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Feng T, Wang P, Zhang X. Skp2: A critical molecule for ubiquitination and its role in cancer. Life Sci 2024; 338:122409. [PMID: 38184273 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a multi-step process that serves as the primary pathway for protein degradation within cells. UPS activity also plays a crucial role in regulating various life processes, including the cell cycle, signal transduction, DNA repair, and others. The F-box protein Skp2, a crucial member of the UPS, plays a central role in the development of various diseases. Skp2 controls cancer cell growth and drug resistance by ubiquitinating modifications to a variety of proteins. This review emphasizes the multifaceted role of Skp2 in a wide range of cancers and the mechanisms involved, highlighting the potential of Skp2 as a therapeutic target in cancer. Additionally, we describe the impactful influence exerted by Skp2 in various other diseases beyond cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Feng
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Department of Urology, Shenyang 110032, China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Research for Bladder Diseases, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Ping Wang
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Department of Urology, Shenyang 110032, China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Research for Bladder Diseases, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Xiling Zhang
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Department of Urology, Shenyang 110032, China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Research for Bladder Diseases, Shenyang 110000, China.
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Wu T, Li C, Zhou C, Niu X, Li G, Zhou Y, Gu X, Cui H. Inhibition of USP14 enhances anti-tumor effect in vemurafenib-resistant melanoma by regulation of Skp2. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:2381-2399. [PMID: 35648318 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09729-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mutation of BRAF V600E often occurred in melanoma and results in tumorigenesis. BRAF mutation drives hyperactivation of the RAF-MAPK-ERK pathway. The acquired drug resistance upon prolonged use of BRAF inhibitors (such as vemurafenib) still remains the main obstacle. Previously, we have found that E3 ligase Skp2 over-expresses vemurafenib-resistant melanoma cells, and knockdown of Skp2 enhances the anti-tumor effect of vemurafenib. Interestingly, the literature has reported that the selective USP14/UCHL5 inhibitor b-AP15 displays great potential in melanoma therapy; however, the molecular mechanism still remains unknown. METHODS In vitro, the effect of the combination regimen of vemurafenib (Vem, PLX4032) and b-AP15 on vem-sensitive and vem-resistant melanoma has been investigated by wound healing, colony formation, transwell invasion assay, flow cytometry, lysosome staining, and ROS detection. In vivo, the combination effect on vem-resistant melanoma has been evaluated with a nude mice xenograft tumor model. GST-pulldown and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assays have been applied to investigate the interactions between USP14, UCHL5, and Skp2. Cycloheximide (CHX) assay and ubiquitination assays have been used to explore the effect of USP14 on Skp2 protein half-life and ubiquitination status. RESULTS In the present study, we have revealed that repression of USP14 sensitizes vemurafenib resistance in melanoma through a previously unappreciated mechanism that USP14 but not UCHL5 stabilizes Skp2, blocking its ubiquitination. K119 on Skp2 is required for USP14-mediated deubiquitination and stabilization of Skp2. Furthermore, the mutated catalytic activity amino acid cysteine (C) 114 on USP14 abrogates stabilization of Skp2. Stabilization of Skp2 is required for USP14 to negatively regulate autophagy. The combination regimen of Skp2 inhibitor vemurafenib and USP14/UCHL5 inhibitor b-AP15 dramatically inhibits cell viability, migration, invasion, and colony formation in vemurafenib-sensitive and vemurafenib-resistant melanoma. Vemurafenib and b-AP15 hold cells in the S phase thus leading to apoptosis as well as the formation of the autophagic vacuole in vemurafenib-resistant SKMEL28 cells. The enhanced proliferation effect of USP14 and Skp2 is mainly due to a more effective reduction of cell apoptosis and autophagy. Further evaluation of various protein alterations has revealed that the increased expression of cleaved-PARP, LC3, and decreased Ki67 are more obvious in the combination of vemurafenib and b-AP15 treatment than those in single-drug treatment. Moreover, the co-treatment of vemurafenib and b-AP15 dramatically inhibits the growth of vemurafenib-resistant melanoma xenograft in vivo. Collectively, our findings have demonstrated that the combination of Skp2 inhibitor and USP14 inhibitor provides a new solution for the treatment of BRAF inhibitor resistance melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chengyun Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Changlong Zhou
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaxia Niu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Gege Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yali Zhou
- Cuiying Biomedical Research Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Xinsheng Gu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China.
