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Fayed B, Shakartalla SB, Sabbah H, Dalle H, Tannira M, Senok A, Soliman SSM. Transcriptome Analysis of Human Dermal Cells Infected with Candida auris Identified Unique Pathogenesis/Defensive Mechanisms Particularly Ferroptosis. Mycopathologia 2024; 189:65. [PMID: 38990436 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-024-00868-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging multi-drug resistant yeast that can cause life-threatening infections. A recent report clarified the ability of C. auris to form a biofilm with enhanced drug resistance properties in the host skin's deep layers. The formed biofilm may initiate further bloodstream spread and immune escape. Therefore, we propose that secreted chemicals from the biofilm may facilitate fungal pathogenesis. In response to this interaction, the host skin may develop potential defensive mechanisms. Comparative transcriptomics was performed on the host dermal cells in response to indirect interaction with C. auris biofilm through Transwell inserts compared to planktonic cells. Furthermore, the effect of antifungals including caspofungin and fluconazole was studied. The obtained data showed that the dermal cells exhibited different transcriptional responses. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Reactome analyses identified potential defensive responses employed by the dermal cells and potential toxicity induced by C. auris. Additionally, our data indicated that the dominating toxic effect was mediated by ferroptosis; which was validated by qRT-PCR, cytotoxicity assay, and flow cytometry. On the other hand, the viability of C. auris biofilm was enhanced and accompanied by upregulation of MDR1, and KRE6 upon interaction with dermal cells; both genes play significant roles in drug resistance and biofilm maturation, respectively. This study for the first-time shed light on the dominating defensive responses of human dermal cells, microbe colonization site, to C. auris biofilm and its toxic effects. Further, it demonstrates how C. auris biofilm responds to the defensive mechanisms developed by the human dermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahgat Fayed
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sarra B Shakartalla
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, P.O.Box. 21111, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | - Hassan Sabbah
- AbbVie BioPharmaceuticals, P.O. Box 118052, Dubai, UAE
| | - Hala Dalle
- AbbVie BioPharmaceuticals, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | | | - Abiola Senok
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Building 14 Dubai Healthcare City, P.O.Box 505055, Dubai, UAE
| | - Sameh S M Soliman
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE.
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2
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Tolomeo M, Cascio A. The Complex Dysregulations of CD4 T Cell Subtypes in HIV Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7512. [PMID: 39062756 PMCID: PMC11276885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains an important global public health problem. About 40 million people are infected with HIV, and this infection caused about 630,000 deaths in 2022. The hallmark of HIV infection is the depletion of CD4+ T helper lymphocytes (Th cells). There are at least seven different Th subtypes, and not all are the main targets of HIV. Moreover, the effect of the virus in a specific subtype can be completely different from that of the others. Although the most compromised Th subtype in HIV infection is Th17, HIV can induce important dysregulations in other subtypes, such as follicular Th (Tfh) cells and regulatory Th cells (Treg cells or Tregs). Several studies have shown that HIV can induce an increase in the immunosuppressive activity of Tregs without causing a significant reduction in their numbers, at least in the early phase of infection. The increased activity of this Th subtype seems to play an important role in determining the immunodeficiency status of HIV-infected patients, and Tregs may represent a new target for innovative anti-HIV therapies, including the so-called "Kick and Kill" therapeutic method whose goal is the complete elimination of the virus and the healing of HIV infection. In this review, we report the most important findings on the effects of HIV on different CD4+ T cell subtypes, the molecular mechanisms by which the virus impairs the functions of these cells, and the implications for new anti-HIV therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manlio Tolomeo
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, A.O.U.P. Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cascio
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, A.O.U.P. Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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3
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Armstrong E, Hemmerling A, Miller S, Huibner S, Kulikova M, Liu R, Crawford E, Castañeda GR, Coburn B, Cohen CR, Kaul R. Vaginal fungi are associated with treatment-induced shifts in the vaginal microbiota and with a distinct genital immune profile. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0350123. [PMID: 38912808 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03501-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaginal colonization by fungi may elicit genital inflammation and enhance the risk of adverse reproductive health outcomes, such as HIV acquisition. Cross-sectional studies have linked fungi with an absence of bacterial vaginosis (BV), but it is unclear whether shifts in vaginal bacteria alter the abundance of vaginal fungi. Vaginal swabs collected following topical metronidazole treatment for BV during the phase 2b, placebo-controlled trial of LACTIN-V, a Lactobacillus crispatus-based live biotherapeutic, were assayed with semi-quantitative PCR for the relative quantitation of fungi and key bacterial species and multiplex immunoassay for immune factors. Vaginal fungi increased immediately following metronidazole treatment for BV (adjusted P = 0.0006), with most of this increase attributable to Candida albicans. Vaginal fungi were independently linked to elevated levels of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL) 17A, although this association did not remain significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. Fungal relative abundance by semi-quantitative PCR returned to baseline levels within 1 month of metronidazole treatment and was not affected by LACTIN-V or placebo administration. Fungal abundance was positively associated with Lactobacillus species, negatively associated with BV-associated bacteria, and positively associated with a variety of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including IL-17A, during and after study product administration. Antibiotic treatment for BV resulted in a transient expanded abundance of vaginal fungi in a subset of women which was unaffected by subsequent administration of LACTIN-V. Vaginal fungi were positively associated with Lactobacillus species and IL-17A and negatively associated with BV-associated bacteria; these associations were most pronounced in the longer-term outcomes.IMPORTANCEVaginal colonization by fungi can enhance the risk of adverse reproductive health outcomes and HIV acquisition, potentially by eliciting genital mucosal inflammation. We show that standard antibiotic treatment for bacterial vaginosis (BV) results in a transient increase in the absolute abundance of vaginal fungi, most of which was identified as Candida albicans. Vaginal fungi were positively associated with proinflammatory immune factors and negatively associated with BV-associated bacteria. These findings improve our understanding of how shifts in the bacterial composition of the vaginal microbiota may enhance proliferation by proinflammatory vaginal fungi, which may have important implications for risk of adverse reproductive health outcomes among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Armstrong
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anke Hemmerling
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steve Miller
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Delve Bio, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sanja Huibner
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maria Kulikova
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rachel Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Emily Crawford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Bryan Coburn
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Craig R Cohen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rupert Kaul
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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Khan S, Bilal H, Khan MN, Fang W, Chang W, Yin B, Song NJ, Liu Z, Zhang D, Yao F, Wang X, Wang Q, Cai L, Hou B, Wang J, Mao C, Liu L, Zeng Y. Interleukin inhibitors and the associated risk of candidiasis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1372693. [PMID: 38605952 PMCID: PMC11007146 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1372693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukins (ILs) are vital in regulating the immune system, enabling to combat fungal diseases like candidiasis effectively. Their inhibition may cause enhanced susceptibility to infection. IL inhibitors have been employed to control autoimmune diseases and inhibitors of IL-17 and IL-23, for example, have been associated with an elevated risk of Candida infection. Thus, applying IL inhibitors might impact an individual's susceptibility to Candida infections. Variations in the severity of Candida infections have been observed between individuals with different IL inhibitors, necessitating careful consideration of their specific risk profiles. IL-1 inhibitors (anakinra, canakinumab, and rilonacept), IL-2 inhibitors (daclizumab, and basiliximab), and IL-4 inhibitors (dupilumab) have rarely been associated with Candida infection. In contrast, tocilizumab, an inhibitor of IL-6, has demonstrated an elevated risk in the context of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment, as evidenced by a 6.9% prevalence of candidemia among patients using the drug. Furthermore, the incidence of Candida infections appeared to be higher in patients exposed to IL-17 inhibitors than in those exposed to IL-23 inhibitors. Therefore, healthcare practitioners must maintain awareness of the risk of candidiasis associated with using of IL inhibitors before prescribing them. Future prospective studies need to exhaustively investigate candidiasis and its associated risk factors in patients receiving IL inhibitors. Implementing enduring surveillance methods is crucial to ensure IL inhibitors safe and efficient utilization of in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabir Khan
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hazrat Bilal
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Wenjie Fang
- Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqiang Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Yin
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning-jing Song
- Department of Dermatology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongrong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongxing Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Meizhou Dongshan Hospital, Meizhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Dermatology, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fen Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shantou University School Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Cai
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing Hou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Skin and Venereal Diseases Prevention and Control Hospital of Shantou City, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiayue Wang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunyan Mao
- Department of Dermatology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingxi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuebin Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Dermatology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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5
