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Weller RB. Sunlight: Time for a Rethink? J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:1724-1732. [PMID: 38661623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
UVR is a skin carcinogen, yet no studies link sun exposure to increased all-cause mortality. Epidemiological studies from the United Kingdom and Sweden link sun exposure with reduced all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality. Vitamin D synthesis is dependent on UVB exposure. Individuals with higher serum levels of vitamin D are healthier in many ways, yet multiple trials of oral vitamin D supplementation show little benefit. Growing evidence shows that sunlight has health benefits through vitamin D-independent pathways, such as photomobilization of nitric oxide from cutaneous stores with reduction in cardiovascular morbidity. Sunlight has important systemic health benefit as well as risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Weller
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Dermatology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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2
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Quan QL, Yoon KN, Lee JS, Kim EJ, Lee DH. Impact of ultraviolet radiation on cardiovascular and metabolic disorders: The role of nitric oxide and vitamin D. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2023; 39:573-581. [PMID: 37731181 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has both harmful and beneficial effects on human skin and health. It causes skin damage, aging, and cancer; however, it is also a primary source of vitamin D. Additionally, UV radiation can impact energy metabolism and has protective effects on several cardiovascular and metabolic disorders in mice and humans. However, the mechanisms of UV protection against these diseases have not been clearly identified. METHODS This review summarizes the systemic effects of UV radiation on hypertension and several metabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice, and we also consider the mechanisms of action of the related regulators nitric oxide (NO) and vitamin D. RESULTS UV exposure can lower blood pressure and prevent the development of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders, such as metabolic syndrome, obesity, and type 2 diabetes, primarily through mechanisms that depend on UV-induced NO. UV radiation may also effectively delay the onset of type 1 diabetes through mechanisms that rely on UV-induced vitamin D. UV-induced NO and vitamin D play roles in preventing and slowing the progression of NAFLD. CONCLUSION UV exposure is a promising nonpharmacological intervention for cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. NO and vitamin D may play a crucial role in mediating these effects. However, further investigations are required to elucidate the exact mechanisms and determine the optimal dosage and exposure duration of UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ling Quan
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyeong-No Yoon
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Su Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Ju Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Piovani D, Brunetta E, Bonovas S. UV radiation and air pollution as drivers of major autoimmune conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 224:115449. [PMID: 36764434 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases comprise a very heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by disruptive immune responses against self-antigens, chronic morbidity and increased mortality. The incidence and prevalence of major autoimmune conditions are particularly high in the western world, at northern latitudes, and in industrialized countries. This study will mainly focus on five major autoimmune conditions, namely type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and autoimmune thyroid disorders. Epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests a protective role of sunlight exposure on the etiology of major autoimmune conditions mediated by the endogenous production of vitamin D and nitric oxide. A historical perspective shows how the rise of anthropogenic air pollutants is temporally associated with dramatic increases in incidence of these conditions. The scattering caused by ambient particulate matter and the presence of tropospheric ozone can reduce the endogenous production of vitamin D and nitric oxide, which are implicated in maintaining the immune homeostasis. Air pollutants have direct detrimental effects on the human body and are deemed responsible of an increasingly higher portion of the annual burden of human morbidity and mortality. Air pollution contributes in systemic inflammation, activates oxidative pathways, induces epigenetic alterations, and modulates the function and phenotype of dendritic cells, Tregs, and T-cells. In this review, we provide epidemiological and mechanistic insights regarding the role of UV-mediated effects in immunity and how anthropic-derived air pollution may affect major autoimmune conditions through direct and indirect mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Piovani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Enrico Brunetta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefanos Bonovas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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Dietary nitrate supplementation increases nitrate and nitrite concentrations in human skin interstitial fluid. Nitric Oxide 2023; 134-135:10-16. [PMID: 36889537 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute dietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation can increase [NO3-], but not nitrite ([NO2-]), in human skeletal muscle, though its effect on [NO3-] and [NO2-] in skin remains unknown. In an independent group design, 11 young adults ingested 140 mL of NO3--rich beetroot juice (BR; 9.6 mmol NO3-), and 6 young adults ingested 140 mL of a NO3--depleted placebo (PL). Skin dialysate, acquired through intradermal microdialysis, and venous blood samples were collected at baseline and every hour post-ingestion up to 4 h to assess dialysate and plasma [NO3-] and [NO2-]. The relative recovery rate of NO3- and NO2- through the microdialysis probe (73.1% and 62.8%), determined in a separate experiment, was used to estimate skin interstitial [NO3-] and [NO2-]. Baseline [NO3-] was lower, whereas baseline [NO2-] was higher in the skin interstitial fluid relative to plasma (both P < 0.001). Acute BR ingestion increased [NO3-] and [NO2-] in the skin interstitial fluid and plasma (all P < 0.001), with the magnitude being smaller in the skin interstitial fluid (e.g., 183 ± 54 vs. 491 ± 62 μM for Δ[NO3-] from baseline and 155 ± 190 vs. 217 ± 204 nM for Δ[NO2-] from baseline at 3 h post BR ingestion, both P ≤ 0.037). However, due to the aforementioned baseline differences, skin interstitial fluid [NO2-] post BR ingestion was higher, whereas [NO3-] was lower relative to plasma (all P < 0.001). These findings extend our understanding of NO3- and NO2- distribution at rest and indicate that acute BR supplementation increases [NO3-] and [NO2-] in human skin interstitial fluid.
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Yang C, Rybchyn MS, De Silva WGM, Matthews J, Dixon KM, Holland AJA, Conigrave AD, Mason RS. The CaSR Modulator NPS-2143 Reduced UV-Induced DNA Damage in Skh:hr1 Hairless Mice but Minimally Inhibited Skin Tumours. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054921. [PMID: 36902353 PMCID: PMC10002576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is an important regulator of epidermal function. We previously reported that knockdown of the CaSR or treatment with its negative allosteric modulator, NPS-2143, significantly reduced UV-induced DNA damage, a key factor in skin cancer development. We subsequently wanted to test whether topical NPS-2143 could also reduce UV-DNA damage, immune suppression, or skin tumour development in mice. In this study, topical application of NPS-2143 (228 or 2280 pmol/cm2) to Skh:hr1 female mice reduced UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) (p < 0.05) and oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG) (p < 0.05) to a similar extent as the known photoprotective agent 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 (calcitriol, 1,25D). Topical NPS-2143 failed to rescue UV-induced immunosuppression in a contact hypersensitivity study. In a chronic UV photocarcinogenesis protocol, topical NPS-2143 reduced squamous cell carcinomas for only up to 24 weeks (p < 0.02) but had no other effect on skin tumour development. In human keratinocytes, 1,25D, which protected mice from UV-induced skin tumours, significantly reduced UV-upregulated p-CREB expression (p < 0.01), a potential early anti-tumour marker, while NPS-2143 had no effect. This result, together with the failure to reduce UV-induced immunosuppression, may explain why the reduction in UV-DNA damage in mice with NPS-2143 was not sufficient to inhibit skin tumour formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark Stephen Rybchyn
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2033, Australia
| | | | - Jim Matthews
- Sydney Informatics Hub, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Katie Marie Dixon
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Andrew J. A. Holland
- Douglas Cohen Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Arthur David Conigrave
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rebecca Sara Mason
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Kashiwagi S, Morita A, Yokomizo S, Ogawa E, Komai E, Huang PL, Bragin DE, Atochin DN. Photobiomodulation and nitric oxide signaling. Nitric Oxide 2023; 130:58-68. [PMID: 36462596 PMCID: PMC9808891 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a well-known gaseous mediator that maintains vascular homeostasis. Extensive evidence supports that a hallmark of endothelial dysfunction, which leads to cardiovascular diseases, is endothelial NO deficiency. Thus, restoring endothelial NO represents a promising approach to treating cardiovascular complications. Despite many therapeutic agents having been shown to augment NO bioavailability under various pathological conditions, success in resulting clinical trials has remained elusive. There is solid evidence of diverse beneficial effects of the treatment with low-power near-infrared (NIR) light, defined as photobiomodulation (PBM). Although the precise mechanisms of action of PBM are still elusive, recent studies consistently report that PBM improves endothelial dysfunction via increasing bioavailable NO in a dose-dependent manner and open a feasible path to the use of PBM for treating cardiovascular diseases via augmenting NO bioavailability. In particular, the use of NIR light in the NIR-II window (1000-1700 nm) for PBM, which has reduced scattering and minimal tissue absorption with the largest penetration depth, is emerging as a promising therapy. In this review, we update recent findings on PBM and NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kashiwagi
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
| | - Atsuyo Morita
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Shinya Yokomizo
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA; Department of Radiological Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10 Higashi-Ogu, Arakawa, Tokyo, 116-8551, Japan
| | - Emiyu Ogawa
- School of Allied Health Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato Minami-ku Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Eri Komai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Paul L Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Denis E Bragin
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr. SE, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA; Department of Neurology, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC08 4720, 1 UNM, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Dmitriy N Atochin
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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Seabra AB, Pieretti JC, de Melo Santana B, Horue M, Tortella GR, Castro GR. Pharmacological applications of nitric oxide-releasing biomaterials in human skin. Int J Pharm 2022; 630:122465. [PMID: 36476664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important endogenous molecule that plays several roles in biological systems. NO is synthesized in human skin by three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and, depending on the produced NO concentration, it can actuate in wound healing, dermal vasodilation, or skin defense against different pathogens, for example. Besides being endogenously produced, NO-based pharmacological formulations have been developed for dermatological applications targeting diverse pathologies such as bacterial infection, wound healing, leishmaniasis, and even esthetic issues such as acne and skin aging. Recent strategies focus mainly on developing smart NO-releasing nanomaterials/biomaterials, as they enable a sustained and targeted NO release, promoting an improved therapeutic effect. This review aims to overview and discuss the main mechanisms of NO in human skin, the recent progress in the field of dermatological formulations containing NO, and their application in several skin diseases, highlighting promising advances and future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedea B Seabra
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil.
| | - Joana C Pieretti
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Bianca de Melo Santana
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Manuel Horue
- Laboratorio de Nanobiomateriales, CINDEFI - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata- CONICET (CCT La Plata), Argentina
| | - Gonzalo R Tortella
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnologica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA-BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Guillermo R Castro
- Nanobiotechnology Area, Max Planck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics of Rosario (MPLbioR, UNR-MPIbpC). Partner Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (MPIbpC, MPG) - CONICET. Maipú 1065, S2000 Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina; Nanomedicine Research Unit (Nanomed), Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil.