| | - Hongmei Cui
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Giraulo C, Turiello R, Orlando L, Leonardelli S, Landsberg J, Belvedere R, Rolshoven G, Müller CE, Hölzel M, Morello S. The CD73 is induced by TGF-β1 triggered by nutrient deprivation and highly expressed in dedifferentiated human melanoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115225. [PMID: 37517292 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CD73 is the key enzyme in the generation of extracellular adenosine, a mediator involved in tumor progression, tumor immune escape and resistance to anti-cancer therapeutics. Microenvironmental conditions influence the expression of CD73 in tumor cells. However how CD73 expression and activity is regulated in a stress condition of lower nutrient availability are largely unknown. Our results indicate that serum starvation leads to a marked up-regulation of CD73 expression on A375 melanoma cells in a time-dependent manner. The cell-surface expression of CD73 is associated with an increased release of TGF-β1 by starved cells. Blockade of TGF-β1 receptors or TGFβ/SMAD3 signaling pathway significantly reduce the expression of CD73 induced by starvation. Treatment of cells with rTGF-β1 up-regulates the expression of CD73 in a concentration-dependent manner, confirming the role of this pathway in regulating CD73 in melanoma A375 cells. The increased expression of CD73 is associated with enhanced AMPase activity, which is selectively reduced by inhibitors of CD73 activity, APCP and PSB-12489. Pharmacological blockade of CD73 significantly inhibits invasion of melanoma cells in a transwell system. Furthermore, using multiplex immunofluorescence imaging we found that, within human melanoma metastases, tumor cells at the dedifferentiated stage show the highest CD73 protein expression. In summary, our data provide new insights into the mechanism regulating the expression/activity of CD73 in melanoma cells in a condition of lower availability of nutrients, which is a common feature of the tumor microenvironment. Within human metastatic melanoma tissues elevated protein expression of CD73 is associated with an invasive-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Giraulo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Roberta Turiello
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, University Hospital Bonn (UKB), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lavinia Orlando
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy; PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Sonia Leonardelli
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, University Hospital Bonn (UKB), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jennifer Landsberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Georg Rolshoven
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Hölzel
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, University Hospital Bonn (UKB), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Silvana Morello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy.
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Targeting HIC1/TGF-β axis-shaped prostate cancer microenvironment restrains its progression. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:624. [PMID: 35853880 PMCID: PMC9296670 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05086-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a malignant tumor that seriously threatens men's health worldwide. Recently, stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) have been reported to contribute to the progression of PCa. However, the role and mechanism of how PCa cells interact with stromal cells to reshape the TME remain largely unknown. Here, using a spontaneous prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) model driven by the loss of Pten and Hic1, we found that M2 macrophages markedly infiltrated the stroma of Pten and Hic1 double conditional knockout (dCKO) mice compared with those in control (Ctrl) mice due to higher TGF-β levels secreted by HIC1-deleted PCa cells. Mechanistically, TGF-β in TME promoted the polarization of macrophages into "M2" status by activating the STAT3 pathway and modulating c-Myc to upregulate CXCR4 expression. Meanwhile, TGF-β activated the fibroblasts to form cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) that secrete higher CXCL12 levels, which bound to its cognate receptor CXCR4 on M2 macrophages. Upon interaction with CAFs, M2 macrophages secreted more CXCL5, which promoted the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of PCa via CXCR2. Moreover, using the TGF-β receptor I antagonist, galunisertib, significantly inhibited the tumor growth and progression of the TRAMP-C1 cell line-derived subcutaneous tumor model. Finally, we confirmed that the stromal microenvironment was shaped by TGF-β in HIC1-deficient PCa and was associated with the progression of PCa.
