 9-y-old children: the FiSK Junior randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:1296-1305. [PMID: 31595295 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fish oil improves cardiometabolic markers in adults, but results in children are inconsistent. Few children meet the recommended fish intake and no randomized trials have investigated how fish intake per se affects children's cardiometabolic profile. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether oily fish consumption modulated serum triacylglycerol and diastolic blood pressure (coprimary outcomes) and other cardiometabolic markers in healthy Danish children and whether effects were sex-specific. METHODS In a randomized controlled 12-wk trial, 199 children (aged 8-9 y) received ∼300 g/wk of oily fish or poultry (control). We measured blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability (HRV) via 3-h continuous electrocardiograms and collected fasting blood samples for analysis of erythrocyte EPA [20:5n-3 (ω-3)] + DHA (22:6n-3) and serum triacylglycerol, LDL and HDL cholesterol, glucose, and insulin. RESULTS One hundred and ninety-seven children (99%) completed the trial. The fish group consumed a median (IQR) of 375 (325-426) g oily fish/wk and the poultry group consumed 400 (359-452) g poultry/wk, which resulted in 2.25 (95% CI: 1.88, 2.62) fatty acid percentage-point higher erythrocyte EPA + DHA in the fish group (P < 0.001). In the fish group, serum triacylglycerol decreased by 0.05 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.00, 0.11 mmol/L) (P = 0.04) and HDL cholesterol increased by 0.07 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.01, 0.13 mmol/L) (P = 0.02); the triacylglycerol effect showed dose-dependency with erythrocyte EPA + DHA (r = -0.15, P = 0.04), whereas HDL showed a tendency for such an association(r = 0.13, P = 0.08). Additional analyses indicated sex-specificity (Pdiet*sex < 0.10), because triacylglycerol was reduced by 0.09 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.02, 0.16 mmol/L) in boys only (girls: -0.00; 95% CI: -0.07, 0.07 mmol/L) and heart rate was reduced by 3.4 bpm (95% CI: 0.2, 6.6 bpm) in girls only (boys: 0.6; 95% CI: -2.6, 3.8 bpm). Blood pressure, HRV, and glucose homeostasis were unaffected. CONCLUSIONS Oily fish intake improved serum triacylglycerol and HDL cholesterol in a dose-dependent manner in 8- to 9-y-old children, but had no effect on blood pressure, HRV, or glucose homeostasis. This supports recommendations for fish intake in children and underlines the importance of initiatives to increase children's intake of oily fish. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02809508.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Vuholm
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jesper M Rantanen
- Department of Nephrology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Marie N Teisen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian Mølgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Lotte Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Camilla T Damsgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Maki KC, Eren F, Cassens ME, Dicklin MR, Davidson MH. ω-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cardiometabolic Health: Current Evidence, Controversies, and Research Gaps. Adv Nutr 2018; 9:688-700. [PMID: 30184091 PMCID: PMC6247292 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend limiting the intake of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) to <10% of energy/d and replacing dietary SFAs with unsaturated fatty acids. A Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association recently released its evaluation of the relation between dietary fats and cardiovascular disease (CVD), and also recommended a shift from SFAs to unsaturated fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), in conjunction with a healthy dietary pattern. However, the suggestion to increase the intake of PUFAs in general, and omega-6 (n-6) PUFAs in particular, continues to be controversial. This review was undertaken to provide an overview of the evidence and controversies regarding the effects of ω-6 PUFAs on cardiometabolic health, with emphasis on risks and risk factors for CVD (coronary heart disease and stroke) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Results from observational studies show that higher intake of ω-6 PUFAs, when compared with SFAs or carbohydrate, is associated with lower risks for CVD events (10-30%), CVD and total mortality (10-40%), and T2D (20-50%). Findings from intervention studies on cardiometabolic risk factors suggest that ω-6 PUFAs reduce concentrations of LDL cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol in a dose-dependent manner compared with dietary carbohydrate, and have a neutral effect on blood pressure. Despite the concern that ω-6 fatty acids increase inflammation, current evidence from studies in humans does not support this view. In conclusion, these findings support current recommendations to emphasize consumption of ω-6 PUFAs as a replacement of SFAs; additional randomized controlled trials with cardiometabolic disease outcomes will help to more clearly define the benefits and risks of this policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Maki
- Midwest Biomedical Research: Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health, Glen Ellyn, IL,Address correspondence to KCM (e-mail: )
| | - Fulya Eren
- ACH Food Companies, Inc., Oakbrook Terrace, IL
| | | | - Mary R Dicklin
- Midwest Biomedical Research: Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health, Glen Ellyn, IL
| | - Michael H Davidson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Abraham C, Speth RC. The relationship between omega‐3 fatty acids and blood pressure. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jphs.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christy Abraham
- Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography Nova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale FL USA
- College of Psychology Nova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale FLUSA
- College of Pharmacy Nova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale FL USA
| | - Robert C. Speth
- College of Pharmacy Nova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale FL USA
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Trebatická J, Dukát A, Ďuračková Z, Muchová J. Cardiovascular diseases, depression disorders and potential effects of omega-3 fatty acids. Physiol Res 2017; 66:363-382. [PMID: 28248536 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and depressive disorders (DD) are two of the most prevalent health problems in the world. Although CVD and depression have different origin, they share some common pathophysiological characteristics and risk factors, such as the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, endothelial dysfunction, blood flow abnormalities, decreased glucose metabolism, elevated plasma homocysteine levels, oxidative stress and disorder in vitamin D metabolism. Current findings confirm the common underlying factors for both pathologies, which are related to dramatic dietary changes in the mid-19th century. By changing dietary ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids from 1:1 to 15-20:1 some changes in metabolism were induced, such as increased pro-inflammatory mediators and modulations of different signaling pathways following pathophysiological response related to both, cardiovascular diseases and depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Trebatická
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and Child University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Serum long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of orthostatic hypotension. Hypertens Res 2016; 39:543-7. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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A Western dietary pattern is associated with higher blood pressure in Iranian adolescents. Eur J Nutr 2015; 56:399-408. [PMID: 26534856 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1090-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The dietary determinants of adolescent blood pressure (BP) are not well understood. We determined the association between major dietary patterns and BP in a sample of Iranian adolescents. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted among a representative sample (n = 557) of Shirazi adolescents aged 12-19 years. Participants' systolic and diastolic BP was measured using a validated oscillometric BP monitor. Usual dietary intakes during the past 12 months were assessed using a valid and reproducible 168-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire through face-to-face interviews. Principal component factor analysis was used to identify major dietary patterns based on a set of 25 predefined food groups. RESULTS Overall, three major dietary patterns were identified, among which only the Western pattern (abundant in soft drinks, sweets and desserts, salt, mayonnaise, tea and coffee, salty snacks, high-fat dairy products, French fries, and red or processed meats) had a significant association with BP. After adjusting for potential confounders in the analysis of covariance models, multivariable adjusted means of the systolic and mean BP of subjects in the highest tertile of the Western pattern score were significantly higher than those in the lowest tertile (for systolic BP: mean difference 6.9 mmHg, P = 0.001; and for mean BP: mean difference 4.2 mmHg, P = 0.003). A similar but statistically insignificant difference was observed in terms of diastolic BP. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that a Western dietary pattern is associated with higher BP in Iranian adolescents. However, additional large-scale prospective studies with adequate methodological quality are required to confirm these findings.
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Abstract
The long-term adherence to the dietary guidelines has not been evaluated against emergence of cardiometabolic risks in adolescents with increasing rates of obesity. The present study aimed to (1) determine the level of adherence to the guidelines using the Australian Dietary Guideline Index for Children and Adolescents (DGI-CA) in adolescents of age 14 and 17 years and to (2) examine the relationship between their assessed diet quality and concurrently measured cardiometabolic risk factors over time. Data were analysed from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. The DGI-CA was determined from a FFQ. Anthropometry and fasting biochemical measures were taken using standard procedures. Hierarchical linear mixed models examined associations between cardiometabolic risk factors and DGI-CA, adjusting for socio-economic status, physical activity, BMI, and sex, and examining for interactions. The mean DGI-CA scores were 47·1 (sd 10·2) at 14 years (n 1419) and 47·7 (sd 11·0) at 17 years (n 843), and were not different between sex. There was a significant inverse association between DGI-CA and insulin, homeostasis model assessment score and heart rate. The DGI-CA was positively associated with BMI (P= 0·029) but negatively with waist:hip ratio (P= 0·026). It was not associated with lipids or blood pressure, with the exception of a negative association with TAG (P= 0·011). The degree of adherence in the Raine Study adolescents was suboptimal but similar to the Australian Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. The present study shows that, at any particular time, better diet quality was associated with better insulin sensitivity and TAG levels and decreased abdominal fatness.