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Enhancement of Nitric Oxide Bioavailability by Modulation of Cutaneous Nitric Oxide Stores. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092124. [PMID: 36140225 PMCID: PMC9496039 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of nitric oxide (NO) in the skin plays a critical role in wound healing and the response to several stimuli, such as UV exposure, heat, infection, and inflammation. Furthermore, in the human body, NO is involved in vascular homeostasis and the regulation of blood pressure. Physiologically, a family of enzymes termed nitric oxide synthases (NOS) generates NO. In addition, there are many methods of non-enzymatic/NOS-independent NO generation, e.g., the reduction of NO derivates (NODs) such as nitrite, nitrate, and nitrosylated proteins under certain conditions. The skin is the largest and heaviest human organ and contains a comparatively high concentration of these NODs; therefore, it represents a promising target for many therapeutic strategies for NO-dependent pathological conditions. In this review, we give an overview of how the cutaneous NOD stores can be targeted and modulated, leading to a further accumulation of NO-related compounds and/or the local and systemic release of bioactive NO, and eventually, NO-related physiological effects with a potential therapeutical use for diseases such as hypertension, disturbed microcirculation, impaired wound healing, and skin infections.
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Weller RB, Macintyre IM, Melville V, Farrugia M, Feelisch M, Webb DJ. The effect of daily UVA phototherapy for 2 weeks on clinic and 24-h blood pressure in individuals with mild hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2022:10.1038/s41371-022-00729-2. [PMID: 35931819 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-022-00729-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Latitude and season determine exposure to ultraviolet radiation and correlate with population blood pressure. Evidence for Vitamin D causing this relationship is inconsistent, and temperature changes are only partly responsible for BP variation. In healthy individuals, a single irradiation with 20 J/cm2 UVA mobilises NO from cutaneous stores to the circulation, causes arterial vasodilatation, and elicits a transient fall in BP. We, therefore, tested whether low-dose daily UVA phototherapy might be an effective treatment for mild hypertension. 13 patients with untreated high-normal or stage 1 hypertension (BP 130-159/85-99 mm Hg), confirmed by 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (ABP), were recruited. Using home phototherapy lamps they were either exposed to 5 J/cm2 full body UVA (320-410 nm) radiation each day for 14 days, or sham-irradiated with lamps filtered to exclude wavelengths <500 nm. After a washout period of 3 ± 1 week, the alternate irradiation was delivered. 24-h ABP was measured on day 0 before either irradiation sequence and on day 14. Clinic BP was recorded on day 0, and within 90 min of irradiation on day 14. There was no effect on 24-h ABP following UVA irradiation. Clinic BP shortly after irradiation fell with UVA (-8.0 ± 2.9/-3.8 ± 1.1 mm Hg p = 0.034/0.029) but not sham irradiation (1.1 ± 3.0/0.9 ± 1.5 mm Hg). Once daily low-dose UVA does not control mildly elevated BP although it produces a transient fall shortly after irradiation. More frequent exposure to UVA might be effective. Alternatively, UVB, which photo-releases more NO from skin, could be tried.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Weller
- Centre for Inflammation Research and Edinburgh Skin Network, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Iain M Macintyre
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,University Clinical Research Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vanessa Melville
- University Clinical Research Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael Farrugia
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - David J Webb
- University Clinical Research Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Liddle L, Monaghan C, Burleigh MC, Baczynska KA, Muggeridge DJ, Easton C. Reduced nitric oxide synthesis in winter: A potential contributing factor to increased cardiovascular risk. Nitric Oxide 2022; 127:1-9. [PMID: 35792235 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide is a key signalling molecule that elicits a range of biological functions to maintain vascular homeostasis. A reduced availability of nitric oxide is implicated in the progression of cardiovascular diseases and increases the risk of pathogenic events. AIMS To compare the concentration of nitric oxide metabolites in healthy adults between winter and summer months. DESIGN An observational study of healthy adults (age 32 ± 9 years) living in central Scotland. METHODS Thirty-four healthy adults (13 females) were monitored for 7 days in summer and winter to record sunlight exposure (ultraviolet-A (UV-A) radiation), diet, and physical activity. At the end of each phase, blood pressure was measured, and samples of blood and saliva collected. The samples were analysed to determine the concentrations of plasma and salivary nitrate and nitrite and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). RESULTS The participants maintained similar diets in each measurement phase but were exposed to more UV-A radiation (550%) and undertook more moderate-vigorous physical activity (23%) in the summer than in winter. Plasma nitrite (46%) and serum 25(OH)D (59%) were higher and blood pressure was lower in the summer compared to winter months. Plasma nitrite concentration was negatively associated with systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS Plasma nitrite, an established marker of nitric oxide synthesis, is higher in healthy adults during the summer than in winter. This may be mediated by a greater exposure to UV-A which stimulates the release of nitric oxide metabolites from skin stores. While it is possible that seasonal variation in nitric oxide availability may contribute to an increased blood pressure in the winter months, the overall impact on cardiovascular health remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Liddle
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, UK; School of Sport and Health Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Christopher Monaghan
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, UK
| | - Mia C Burleigh
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, UK
| | - Katarzyna A Baczynska
- Laser and Optical Radiation Dosimetry Group, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency, Chilton, UK
| | | | - Chris Easton
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, UK.
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11
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Barolet AC, Litvinov IV, Barolet D. Light-induced nitric oxide release in the skin beyond UVA and blue light: Red & near-infrared wavelengths. Nitric Oxide 2021; 117:16-25. [PMID: 34536586 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is omnipresent in the body and synthesized by 3 isoenzymes (nNOS, eNOS and iNOS), all detected in human skin. NO can be stored in a pool of compounds readily converted to NO following skin irradiation by UVR and blue light. This non-enzymatic (without NOS involvement) photolytic reaction mobilizes cutaneous stores of NO derivatives to the bloodstream, lowering blood pressure. However, with the likelihood of skin deleterious effects caused by UVR/blue light, safer wavelengths in the red/near-infrared (NIR) spectrum are becoming potential contenders to release cutaneous NO, possibly via NOS temperature-dependent effects. The use of red/NIR light to mobilize NO stores from the body's largest organ (the skin) is auspicious. This review focuses on UVR, blue, red, and NIR spectra and their capacity to release NO in human skin. PubMed and Google Scholar were used as article databases to find relevant publications related to this particular field.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Barolet
- Deptartment of Surgery, Experimental Surgery Graduate Training Program, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - I V Litvinov
- Deptartment of Surgery, Experimental Surgery Graduate Training Program, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Deptartment of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Graduate Training Program, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - D Barolet
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; RoseLab Skin Optics Research Laboratory, Laval, Quebec, Canada
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Lawrence KP, Delinasios GJ, Premi S, Young AR, Cooke MS. Perspectives on Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimers-Rise of the Dark Dimers †. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:609-616. [PMID: 34706095 DOI: 10.1111/php.13551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Some early reports demonstrate that levels of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) may increase after UVR exposure had ended, although these observations were treated as artifacts. More recently, it has been shown unequivocally that CPD formation does occur post-irradiation, with maximal levels occurring after about 2-3 h. These lesions have been termed "dark CPD" (dCPD). Subsequent studies have confirmed their presence in vitro, in mouse models and in human skin in vivo. Melanin carbonyls have a role in the formation of dCPD, but they have also been observed in amelanotic systems, indicating other, unknown process(es) exist. In both cases, the formation of dCPD can be prevented by the presence of certain antioxidants. We lack data on the spectral dependence of dCPD, but it is unlikely to be the same as for incident CPD (iCPD), which are formed only during irradiation. There is evidence that iCPD and dCPD may have different repair kinetics, although this remains to be elucidated. It is also unknown whether iCPD and dCPD have different biological properties. The formation of dCPD in human skin in vivo has implications for post solar exposure photoprotection, and skin carcinogenesis, with a need for this to be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl P Lawrence
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Sanjay Premi
- Tumor Biology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Antony R Young
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marcus S Cooke
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Moattari CR, Granstein RD. Neuropeptides and neurohormones in immune, inflammatory and cellular responses to ultraviolet radiation. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 232:e13644. [PMID: 33724698 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to varying amounts of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) through sunlight. UVR penetrates into human skin leading to release of neuropeptides, neurotransmitters and neuroendocrine hormones. These messengers released from local sensory nerves, keratinocytes, Langerhans cells (LCs), mast cells, melanocytes and endothelial cells (ECs) modulate local and systemic immune responses, mediate inflammation and promote differing cell biologic effects. In this review, we will focus on both animal and human studies that elucidate the roles of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), nerve growth factor (NGF), nitric oxide and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) derivatives in mediating immune and inflammatory effects of exposure to UVR as well as other cell biologic effects of UVR exposure.