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Li T, Liu ZH, Fan LY, Zhang Z, Bai HH, Wang FJ, Shang CG, Zong XN, Liu Y. The fungal quorum-sensing molecule, farnesol, regulates the immune response of vaginal epithelial cells against Candida albicans. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:251. [PMID: 37684571 PMCID: PMC10485994 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02987-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Farnesol is a Candida-secreted quorum-sensing molecule of great interest as a potential antifungal agent for serious and hardly curable infections-candidiasis, especially vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). METHODS The effect of farnesol on cellular morphology and viability and evaluated the production of Th1 (IL-2), Th2 (IL-4), proinflammatory (IL-6), chemotactic (IL-8), and Th17 (IL-17) cytokines in the culture supernatants of vaginal epithelial cell line (VK2) were evaluated. Moreover, we tested the inhibitory effect of farnesol on C. albicans adhesion. Scanning electron microscopy was conducted to observe any VK2 cell ultrastructural changes. RESULTS Only low concentrations (≤ 50 µmol/L) of farnesol did not affect the morphology and viability of the VK2 cells (P > 0.05). Farnesol reduced the adhesion of C. albicans to the VK2 cells. When treated with farnesol, statistical elevated levels of both IL-4 and IL-17 secreted by the infected VK2 cells were present in the culture supernatants (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Farnesol acts as a stimulator to up-regulate the Th17-type innate immune response, as well as Th2-type humoral immunity following C. albicans infection. Further research is required to select the optimal therapeutic dose to develop efficacious and safe mucosal immune adjuvant for treating VVCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Lin-Yuan Fan
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Hui Bai
- Department of Microecological Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Juan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen-Guang Shang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Nan Zong
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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6
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Wang J, Zhao X, Wan YY. Intricacies of TGF-β signaling in Treg and Th17 cell biology. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:1002-1022. [PMID: 37217798 PMCID: PMC10468540 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Balanced immunity is pivotal for health and homeostasis. CD4+ helper T (Th) cells are central to the balance between immune tolerance and immune rejection. Th cells adopt distinct functions to maintain tolerance and clear pathogens. Dysregulation of Th cell function often leads to maladies, including autoimmunity, inflammatory disease, cancer, and infection. Regulatory T (Treg) and Th17 cells are critical Th cell types involved in immune tolerance, homeostasis, pathogenicity, and pathogen clearance. It is therefore critical to understand how Treg and Th17 cells are regulated in health and disease. Cytokines are instrumental in directing Treg and Th17 cell function. The evolutionarily conserved TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) cytokine superfamily is of particular interest because it is central to the biology of both Treg cells that are predominantly immunosuppressive and Th17 cells that can be proinflammatory, pathogenic, and immune regulatory. How TGF-β superfamily members and their intricate signaling pathways regulate Treg and Th17 cell function is a question that has been intensely investigated for two decades. Here, we introduce the fundamental biology of TGF-β superfamily signaling, Treg cells, and Th17 cells and discuss in detail how the TGF-β superfamily contributes to Treg and Th17 cell biology through complex yet ordered and cooperative signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Xingqi Zhao
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yisong Y Wan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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Abreu NCD, França SDT, Marcelo Júnior HB, Ladeira AN. Case for diagnosis. Disseminated erythematous and scaly plaques: chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. An Bras Dermatol 2023; 98:691-694. [PMID: 37202247 PMCID: PMC10404544 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2022.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Chebli de Abreu
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Infantil João Paulo II, Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Dermatology, Hospital Eduardo de Menezes, Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Samuel Duarte Timponi França
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Infantil João Paulo II, Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Dermatology, Hospital Eduardo de Menezes, Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Neto Ladeira
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Infantil João Paulo II, Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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8
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Yeung J, Bunce PE, Lynde CW, Turchin I, Vender RB. Review and Practical Guidance on Managing Fungal Infections in Patients With Psoriasis Receiving Anti-IL-17 Therapies. J Cutan Med Surg 2022; 26:3S-23S. [PMID: 35819172 DOI: 10.1177/12034754221111111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The IL-17 signalling pathway is a major target in treatment of plaque psoriasis. IL-17 signalling contributes to chronic inflammation and epidermal hyperplasia seen in psoriatic lesions. Blocking the IL-17 signalling cascade is an effective method in treating this disease. However, IL-17 also plays a role in the immunological protection against fungal infections and therefore, patients on IL-17 biologics experience an increased rate of fungal infections, specifically Candida albicans. It is prudent that patients and physicians are aware of this risk and understand how to recognize and manage Candida infections. In this review, we examine the Candida infection rates associated with IL-17 biologics, both in clinical trials and real-world practice. We discuss common presentations associated with various types of candidiasis and propose a recommended management approach to treating these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jensen Yeung
- 12366 Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Dermatology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Probity Medical Research Inc., Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Paul E Bunce
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Charles W Lynde
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Probity Medical Research Inc., Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Lynde Institute for Dermatology, Markham, ON, Canada
| | - Irina Turchin
- Probity Medical Research Inc., Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Brunswick Dermatology Center, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada.,12361 Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ronald B Vender
- Dermatrials Research Inc. & Venderm Innovations in Psoriasis, Hamilton, ON, Canada, Canada.,Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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9
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Liu Z, Liu Q, Xu Y, Han Z, Zhang L, Li X. Boric Acid Solution Inhibits Candida albicans Infections in Mouse Skin via the IL-23/Th17 Axis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:919677. [PMID: 35783379 PMCID: PMC9244550 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.919677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect and mechanism of 3% boric acid solution (BAS) against Candida albicans (CA) infection via the interleukin-23 (IL-23)/T helper 17 cell (Th17) axis. 36 female mice were randomly divided into 3 groups, and 2 injection sites on the back of the mice were chosen at random. Group N was injected with sterile water for injection (SWFI), and Group M and Group B were injected with CA mycelium suspension. After successful model verification, the remaining mice entered the following treatments 5 days later. Group B was treated with 3% BAS, Group M was treated with SWFI, and Group N was not treated. Levels of interleukin-17 (IL-17), IL-22, and IL-23 in mouse blood were measured on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 of treatment. On day 7, IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23 in mouse skin were detected. Serum levels of IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23 in Group M were higher than in Group N on the first day of treatment (p < 0.05). Expression levels of IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23 in the epidermis of the skin lesions in Group M were higher than in Group N on day 7 (p < 0.05). The serum level of IL-17 in Group B was higher than in Group M on days 5 and 7 (p < 0.05). Serum levels of IL-22 in Group B on days 1, 5, and 7 were higher than in Group M (p < 0.05). Serum levels of IL-23 in Group B were higher than in Group M on days 3, 5, and 7 (p < 0.05). IL-17 and IL-23 in Group B reached a peak on day 5, significantly different on days 1, 3, and 7 (p < 0.05). The expression intensity of IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23 in the skin lesions of Group B was higher than that of Group M on day 7 (p < 0.05). We conclude that IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23 are involved in the anti-CA activity in mouse skin, and 3% BAS increased IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23 to mediate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Anqing Municipal Hospital, Anqing, China
| | - Yanyan Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Zhao Han
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
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10
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Bruno M, Davidson L, Koenen HJPM, van den Reek JMPA, van Cranenbroek B, de Jong EMGJ, van de Veerdonk FL, Kullberg BJ, Netea MG. Immunological effects of anti-IL-17/12/23 therapy in patients with psoriasis complicated by Candida infections. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:2929-2939.e8. [PMID: 35662644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.05.1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biologics that block the T-helper-17 pathway are very effective in the treatment of psoriasis and other inflammatory diseases. However, interleukin-17 is also crucial for antifungal host defense, and clinical trial data suggest an increase in the incidence of Candida infections during IL-17 inhibitor (IL-17i) therapy. We investigated the innate and adaptive immune responses of psoriasis patients with a history of skin and/or mucosal candidiasis during IL-17i or IL-12/23i therapy, comparing those responses to healthy controls. Psoriasis patients with IL-17i showed significantly lower CD4+Th1-like (CCR6-CXCR3+CCR4-) and Th1Th17-like (CD4+CCR6+CXCR3+CCR4-) cell percentages. Patient cells stimulated with Candida albicans produced significantly lower IL-6 in the IL-12/23i group and IL-1β production in the IL-17i group, while the release of TNF-α and ROS was similar between patients and controls. IFN-γ and IL-10 production in response to several stimuli after 7 days was particularly decreased in patients receiving IL-17i therapy. Finally, after stimulation with the polarizing cytokines IL-1β and IL-23, the Th17 cytokine response was significantly lower in the IL-17i patient group. These innate and adaptive immune response defects can diminish antifungal host immune response and thereby increase susceptibility to candidiasis in patients treated with IL-17i or IL-12/23i.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariolina Bruno
- Radboud University Medical Center Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Linda Davidson
- Radboud University Medical Center Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans J P M Koenen
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | | | - Bram van Cranenbroek
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Elke M G J de Jong
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Radboud University Medical Center Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Disease (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart-Jan Kullberg
- Radboud University Medical Center Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Disease (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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11