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Jin K, Liu C, Cheng H, Fei Q, Huang Q, Xiao Z, Yu X, Wu W. TGF-β1-induced RAP2 regulates invasion in pancreatic cancer. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2022; 54:361-369. [PMID: 35538031 PMCID: PMC9828032 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is highly lethal due to its aggressive invasive properties and capacity for metastatic dissemination. Additional therapeutic targets and effective treatment options for patients with tumours of high invasive capacity are required. Ras-related protein-2a (RAP2) is a member of the GTP-binding proteins. RAP2 has been reported to be widely upregulated in many types of cancers via regulating cytoskeleton reorganization, cell proliferation, migration, and adhesion, as well as inflammation. As a member of the RAS oncogene family, which has been demonstrated to drive pancreatic cancer oncogenesis and many other malignancies, the physiological roles of RAP2 in pancreatic cancer have seldom been discussed. In the present study, we explored the correlation between RAP2 expression and the prediction of overall survival of pancreatic cancer patients. Mechanistic studies were carried out to shed light on the role of RAP2 in pancreatic cancer invasion and how RAP2 is regulated in the invasive process. Our results demonstrated that patients with higher RAP2 expression showed unfavourable prognoses. studies demonstrated that silencing of inhibited the invasion of pancreatic cancer cells. Moreover, our results demonstrated that transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), an inducer of the metastatic potential of pancreatic cancer cells, regulates the expression of RAP2 via the transcription factor c-Myc. In conclusion, the present study uncovered RAP2 as a novel predictive marker and therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaizhou Jin
- Department of Pancreatic SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai200032China
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer InstituteShanghai200032China
- Pancreatic Cancer InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pancreatic SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai200032China
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer InstituteShanghai200032China
- Pancreatic Cancer InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - He Cheng
- Department of Pancreatic SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai200032China
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer InstituteShanghai200032China
- Pancreatic Cancer InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Qinglin Fei
- Department of Pancreatic SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai200032China
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer InstituteShanghai200032China
- Pancreatic Cancer InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Qiuyi Huang
- Department of Pancreatic SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai200032China
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer InstituteShanghai200032China
- Pancreatic Cancer InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Zhiwen Xiao
- Department of Pancreatic SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai200032China
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer InstituteShanghai200032China
- Pancreatic Cancer InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai200032China
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer InstituteShanghai200032China
- Pancreatic Cancer InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Weiding Wu
- Department of Pancreatic SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai200032China
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer InstituteShanghai200032China
- Pancreatic Cancer InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
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He D, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Zhang S, Hong M, Yu X, Wei S, Fan X, Li S, Wang Q, Lu Y, Liu Y. Phytochemical library screening reveals betulinic acid as a novel Skp2-SCF E3 ligase inhibitor in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:3218-3232. [PMID: 34080260 PMCID: PMC8353894 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skp2 is overexpressed in multiple cancers and plays a critical role in tumor development through ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent degradation of its substrate proteins. Drugs targeting Skp2 have exhibited promising anticancer activity. Here, we identified a plant-derived Skp2 inhibitor, betulinic acid (BA), via high-throughput structure-based virtual screening of a phytochemical library. BA significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) through targeting Skp2-SCF E3 ligase both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, BA binding to Skp2, especially forming H-bonds with residue Lys145, decreases its stability by disrupting Skp1-Skp2 interactions, thereby inhibiting the Skp2-SCF E3 ligase and promoting the accumulation of its substrates; that is, E-cadherin and p27. In both subcutaneous and orthotopic xenografts, BA significantly inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of NSCLC through targeting Skp2-SCF E3 ligase and upregulating p27 and E-cadherin protein levels. Taken together, BA can be considered a valuable therapeutic candidate to inhibit metastasis of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan‐Hua He
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyScience and Technology Innovation CenterGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resources Science and EngineeringSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from LingnanMinistry of EducationGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Yu‐Fei Chen
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyScience and Technology Innovation CenterGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resources Science and EngineeringSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from LingnanMinistry of EducationGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Yi‐Le Zhou
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyScience and Technology Innovation CenterGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Shi‐Bing Zhang
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyScience and Technology Innovation CenterGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Ming Hong
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyScience and Technology Innovation CenterGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular PharmacologySchool of Basic Medical Sciences and Biomedical Research InstituteHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
| | - Su‐Fen Wei
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyScience and Technology Innovation CenterGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiang‐Zhen Fan
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyScience and Technology Innovation CenterGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Si‐Yi Li
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyScience and Technology Innovation CenterGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyScience and Technology Innovation CenterGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Yongzhi Lu