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Bonvicini JFS, Basso FG, de Souza Costa CA, Soares CJ, Turrioni AP. Photobiomodulation effect of red LED (630 nm) on the free radical levels produced by pulp cells under stress conditions. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 37:607-617. [PMID: 33826014 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the ability of red light emitting diodes (LED) to modulate oxidative stress in human dental pulp fibroblasts (HDPFs) when different irradiation parameters are employed. Cells from primary teeth were seeded (100,000 cells/well) in 24-well plates in culture medium (DMEM). At 24 h after incubation, the culture medium was replaced with DMEM containing 10 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Thereafter, the cells were irradiated (LED 630 nm, 0.04 W/cm2 and 0.08 W/cm2) at 0 J/cm2 (control group), 4 J/cm2, 15 J/cm2, and 30 J/cm2; and their viability (MTT assay), number (Trypan Blue), synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) (Griess reagent), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (fluorescence probe, DCFH-DA) were assessed. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney statistical tests using Bonferroni correction were employed (significance level of 5%). Compared to that in control fibroblasts, increased viability was observed in HDPFs exposed to LPS and irradiated with 15 J/cm2 and 30 J/cm2 at 0.04 W/cm2 and 4 J/cm2 and 15 J/cm2 at 0.08 W/cm2 (p < 0.05). Exposure to 4 J/cm2 at 0.04 W/cm2 and 15 J/cm2 and 30 J/cm2 at 0.08 W/cm2 modulated the oxidative stress in cells relative to that observed in non-irradiated LPS-treated pulp cells (p < 0.05). It was concluded that the irradiation strategies of using red LED with radiant exposures of 15 J/cm2 and 30 J/cm2 at 0.04 W/cm2 and 15 J/cm2 at 0.08 W/cm2 were the best parameters to decrease NO and ROS concentration and to stimulate viability of HDPFs exposed to LPS challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Fernanda Sena Bonvicini
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, UFU, Av. Pará 1720, Umuarama, Uberlândia, MG, 38400902, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos José Soares
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, Federal University of Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Turrioni
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, UFU, Av. Pará 1720, Umuarama, Uberlândia, MG, 38400902, Brazil.
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Effects of acute dietary nitrate supplementation on cold-induced vasodilation in healthy males. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1431-1439. [PMID: 33620545 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04621-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) is a paradoxical rise in blood flow to the digits that occur during prolonged cold exposure. CIVD is thought to occur through active vasodilation and/or sympathetic withdrawal, where nitric oxide (NO) may play a key role in mediating these mechanisms. Beetroot juice (BRJ) is high in dietary nitrate (NO3-) which undergoes sequential reduction to nitrite (NO2-) and subsequently NO. Using a double-blind, randomized, crossover design, we examined the effect of acute BRJ supplementation on the CIVD response in 10 healthy males. METHODS Participants had a resting blood pressure measurement taken prior to ingesting 140 mL of nitrate-rich BRJ (13 mmol NO3-) or a NO3--free placebo (PLA). After 2 h, participants immersed their hand in neutral water (~ 35 °C) for 10 min of baseline before cold water immersion (~ 8 °C) for 30 min. Laser-Doppler fluxmetry and skin temperature were measured continuously on the digits. RESULTS Compared to PLA (100 ± 3 mmHg), acute BRJ supplementation significantly reduced mean arterial pressure at -30 min (96 ± 2 mmHg; p = 0.007) and 0 min (94 ± 2 mmHg; p = 0.008). Acute BRJ supplementation had no effect on Laser-Doppler fluxmetry during CIVD (expressed as cutaneous vascular conductance) measured as area under the curve (BRJ: 843 ± 148 PU mmHg-1 s; PLA: 1086 ± 333 PU mmHg-1 s), amplitude (BRJ: 0.60 ± 0.12 PU mmHg-1; PLA: 0.69 ± 0.14 PU mmHg-1), and duration (BRJ: 895 ± 60 s; PLA: 894 ± 46 s). CONCLUSION Acute BRJ supplementation does not augment the CIVD response in healthy males.
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Gorman S, Weller RB. Investigating the Potential for Ultraviolet Light to Modulate Morbidity and Mortality From COVID-19: A Narrative Review and Update. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:616527. [PMID: 33426009 PMCID: PMC7786057 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.616527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease of 2019) pandemic, researchers have been seeking low-cost and accessible means of providing protection from its harms, particularly for at-risk individuals such as those with cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity. One possible way is via safe sun exposure, and/or dietary supplementation with induced beneficial mediators (e.g., vitamin D). In this narrative review, we provide rationale and updated evidence on the potential benefits and harms of sun exposure and ultraviolet (UV) light that may impact COVID-19. We review recent studies that provide new evidence for any benefits (or otherwise) of UV light, sun exposure, and the induced mediators, vitamin D and nitric oxide, and their potential to modulate morbidity and mortality induced by infection with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus-2). We identified substantial interest in this research area, with many commentaries and reviews already published; however, most of these have focused on vitamin D, with less consideration of UV light (or sun exposure) or other mediators such as nitric oxide. Data collected to-date suggest that ambient levels of both UVA and UVB may be beneficial for reducing severity or mortality due to COVID-19, with some inconsistent findings. Currently unresolved are the nature of the associations between blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D and COVID-19 measures, with more prospective data needed that better consider lifestyle factors, such as physical activity and personal sun exposure levels. Another short-coming has been a lack of measurement of sun exposure, and its potential to influence COVID-19 outcomes. We also discuss possible mechanisms by which sun exposure, UV light and induced mediators could affect COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, by focusing on likely effects on viral pathogenesis, immunity and inflammation, and potential cardiometabolic protective mechanisms. Finally, we explore potential issues including the impacts of exposure to high dose UV radiation on COVID-19 and vaccination, and effective and safe doses for vitamin D supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Gorman
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Richard B. Weller
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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17
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In focus in HCB. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 153:379-384. [PMID: 32500160 PMCID: PMC7272315 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01885-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Correspondence on 'Seasonal variation in blood pressure: evidence, consensus and recommendations for clinical practice. Consensus statement by the ESH Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability'. J Hypertens 2020; 38:2077-2079. [PMID: 32890288 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cramer MN, Hieda M, Huang M, Moralez G, Crandall CG. Dietary nitrate supplementation does not influence thermoregulatory or cardiovascular strain in older individuals during severe ambient heat stress. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1730-1741. [PMID: 32816341 DOI: 10.1113/ep088834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Does dietary nitrate supplementation with beetroot juice attenuate thermoregulatory and cardiovascular strain in older adults during severe heat stress? What is the main finding and its importance? A 7-day nitrate supplementation regimen lowered resting mean arterial pressure in thermoneutral conditions. During heat stress, core and mean skin temperatures, vasodilatory responses, sweat loss, heart rate and left ventricular function were unchanged, and mean arterial pressure was only transiently reduced, post-supplementation. These data suggest nitrate supplementation with beetroot juice does not mitigate thermoregulatory or cardiovascular strain in heat-stressed older individuals. ABSTRACT This study tested the hypothesis that dietary nitrate supplementation with concentrated beetroot juice attenuates thermoregulatory and cardiovascular strain in older individuals during environmental heat stress. Nine healthy older individuals (six females, three males; aged 67 ± 5 years) were exposed to 42.5 ± 0.1°C and 34.0 ± 0.5% relative humidity conditions for 120 min before (CON) and after 7 days of dietary nitrate supplementation with concentrated beetroot juice (BRJ; 280 ml, ∼16.8 mmol of nitrate daily). Core and skin temperatures, body mass changes (indicative of whole-body sweat loss), skin blood flow and cutaneous vascular conductance, forearm blood flow and vascular conductance, heart rate, arterial blood pressures and indices of cardiac function were measured. The 7-day beetroot juice regimen increased plasma nitrate/nitrite levels from 27.4 ± 15.2 to 477.0 ± 102.5 μmol l-1 (P < 0.01) and lowered resting mean arterial pressure from 90 ± 7 to 83 ± 10 mmHg at baseline under thermoneutral conditions (P = 0.02). However, during subsequent heat stress, no differences in core and skin temperatures, skin blood flow and vascular conductance, forearm blood flow and vascular conductance, whole-body sweat loss, heart rate, and echocardiographic indices of systolic function and diastolic filling were evident following nitrate supplementation (all P > 0.05). Mean arterial pressure was lower in BRJ vs. CON during heat stress (treatment-by-time interaction: P = 0.02). Overall, these findings suggest that dietary nitrate supplementation with concentrated beetroot juice does not attenuate thermoregulatory or cardiovascular strain in older individuals exposed to severe ambient heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Cramer
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michinari Hieda
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mu Huang
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Applied Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Gilbert Moralez
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Applied Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Craig G Crandall
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Alfredsson L, Armstrong BK, Butterfield DA, Chowdhury R, de Gruijl FR, Feelisch M, Garland CF, Hart PH, Hoel DG, Jacobsen R, Lindqvist PG, Llewellyn DJ, Tiemeier H, Weller RB, Young AR. Insufficient Sun Exposure Has Become a Real Public Health Problem. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E5014. [PMID: 32668607 PMCID: PMC7400257 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This article aims to alert the medical community and public health authorities to accumulating evidence on health benefits from sun exposure, which suggests that insufficient sun exposure is a significant public health problem. Studies in the past decade indicate that insufficient sun exposure may be responsible for 340,000 deaths in the United States and 480,000 deaths in Europe per year, and an increased incidence of breast cancer, colorectal cancer, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, autism, asthma, type 1 diabetes and myopia. Vitamin D has long been considered the principal mediator of beneficial effects of sun exposure. However, oral vitamin D supplementation has not been convincingly shown to prevent the above conditions; thus, serum 25(OH)D as an indicator of vitamin D status may be a proxy for and not a mediator of beneficial effects of sun exposure. New candidate mechanisms include the release of nitric oxide from the skin and direct effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on peripheral blood cells. Collectively, this evidence indicates it would be wise for people living outside the tropics to ensure they expose their skin sufficiently to the sun. To minimize the harms of excessive sun exposure, great care must be taken to avoid sunburn, and sun exposure during high ambient UVR seasons should be obtained incrementally at not more than 5-30 min a day (depending on skin type and UV index), in season-appropriate clothing and with eyes closed or protected by sunglasses that filter UVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Alfredsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Bruce K. Armstrong