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Bonafini S, Antoniazzi F, Maffeis C, Minuz P, Fava C. Beneficial effects of ω-3 PUFA in children on cardiovascular risk factors during childhood and adolescence. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015; 120:72-9. [PMID: 25834924 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsatured fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA) are essential nutrients mainly derived from fish and seafood but present also in vegetables such as nuts and seed-oils. Some epidemiological and clinical studies indicate a protection of ω-3 FA against cardiovascular disease and a favourable effect on cardiovascular risk factors control in adults. The evidences of their effects in children and adolescents are scanty but a possible beneficial role, especially for insulin sensitivity and blood pressure control, has been proposed. In this review we want to focus especially on the evidences, which could justify the assumption of ω-3 in children and adolescents, and to underline the aspects which need further investigation. Mechanisms through which ω-3 FA act are manifolds and still a matter of investigation: beside their interaction with ion channel and their influence on plasma membrane fluidity, probably the main effect is acting as competitor for cytochrome P-450 (CYP) with respect to ω-6 FA. Thus, they can modulate the biosynthesis of eicosanoids and other lipid mediators, which likely exert a protective action. Another suggestive hypothesis is that their beneficial effect is not dependent only on the intake of ω-3 FA, but also on the complex interaction between different nutrients including ω-3 and other FAs with polymorphisms in genes involved in ω-3 FA modulation. This complex interaction has seldom been explored in children and adolescents. Further studies are needed to investigate all these points in order to find a better collocation of ω-3 FA on the available armamentarium for preventive, possibly individualized, medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bonafini
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Section of Internal Medicine C, Italy.
| | - Franco Antoniazzi
- University of Verona, Department of Life and Reproduction Science, Italy
| | - Claudio Maffeis
- University of Verona, Department of Life and Reproduction Science, Italy
| | - Pietro Minuz
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Section of Internal Medicine C, Italy
| | - Cristiano Fava
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Section of Internal Medicine C, Italy
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Hartley L, Clar C, Flowers N, Hooper L, Rees K. Omega 6 fatty acids for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Huang RC, Mori TA, Beilin LJ. Early life programming of cardiometabolic disease in the Western Australian pregnancy cohort (Raine) study. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 39:973-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2012.05746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Trevor A Mori
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology; University of Western Australia; Perth; Western Australia; Australia
| | - Lawrence J Beilin
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology; University of Western Australia; Perth; Western Australia; Australia
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van Rossem L, Wijga AH, de Jongste JC, Koppelman GH, Oldenwening M, Postma DS, Abrahamse-Berkeveld M, van de Heijning B, Brunekreef B, Smit HA. Blood pressure in 12-year-old children is associated with fatty acid composition of human milk: the prevention and incidence of asthma and mite allergy birth cohort. Hypertension 2012; 60:1055-60. [PMID: 22926954 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.197830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Breastfed individuals have a lower blood pressure than formula-fed individuals. Supplementation with n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in adults is also associated with a lower blood pressure. We studied whether children receiving human milk with a relatively high content of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids have a lower blood pressure at age 12 years, and, if so, whether this association is explained by the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids content in erythrocyte membranes at age 12 years. Within a 12-year follow-up of a population-based birth cohort, we compared blood pressure of 205 never-breastfed children and 109 children who had fatty acid composition of their mothers' breast milk measured during lactation. In addition, 973 children had information on erythrocyte fatty acid composition and blood pressure at age 12 years. Children who received human milk with an n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids content above the median (ie, 0.51 weight percentage) had a 4.79-mm Hg lower systolic (95% CI, -7.64 to -1.94) and a 2.47-mm Hg lower diastolic (95% CI, -4.45 to -0.49) blood pressure at age 12 years than never-breastfed children. N-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids levels in human milk below the median value and current n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status were not associated with blood pressure at age 12 years. Thus, a relatively high content of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk is associated with a lower blood pressure in children at age 12 years, a finding not explained by current n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenie van Rossem
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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