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong LaboratoryGuangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Yong‐Qiang Liu
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyScience and Technology Innovation CenterGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resources Science and EngineeringSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from LingnanMinistry of EducationGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
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Lee JEA, Parsons LM, Quinn LM. MYC function and regulation in flies: how Drosophila has enlightened MYC cancer biology. AIMS GENETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3934/genet.2014.1.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractProgress in our understanding of the complex signaling events driving human cancer would have been unimaginably slow without discoveries from Drosophila genetic studies. Significantly, many of the signaling pathways now synonymous with cancer biology were first identified as a result of elegant screens for genes fundamental to metazoan development. Indeed the name given to many core cancer-signaling cascades tells of their history as developmental patterning regulators in flies—e.g. Wingless (Wnt), Notch and Hippo. Moreover, astonishing insight has been gained into these complex signaling networks, and many other classic oncogenic signaling networks (e.g. EGFR/RAS/RAF/ERK, InR/PI3K/AKT/TOR), using sophisticated fly genetics. Of course if we are to understand how these signaling pathways drive cancer, we must determine the downstream program(s) of gene expression activated to promote the cell and tissue over growth fundamental to cancer. Here we discuss one commonality between each of these pathways: they are all implicated as upstream activators of the highly conserved MYC oncogene and transcription factor. MYC can drive all aspects of cell growth and cell cycle progression during animal development. MYC is estimated to be dysregulated in over 50% of all cancers, underscoring the importance of elucidating the signals activating MYC. We also discuss the FUBP1/FIR/FUSE system, which acts as a ‘cruise control’ on the MYC promoter to control RNA Polymerase II pausing and, therefore, MYC transcription in response to the developmental signaling environment. Importantly, the striking conservation between humans and flies within these major axes of MYC regulation has made Drosophila an extremely valuable model organism for cancer research. We therefore discuss how Drosophila studies have helped determine the validity of signaling pathways regulating MYC in vivo using sophisticated genetics, and continue to provide novel insight into cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Er Amanda Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Linda May Parsons
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Leonie M. Quinn
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia
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Wu T, Gu X, Cui H. Emerging Roles of SKP2 in Cancer Drug Resistance. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051147. [PMID: 34068643 PMCID: PMC8150781 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
More than half of all cancer patients receive chemotherapy, however, some of them easily acquire drug resistance. Resistance to chemotherapy has become a massive obstacle to achieve high rates of pathological complete response during cancer therapy. S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2), as an E3 ligase, was found to be highly correlated with drug resistance and poor prognosis. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms that Skp2 confers to drug resistance, including the Akt-Skp2 feedback loop, Skp2-p27 pathway, cell cycle and mitosis regulation, EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) property, enhanced DNA damage response and repair, etc. We also addressed novel molecules that either inhibit Skp2 expression or target Skp2-centered interactions, which might have vast potential for application in clinics and benefit cancer patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
| | - Xinsheng Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China;
| | - Hongmei Cui
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
- Correspondence:
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Soysouvanh F, Giuliano S, Habel N, El-Hachem N, Pisibon C, Bertolotto C, Ballotti R. An Update on the Role of Ubiquitination in Melanoma Development and Therapies. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10051133. [PMID: 33800394 PMCID: PMC7962844 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10051133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitination system plays a critical role in regulation of large array of biological processes and its alteration has been involved in the pathogenesis of cancers, among them cutaneous melanoma, which is responsible for the most deaths from skin cancers. Over the last decades, targeted therapies and immunotherapies became the standard therapeutic strategies for advanced melanomas. However, despite these breakthroughs, the prognosis of metastatic melanoma patients remains unoptimistic, mainly due to intrinsic or acquired resistances. Many avenues of research have been investigated to find new therapeutic targets for improving patient outcomes. Because of the pleiotropic functions of ubiquitination, and because each step of ubiquitination is amenable to pharmacological targeting, much attention has been paid to the role of this process in melanoma development and resistance to therapies. In this review, we summarize the latest data on ubiquitination and discuss the possible impacts on melanoma treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Soysouvanh
- Inserm U1065, C3M, Team 1, Biology, and Pathologies of Melanocytes, University of Nice Côte d’Azur, 06200 Nice, France; (F.S.); (S.G.); (N.H.); (C.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Serena Giuliano
- Inserm U1065, C3M, Team 1, Biology, and Pathologies of Melanocytes, University of Nice Côte d’Azur, 06200 Nice, France; (F.S.); (S.G.); (N.H.); (C.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Nadia Habel
- Inserm U1065, C3M, Team 1, Biology, and Pathologies of Melanocytes, University of Nice Côte d’Azur, 06200 Nice, France; (F.S.); (S.G.); (N.H.); (C.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Najla El-Hachem
- Laboratory of Cancer Signaling, University of Liège, 4020 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Céline Pisibon
- Inserm U1065, C3M, Team 1, Biology, and Pathologies of Melanocytes, University of Nice Côte d’Azur, 06200 Nice, France; (F.S.); (S.G.); (N.H.); (C.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Corine Bertolotto
- Inserm U1065, C3M, Team 1, Biology, and Pathologies of Melanocytes, University of Nice Côte d’Azur, 06200 Nice, France; (F.S.); (S.G.); (N.H.); (C.P.); (C.B.)
- Equipe labellisée Fondation ARC 2019, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Robert Ballotti
- Inserm U1065, C3M, Team 1, Biology, and Pathologies of Melanocytes, University of Nice Côte d’Azur, 06200 Nice, France; (F.S.); (S.G.); (N.H.); (C.P.); (C.B.)