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia;
| | - D. Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
| | - Rajiv Chowdhury
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK;
| | - Frank R. de Gruijl
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Medical School and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK;
| | - Cedric F. Garland
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Prue H. Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth 6872, Australia;
| | - David G. Hoel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Ramune Jacobsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Pelle G. Lindqvist
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - David J. Llewellyn
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK;
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Social and Behavioral Science, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Richard B. Weller
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK;
| | - Antony R. Young
- St John’s Institute of Dermatology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK;
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Pelegrino MT, Paganotti A, Seabra AB, Weller RB. Photochemistry of nitric oxide and S-nitrosothiols in human skin. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 153:431-441. [PMID: 32162135 PMCID: PMC7300104 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01858-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is related to a wide range of physiological processes such as vasodilation, macrophages cytotoxicity and wound healing. The human skin contains NO precursors (NOx). Those are mainly composed of nitrite (NO2-), nitrate (NO3-), and S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs) which forms a large NO store. These NOx stores in human skin can mobilize NO to blood stream upon ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the most effective UV light wavelength to generate NO and compare it to each NO precursor in aqueous solution. In addition, the UV light might change the RSNO content on human skin. First, we irradiated pure aqueous solutions of NO2- and NO3- and mixtures of NO2- and glutathione and NO3- and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) to identify the NO release profile from those species alone. In sequence, we evaluated the NO generation profile on human skin slices. Human skin was acquired from redundant plastic surgical samples and the NO and RSNO measurements were performed using a selective NO electrochemical sensor. The data showed that UV light could trigger the NO generation in skin with a peak at 280-285 nm (UVB range). We also observed a significant RSNO formation in irradiated human skin, with a peak at 320 nm (UV region) and at 700 nm (visible region). Pre-treatment of the human skin slice using NO2- and thiol (RSHs) scavengers confirmed the important role of these molecules in RSNO formation. These findings have important implications for clinical trials with potential for new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena T Pelegrino
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Universidade Federal Do ABC, Av. dos Estados 5001, Santo André, SP, CEP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - André Paganotti
- Laboratory of Materials and Mechanical Manufacture, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Amedea B Seabra
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Universidade Federal Do ABC, Av. dos Estados 5001, Santo André, SP, CEP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Richard B Weller
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Bahadoran Z, Carlström M, Mirmiran P, Ghasemi A. Nitric oxide: To be or not to be an endocrine hormone? Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 229:e13443. [PMID: 31944587 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a highly reactive gasotransmitter, is critical for a number of cellular processes and has multiple biological functions. Due to its limited lifetime and diffusion distance, NO has been mainly believed to act in autocrine/paracrine fashion. The increasingly recognized effects of pharmacologically delivered and endogenous NO at a distant site have changed the conventional wisdom and introduced NO as an endocrine signalling molecule. The notion is greatly supported by the detection of a number of NO adducts and their circulatory cycles, which in turn contribute to the transport and delivery of NO bioactivity, remote from the sites of its synthesis. The existence of endocrine sites of synthesis, negative feedback regulation of biosynthesis, integrated storage and transport systems, having an exclusive receptor, that is, soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), and organized circadian rhythmicity make NO something beyond a simple autocrine/paracrine signalling molecule that could qualify for being an endocrine signalling molecule. Here, we discuss hormonal features of NO from the classical endocrine point of view and review available knowledge supporting NO as a true endocrine hormone. This new insight can provide a new framework within which to reinterpret NO biology and its clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bahadoran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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23
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Weller RB, Wang Y, He J, Maddux FW, Usvyat L, Zhang H, Feelisch M, Kotanko P. Does Incident Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Lower Blood Pressure? J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e013837. [PMID: 32106744 PMCID: PMC7335547 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.013837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Hypertension remains a leading global cause for premature death and disease. Most treatment guidelines emphasize the importance of risk factors, but not all are known, modifiable, or easily avoided. Population blood pressure correlates with latitude and is lower in summer than winter. Seasonal variations in sunlight exposure account for these differences, with temperature believed to be the main contributor. Recent research indicates that UV light enhances nitric oxide availability by mobilizing storage forms in the skin, suggesting incident solar UV radiation may lower blood pressure. We tested this hypothesis by exploring the association between environmental UV exposure and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in a large cohort of chronic hemodialysis patients in whom SBP is determined regularly. Methods and Results We studied 342 457 patients (36% black, 64% white) at 2178 US dialysis centers over 3 years. Incident UV radiation and temperature data for each clinic location were retrieved from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration database. Linear mixed effects models with adjustment for ambient temperature, sex/age, body mass index, serum Na+/K+ and other covariates were fitted to each location and combined estimates of associations calculated using the DerSimonian and Laird procedure. Pre-dialysis SBP varied by season and was ≈4 mm Hg higher in black patients. Temperature, UVA and UVB were all linearly and inversely associated with SBP. This relationship remained statistically significant after correcting for temperature. Conclusions In hemodialysis patients, in addition to environmental temperature, incident solar UV radiation is associated with lower SBP. This raises the possibility that insufficient sunlight is a new risk factor for hypertension, perhaps even in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. Weller
- Center for Inflammation ResearchUniversity of EdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Yuedong Wang
- Department of Statistics & Applied ProbabilityUniversity of California ‐ Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCA
| | - Jingyi He
- Department of Statistics & Applied ProbabilityUniversity of California ‐ Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCA
| | | | - Len Usvyat
- Integrated Care AnalyticsFresenius Medical Care North AmericaWalthamMA
| | | | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical & Experimental SciencesFaculty of Medicine, and Institute for Life SciencesSouthampton General HospitalUniversity of SouthamptonUnited Kingdom
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Garcia-Vaz E, McNeilly AD, Berglund LM, Ahmad A, Gallagher JR, Dutius Andersson AM, McCrimmon RJ, Zetterqvist AV, Gomez MF, Khan F. Inhibition of NFAT Signaling Restores Microvascular Endothelial Function in Diabetic Mice. Diabetes 2020; 69:424-435. [PMID: 31806622 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Central to the development of diabetic macro- and microvascular disease is endothelial dysfunction, which appears well before any clinical sign but, importantly, is potentially reversible. We previously demonstrated that hyperglycemia activates nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) in conduit and medium-sized resistance arteries and that NFAT blockade abolishes diabetes-driven aggravation of atherosclerosis. In this study, we test whether NFAT plays a role in the development of endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. NFAT-dependent transcriptional activity was elevated in skin microvessels of diabetic Akita (Ins2 +/- ) mice when compared with nondiabetic littermates. Treatment of diabetic mice with the NFAT blocker A-285222 reduced NFATc3 nuclear accumulation and NFAT-luciferase transcriptional activity in skin microvessels, resulting in improved microvascular function, as assessed by laser Doppler imaging and iontophoresis of acetylcholine and localized heating. This improvement was abolished by pretreatment with the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor l-N G-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, while iontophoresis of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside eliminated the observed differences. A-285222 treatment enhanced dermis endothelial NO synthase expression and plasma NO levels of diabetic mice. It also prevented induction of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and osteopontin, lowered plasma endothelin-1 and blood pressure, and improved mouse survival without affecting blood glucose. In vivo inhibition of NFAT may represent a novel therapeutic modality to preserve endothelial function in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Garcia-Vaz
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alison D McNeilly
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - Lisa M Berglund
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Abrar Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jennifer R Gallagher
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | | | - Rory J McCrimmon
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - Anna V Zetterqvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria F Gomez
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Faisel Khan
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kapil
- Barts Blood Pressure Centre of ExcellenceBarts Heart CentreBarts Health NHS TrustLondonUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Cardiovascular Medicine and Device InnovationWilliam Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ajay K. Gupta