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Hu L, Man S, Ji X, Wang Y, Liu X, Zhang J, Song C, Zhu J, Huang F. Risk of infections of biological and targeted drugs in patients with spondyloarthritis: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:911-919. [PMID: 35730370 PMCID: PMC9276457 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concerns exist regarding the risk of infections in patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA) treated with biologics. We assessed the risk of infections of biological and targeted drugs in patients with SpA by performing a meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and China Biology Medicine Disc for RCTs evaluating the risk of infections of biological therapy in patients with SpA from inception through August 9, 2021. We calculated a pooled Peto odds ratio (OR) for infections in biologics-treated patients vs. placebo patients. The risk of bias on the included RCTs was assessed by using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. RESULTS In total, 62 studies were included in this meta-analysis. Overall, the risk of infection (Peto OR: 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07-1.26, P < 0.001), serious infection (Peto OR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.26-2.17, P < 0.001), upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) (Peto OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.04-1.32, P = 0.008), nasopharyngitis (Peto OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.10-1.42, P < 0.001), and Candida infection (Peto OR: 2.64, 95% CI: 1.48-4.71, P = 0.001) were increased in SpA patients treated with biologics compared with placebo. Sensitivity analysis based on biologics classes was conducted, and results demonstrated that compared with placebo, there was a higher risk of infection for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a inhibitors (Peto OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.13-1.68, P = 0.001) and interleukin (IL)-17 inhibitors (Peto OR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.08-2.22, P = 0.018) in axial SpA, and for Janus kinase inhibitors in peripheral SpA (Peto OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.14-1.69, P = 0.001); higher risk of serious infection for IL-17 inhibitors in peripheral SpA (Peto OR: 3.46, 95% CI: 1.26-9.55, P = 0.016) and axial SpA (Peto OR: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.38-2.91, P < 0.001); higher risk of URTI for TNF-a inhibitors in axial SpA (Peto OR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.05-1.78, P = 0.019), and for apremilast in peripheral SpA (Peto OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.08-2.36, P = 0.018); higher risk of nasopharyngitis for TNF-a inhibitors in axial SpA (Peto OR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.05-1.90, P = 0.022) and peripheral SpA (Peto OR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.09-2.05, P = 0.013), and for IL-17 inhibitors in axial SpA (Peto OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.01-1.82, P = 0.044); higher risk of herpes zoster for Janus kinase inhibitors in peripheral SpA (Peto OR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.03-4.62, P = 0.043); higher risk of Candida infection for IL-17 inhibitors in peripheral SpA (Peto OR: 2.52, 95% CI: 1.31-4.84, P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis shows that biological therapy in patients with SpA may increase the risk of infections, including serious infections, URTI, nasopharyngitis, and Candida infection, which should be paid attention to in our clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidong Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Siliang Man
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Xiaojian Ji
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xingkang Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Chuan Song
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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12
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Bagri P, Anipindi VC, Kaushic C. The Role of IL-17 During Infections in the Female Reproductive Tract. Front Immunol 2022; 13:861444. [PMID: 35493460 PMCID: PMC9046847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.861444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17A) is a cytokine involved in a complex array of both protective and detrimental processes. Although early biological studies focused on the pro-inflammatory function of IL-17 in the context of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, it has become increasingly evident that the roles of IL-17 are far more nuanced. Recent work has demonstrated that the functions of IL-17 are highly context- and tissue-dependent, and there is a fine balance between the pathogenic and protective functions of IL-17. This is especially evident in mucosal tissues such as the female reproductive tract, where IL-17 has been shown to play an important role in the immune response generated during fungal, bacterial and viral infections associated with protection, but also with inflammation. In this review, we discuss the evolving landscape of IL-17 biology within the context of the vaginal mucosa, focusing on key findings that highlight the importance of this cytokine in genital mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Bagri
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Varun C. Anipindi
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Charu Kaushic
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Charu Kaushic,
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13
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Gehlhaar A, Inala A, Llivichuzhca-Loja D, Silva TN, Adegboye CY, O’Connell AE, Konnikova L. Insights into the Role of Commensal-Specific T Cells in Intestinal Inflammation. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:1873-1887. [PMID: 35342295 PMCID: PMC8943607 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s288288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trillions of microorganisms exist in the human intestine as commensals and contribute to homeostasis through their interactions with the immune system. In this review, we use previous evidence from published papers to elucidate the involvement of commensal-specific T cells (CSTCs) in regulating intestinal inflammatory responses. CSTCs are generated centrally in the thymus or peripherally at mucosal interfaces and present as CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. Bacteria, fungi, and even viruses act commensally with humans, warranting consideration of CSTCs in this critical relationship. Dysregulation of this immunological balance can result in both intestinal inflammation or damaging autoimmune responses elsewhere in the body. Given the relative novelty of CSTCs in the literature, we aim to introduce the importance of their role in maintaining immune homeostasis at barrier sites such as the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Gehlhaar
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ashwin Inala
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Tatiana N Silva
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Comfort Y Adegboye
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy E O’Connell
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liza Konnikova
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program in Human and Translational Immunology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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14
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Peterson P, Kisand K, Kluger N, Ranki A. Loss of AIRE-Mediated Immune Tolerance and the Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:760-767. [PMID: 34535292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The core function of the immune response is to distinguish between self and foreign. The multiorgan human autoimmune disease, autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED/autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1) is an example of what happens in the body when central immune tolerance goes astray. APECED revealed the existence and function of the autoimmune regulator gene, which has a central role in the development of tolerance. The discovery of autoimmune regulator was the start of a new period in immunology and in understanding the role of central and peripheral tolerance, also very relevant to many skin diseases as we highlight in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pärt Peterson
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kai Kisand
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nicolas Kluger
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, and Inflammation Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annamari Ranki
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, and Inflammation Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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15
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Philippot Q, Casanova JL, Puel A. Candidiasis in patients with APS-1: low IL-17, high IFN-γ, or both? Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 72:318-323. [PMID: 34455138 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) is one of the earliest and most frequent clinical manifestations of autosomal recessive autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1), a monogenic inborn error of immunity caused by deleterious variants of the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene. APS-1 patients suffer from various autoimmune diseases, due to the defective thymic deletion of autoreactive T cells, and the development of a large range of autoantibodies (auto-Abs) against various tissue antigens, and some cytokines. The mechanisms underlying CMC remained elusive for many years, until the description in 2010 of high serum titers of neutralizing auto-Abs against IL-17A, IL-17F, and/or IL-22, which are present in almost all APS-1 patients. Excessively high mucosal concentrations of IFN-γ were recently proposed as an alternative mechanism for CMC in APS-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Philippot
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States.
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16
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Bruellman R, Llorente C. A Perspective Of Intestinal Immune-Microbiome Interactions In Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:307-327. [PMID: 33390852 PMCID: PMC7757023 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.53589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncovering the intricacies of the gut microbiome and how it interacts with the host immune system has opened up pathways in the search for the treatment of disease conditions. Alcohol-associated liver disease is a major cause of death worldwide. Research has shed light on the breakdown of the protective gut barriers, translocation of gut microbes to the liver and inflammatory immune response to microbes all contributing to alcohol-associated liver disease. This knowledge has opened up avenues for alternative therapies to alleviate alcohol-associated liver disease based on the interaction of the commensal gut microbiome as a key player in the regulation of the immune response. This review describes the relevance of the intestinal immune system, the gut microbiota, and specialized and non-specialized intestinal cells in the regulation of intestinal homeostasis. It also reflects how these components are altered during alcohol-associated liver disease and discusses new approaches for potential future therapies in alcohol-associated liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Bruellman
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Llorente
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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17
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New insight of red seaweed derived Callophycin A as an alternative strategy to treat drug resistance vaginal candidiasis. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104256. [PMID: 32942217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Marine natural products are recognised as one among the major contributors of several important biological functions. The arguments has made to utilization of natural products against different kinds of infectious diseases. In the present study, Callophycin A was successfully prepared and its anti-candidal activity was evaluated through in-vitro and in-vivo methods. The in-vitro results revealed that, Callophycin A significantly inhibits the azole resistant and sensitive C. albicans. Further, in-vivo animal experiments have shown the effective reduction in CFU of C. albicans from its beginning day of the treatment as compared to the disease control group. At the end of Callophycin A administration, there was a decrease in inflammatory response and immune molecules such as IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, IL-22, TNF-α, macrophages, CD4 and CD8 cells were observed. Whereas the animals in the disease control group expressed all the parameters with the elevated level as compared to the control group. There are no hematological abnormalities such as neutropenia, lymphocytosis and eosinophilia was observed in any animal groups except the disease control group. Finally, the evidence based prediction of anti-candidal efficacious of Callophycin A was demonstrated.