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 2020, 06200 Nice, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-89-06-43-32
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Ding M, Bu X, Li Z, Xu H, Feng L, Hu J, Wei X, Gao J, Tao Y, Cai B, Liu Y, Qu X, Shen L. NDRG2 ablation reprograms metastatic cancer cells towards glutamine dependence via the induction of ASCT2. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:3100-3115. [PMID: 33162818 PMCID: PMC7645990 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.48066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Metastasis is the most common cause of lethal outcome in various types of cancers. Although the cell proliferation related metabolism rewiring has been well characterized, less is known about the association of metabolic changes with tumor metastasis. Herein, we demonstrate that metastatic tumor obtained a mesenchymal phenotype, which is obtained by the loss of tumor suppressor NDRG2 triggered metabolic switch to glutamine metabolism. Methods: mRNA-seq and gene expression profile analysis were performed to define the differential gene expressions in primary MEC1 and metastatic MC3 cells and the downstream pathways of NDRG2. NDRG2 regulation of Fbw7-dependent c-Myc stability were determined by immunoprecipitation and protein half-life assay. Luciferase reporter and ChIP assays were used to determine the roles of Akt and c-Myc in mediating NDRG2-dependent regulation of ASCT2 in in both tumor and NDRG2-knockout MEF cells. Finally, the effect of the NDRG2/Akt/c-Myc/ASCT2 signaling on glutaminolysis and tumor metastasis were evaluated by functional experiments and clinical samples. Results: Based on the gene expression profile analysis, we identified metastatic tumor cells acquired the mesenchymal-like characteristics and displayed the increased dependency on glutamine utilization. Further, the gain of NDRG2 function blocked epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and glutaminolysis, potentially through suppression of glutamine transporter ASCT2 expression. The ASCT2 restoration reversed NDRG2 inhibitory effect on EMT program and tumor metastasis. Mechanistic study indicates that NDRG2 promoted Fbw7-dependent c-Myc degradation by inhibiting Akt activation, and subsequently decreased c-Myc-mediated ASCT2 transcription, in both tumor and NDRG2-knockout MEF cells. Supporting the biological significance, the reciprocal relationship between NDRG2 and ASCT2 were observed in multiple types of tumor tissues, and associated with tumor malignancy. Conclusions: NDRG2-dependent repression of ASCT2 presumably is the predominant route by which NDRG2 rewires glutaminolysis and blocks metastatic tumor survival. Targeting glutaminolytic pathway may provide a new strategy for the treatment of metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Ding
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology &National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases&Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, No. 145 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xin Bu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhehao Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154002, China
| | - Haokun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology &National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Junbi Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xinxin Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154002, China
| | - Jiwei Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yanyan Tao
- Xi'an Peihua University, Xi'an, 710125, China
| | - Bolei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology &National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases&Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, No. 145 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yanpu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology &National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases&Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, No. 145 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xuan Qu
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Liangliang Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
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11
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Arasu UT, Deen AJ, Pasonen-Seppänen S, Heikkinen S, Lalowski M, Kärnä R, Härkönen K, Mäkinen P, Lázaro-Ibáñez E, Siljander PRM, Oikari S, Levonen AL, Rilla K. HAS3-induced extracellular vesicles from melanoma cells stimulate IHH mediated c-Myc upregulation via the hedgehog signaling pathway in target cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4093-4115. [PMID: 31820036 PMCID: PMC7532973 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular communication is fundamental to the survival and maintenance of all multicellular systems, whereas dysregulation of communication pathways can drive cancer progression. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are mediators of cell-to-cell communication that regulate a variety of cellular processes involved in tumor progression. Overexpression of a specific plasma membrane enzyme, hyaluronan synthase 3 (HAS3), is one of the factors that can induce EV shedding. HAS3, and particularly its product hyaluronan (HA), are carried by EVs and are known to be associated with the tumorigenic properties of cancer cells. To elucidate the specific effects of cancerous, HAS3-induced EVs on target cells, normal human keratinocytes and melanoma cells were treated with EVs derived from GFP-HAS3 expressing metastatic melanoma cells. We found that the HA receptor CD44 participated in the regulation of EV binding to target cells. Furthermore, GFP-HAS3-positive EVs induced HA secretion, proliferation and invasion of target cells. Our results suggest that HAS3-EVs contains increased quantities of IHH, which activates the target cell hedgehog signaling cascade and leads to the activation of c-Myc and regulation of claspin expression. This signaling of IHH in HAS3-EVs resulted in increased cell proliferation. Claspin immunostaining correlated with HA content in human cutaneous melanocytic lesions, supporting our in vitro findings and suggesting a reciprocal regulation between claspin expression and HA synthesis. This study shows for the first time that EVs originating from HAS3 overexpressing cells carry mitogenic signals that induce proliferation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in target cells. The study also identifies a novel feedback regulation between the hedgehog signaling pathway and HA metabolism in melanoma, mediated by EVs carrying HA and IHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Thanigai Arasu