- Barts Blood Pressure Centre of ExcellenceBarts Heart CentreBarts Health NHS TrustLondonUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical PharmacologyWilliam Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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Reichrath J, Reichrath S, Vogt T, Römer K. Crosstalk Between Vitamin D and p53 Signaling in Cancer: An Update. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1268:307-318. [PMID: 32918225 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It has now been convincingly shown that vitamin D and p53 signaling protect against spontaneous or carcinogen-induced malignant transformation of cells. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) and the p53/p63/p73 proteins (the p53 family hereafter) exert their effects as receptors/sensors that turn into transcriptional regulators upon stimulus. While the p53 clan, mostly in the nucleoplasm, responds to a large and still growing number of alterations in cellular homeostasis commonly referred to as stress, the nuclear VDR is transcriptionally activated after binding its naturally occurring biologically active ligand 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D with high affinity. Interestingly, a crosstalk between vitamin D and p53 signaling has been demonstrated that occurs at different levels, has genome-wide implications, and is of high importance for many malignancies, including non-melanoma skin cancer. These interactions include the ability of p53 to upregulate skin pigmentation via POMC derivatives including alpha-MSH and ACTH. Increased pigmentation protects the skin against UV-induced DNA damage and skin photocarcinogenesis, but also inhibits cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D. A second level of interaction is characterized by binding of VDR and p53 protein, an observation that may be of relevance for the ability of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D to increase the survival of skin cells after UV irradiation. UV irradiation-surviving cells show significant reductions in thymine dimers in the presence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D that are associated with increased nuclear p53 protein expression and significantly reduced NO products. A third level of interaction is documented by the ability of vitamin D compounds to regulate the expression of the murine double minute (MDM2) gene in dependence of the presence of wild-type p53. MDM2 has a well-established role as a key negative regulator of p53 activity. Finally, p53 and its family members have been implicated in the direct regulation of the VDR. This review gives an update on some of the implications of the crosstalk between vitamin D and p53 signaling for carcinogenesis in the skin and other tissues, focusing on a genome-wide perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Reichrath
- Center for Clinical and Experimental Photodermatology and Department of Dermatology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Sandra Reichrath
- Department of Dermatology, The Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Vogt
- Department of Dermatology, The Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Römer
- José Carreras Centre and Internal Medicine I, University of Saarland Medical Centre, Homburg (Saar), Germany
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Dhamrait GK, Panchal K, Fleury NJ, Abel TN, Ancliffe MK, Crew RC, Croft K, Fernandez BO, Minnion M, Hart PH, Lucas RM, Mark PJ, Feelisch M, Weller RB, Matthews V, Gorman S. Characterising nitric oxide-mediated metabolic benefits of low-dose ultraviolet radiation in the mouse: a focus on brown adipose tissue. Diabetologia 2020; 63:179-193. [PMID: 31713010 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-05022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Exposure to sunlight has the potential to suppress metabolic dysfunction and obesity. We previously demonstrated that regular exposure to low-doses of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) reduced weight gain and signs of diabetes in male mice fed a high-fat diet, in part via release of nitric oxide from skin. Here, we explore further mechanistic pathways through which low-dose UVR exerts these beneficial effects. METHODS We fed mice with a luciferase-tagged Ucp1 gene (which encodes uncoupling protein-1 [UCP-1]), referred to here as the Ucp1 luciferase transgenic mouse ('Thermomouse') a high-fat diet and examined the effects of repeated exposure to low-dose UVR on weight gain and development of metabolic dysfunction as well as UCP-1-dependent thermogenesis in interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT). RESULTS Repeated exposure to low-dose UVR suppressed the development of glucose intolerance and hepatic lipid accumulation via dermal release of nitric oxide while also reducing circulating IL-6 (compared with mice fed a high-fat diet only). Dietary nitrate supplementation did not mimic the effects of low-dose UVR. A single low dose of UVR increased UCP-1 expression (by more than twofold) in iBAT of mice fed a low-fat diet, 24 h after exposure. However, in mice fed a high-fat diet, there was no effect of UVR on UCP-1 expression in iBAT (compared with mock-treated mice) when measured at regular intervals over 12 weeks. More extensive circadian studies did not identify any substantial shifts in UCP-1 expression in mice exposed to low-dose UVR, although skin temperature at the interscapular site was reduced in UVR-exposed mice. The appearance of cells with a white adipocyte phenotype ('whitening') in iBAT induced by consuming the high-fat diet was suppressed by exposure to low-dose UVR in a nitric oxide-dependent fashion. Significant shifts in the expression of important core gene regulators of BAT function (Dio2, increased more than twofold), fatty acid transport (increased Fatp2 [also known as Slc27a2]), lipolysis (decreased Atgl [also known as Pnpla2]), lipogenesis (decreased Fasn) and inflammation (decreased Tnf), and proportions of macrophages (increased twofold) were observed in iBAT of mice exposed to low-dose UVR. These effects were independent of nitric oxide released from skin. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our results suggest that non-burning (low-dose) UVR suppresses the BAT 'whitening', steatotic and pro-diabetic effects of consuming a high-fat diet through skin release of nitric oxide, with some metabolic and immune pathways in iBAT regulated by UVR independently of nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gursimran K Dhamrait
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA, 6782, Australia
| | - Kunjal Panchal
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA, 6782, Australia
| | - Naomi J Fleury
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA, 6782, Australia
| | - Tamara N Abel
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA, 6782, Australia
| | - Mathew K Ancliffe
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA, 6782, Australia
| | - Rachael C Crew
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kevin Croft
- School of Biomedical Science - Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Bernadette O Fernandez
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Magdalena Minnion
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA, 6782, Australia
| | - Robyn M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter J Mark
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Richard B Weller
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vance Matthews
- School of Biomedical Science - Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Shelley Gorman
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA, 6782, Australia.
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Pelegrino MT, Weller RB, Paganotti A, Seabra AB. Delivering nitric oxide into human skin from encapsulated S-nitrosoglutathione under UV light: An in vitro and ex vivo study. Nitric Oxide 2020; 94:108-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Hill T, Polk JD. BDNF, endurance activity, and mechanisms underlying the evolution of hominin brains. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 168 Suppl 67:47-62. [PMID: 30575024 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As a complex, polygenic trait, brain size has likely been influenced by a range of direct and indirect selection pressures for both cognitive and non-cognitive functions and capabilities. It has been hypothesized that hominin brain expansion was, in part, a correlated response to selection acting on aerobic capacity (Raichlen & Polk, 2013). According to this hypothesis, selection for aerobic capacity increased the activity of various signaling molecules, including those involved in brain growth. One key molecule is brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein that regulates neuronal development, survival, and plasticity in mammals. This review updates, partially tests, and expands Raichlen and Polk's (2013) hypothesis by evaluating evidence for BDNF as a mediator of brain size. DISCUSSION We contend that selection for endurance capabilities in a hot climate favored changes to muscle composition, mitochondrial dynamics and increased energy budget through pathways involving regulation of PGC-1α and MEF2 genes, both of which promote BDNF activity. In addition, the evolution of hairlessness and the skin's thermoregulatory response provide other molecular pathways that promote both BDNF activity and neurotransmitter synthesis. We discuss how these pathways contributed to the evolution of brain size and function in human evolution and propose avenues for future research. Our results support Raichlen and Polk's contention that selection for non-cognitive functions has direct mechanistic linkages to the evolution of brain size in hominins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Hill
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - John D Polk
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, Illinois
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Dietary sodium is an important trigger for hypertension and humans show a heterogeneous blood pressure response to salt intake. The precise mechanisms for this have not been fully explained although renal sodium handling has traditionally been considered to play a central role. Recent Findings Animal studies have shown that dietary salt loading results in non-osmotic sodium accumulation via glycosaminoglycans and lymphangiogenesis in skin mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor-C, both processes attenuating the rise in BP. Studies in humans have shown that skin could be a buffer for sodium and that skin sodium could be a marker of hypertension and salt sensitivity. Summary Skin sodium storage could represent an additional system influencing the response to salt load and blood pressure in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viknesh Selvarajah
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Box 98, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Kathleen Connolly
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Box 98, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Carmel McEniery
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Box 98, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ian Wilkinson
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Box 98, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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Gorman S, Lucas RM, Allen-Hall A, Fleury N, Feelisch M. Ultraviolet radiation, vitamin D and the development of obesity, metabolic syndrome and type-2 diabetes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 16:362-373. [PMID: 28009891 DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00274a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is increasing in prevalence in many countries around the world. Its causes have been traditionally ascribed to a model where energy intake exceeds energy consumption. Reduced energy output in the form of exercise is associated with less sun exposure as many of these activities occur outdoors. This review explores the potential for ultraviolet radiation (UVR), derived from sun exposure, to affect the development of obesity and two of its metabolic co-morbidities, type-2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. We here discuss the potential benefits (or otherwise) of exposure to UVR based on evidence from pre-clinical, human epidemiological and clinical studies and explore and compare the potential role of UVR-induced mediators, including vitamin D and nitric oxide. Overall, emerging findings suggest a protective role for UVR and sun exposure in reducing the development of obesity and cardiometabolic dysfunction, but more epidemiological and clinical research is required that focuses on measuring the direct associations and effects of exposure to UVR in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Gorman
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia.
| | - Robyn M Lucas
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia. and National Centre of Epidemiology and Public Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory
| | - Aidan Allen-Hall
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia.
| | - Naomi Fleury
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia.