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18
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Shohan M, Dehghani R, Khodadadi A, Dehnavi S, Ahmadi R, Joudaki N, Houshmandfar S, Shamshiri M, Shojapourian S, Bagheri N. Interleukin-22 and intestinal homeostasis: Protective or destructive? IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1585-1602. [PMID: 32365282 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22 is a member of IL-10 family cytokines with various immunologic functions. As its name implies, IL-22 is known to be secreted mainly by Th22 cells, a recently discovered lineage of CD4+ T cells. Also, Th17, Th1, natural killer cells, γδT cells, and innate immune cells along with some nonlymphoid cells have been confirmed as secondary cellular sources of IL-22. Different cell types such as bronchial and intestinal epithelial cells, keratinocytes, hepatocytes, dermal fibroblasts, and tubular epithelial cells are affected by IL-22. Both pathologic and protective roles have been attributed to IL-22 in maintaining gut homeostasis and inflammation. According to the latest fast-growing investigations, IL-22 is significantly involved in various pathologies including allergic diseases, infection, autoimmunity, and cancer development. Regulating gut immune responses, barrier integrity, and inflammation is dependent on a diverse complex of cytokines and mediators which are secreted by mucosal immune cells. Several investigations have been designed to recognize the role of IL-22 in gastrointestinal immunity. This article tries to discuss the latest knowledge on this issue and clarify the potential of IL-22 to be used in the future therapeutic approaches of intestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel diseases and colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Shohan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Razieh Dehghani
- Department of Pediatrics, Abuzar Children's Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Khodadadi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sajad Dehnavi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Ahmadi
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Nazanin Joudaki
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sheyda Houshmandfar
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Marziye Shamshiri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Samira Shojapourian
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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19
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Lauffer F, Eyerich K, Boehncke WH, Asadullah K, Beissert S, Ghoreschi K, Schön MP. Zytokine der IL‐17‐Familie bei der Psoriasis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2020; 18:675-681. [PMID: 32713148 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14124_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Lauffer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie am Biederstein, Technische Universität München
| | - Kilian Eyerich
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie am Biederstein, Technische Universität München
| | - Wolf-Henning Boehncke
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, University of Geneva, Schweiz
| | | | - Stefan Beissert
- Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Dresden
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Michael P Schön
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen.,Niedersächsisches Institut für Berufsdermatologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen
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20
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Prinz I, Sandrock I, Mrowietz U. Interleukin-17 cytokines: Effectors and targets in psoriasis-A breakthrough in understanding and treatment. J Exp Med 2020; 217:jem.20191397. [PMID: 31727784 PMCID: PMC7037256 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the steps from basic research on IL-17 family cytokines to understanding their role in psoriasis pathogenesis to the approval of a number of monoclonal antibodies targeting IL-17 pathways as first line treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. The IL-17 cytokine family comprising IL-17A to IL-17F and receptor subunits IL-17RA to IL-17RE represents a genetically ancient intercellular network regulating local tissue homeostasis. Its pivotal role in antifungal defense and its central position in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases including psoriasis were discovered only relatively late in the early 2000s. Since the connection of dysregulated IL-17 and psoriasis pathogenesis turned out to be particularly evident, a number of monoclonal antibodies targeting IL-17 pathways have been approved and are used as first line treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, and further agents are currently in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST - Resolving Infection Susceptibility (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Mrowietz
- Psoriasis Center at the Department of Dermatology and Comprehensive Center for Inflammation Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
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21
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Sałkowska A, Karaś K, Karwaciak I, Walczak-Drzewiecka A, Krawczyk M, Sobalska-Kwapis M, Dastych J, Ratajewski M. Identification of Novel Molecular Markers of Human Th17 Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071611. [PMID: 32635226 PMCID: PMC7407666 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Th17 cells are important players in host defense against pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Bacillus anthracis. Th17 cell-mediated inflammation, under certain conditions in which balance in the immune system is disrupted, is the underlying pathogenic mechanism of certain autoimmune disorders, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, Graves' disease, multiple sclerosis, and psoriasis. In the present study, using transcriptomic profiling, we selected genes and analyzed the expression of these genes to find potential novel markers of Th17 lymphocytes. We found that APOD (apolipoprotein D); C1QL1 (complement component 1, Q subcomponent-like protein 1); and CTSL (cathepsin L) are expressed at significantly higher mRNA and protein levels in Th17 cells than in the Th1, Th2, and Treg subtypes. Interestingly, these genes and the proteins they encode are well associated with the function of Th17 cells, as these cells produce inflammation, which is linked with atherosclerosis and angiogenesis. Furthermore, we found that high expression of these genes in Th17 cells is associated with the acetylation of H2BK12 within their promoters. Thus, our results provide new information regarding this cell type. Based on these results, we also hope to better identify pathological conditions of clinical significance caused by Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sałkowska
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Kaja Karaś
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Iwona Karwaciak
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Aurelia Walczak-Drzewiecka
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland; (A.W.-D.); (J.D.)
| | | | - Marta Sobalska-Kwapis
- Biobank Lab, Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
- BBMRI.pl Consortium, 54-066 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Dastych
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland; (A.W.-D.); (J.D.)
| | - Marcin Ratajewski
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-209-33-89
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22
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Lee WI, Huang JL, Lin SJ, Yeh KW, Chen LC, Ou LS, Yao TC, Jaing TH, Shih YF, Wu CY. Lower T Regulatory and Th17 Cell Populations Predicted by RT-PCR-Amplified FOXP3 and RORγ t Genes Are Not Rare in Patients With Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1111. [PMID: 32670274 PMCID: PMC7330141 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiencies in T regulatory (Treg) and Th17 cells attenuate peripheral tolerance and the IL-17 family of cytokines, contributing to autoimmune disorders and opportunistic (fungal) infections, respectively. Because of limited blood samples from patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs), a positive correlation/linear relationship between Treg and Th17 cells and their respective expressions of transcription factors forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) and retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γ (RORγt) by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) amplification, was used to predict the percentages of Treg and Th17 cells in peripheral blood. Compared to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) expression, the percentages of Treg and Th17 cells were calculated as the linear relationship to the 2−ΔCT value (cycle threshold). Among 91 PIDs patients, 68 and 78 had predicted Treg and Th17 percentages below 5% of the normal ranges (0.859 and 0.734%, respectively), which expanded different categories beyond obvious T cell deficiency. Notably, FOXP3 was undetectable in one patient (CVID), RORγt was undetectable in six patients (one CVID, one CID, two neutropenia, one WAS, and one CMC), and both were undetectable in four patients (two SCID, one STAT1, and one periodic fever). In contrast, two patients with auto-IFNγ antibodies had increased susceptibility to intracellular mycobacterial infections, interrupted Th1 development and subsequent elevation in the Th17 cells. Both predicted Treg and Th17 percentages in the PIDs patients were more independent of age (months) than in the controls. The predicted Th17/Treg ratio in the PIDs patients, overall, was lower than that in the healthy controls (0.79 ± 0.075 vs. 1.16 ± 0.208; p = 0.038). In conclusion, lower predicted Treg and Th17 cell populations calculated by RT-PCR-amplified FOXP3 and RORγt in PIDs patients at diagnosis can explain the higher potential phenotypes of autoimmune disorders and opportunistic infections, although effective interventions in the early stage might have prevented such phenotypic development and caused a statistical bias in the comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-I Lee
- Primary Immunodeficiency Care and Research (PICAR) Institute, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Long Huang
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, New Taipei Municipal TuChen Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Syh-Jae Lin
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wei Yeh
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chen Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, New Taipei Municipal TuChen Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Shiou Ou
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Chieh Yao
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tang-Her Jaing
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Fan Shih
- Primary Immunodeficiency Care and Research (PICAR) Institute, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Yi Wu
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Aggor FEY, Break TJ, Trevejo-Nuñez G, Whibley N, Coleman BM, Bailey RD, Kaplan DH, Naglik JR, Shan W, Shetty AC, McCracken C, Durum SK, Biswas PS, Bruno VM, Kolls JK, Lionakis MS, Gaffen SL. Oral epithelial IL-22/STAT3 signaling licenses IL-17-mediated immunity to oral mucosal candidiasis. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:eaba0570. [PMID: 32503875 PMCID: PMC7340112 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aba0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC; thrush) is an opportunistic infection caused by the commensal fungus Candida albicans Interleukin-17 (IL-17) and IL-22 are cytokines produced by type 17 lymphocytes. Both cytokines mediate antifungal immunity yet activate quite distinct downstream signaling pathways. While much is now understood about how IL-17 promotes immunity in OPC, the activities of IL-22 are far less well delineated. We show that, despite having similar requirements for induction from type 17 cells, IL-22 and IL-17 function nonredundantly during OPC. We find that the IL-22 and IL-17 receptors are required in anatomically distinct locations within the oral mucosa; loss of IL-22RA1 or signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in the oral basal epithelial layer (BEL) causes susceptibility to OPC, whereas IL-17RA is needed in the suprabasal epithelial layer (SEL). Transcriptional profiling of the tongue linked IL-22/STAT3 not only to oral epithelial cell proliferation and survival but also, unexpectedly, to driving an IL-17-specific gene signature. We show that IL-22 mediates regenerative signals on the BEL that replenish the IL-17RA-expressing SEL, thereby restoring the ability of the oral epithelium to respond to IL-17 and thus to mediate antifungal events. Consequently, IL-22 signaling in BEL "licenses" IL-17 signaling in the oral mucosa, revealing spatially distinct yet cooperative activities of IL-22 and IL-17 in oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix E Y Aggor
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Timothy J Break
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Natasha Whibley
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bianca M Coleman
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rachel D Bailey
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Julian R Naglik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Wei Shan
- Cytokines and Immunity Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Amol C Shetty
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carrie McCracken
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Scott K Durum
- Cytokines and Immunity Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Partha S Biswas
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vincent M Bruno
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jay K Kolls
- Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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24
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Lauffer F, Eyerich K, Boehncke WH, Asadullah K, Beissert S, Ghoreschi K, Schön MP. Cytokines of the IL-17 family in psoriasis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2020; 18:675-681. [PMID: 32447845 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Various immune cells and their messenger substances influence the development of psoriasis. Cytokines of the IL-17 family are of particular importance. In addition to IL-17A, which plays a central role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, other subtypes of the IL-17 family also have a proinflammatory effect. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis with regard to the six IL-17 subtypes, in particular their physiological and pathogenic properties, as well as their significance for psoriasis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Lauffer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, University hospital of the Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Kilian Eyerich
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, University hospital of the Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Wolf-Henning Boehncke
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology and Department of Pathology and Immunology, University Hospital of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Stefan Beissert
- Department of Dermatology, Carl Gustav Carus University Medical Center, Dresden Technical University, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael P Schön
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Göttingen University, Göttingen, Germany.,Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology, Göttingen, Germany
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25
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Puel A. Human inborn errors of immunity underlying superficial or invasive candidiasis. Hum Genet 2020; 139:1011-1022. [PMID: 32124012 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Candida species, including C. albicans in particular, can cause superficial or invasive disease, often in patients with known acquired immunodeficiencies or iatrogenic conditions. The molecular and cellular basis of these infections in patients with such risk factors remained largely elusive, until the study of inborn errors of immunity clarified the basis of the corresponding inherited and "idiopathic" infections. Superficial candidiasis, also known as chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC), can be caused by inborn errors of IL-17 immunity. Invasive candidiasis can be caused by inborn errors of CARD9 immunity. In this chapter, we review both groups of inborn errors of immunity, and discuss the contribution of these studies to the deciphering of the critical mechanisms of anti-Candida immunity in patients with other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Necker Branch, 75015, Paris, France. .,Imagine Institute, Paris University, 75015, Paris, France. .,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, Rockefeller Branch, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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26
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Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: An Immunological Perspective. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020144. [PMID: 31972980 PMCID: PMC7074770 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a widespread vaginal infection primarily caused by Candida albicans. VVC affects up to 75% of women of childbearing age once in their life, and up to 9% of women in different populations experience more than three episodes per year, which is defined as recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC). RVVC results in diminished quality of life as well as increased associated healthcare costs. For a long time, VVC has been considered the outcome of inadequate host defenses against Candida colonization, as in the case of primary immunodeficiencies associated with persistent fungal infections and insufficient clearance. Intensive research in recent decades has led to a new hypothesis that points toward a local mucosal overreaction of the immune system rather than a defective host response to Candida colonization. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the host immune response in VVC pathogenesis and suggests that a tightly regulated fungus-host-microbiota interplay might exert a protective role against recurrent Candida infections.