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Ashik Jawahar Deen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Sami Heikkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maciej Lalowski
- Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Kärnä
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Härkönen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petri Mäkinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elisa Lázaro-Ibáñez
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre for Drug Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia R-M Siljander
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre for Drug Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- EV Group and EV Core, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Oikari
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Levonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi Rilla
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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12
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Wang HF, Dong ZY, Yan L, Yang S, Xu HN, Chen SL, Wang WR, Yang QL, Chen CJ. The N-terminal polypeptide derived from vMIP-II exerts its antitumor activity in human breast cancer through CXCR4/miR-7-5p/Skp2 pathway. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:9474-9486. [PMID: 32372405 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a malignant tumor with the highest incidence in women of the world. CXCR4 and Skp2 are highly expressed in breast cancer cells and CXCR4 was positively correlated with Skp2 by interference or overexpression. The microRNA array was used to detect the differentially expressed spectrum of micro RNAs in breast cancer cells the changes of miR-7-5p after CXCR4 inhibitor (NT21MP) treatment to block the CXCR4/SDF-1 pathway was founded. MiR-7-5p has been found to be correlated with Skp2 in various tumors in the literature, and Skp2 expression can be regulated by transfection with miR-7-5p mimics or inhibitors. The expression level of miR-7-5p was upregulated or downregulated after CXCR4 interference or overexpression. Combined with the correlation between CXCR4 and miR-7-5p in the chip results, CXCR4 may regulate Skp2 through miR-7-5p. Epithelial cells have the morphological characteristics of mesenchymal cells for some reason called epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT). Transfection of miR-7-5p mimics into drug-resistant cells reduced Skp2 levels, decreased the expression of Vimentin, Snail, and slug, and increased the expression of E-cadherin. CXCR4 inhibitor (NT21MP) can reverse the EMT changes caused by miR-7-5p inhibitor. Similarly, in vivo results suggesting that CXCR4 inhibitors can reverse the EMT phenotype of drug-resistant breast cancer cells through the CXCR4/miR-7-5p/Skp2 pathway. In summary, the CXCR4/miR-7-5p/Skp2 signaling pathway plays an important role in the progression of breast cancer. This study provides a theoretical basis for the treatment of breast cancer by targeting the CXCR4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huaibei City People's Hospital, Huaibei, Anhui, China
| | - Zheng-Yuan Dong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Yan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - He-Nan Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Su-Lian Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Wen-Rui Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China.,Department of Biotechnology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Qing-Ling Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Chang-Jie Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
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13
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Feng L, Li J, Bu X, Zuo Y, Shen L, Qu X. BRAF V600E dictates cell survival via c-Myc-dependent induction of Skp2 in human melanoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 524:28-35. [PMID: 31980175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BRAFV600E mutation is frequently observed in melanoma, and contributes to tumor malignancy. Despite inhibition of BRAF causes a profound cell growth inhibition and a strong clinical benefit in BRAFV600E melanoma, acquired drug resistance is still the major hurdle. In this study, we demonstrate that BRAFV600E drives cell growth and glycolysis in melanoma cells but does so by a previously unappreciated mechanism that involves direct induction of Skp2. Skp2 is highly expressed in melanoma tissues and particularly in tissues with BRAFV600E mutation. The inhibition of BRAFV600E by either siRNA or inhibitor vemurafenib suppressed Skp2 expression and cell growth. Mechanistic study shows that BRAFV600E suppression of Skp2 is dependent on c-Myc transcription factor via specifically bounding to the E-box region on SKP2 promoter. Further, the overexpression of Skp2 resulted in a markedly increase in cell growth, cell cycle progression and glycolysis which were repressed by BRAFV600E inhibition. Supporting the biological significance, Skp2 is specifically correlated with poor patient outcome in BRAFV600E but did not in BRAFWT melanomas. Thus, as a downstream target of BRAFV600E, Skp2 is critical for responses to BRAF inhibition, indicating targeting Skp2 might be a promising strategy for the treatment of BRAFi resistant melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Feng
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Jun Li
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Xin Bu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yan Zuo
- Affiliated Hospital of Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, 712082, China
| | - Liangliang Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Xuan Qu
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China.