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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Weller RB. The health benefits of UV radiation exposure through vitamin D production or non-vitamin D pathways. Blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 16:374-380. [PMID: 28009890 DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00336b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The detrimental effects of ultraviolet radiation are well known. Skin cancer, photo-aging, and induction or exacerbation of photosensitive dermatoses have been the focus of most photobiological research since 1928 when Findlay confirmed the carcinogenicity of ultraviolet radiation using a murine model of skin cancer. The epidemiological, mechanistic and clinical trial data have enabled the classification by the International Agency for Research on Cancer of ultraviolet radiation as a Group 1 ('sufficient evidence') carcinogen for human skin. Public health advice in most developed countries with a pale-skinned population following this has advocated limiting exposure to sunlight through use of clothing, sunblock and behavioural alterations. Despite this plethora of data, one striking omission is evidence that ultraviolet radiation shortens life, and as I will lay out in this chapter, epidemiological and now mechanistic data suggest that UV may have significant benefits on health and in particular cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Weller
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, UK.
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The effects of two different doses of ultraviolet-A light exposure on nitric oxide metabolites and cardiorespiratory outcomes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29516257 PMCID: PMC5959980 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3835-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The present study investigated different doses of ultraviolet-A (UV-A) light on plasma nitric oxide metabolites and cardiorespiratory variables. Methods Ten healthy male participants completed three experimental conditions, 7 days apart. Participants were exposed to no light (CON); 10 J cm2 (15 min) of UV-A light (UVA10) and 20 J cm2 (30 min) of UV-A light (UVA20) in a randomized order. Plasma nitrite [NO2−] and nitrate [NO3−] concentrations, blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR) were recorded before, immediately after exposure and 30 min post-exposure. Whole body oxygen utilization (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\dot{V}}}{\rm O}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙O2), resting metabolic rate (RMR) and skin temperature were recorded continuously. Results None of the measured parameters changed significantly during CON (all P > 0.05). \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\dot{V}}}{\rm O}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙O2 and RMR were significantly reduced immediately after UVA10 (P < 0.05) despite no change in plasma [NO2−] (P > 0.05). Immediately after exposure to UVA20, plasma [NO2−] was higher (P = 0.014) and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\dot{V}}}{\rm O}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙O2 and RMR tended to be lower compared to baseline (P = 0.06). There were no differences in [NO2−] or \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\dot{V}}}{\rm O}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙O2 at the 30 min time point in any condition. UV-A exposure did not alter systolic BP, diastolic BP or MAP (all P > 0.05). UV-A light did not alter plasma [NO3−] at any time point (all P > 0.05). Conclusions This study demonstrates that a UV-A dose of 20 J cm2 is necessary to increase plasma [NO2−] although a smaller dose is capable of reducing \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\dot{V}}}{\rm O}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙O2 and RMR at rest. Exposure to UV-A did not significantly reduce BP in this cohort of healthy adults. These data suggest that exposure to sunlight has a meaningful acute impact on metabolic function.
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Non Melanoma Skin Cancer Pathogenesis Overview. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6010006. [PMID: 29301290 PMCID: PMC5874663 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Non-melanoma skin cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in humans. The process of skin carcinogenesis is still not fully understood. However, several studies have been conducted to better explain the mechanisms that lead to malignancy; (2) Methods: We reviewed the more recent literature about the pathogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancer focusing on basal cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinoma and actinic keratosis; (3) Results: Several papers reported genetic and molecular alterations leading to non-melanoma skin cancer. Plenty of risk factors are involved in non-melanoma skin cancer pathogenesis, including genetic and molecular alterations, immunosuppression, and ultraviolet radiation; (4) Conclusion: Although skin carcinogenesis is still not fully understood, several papers demonstrated that genetic and molecular alterations are involved in this process. In addition, plenty of non-melanoma skin cancer risk factors are now known, allowing for an effective prevention of non-melanoma skin cancer development. Compared to other papers on the same topic, our review focused on molecular and genetic factors and analyzed in detail several factors involved in non-melanoma skin cancer.
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Greenhalgh I, Butler AR. Sanatoria revisited: sunlight and health. J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2018; 47:276-280. [DOI: 10.4997/jrcpe.2017.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Nitric oxide induces human CLA + CD25 + Foxp3 + regulatory T cells with skin-homing potential. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:1441-1444.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Holliman G, Lowe D, Cohen H, Felton S, Raj K. Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Production of Nitric Oxide:A multi-cell and multi-donor analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11105. [PMID: 28894213 PMCID: PMC5593895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11567-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence regarding positive effects of exposure to sunlight has led to suggestions that current advice may be overly weighted in favour of avoidance. UV-A has been reported to lower blood pressure, possibly through nitric oxide (NO) production in skin. Here, we set out to investigate effects of UV-A and solar-simulated radiation on the potential source of dermal NO, the effective doses and wavelengths, the responsiveness of different human skin cells, the magnitude of inter-individual differences and the potential influence of age. We utilised isogenic keratinocytes, microvascular endothelial cells, melanocytes and fibroblasts isolated from 36 human skins ranging from neonates to 86 years old. We show that keratinocytes and microvascular endothelial cells show greatest NO release following biologically relevant doses of UV-A. This was consistent across multiple neonatal donors and the effect is maintained in adult keratinocytes. Our observations are consistent with a bi-phasic mechanism by which UV-A can trigger vasodilatory effects. Analyses of NO-production spectra adds further evidence that nitrites in skin cells are the source of UV-mediated NO release. These potentially positive effects of ultraviolet radiation lend support for objective assessment of environmental influence on human health and the idea of “healthy sun exposure”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Holliman
- Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards,Public Health England (PHE), Chilton, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Donna Lowe
- Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards,Public Health England (PHE), Chilton, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Howard Cohen
- Elizabeth House, 515 Limpsfield Road, Warlingham, Surrey, CR6 9LF, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Felton
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ken Raj
- Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards,Public Health England (PHE), Chilton, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
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Pelegrino MT, Weller RB, Chen X, Bernardes JS, Seabra AB. Chitosan nanoparticles for nitric oxide delivery in human skin. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:713-719. [PMID: 30108789 PMCID: PMC6072359 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00502k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of nanoparticle-based transdermal delivery systems is a promising approach to efficiently carry and deliver therapeutic agents for dermal and systemic administration. Nitric oxide (NO) is a key molecule that plays important roles in human skin such as the control of skin homeostasis, skin defense, control of dermal blood flow, and wound healing. In addition, human skin contains stores of NO derivatives that can be mobilized and release free NO upon UV irradiation with beneficial cardiovascular effects, for instance the control of blood pressure. In this work, the NO donor precursor glutathione (GSH) was encapsulated (encapsulation efficiency of 99.60%) into ultra-small chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs) (hydrodynamic size of 30.65 ± 11.90 nm). GSH-CS NPs have a core-shell structure, as revealed by atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, in which GSH is protected in the nanoparticle core. Nitrosation of GSH by nitrous acid led to the formation of the NO donor S-nitrosogluthathione (GSNO) into CS NPs. The GSNO release from the CS NPs followed a Fickian diffusion described by the Higuchi mathematical model. Topical application of GSNO-CS NPs in intact human skin significantly increased the levels of NO and its derivatives in the epidermis, as assayed by confocal microscopy, and this effect was further enhanced by skin irradiation with UV light. Therefore, NO-releasing CS NPs are suitable materials for transdermal NO delivery to local and/or systemic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Pelegrino
- Exact and Earth Sciences Departament , Universidade Federal de São Paulo , Rua São Nicolau, 210 , CEP 09913-030 , Diadema , SP , Brazil
- Center of Natural and Human Sciences , Universidade Federal do ABC , Av. dos Estados 5001 , CEP 09210-580 , Santo André , SP , Brazil . ; Tel: +55 11 4996 8374
| | - R B Weller
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research , University of Edinburgh , Queen's Medical Research Institute , 47 Little France Crescent , Edinburgh , EH16 4TJ , UK
| | - X Chen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research , University of Edinburgh , Queen's Medical Research Institute , 47 Little France Crescent , Edinburgh , EH16 4TJ , UK
| | - J S Bernardes
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory (LNNano) , National Center for Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000 , CEP 13083-970 , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - A B Seabra
- Center of Natural and Human Sciences , Universidade Federal do ABC , Av. dos Estados 5001 , CEP 09210-580 , Santo André , SP , Brazil . ; Tel: +55 11 4996 8374
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Apalla Z, Nashan D, Weller RB, Castellsagué X. Skin Cancer: Epidemiology, Disease Burden, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Approaches. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2017; 7:5-19. [PMID: 28150105 PMCID: PMC5289116 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-016-0165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer, including both melanoma and non-melanoma, is the most common type of malignancy in the Caucasian population. Firstly, we review the evidence for the observed increase in the incidence of skin cancer over recent decades, and investigate whether this is a true increase or an artefact of greater screening and over-diagnosis. Prevention strategies are also discussed. Secondly, we discuss the complexities and challenges encountered when diagnosing and developing treatment strategies for skin cancer. Key case studies are presented that highlight the practic challenges of choosing the most appropriate treatment for patients with skin cancer. Thirdly, we consider the potential risks and benefits of increased sun exposure. However, this is discussed in terms of the possibility that the avoidance of sun exposure in order to reduce the risk of skin cancer may be less important than the reduction in all-cause mortality as a result of the potential benefits of increased exposure to the sun. Finally, we consider common questions on human papillomavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Apalla
- First Department of Dermatology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Dorothée Nashan
- Teaching Hospital of the University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Xavier Castellsagué
- Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
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Fleury N, Geldenhuys S, Gorman S. Sun Exposure and Its Effects on Human Health: Mechanisms through Which Sun Exposure Could Reduce the Risk of Developing Obesity and Cardiometabolic Dysfunction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E999. [PMID: 27727191 PMCID: PMC5086738 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13100999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a significant burden on global healthcare due to its high prevalence and associations with chronic health conditions. In our animal studies, ongoing exposure to low dose ultraviolet radiation (UVR, found in sunlight) reduced weight gain and the development of signs of cardiometabolic dysfunction in mice fed a high fat diet. These observations suggest that regular exposure to safe levels of sunlight could be an effective means of reducing the burden of obesity. However, there is limited knowledge around the nature of associations between sun exposure and the development of obesity and cardiometabolic dysfunction, and we do not know if sun exposure (independent of outdoor activity) affects the metabolic processes that determine obesity in humans. In addition, excessive sun exposure has strong associations with a number of negative health consequences such as skin cancer. This means it is very important to "get the balance right" to ensure that we receive benefits without increasing harm. In this review, we detail the evidence around the cardiometabolic protective effects of UVR and suggest mechanistic pathways through which UVR could be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Fleury
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, P.O. Box 855, Perth 6872, Australia.