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27
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The Dichotomous Nature of AZ5104 (an EGFR Inhibitor) Towards RORγ and RORγT. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225780. [PMID: 31744223 PMCID: PMC6887705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The RORC (RAR related orphan receptor C) gene produces two isoforms by alternative promoter usage: RORγ (nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1) and RORγT (nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1). Both proteins have distinct tissue distributions and are involved in several physiological processes, including glucose/lipid metabolism and the development of Th17 lymphocytes. Previously, we developed a stably transfected reporter cell line and used it to screen a library of kinase inhibitors. We found that AZ5104 acts as an RORγ agonist at low micromolar concentrations. Molecular docking analysis showed that this compound occupies the ligand binding domain of the receptor with a significant docking score. However, analysis of the biological activity of this compound in Th17 cells revealed that it downregulates RORγT expression and Th17-related cytokine production via inhibition of SRC-ERK-STAT3 (SRC proto-oncogene - extracellular regulated MAP kinase - signal transducer and activator of transcription 3). We thus identified a compound acting as an agonist of RORγ that, due to the inhibition of downstream elements of EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) signaling, exerts different biological activity towards a Th17-specific isoform. Additionally, our results may be relevant in the future for the design of treatments targeting signaling pathways that inhibit Th17-related inflammation in certain autoimmune disorders.
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28
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Interleukin-17 in Antifungal Immunity. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8020054. [PMID: 31013616 PMCID: PMC6630750 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of IL-17 biology has received much attention over the last decade owing to the pathogenic role of this cytokine in psoriasis and other autoinflammatory disorders and the successful implementation of IL-17-targeting therapies in patients suffering from these diseases. IL-17-mediated pathologies are contrasted by the important host beneficial effects of this cytokine. IL-17 is essential for regulating microbial colonization in barrier tissues. Rare congenital defects in the IL-17 pathway exemplify the relevance of IL-17 in protective immunity against the opportunistic fungal pathogen C. albicans. However, more recently, evidence is accumulating that IL-17 can also provide protection against fungi other than C. albicans. Importantly, protective IL-17 responses directed against commensal fungi can, under certain conditions, promote inflammation with detrimental consequences for the host, thereby assigning fungi a new role as disease-promoting factors apart from their role as potential infectious agents.
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29
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Garzorz-Stark N, Eyerich K. Psoriasis Pathogenesis: Keratinocytes Are Back in the Spotlight. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:995-996. [PMID: 31010530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a T helper type 17-mediated immune disease. Initial triggers that lead to T helper type 17 production and inflammatory cell recruitment into skin are being delineated. Autoantigens that stimulate T helper type 17 cells are also being identified. A new and important piece of the puzzle indicates that keratinocytes not only amplify inflammation, but that they are essential for a full-blown IL-17-mediated psoriatic phenotype in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Garzorz-Stark
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, Biedersteiner Munich, Germany
| | - Kilian Eyerich
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, Biedersteiner Munich, Germany.
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30
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Heinen MP, Cambier L, Antoine N, Gabriel A, Gillet L, Bureau F, Mignon B. Th1 and Th17 Immune Responses Act Complementarily to Optimally Control Superficial Dermatophytosis. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:626-637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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31
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Khalsa KK, Yang Q, Shen X, Pasha MA, Celestin J. Immunologic characterization of patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis disease. Clin Case Rep 2019; 7:180-185. [PMID: 30656037 PMCID: PMC6333065 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Even if initial immunologic screen is normal, a high index of suspicion for immunodeficiency should guide the evaluation and management of patients with recurrent episodes of mucocutaneous candidiasis. Although rare, a diagnosis of chronic mucocutaneous disease should always be considered in order to improve their outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiranjit K. Khalsa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy/ImmunologyAlbany Medical CollegeAlbanyNew York
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Immunology and Microbial DiseaseAlbany Medical CollegeAlbanyNew York
| | - Xiaofei Shen
- Department of Immunology and Microbial DiseaseAlbany Medical CollegeAlbanyNew York
| | - M. Asghar Pasha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy/ImmunologyAlbany Medical CollegeAlbanyNew York
| | - Jocelyn Celestin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy/ImmunologyAlbany Medical CollegeAlbanyNew York
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32
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Yang L, Wu H, Qiu W, Guo L, Du X, Yu Q, Gao J, Luo S. Pulsatilla decoction inhibits Candida albicans proliferation and adhesion in a mouse model of vulvovaginal candidiasis via the Dectin-1 signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 223:51-62. [PMID: 29775695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pulsatilla decoction (PD) is a classical prescription in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and has been reported to have inhibitory effects on Candida albicans proliferation. STUDY AIM To investigate the therapeutic effects of PD in the treatment of Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and elucidate the potential mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female BALB/c mice (N = 90) were randomized to six treatment groups, including the Control group, Model group, three PD groups and Fluconazole group which served as a positive control (20 mg/kg weekly). The three PD groups (low dose group, medium dose group and high dose group) were given a daily intragastric gavage of PD at doses of 5, 10 and 20 g/kg, respectively. Five animals from each group were euthanized on Day 4, Day 7 and Day 14 after treatment. Colony forming unit (CFU) was measured by the serial dilution method. The degree of infection was assessed by Gram staining, Periodic acid schiff (PAS) staining, Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The serum inflammation levels were determined by a Luminex assay. Gene and protein expression levels of components of the Dectin-1 signaling pathway were determined by Real-time PCR, Western-blot and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS The administration of PD significantly decreased the fungal load from Day 7 post-infection onwards and decreased the number of visible microorganisms based on findings from Gram staining, PAS staining and SEM. H&E staining indicated that the impaired histological profiles were improved in all three PD groups. PD led to a significantly lower level of IL-23 in the serum; the levels of IL-10 and TNF-α were also decreased, although the differences were not significant. Furthermore, a substantial downregulation of Dectin-1, CARD9 and NF-κB mRNA levels and Dectin-1, Syk, CARD9 and NF-κB protein levels was observed after the administration of PD. CONCLUSION This study suggests that PD exerts inhibitory effects on C. albicans proliferation, adhesion and inflammation and simultaneously downregulates the expression levels of important genes and proteins associated with the Dectin-1 pathway, highlighting the potential application of PD to improve the clinical management of VVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilin Yang
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiwang Wu
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiyu Qiu
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longyi Guo
- Second School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Du
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingying Yu
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Songping Luo
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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Xu X, Xiao W, Zhang Z, Pan J, Yan Y, Zhu T, Tang D, Ye K, Paranjpe M, Qu L, Nie H. Anti-pruritic and anti-inflammatory effects of oxymatrine in a mouse model of allergic contact dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 91:S0923-1811(18)30165-8. [PMID: 29903654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a highly prevalent inflammatory disease of the skin. As a result of the complex etiology in ACD, therapeutic compounds targeting refractory pruritus in ACD lack efficacy and lead to numerous side effects. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the anti-pruritic effects of oxymatrine (OMT) and explored its mechanism of action in a mouse model of ACD. METHOD 72 male SPF C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group, ACD model group, dexamethasone positive control group (0.08 mg kg-1) and 3 OMT groups (80, 40, 20 mg kg-1). OMT was administrated by intraperitoneal injection 1 h before video recording on day 10, 24 h after 2nd challenge with SADBE. Cheek skin fold thickness was measured before treatment and after recording. H&E staining was used for pathological observation. RT-qPCR, Immunohistochemistry and LEGENDplexTM assay were used to detect cytokines levels. The population of Treg cells in peripheral blood were detected via flow cytometry. RESULTS OMT treatment significantly decreases the skin inflammation and scratching bouts. It rescues defects in epidermal keratinization and inflammatory cell infiltration in ACD mice. Administration of OMT significantly reduced levels of IFN-γ, IL-13, IL-17A, TNF-α, IL-22 and mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-1β. Furthermore, it increased the percentage of Treg cells in peripheral blood of ACD mice. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated that OMT exhibits anti-pruritic and anti-inflammatory effects in ACD mice by regulating inflammatory mediators. OMT might emerge as a potential drug for the treatment of pruritus and skin inflammation in the setting of ACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Xu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic New Drugs Research College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic New Drugs Research College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 Guangdong, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic New Drugs Research College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhao Pan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic New Drugs Research College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 Guangdong, China
| | - Yixi Yan
- Chuangyebei Road No. 38, Jinwan District, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic New Drugs Research College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 Guangdong, China
| | - Dan Tang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic New Drugs Research College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 Guangdong, China
| | - Kaihe Ye
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic New Drugs Research College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 Guangdong, China
| | - Manish Paranjpe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Pain Research Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lintao Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Pain Research Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hong Nie
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic New Drugs Research College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 Guangdong, China.