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14
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Ou R, Mo L, Tang H, Leng S, Zhu H, Zhao L, Ren Y, Xu Y. circRNA-AKT1 Sequesters miR-942-5p to Upregulate AKT1 and Promote Cervical Cancer Progression. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 20:308-322. [PMID: 32193155 PMCID: PMC7078494 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Statistics show that the prognosis of cervical cancer (CC) is poor, and the death rate of CC in advanced stage has been rising in recent years. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that circular RNAs (circRNAs) serve as promising biomarkers in human cancers, including CC. The present study planned to find out the circRNA involved in CC and to explore its regulatory mechanism in CC. We discovered the new circRNA, circ-0033550, upregulated in CC. Its associated gene was AKT (also known as protein kinase B) serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1), so we renamed circ-0033550 as circ-AKT1. We confirmed the high expression of circ-AKT1 in CC samples and cell lines, as well as the circle structure of circ-AKT1. Functionally, gain- and loss-of-function experiments indicated that circ-AKT1 and AKT1 promoted CC cell proliferation and invasion. Moreover, circ-AKT1 and AKT1 were induced by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and facilitated EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) in CC. Mechanically, we illustrated that circ-AKT1 upregulated AKT1 by sponging miR-942-5p. Rescue assays confirmed the role of the circ-AKT1/miR-942-5p/AKT1 axis in CC progression. In vivo assays validated that circ-AKT1 promoted tumor growth in CC. Overall, circRNA-AKT1 sequestered miR-942-5p to upregulate AKT1 and promote CC progression, which may offer a new molecular target for the treatment improvement of CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongying Ou
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institutes of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Laiming Mo
- Clinical Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huijing Tang
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaolong Leng
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institutes of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Yunsheng Xu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institutes of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Dermatovenereology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
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15
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Liu J, Peng Y, Zhang J, Long J, Liu J, Wei W. Targeting SCF E3 Ligases for Cancer Therapies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1217:123-146. [PMID: 31898226 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1025-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SKP1-cullin-1-F-box-protein (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex is responsible for the degradation of proteins in a strictly regulated manner, through which it exerts pivotal roles in regulating various key cellular processes including cell cycle and division, apoptosis, and differentiation. The substrate specificity of the SCF complex largely depends on the distinct F-box proteins, which function in either tumor promotion or suppression or in a context-dependent manner. Among the 69 F-box proteins identified in human genome, FBW7, SKP2, and β-TRCP have been extensively investigated among various types of cancer in respective of their roles in cancer development, progression, and metastasis. Moreover, several specific inhibitors have been developed to target those E3 ligases, and their efficiency in tumors has been determined. In this review, we provide a summary of the roles of SCF E3 ligases in cancer development, as well as the potential application of miRNA or specific inhibitors for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunhua Peng
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiangang Long
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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16
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WNT7A Overexpression Inhibits Growth and Migration of Hepatocellular Carcinoma via the β-Catenin Independent Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3605950. [PMID: 31886205 PMCID: PMC6925688 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3605950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background/Aims. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the lethal digestive cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in men worldwide. Wnt7a, a 39Kd secreted glycoprotein composed of 349 amino acids, was reported to be related to various diseases. However, its role in HCC has not been studied yet. In this study, using gene expression data and clinical information obtained from the Oncomine and KMplot database, we acknowledged that WNT7A was underexpressed in HCC cancer tissue compared with normal tissue, and WNT7A underexpression was correlated with the decreased survival rate of HCC patients. The function of Wnt7a in cell viability, apoptosis, and migration was evaluated by biological behavior assay and molecular analysis. The findings revealed that WNT7A overexpression significantly restrained cell viability and migration while enhancing apoptosis. In addition, WNT7A overexpression promoted cell apoptosis by strengthening Caspase-3 activity and inhibited migration by downregulating EMT transcriptional factor Snail. Furthermore, the expression level of SKP2 was significantly downregulating in the WNT7A overexpression group. In conclusion, this study illustrated that overexpression of WNT7A inhibited cell viability and migration, which was likely attributed to the regulation of SKP2/P21.
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17
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The unconventional role of Akt1 in the advanced cancers and in diabetes-promoted carcinogenesis. Pharmacol Res 2019; 145:104270. [PMID: 31078742 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research have elucidated the critical role of Akt isoforms in cancer as pro-tumorigenic and metastatic regulators through their specific effects on the cancer cells, tumor endothelial cells and the stromal cells. The pro-cancerous role of Akt isoforms through enhanced cell proliferation and suppression of apoptosis in cancer cells and the cells in the tumor microenvironment is considered a dogma. Intriguingly, studies also indicate that the Akt pathway is essential to protect the endothelial-barrier and prevent aberrant vascular permeability, which is also integral to tumor perfusion and metastasis. To complicate this further, a flurry of recent reports strongly indicates the metastasis suppressive role of Akt, Akt1 in particular in various cancer types. These reports emanated from different laboratories have elegantly demonstrated the paradoxical effect of Akt1 on cancer cell epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, invasion, tumor endothelial-barrier disruption, and cancer metastasis. Here, we emphasize on the specific role of Akt1 in mediating tumor cell-vasculature reciprocity during the advanced stages of cancers and discuss how Akt1 differentially regulates cancer metastasis through mechanisms distinct from its pro-tumorigenic effects. Since Akt is integral for insulin signaling, endothelial function, and metabolic regulation, we also attempt to shed some light on the specific effects of diabetes in modulating Akt pathway in the promotion of tumor growth and metastasis.