| | - Sian Geldenhuys
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, P.O. Box 855, Perth 6872, Australia.
| | - Shelley Gorman
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, P.O. Box 855, Perth 6872, Australia.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Textbook theory holds that blood pressure (BP) is regulated by the brain, by blood vessels, or by the kidney. Recent evidence suggests that BP could be regulated in the skin. RECENT FINDINGS The skin holds a complex capillary counter current system, which controls body temperature, skin perfusion, and apparently systemic BP. Epidemiological data suggest that sunlight exposure plays a role in controlling BP. Ultraviolet A radiation produces vasodilation and a fall in BP. Keratinocytes and immune cells control blood flow in the extensive countercurrent loop system of the skin by producing nitric oxide, a key regulator of vascular tone. The balance between hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and hypoxia-inducible factor-2α activity in keratinocytes controls skin perfusion, systemic thermoregulation, and systemic BP by nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms. Furthermore, the skin accumulates Na which generates a barrier to promote immunological host defense. Immune cells control skin Na metabolism and the clearance of Na via the lymphatic system. Reduced lymphatic clearance increases BP. SUMMARY Apart from the well-known role of the brain, blood vessels, and the kidney, the skin is important for systemic BP control in humans and in experimental animals.
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Mills CE, Khatri J, Maskell P, Odongerel C, Webb AJ. It is rocket science - why dietary nitrate is hard to 'beet'! Part II: further mechanisms and therapeutic potential of the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 83:140-151. [PMID: 26914827 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary nitrate (found in green leafy vegetables such as rocket and in beetroot) is now recognized to be an important source of nitric oxide, via the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway. Dietary nitrate confers several cardiovascular beneficial effects on blood pressure, platelets, endothelial function, mitochondrial efficiency and exercise. Having described key twists and turns in the elucidation of the pathway and the underlying mechanisms in Part I, we explore the more recent developments which have served to confirm mechanisms, extend our understanding, and discover new properties and potential therapeutic uses of the pathway in Part II. Even the established dependency on low oxygen states for bioactivation of nitrite has recently been challenged. Dietary nitrate appears to be an important component of 'healthy diets', such as the DASH diet to lower blood pressure and the Mediterranean diet, with its potential to lower cardiovascular risk, possibly through beneficial interactions with a range of other constituents. The World Cancer Research Foundation report strong evidence for vegetables including spinach and lettuce (high nitrate-containing) decreasing cancer risk (mouth, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus and stomach), summarized in a 'Nitrate-Cancer Risk Veg-Table'. The European Space Agency recommends that beetroot, lettuce, spinach and rocket (high-nitrate vegetables) are grown to provide food for long-term space missions. Nitrate, an ancient component of rocket fuel, could support sustainable crops for healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Elizabeth Mills
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Franklins Wilkins Building, London, SE1 0NH
| | - Jibran Khatri
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St.Thomas, Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Perry Maskell
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St.Thomas, Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Chimed Odongerel
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St.Thomas, Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Andrew James Webb
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St.Thomas, Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
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Omar SA, Webb AJ, Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E. Therapeutic effects of inorganic nitrate and nitrite in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. J Intern Med 2016; 279:315-36. [PMID: 26522443 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is generated endogenously by NO synthases to regulate a number of physiological processes including cardiovascular and metabolic functions. A decrease in the production and bioavailability of NO is a hallmark of many major chronic diseases including hypertension, ischaemia-reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis and diabetes. This NO deficiency is mainly caused by dysfunctional NO synthases and increased scavenging of NO by the formation of reactive oxygen species. Inorganic nitrate and nitrite are emerging as substrates for in vivo NO synthase-independent formation of NO bioactivity. These anions are oxidation products of endogenous NO generation and are also present in the diet, with green leafy vegetables having a high nitrate content. The effects of nitrate and nitrite are diverse and include vasodilatation, improved endothelial function, enhanced mitochondrial efficiency and reduced generation of reactive oxygen species. Administration of nitrate or nitrite in animal models of cardiovascular disease shows promising results, and clinical trials are currently ongoing to investigate the therapeutic potential of nitrate and nitrite in hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, peripheral artery disease and myocardial infarction. In addition, the nutritional aspects of the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway are interesting as diets suggested to protect against cardiovascular disease, such as the Mediterranean diet, are especially high in nitrate. Here, we discuss the potential therapeutic opportunities for nitrate and nitrite in prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Omar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A J Webb
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London, UK
| | - J O Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Weitzberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Haider G, Folland JP. Nitrate supplementation enhances the contractile properties of human skeletal muscle. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 46:2234-43. [PMID: 24681572 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dietary nitrate supplementation positively affects cardiovascular function at rest and energy metabolism during exercise in humans and has recently also been reported to markedly enhance the in vitro contractile properties of mouse fast-twitch muscle. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of short-term nitrate supplementation on the in vivo contractile properties of the skeletal muscle and voluntary muscle function of humans. METHODS In a double-blind, randomized, crossover design, 19 healthy untrained men (21 ± 3 yr) ingested a nitrate-rich concentrated beetroot juice (NIT; nitrate dosage, approximately 9.7 mmol·d) and a placebo (PLA) for seven consecutive days. After the last supplementation dose, force was recorded while participants completed a series of voluntary and involuntary (electrically evoked) unilateral isometric contractions of the knee extensors. RESULTS NIT enhanced the peak force response to low-frequency electrical stimulation, as follows: maximal twitch (NIT, 149 ± 41 N, vs PLA, 138 ± 37 N; P = 0.008; effect size, r (ES) = 0.56) and submaximal 1- to 20-Hz contractions (5%-10%, ES = 0.53-0.63). Whereas explosive (rising phase) force production during the first 50 ms of evoked maximal twitch and octet contractions (eight electrical impulses at 300 Hz) was also 3%-15% greater after NIT compared with that after PLA (P = 0.023-0.048, ES = 0.52-0.59), explosive voluntary force remained similar (P = 0.510, ES = 0.16). Maximum voluntary force was also unchanged after NIT (P = 0.539, ES = 0.15). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that 7 d of dietary nitrate supplementation enhanced the in vivo contractile properties of the human skeletal muscle. Specifically, nitrate supplementation improved excitation-contraction coupling at low frequencies of stimulation and enhanced evoked explosive force production but did not affect maximum or explosive voluntary force production in untrained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Haider
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
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Affourtit C, Bailey SJ, Jones AM, Smallwood MJ, Winyard PG. On the mechanism by which dietary nitrate improves human skeletal muscle function. Front Physiol 2015; 6:211. [PMID: 26283970 PMCID: PMC4518145 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic nitrate is present at high levels in beetroot and celery, and in green leafy vegetables such as spinach and lettuce. Though long believed inert, nitrate can be reduced to nitrite in the human mouth and, further, under hypoxia and/or low pH, to nitric oxide. Dietary nitrate has thus been associated favorably with nitric-oxide-regulated processes including blood flow and energy metabolism. Indeed, the therapeutic potential of dietary nitrate in cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome-both aging-related medical disorders-has attracted considerable recent research interest. We and others have shown that dietary nitrate supplementation lowers the oxygen cost of human exercise, as less respiratory activity appears to be required for a set rate of skeletal muscle work. This striking observation predicts that nitrate benefits the energy metabolism of human muscle, increasing the efficiency of either mitochondrial ATP synthesis and/or of cellular ATP-consuming processes. In this mini-review, we evaluate experimental support for the dietary nitrate effects on muscle bioenergetics and we critically discuss the likelihood of nitric oxide as the molecular mediator of such effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Affourtit
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University Plymouth, UK
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew M Jones
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter Exeter, UK
| | - Miranda J Smallwood
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter Exeter, UK
| | - Paul G Winyard
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter Exeter, UK
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46