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Thompson A, Orr SJ. Emerging IL-12 family cytokines in the fight against fungal infections. Cytokine 2018; 111:398-407. [PMID: 29793796 PMCID: PMC6299256 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
IL-12 and IL-23 have established roles during anti-fungal immunity. IL-27 promotes regulatory effector responses during fungal infections. IL-35 drives T cell differentiation to produce anti-inflammatory responses. Increasing evidence for IL-12 family cytokines in maintaining anti-fungal immune homeostasis.
Invasive fungal infections cause approximately 1.5 million deaths per year worldwide and are a growing threat to human health. Current anti-fungal therapies are often insufficient, therefore studies into host-pathogen interactions are critical for the development of novel therapies to improve mortality rates. Myeloid cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, express pattern recognition receptor (PRRs), which are important for fungal recognition. Engagement of these PRRs by fungal pathogens induces multiple cytokines, which in turn activate T effector responses. Interleukin (IL)-12 family members (IL-12p70, IL-23, IL-27 and IL-35) link innate immunity with the development of adaptive immunity and are also important for regulating T cell responses. IL-12 and IL-23 have established roles during anti-fungal immunity, whereas emerging roles for IL-27 and IL-35 have recently been reported. Here, we discuss the IL-12 family, focusing on IL-27 and IL-35 during anti-fungal immune responses to pathogens such as Candida and Aspergillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiysha Thompson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Selinda J Orr
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom.
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Goel S, Sahu S, Minz RW, Singh S, Suri D, Oh YM, Rawat A, Sehgal S, Saikia B. STAT3-Mediated Transcriptional Regulation of Osteopontin in STAT3 Loss-of-Function Related Hyper IgE Syndrome. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1080. [PMID: 29868029 PMCID: PMC5966547 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyper-IgE syndrome (HIES) caused by loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in STAT3 gene (STAT3 LOF HIES) is associated with dental and facial abnormalities in addition to immunological defects. The role of STAT3 in the pathogenesis of the dental/facial features is, however, poorly elucidated. Objectives Since mechanism of cellular resorption of mineralized tissues such as bone and teeth are similar, we attempted to study the expression of genes involved in bone homeostasis in STAT3 LOF HIES. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy controls (HCs), STAT3 LOF HIES patients, STAT3−/− PC-3 cells and STAT3+/+ LNCaP cells were stimulated with IL-6 and quantitative PCR array was performed to study the relative mRNA expression of 43 pre-selected genes. PCR array finding were further evaluated after stattic induced STAT3 inhibition. Results Osteopontin (OPN) gene was seen to be significantly upregulated after IL-6 stimulation in HC (mean fold change 18.6, p = 0.01) compared with HIES subjects. Inhibition of STAT3 signaling by stattic followed by IL-6 stimulation abrogated the OPN response in HCs suggesting that IL-6-induced STAT3 signaling regulates OPN expression. Bioinformatics analysis predicted the presence of STAT3 response element TTCCAAGAA at position -2005 of the OPN gene. Conclusion Regulation of OPN gene through IL-6-mediated STAT3 activation and its significant dysregulation in STAT3 LOF HIES subjects could make OPN a plausible candidate involved in the pathogenesis of dental/facial manifestations in HIES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Goel
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Smrity Sahu
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ranjana W Minz
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Surjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepti Suri
- Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Young M Oh
- Cell Line Development Team, Bio Research Institute, Genexine Inc, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Amit Rawat
- Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shobha Sehgal
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Biman Saikia
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Hirose K, Iwata A, Tamachi T, Nakajima H. Allergic airway inflammation: key players beyond the Th2 cell pathway. Immunol Rev 2018; 278:145-161. [PMID: 28658544 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is characterized by eosinophilic airway inflammation, mucus hyperproduction, and airway hyperreactivity, causing reversible airway obstruction. Accumulating evidence indicates that antigen-specific Th2 cells and their cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 orchestrate these pathognomonic features of asthma. However, over the past decade, the understanding of asthma pathogenesis has made a significant shift from a Th2 cell-dependent, IgE-mediated disease to a more complicated heterogeneous disease. Recent studies clearly show that not only Th2 cytokines but also other T cell-related cytokines such as IL-17A and IL-22 as well as epithelial cell cytokines such as IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) are involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. In this review, we focus on the roles of these players beyond Th2 pathways in the pathogenesis of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Hirose
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Arifumi Iwata
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tamachi
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakajima
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Scheffold A, Schwarz C, Bacher P. Fungus-Specific CD4 T Cells as Specific Sensors for Identification of Pulmonary Fungal Infections. Mycopathologia 2017; 183:213-226. [PMID: 29168073 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) suffer from chronic lung infections, caused by bacterial, viral or fungal pathogens, which determine morbidity and mortality. The contribution of individual pathogens to chronic disease and acute lung exacerbations is often difficult to determine due to the complex composition of the lung microbiome in CF. In particular, the relevance of fungal pathogens in CF airways remains poorly understood due to limitations of current diagnostics to identify the presence of fungal pathogens and to resolve the individual host-pathogen interaction status. T-lymphocytes play an essential role in host defense against pathogens, but also in inappropriate immune reactions such as allergies. They have the capacity to specifically recognize and discriminate the different pathogens and orchestrate a diverse array of effector functions. Thus, the analysis of the fungus-specific T cell status of an individual can in principle provide detailed information about the identity of the fungal pathogen(s) encountered and the actual fungus-host interaction status. This may allow to classify patients, according to appropriate (protective) or inappropriate (pathology-associated) immune reactions against individual fungal pathogens. However, T cell-based diagnostics are currently not part of the clinical routine. The identification and characterization of fungus-specific T cells in health and disease for diagnostic purposes are associated with significant challenges. Recent technological developments in the field of fungus-specific T helper cell detection provide new insights in the host T cell-fungus interaction. In this review, we will discuss basic principles and the potential of T cell-based diagnostics, as well as the perspectives and further needs for use of T cells for improved clinical diagnostics of fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Scheffold
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Clinic for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Carsten Schwarz
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis Centre Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Bacher
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Clinic for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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Veverka KK, Feldman SR. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis: what can we conclude about IL-17 antagonism? J DERMATOL TREAT 2017; 29:475-480. [PMID: 29076381 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2017.1398396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE IL-17 antagonists are effective for psoriasis in clinical trials, but long-term safety is not fully characterized. Since chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) is caused by defects in the IL-17 pathway, CMC risk data have been touted as providing reassurance about the safety of IL-17 antagonism. METHODS We performed a literature review to identify patients with CMC and compared the prevalence of cancer in these patients to the reported 5-year prevalence. RESULTS There was a higher prevalence of oropharyngeal (2.5% vs. 0.028%; p < .0001) and esophageal cancer (1.9% vs. 0.013%; p < .0001) in patients with CMC. There were no reports of cancer in 31 patients with CMC caused by an isolated IL-17 deficiency (IL-17F, IL-17RA, IL17RC); however, a study would need over 1000 patients to detect even a 10-fold increase in the most common malignancy of CMC patients. CONCLUSIONS There is evidence that some forms of CMC are associated with an increase in cancer. While CMC is heterogeneous, our findings suggest that we cannot use CMC data to reassure patients on the long-term safety of IL-17 antagonists beyond the safety results from clinical trials, and perhaps caution should be taken with the development of candidiasis in patients taking these medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Veverka
- a Department of Dermatology Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem , NC , USA
| | - Steven R Feldman
- a Department of Dermatology Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem , NC , USA
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The Role of IL-17 in Protection against Mucosal Candida Infections. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3040052. [PMID: 29371568 PMCID: PMC5753154 DOI: 10.3390/jof3040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by adaptive CD4+ T helper cells and innate lymphocytes, such as γδ-T cells and TCRβ+ "natural" Th17 cells. IL-17 activates signaling through the IL-17 receptor, which induces other proinflammatory cytokines, antimicrobial peptides and neutrophil chemokines that are important for antifungal activity. The importance of IL-17 in protective antifungal immunity is evident in mice and humans, where various genetic defects related to the IL-17-signaling pathway render them highly susceptible to forms of candidiasis such oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) or more broadly chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC), both caused mainly by the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans. OPC is common in infants and the elderly, HIV/AIDS and patients receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy for head and neck cancers. This review focuses on the role of IL-17 in protection against candidiasis, and includes a brief discussion of non-Candida albicans fungal infections, as well as how therapeutic interventions blocking IL-17-related components can affect antifungal immunity.