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Nazima B, Manoharan V, Miltonprabu S. Grape seed proanthocyanidins ameliorates cadmium-induced renal injury and oxidative stress in experimental rats through the up-regulation of nuclear related factor 2 and antioxidant responsive elements. Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 93:210-26. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2014-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) preferentially accumulates in the kidney, the major target for Cd-related toxicity. Cd-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been considered crucial mediators for renal injury. The biologically significant ionic form of cadmium (Cd+) binds to many bio-molecules, and these interactions underlie the toxicity mechanisms of Cd. The present study was hypothesized to explore the protective effect of grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSP) on Cd-induced renal toxicity and to elucidate the potential mechanism. Male Wistar rats were treated with Cd as cadmium chloride (CdCl2, 5 mg·kg−1 bw, orally) and orally pre-administered with GSP (100 mg·kg−1 bw) 90 min before Cd intoxication for 4 weeks to evaluate renal damage of Cd and antioxidant potential of GSP. Serum renal function parameters (blood urea nitrogen and creatinine) levels in serum and urine, renal oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, enzymatic, and non-enzymatic antioxidants), inflammatory (NF-κB p65, NO, TNF-α, IL-6), apoptotic (caspase-3, caspase-9, Bax, Bcl-2), membrane bound ATPases, and Nrf2 (HO-1, keap1, γ-GCS, and μ-GST) markers were evaluated in Cd-treated rats. Pretreatment with GSP revealed a significant improvement in renal oxidative stress markers in kidneys of Cd-treated rats. In addition, GSP treatment decreases the amount of iNOS, NF-κB, TNF-α, caspase-3, and Bax and increases the levels Bcl-2 protein expression. Similarly, mRNA and protein analyses substantiated that GSP treatment notably normalizes the renal expression of Nrf2/Keap1 and its downstream regulatory proteins in the Cd-treated rats. Histopathological and ultra-structural observations also demonstrated that GSP effectively protects the kidney from Cd-induced oxidative damage. These findings suggest that GSP ameliorates renal dysfunction and oxidative stress through the activation of Nrf2 pathway in Cd-intoxicated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Nazima
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamilnadu, India
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Vaihundam Manoharan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamilnadu, India
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Selvaraj Miltonprabu
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamilnadu, India
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamilnadu, India
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Gorman S, Black LJ, Feelisch M, Hart PH, Weller R. Can skin exposure to sunlight prevent liver inflammation? Nutrients 2015; 7:3219-39. [PMID: 25951129 PMCID: PMC4446748 DOI: 10.3390/nu7053219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver inflammation contributes towards the pathology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here we discuss how skin exposure to sunlight may suppress liver inflammation and the severity of NAFLD. Following exposure to sunlight-derived ultraviolet radiation (UVR), the skin releases anti-inflammatory mediators such as vitamin D and nitric oxide. Animal modeling studies suggest that exposure to UVR can prevent the development of NAFLD. Association studies also support a negative link between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and NAFLD incidence or severity. Clinical trials are in their infancy and are yet to demonstrate a clear beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation. There are a number of potentially interdependent mechanisms whereby vitamin D could dampen liver inflammation, by inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis and liver fibrosis, modulating the gut microbiome and through altered production and transport of bile acids. While there has been a focus on vitamin D, other mediators induced by sun exposure, such as nitric oxide may also play important roles in curtailing liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Gorman
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Rd, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia.
| | - Lucinda J Black
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Rd, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia.
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Rd, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia.
| | - Richard Weller
- University of Edinburgh, MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Terra VA, Souza-Neto FP, Frade MAC, Ramalho LNZ, Andrade TAM, Pasta AAC, Conchon AC, Guedes FA, Luiz RC, Cecchini R, Cecchini AL. Genistein prevents ultraviolet B radiation-induced nitrosative skin injury and promotes cell proliferation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 144:20-7. [PMID: 25668145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) levels increase considerably after 24h of exposure of skin to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, which leads to nitrosative skin injury. In addition, increased NO levels after exposure to UVB radiation are associated with inhibition of cell proliferation. Compared to the UV-control group, UV-genistein at 10 mg/kg (UV-GEN10) group showed tissue protection, decreased lipid peroxide and nitrotyrosine formation, and low CAT activity. Furthermore, NO levels and iNOS labeling remained high. In this group, the reduction in lipid peroxides and nitrotyrosine was accompanied by upregulation of cell proliferation factors (Ki67 and PCNA), which indicated that prevention of nitrosative skin injury promoted cell proliferation and DNA repair. Genistein also prevented nitrosative events, inhibited ONOO(-) formation, which leads to tissue protection and cell proliferation. The UV-GEN15 group did not result in a greater protective effect compared to that with UV-GEN10 group. In the UV-GEN15 group, histological examination of the epidermis showed morphological alterations without efficient protection against lipid peroxide formation, as well as inhibition of Ki67 and PCNA, and VEGF labeling, which suggested inhibition of cell proliferation. These results help to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the photoprotective effect of genistein and reveal the importance of UVB radiation-induced nitrosative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Terra
- Laboratorio de Patologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, PR-445, km 380, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - F P Souza-Neto
- Laboratorio de Patologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, PR-445, km 380, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil; Laboratorio de Patofisiologia e Radicais Livres, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, PR-445, km 380, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - M A C Frade
- Departamento de Clínica Medica, Divisão de Dermatologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - L N Z Ramalho
- Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - T A M Andrade
- Departamento de Clínica Medica, Divisão de Dermatologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - A A C Pasta
- Laboratorio de Patologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, PR-445, km 380, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - A C Conchon
- Laboratorio de Patologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, PR-445, km 380, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - F A Guedes
- Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - R C Luiz
- Laboratorio de Patologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, PR-445, km 380, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - R Cecchini
- Laboratorio de Patofisiologia e Radicais Livres, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, PR-445, km 380, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - A L Cecchini
- Laboratorio de Patologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, PR-445, km 380, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil; Laboratorio de Patofisiologia e Radicais Livres, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, PR-445, km 380, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Shanahan DF, Lin BB, Bush R, Gaston KJ, Dean JH, Barber E, Fuller RA. Toward improved public health outcomes from urban nature. Am J Public Health 2015; 105:470-7. [PMID: 25602866 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2014.302324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
There is mounting concern for the health of urban populations as cities expand at an unprecedented rate. Urban green spaces provide settings for a remarkable range of physical and mental health benefits, and pioneering health policy is recognizing nature as a cost-effective tool for planning healthy cities. Despite this, limited information on how specific elements of nature deliver health outcomes restricts its use for enhancing population health. We articulate a framework for identifying direct and indirect causal pathways through which nature delivers health benefits, and highlight current evidence. We see a need for a bold new research agenda founded on testing causality that transcends disciplinary boundaries between ecology and health. This will lead to cost-effective and tailored solutions that could enhance population health and reduce health inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle F Shanahan
- Danielle F. Shanahan and Richard A. Fuller are with the School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia. Brenda B. Lin is with the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Land and Water Flagship, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia. Robert Bush, Julie H. Dean, and Elizabeth Barber are with the School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Kevin J. Gaston is with the Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
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50
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Cadet J, Douki T, Ravanat JL. Oxidatively generated damage to cellular DNA by UVB and UVA radiation. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 91:140-55. [PMID: 25327445 DOI: 10.1111/php.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review article focuses on a critical survey of the main available information on the UVB and UVA oxidative reactions to cellular DNA as the result of direct interactions of UV photons, photosensitized pathways and biochemical responses including inflammation and bystander effects. UVA radiation appears to be much more efficient than UVB in inducing oxidatively generated damage to the bases and 2-deoxyribose moieties of DNA in isolated cells and skin. The UVA-induced generation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine is mostly rationalized in terms of selective guanine oxidation by singlet oxygen generated through type II photosensitization mechanism. In addition, hydroxyl radical whose formation may be accounted for by metal-catalyzed Haber-Weiss reactions subsequent to the initial generation of superoxide anion radical contributes in a minor way to the DNA degradation. This leads to the formation of both oxidized purine and pyrimidine bases together with DNA single-strand breaks at the exclusion, however, of direct double-strand breaks. No evidence has been provided so far for the implication of delayed oxidative degradation pathways of cellular DNA. In that respect putative characteristic UVA-induced DNA damage could include single and more complex lesions arising from one-electron oxidation of the guanine base together with aldehyde adducts to amino-substituted nucleobases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Cadet
- University Grenoble Alpes, INAC, Grenoble, France; CEA, INAC, Grenoble, France; Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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