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Agak GW, Kao S, Ouyang K, Qin M, Moon D, Butt A, Kim J. Phenotype and Antimicrobial Activity of Th17 Cells Induced by Propionibacterium acnes Strains Associated with Healthy and Acne Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 138:316-324. [PMID: 28864077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.07.842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the human skin microbiome suggest that Propionibacterium acnes strains may contribute differently to skin health and disease. However, the immune phenotype and functions of T helper type 17 (Th17) cells induced by healthy (PH) versus acne (PA) skin-associated P. acnes strains are currently unknown. We stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors and observed that PA strains induce higher IL-17 levels than PH strains. We next generated PH and PA strain-specific Th17 clones and show that P. acnes strains induce Th17 cells of varied phenotype and function that are stable in the presence of IL-2 and IL-23. Although PH- and PA-specific clones expressed similar levels of LL-37 and DEFB4, only PH-specific clones secreted molecules sufficient to kill P. acnes. Furthermore, electron microscopic studies showed that supernatants derived from activated PH and not PA-specific clones exhibited robust bactericidal activity against P. acnes, and complete breaches in the bacterial cell envelope were observed. This antimicrobial activity was independent of IL-26, because both natural IL-26 released by Th17 clones and rhIL-26 lacked antimicrobial potency against P. acnes. Overall, our data suggest that P. acnes strains may differentially modulate the CD4+ T-cell responses, leading to the generation of Th17 cells that may contribute to either homeostasis or acne pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W Agak
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Stephanie Kao
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kelsey Ouyang
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Min Qin
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David Moon
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ahsan Butt
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jenny Kim
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Abstract
The biology of the T cell cytokines Interleukin (IL-)17 and IL-22 has been a main focus in the field of clinical immunology in the last decade. This intensive interest in both cytokines has resulted in almost 5,000 scientific publications (www.pubmed.com) dealing with the molecular structure, extra- and intracellular signaling pathways, specific transcription factors and the function of IL-17 and IL-22. This review article highlights the main findings concerning IL-17 and IL-22 in the last years.
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Avoiding contact allergens: from basic research to the in vitro identification of contact allergens. Allergol Select 2017; 1:77-84. [PMID: 30402606 PMCID: PMC6039996 DOI: 10.5414/alx01440e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a chemical-induced inflammatory skin disease. Contact allergens are low-molecular-weight chemicals that must react with proteins in order to become immunogenic. This interaction leads to the activation of innate immune and stress responses and to the formation of antigenic epitopes for T cells which are the effector cells of ACD. Due to the multitude of chemicals that surround us in our daily life and their potential sensitizing capacity, it is crucial to identify contact sensitizers before these chemicals are used in consumer products. Appropriate in vitro assays for hazard identification are urgently needed to replace animal-based assays. The EU-wide ban on sensitization testing of cosmetic ingredients in animals is in effect since March 2009 and the necessity to test more than 30,000 already marketed chemicals for their sensitizing potential under the EU regulation REACh has intensified the worldwide efforts to replace animal testing. We summarize here the current strategies to develop a battery of assays which allows the identification of contact allergens by in vitro alternatives to animal testing. Our main focus lies on the test systems recently developed within the EU project Sens-it-iv in which we participate.
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Ratajewski M, Słomka M, Karaś K, Sobalska-Kwapis M, Korycka-Machała M, Sałkowska A, Dziadek J, Strapagiel D, Dastych J. Functional Analysis of the rs774872314, rs116171003, rs200231898 and rs201107751 Polymorphisms in the Human RORγT Gene Promoter Region. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8040126. [PMID: 28430123 PMCID: PMC5406873 DOI: 10.3390/genes8040126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma RORγT, a tissue-specific isoform of the RORC gene, plays a critical role in the development of naive CD4+ cells into fully differentiated Th17 lymphocytes. Th17 lymphocytes are part of the host defense against numerous pathogens and are also involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, including autoimmune disorders. In this study, we functionally examined four naturally occurring polymorphisms located within one of the previously identified GC-boxes in the promoter region of the gene. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs774872314, rs116171003 and rs201107751 negatively influenced the activity of the RORγT promoter in a gene reporter system and eliminated or reduced Sp1 and Sp2 transcription factor binding, as evidenced by the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) technique. Furthermore, we investigated the frequency of these SNPs in the Polish population and observed the presence of rs116171003 at a frequency of 3.42%. Thus, our results suggest that polymorphisms within the RORγT promoter occurring at significant rates in populations affect promoter activity. This might have phenotypic effects in immune systems, which is potentially significant for implicating pathogenetic mechanisms under certain pathological conditions, such as autoimmune diseases and/or primary immunodeficiencies (e.g., immunoglobulin E (IgE) syndrome).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Ratajewski
- Laboratory of TranscriptionalRegulation, Institute of MedicalBiology, PolishAcademy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Marcin Słomka
- BiobankLab, Department of MolecularBiophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Kaja Karaś
- Laboratory of TranscriptionalRegulation, Institute of MedicalBiology, PolishAcademy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Marta Sobalska-Kwapis
- BiobankLab, Department of MolecularBiophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Korycka-Machała
- MycobacteriumGenetics and Physiology Unit, Institute of MedicalBiology, PolishAcademy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Anna Sałkowska
- Laboratory of TranscriptionalRegulation, Institute of MedicalBiology, PolishAcademy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Dziadek
- MycobacteriumGenetics and Physiology Unit, Institute of MedicalBiology, PolishAcademy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Dominik Strapagiel
- BiobankLab, Department of MolecularBiophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Dastych
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Institute of MedicalBiology, PolishAcademy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland.
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Eyerich K, Dimartino V, Cavani A. IL-17 and IL-22 in immunity: Driving protection and pathology. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:607-614. [PMID: 28295238 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IL-17 and IL-22 are tissue-signaling cytokines that favor protection and regeneration of barrier organs such as the skin, lung, and gastrointestinal system. Both cytokines share cellular sources, signaling pathways, and functional aspects; however, taking a closer look they differ, e.g. in their pro-inflammatory or regenerative potential. An imbalance of the carefully orchestrated tissue-signaling system might result in autoimmune diseases, promote cancer growth, or predispose to infectious diseases. This review highlights recent understandings in cellular sources, signaling mechanisms, physiologic as well as pathogenic role of the double-faceted cytokines IL-17 and IL-22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Eyerich
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technische Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Valentina Dimartino
- UOC Coordinamento Scientifico, Istituto Nazionale per la Promozione della Salute delle Popolazioni Migranti e il contrasto delle Malattie della Povertà, INMP, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavani
- UOC Coordinamento Scientifico, Istituto Nazionale per la Promozione della Salute delle Popolazioni Migranti e il contrasto delle Malattie della Povertà, INMP, Rome, Italy
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Auclair S, Liu F, Hu H. Loss of immune control in HIV-infected patients: how does mucosal candidiasis occur? Future Microbiol 2016; 12:5-8. [PMID: 27922753 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Auclair
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development & Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
| | - Fengliang Liu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development & Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
| | - Haitao Hu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development & Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
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Li T, Niu X, Zhang X, Wang S, Liu Z. Baofukang suppository promotes the repair of vaginal epithelial cells in response to Candida albicans. AMB Express 2016; 6:109. [PMID: 27830496 PMCID: PMC5102987 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-016-0281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is an opportunistic fungal infection predominantly caused by Candida albicans affecting a significant number of women of reproductive age. The Chinese medicine, the Baofukang suppository is widely used in the clinic for its antimicrobial activity and is therefore of great interest as a potential antifungal drug for the prevention of VVC. We evaluated the cytotoxic activity of the Baofukang suppository using the VK2/E6E7 vaginal epithelial cell (VEC) line. When treated with the Baofukang suppository, all of the immunocompetent cytokines and chemokines (e.g., IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-17) by infected VK2/E6E7 cells was statistically up-regulated (P < 0.05), except IL-4 (11.70 ± 1.82 vs. 14.88 ± 4.72, P = 0.343) compared to the infected control cells. The secretion of non-B IgG also exhibited the same trend. Our scanning electron microscopy results revealed that C. albicans can invade VECs by both induced endocytosis and active penetration. The Baofukang suppository could effectively inhibit the adhesion, hyphal formation, and proliferation, as well as notably restore the vaginal epithelial cell morphology, viability, and enhance the local immune function of the VECs. These preliminary results suggest promising antimicrobial properties of the Baofukang suppository, which may be efficacious as an antifungal therapy candidate via up-regulating Th1 cellular immunity, the Th17-axis of the innate immune response, and the secretion of vaginal epithelial-derived IgG. These combined effects collectively restore the immune function of the infected VECs against C. albicans in vitro.
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Heterozygous STAT1 gain-of-function mutations underlie an unexpectedly broad clinical phenotype. Blood 2016. [PMID: 27114460 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-11-679902.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery in patients with autosomal dominant (AD) chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) in 2011, heterozygous STAT1 gain-of-function (GOF) mutations have increasingly been identified worldwide. The clinical spectrum associated with them needed to be delineated. We enrolled 274 patients from 167 kindreds originating from 40 countries from 5 continents. Demographic data, clinical features, immunological parameters, treatment, and outcome were recorded. The median age of the 274 patients was 22 years (range, 1-71 years); 98% of them had CMC, with a median age at onset of 1 year (range, 0-24 years). Patients often displayed bacterial (74%) infections, mostly because of Staphylococcus aureus (36%), including the respiratory tract and the skin in 47% and 28% of patients, respectively, and viral (38%) infections, mostly because of Herpesviridae (83%) and affecting the skin in 32% of patients. Invasive fungal infections (10%), mostly caused by Candida spp. (29%), and mycobacterial disease (6%) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, environmental mycobacteria, or Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccines were less common. Many patients had autoimmune manifestations (37%), including hypothyroidism (22%), type 1 diabetes (4%), blood cytopenia (4%), and systemic lupus erythematosus (2%). Invasive infections (25%), cerebral aneurysms (6%), and cancers (6%) were the strongest predictors of poor outcome. CMC persisted in 39% of the 202 patients receiving prolonged antifungal treatment. Circulating interleukin-17A-producing T-cell count was low for most (82%) but not all of the patients tested. STAT1 GOF mutations underlie AD CMC, as well as an unexpectedly wide range of other clinical features, including not only a variety of infectious and autoimmune diseases, but also cerebral aneurysms and carcinomas that confer a poor prognosis.
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48
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Liu F, Fan X, Auclair S, Ferguson M, Sun J, Soong L, Hou W, Redfield RR, Birx DL, Ratto-Kim S, Robb ML, Kim JH, Michael NL, Hu H. Sequential Dysfunction and Progressive Depletion of Candida albicans-Specific CD4 T Cell Response in HIV-1 Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005663. [PMID: 27280548 PMCID: PMC4900544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of immune control over opportunistic infections can occur at different stages of HIV-1 (HIV) disease, among which mucosal candidiasis caused by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans (C. albicans) is one of the early and common manifestations in HIV-infected human subjects. The underlying immunological basis is not well defined. We have previously shown that compared to cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific CD4 cells, C. albicans-specific CD4 T cells are highly permissive to HIV in vitro. Here, based on an antiretroviral treatment (ART) naïve HIV infection cohort (RV21), we investigated longitudinally the impact of HIV on C. albicans- and CMV-specific CD4 T-cell immunity in vivo. We found a sequential dysfunction and preferential depletion for C. albicans-specific CD4 T cell response during progressive HIV infection. Compared to Th1 (IFN-γ, MIP-1β) functional subsets, the Th17 functional subsets (IL-17, IL-22) of C. albicans-specific CD4 T cells were more permissive to HIV in vitro and impaired earlier in HIV-infected subjects. Infection history analysis showed that C. albicans-specific CD4 T cells were more susceptible to HIV in vivo, harboring modestly but significantly higher levels of HIV DNA, than CMV-specific CD4 T cells. Longitudinal analysis of HIV-infected individuals with ongoing CD4 depletion demonstrated that C. albicans-specific CD4 T-cell response was preferentially and progressively depleted. Taken together, these data suggest a potential mechanism for earlier loss of immune control over mucosal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients and provide new insights into pathogen-specific immune failure in AIDS pathogenesis. HIV infection is closely associated with enhanced host susceptibility to various opportunistic infections (OIs), among which mucosal candidiasis caused by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans (C. albicans) is an early and common manifestation. Even in the era of effective ART, mucosal candidiasis is still a clinically relevant presentation in HIV-infected patients. The underlying mechanisms are not well defined. CD4-mediated immunity is the major host defense mechanism against C. albicans. We here investigated a group of ART naïve, HIV-infected human subjects and examined longitudinally the impact of HIV on C. albicans-specific CD4 T-cell immunity as compared to CD4 T-cell immunity specific for CMV, another opportunistic pathogen that usually does not cause active disease in early HIV infection. We found that C. albicans-specific CD4 T cells were more susceptible to HIV in vivo and were preferentially depleted in progressive HIV-infected individuals as compared to CMV-specific CD4 T cells. Of importance, we also found that in these HIV-infected subjects C. albicans-specific CD4 T cell response manifested a sequential dysfunction with earlier impairment of Th17, but not Th1, functions. Our study suggests an immunological basis that helps explain the earlier and more common onsets of mucosal candidiasis in progressive HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengliang Liu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiuzhen Fan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sarah Auclair
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Monique Ferguson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jiaren Sun
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lynn Soong
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wei Hou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Robert R. Redfield
- Institute of Human Virology and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Deborah L. Birx
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Water Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Silvia Ratto-Kim
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Water Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Water Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Haitao Hu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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49
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Patin EC, Jones AV, Thompson A, Clement M, Liao CT, Griffiths JS, Wallace LE, Bryant CE, Lang R, Rosenstiel P, Humphreys IR, Taylor PR, Jones GW, Orr SJ. IL-27 Induced by Select Candida spp. via TLR7/NOD2 Signaling and IFN-β Production Inhibits Fungal Clearance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:208-21. [PMID: 27259855 PMCID: PMC4911616 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Candida spp. elicit cytokine production downstream of various pathogen recognition receptors, including C-type lectin-like receptors, TLRs, and nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)–like receptors. IL-12 family members IL-12p70 and IL-23 are important for host immunity against Candida spp. In this article, we show that IL-27, another IL-12 family member, is produced by myeloid cells in response to selected Candida spp. We demonstrate a novel mechanism for Candida parapsilosis–mediated induction of IL-27 in a TLR7-, MyD88-, and NOD2-dependent manner. Our data revealed that IFN-β is induced by C. parapsilosis, which in turn signals through the IFN-α/β receptor and STAT1/2 to induce IL-27. Moreover, IL-27R (WSX-1)–deficient mice systemically infected with C. parapsilosis displayed enhanced pathogen clearance compared with wild-type mice. This was associated with increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the serum and increased IFN-γ and IL-17 responses in the spleens of IL-27R–deficient mice. Thus, our data define a novel link between C. parapsilosis, TLR7, NOD2, IFN-β, and IL-27, and we have identified an important role for IL-27 in the immune response against C. parapsilosis. Overall, these findings demonstrate an important mechanism for the suppression of protective immune responses during infection with C. parapsilosis, which has potential relevance for infections with other fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel C Patin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Adam V Jones
- University Dental Hospital, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
| | - Aiysha Thompson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Clement
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Chia-Te Liao
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - James S Griffiths
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Leah E Wallace
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Clare E Bryant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - Roland Lang
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; and
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Philip R Taylor
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth W Jones
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom;
| | - Selinda J Orr
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom;
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50
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Heterozygous STAT1 gain-of-function mutations underlie an unexpectedly broad clinical phenotype. Blood 2016; 127:3154-64. [PMID: 27114460 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-11-679902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery in patients with autosomal dominant (AD) chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) in 2011, heterozygous STAT1 gain-of-function (GOF) mutations have increasingly been identified worldwide. The clinical spectrum associated with them needed to be delineated. We enrolled 274 patients from 167 kindreds originating from 40 countries from 5 continents. Demographic data, clinical features, immunological parameters, treatment, and outcome were recorded. The median age of the 274 patients was 22 years (range, 1-71 years); 98% of them had CMC, with a median age at onset of 1 year (range, 0-24 years). Patients often displayed bacterial (74%) infections, mostly because of Staphylococcus aureus (36%), including the respiratory tract and the skin in 47% and 28% of patients, respectively, and viral (38%) infections, mostly because of Herpesviridae (83%) and affecting the skin in 32% of patients. Invasive fungal infections (10%), mostly caused by Candida spp. (29%), and mycobacterial disease (6%) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, environmental mycobacteria, or Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccines were less common. Many patients had autoimmune manifestations (37%), including hypothyroidism (22%), type 1 diabetes (4%), blood cytopenia (4%), and systemic lupus erythematosus (2%). Invasive infections (25%), cerebral aneurysms (6%), and cancers (6%) were the strongest predictors of poor outcome. CMC persisted in 39% of the 202 patients receiving prolonged antifungal treatment. Circulating interleukin-17A-producing T-cell count was low for most (82%) but not all of the patients tested. STAT1 GOF mutations underlie AD CMC, as well as an unexpectedly wide range of other clinical features, including not only a variety of infectious and autoimmune diseases, but also cerebral aneurysms and carcinomas that confer a poor prognosis.
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