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18
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Emerging role of F-box proteins in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stem cells in human cancers. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:124. [PMID: 30999935 PMCID: PMC6472071 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence shows that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a crucial role in tumor invasion, metastasis, cancer stem cells, and drug resistance. Data obtained thus far have revealed that F-box proteins are critically involved in the regulation of the EMT process and stem cell differentiation in human cancers. In this review, we will briefly describe the role of EMT and stem cells in cell metastasis and drug resistance. We will also highlight how numerous F-box proteins govern the EMT process and stem cell survival by controlling their downstream targets. Additionally, we will discuss whether F-box proteins involved in drug resistance are associated with EMT and cancer stem cells. Targeting these F-box proteins might be a potential therapeutic strategy to reverse EMT and inhibit cancer stem cells and thus overcome drug resistance in human cancers.
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19
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Šimečková Š, Kahounová Z, Fedr R, Remšík J, Slabáková E, Suchánková T, Procházková J, Bouchal J, Kharaishvili G, Král M, Beneš P, Souček K. High Skp2 expression is associated with a mesenchymal phenotype and increased tumorigenic potential of prostate cancer cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5695. [PMID: 30952903 PMCID: PMC6451010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Skp2 is a crucial component of SCFSkp2 E3 ubiquitin ligase and is often overexpressed in various types of cancer, including prostate cancer (PCa). The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in PCa progression. The acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype that results in a cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype in PCa was described. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the expression and localization of Skp2 in clinical samples from patients with PCa, the association of Skp2 with EMT status, and the role of Skp2 in prostate CSC. We found that nuclear expression of Skp2 was increased in patients with PCa compared to those with benign hyperplasia, and correlated with high Gleason score in PCa patients. Increased Skp2 expression was observed in PCa cell lines with mesenchymal and CSC-like phenotype compared to their epithelial counterparts. Conversely, the CSC-like phenotype was diminished in cells in which SKP2 expression was silenced. Furthermore, we observed that Skp2 downregulation led to the decrease in subpopulation of CD44+CD24- cancer stem-like cells. Finally, we showed that high expression levels of both CD24 and CD44 were associated with favorable recurrence-free survival for PCa patients. This study uncovered the Skp2-mediated CSC-like phenotype with oncogenic functions in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Šárka Šimečková
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne´s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kahounová
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne´s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Fedr
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne´s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Remšík
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne´s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Eva Slabáková
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Suchánková
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Procházková
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bouchal
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Gvantsa Kharaishvili
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Král
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Beneš
- Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne´s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Souček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne´s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
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20
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Mazzio EA, Soliman KFA. Whole-transcriptomic Profile of SK-MEL-3 Melanoma Cells Treated with the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor: Trichostatin A. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2018; 15:349-364. [PMID: 30194076 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant melanoma cells can rapidly acquire phenotypic properties making them resistant to radiation and mainline chemotherapies such as decarbonize or kinase inhibitors that target RAS-proto-oncogene independent auto-activated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)/through dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK). Both drug resistance and inherent transition from melanocytic nevi to malignant melanoma involve the overexpression of histone deacetylases (HDACs) and a B-Raf proto-oncogene (BRAF) mutation. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this work, the effects of an HDAC class I and II inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) on the whole transcriptome of SK-MEL-3 cells carrying a BRAF mutation was examined. RESULTS The data obtained show that TSA was an extremely potent HDAC inhibitor within SK-MEL-3 nuclear lysates, where TSA was then optimized for appropriate sub-lethal concentrations for in vitro testing. The whole-transcriptome profile shows a basic phenotype dominance in the SK-MEL-3 cell line for i) synthesis of melanin, ii) phagosome acidification, iii) ATP hydrolysis-coupled proton pumps and iv) iron transport systems. While TSA did not affect the aforementioned major systems, it evoked a dramatic change to the transcriptome: reflected by a down-regulation of 810 transcripts and up-regulation of 833, with fold-change from -15.27 to +31.1 FC (p<0.00001). Largest differentials were found for the following transcripts: Up-regulated: Tetraspanin 13 (TSPAN13), serpin family i member 1 (SERPINI1), ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit beta 2 (ATP1B2), nicotinamide nucleotide adenylyl transferase 2 (NMNAT2), platelet-derived growth factor receptor-like (PDGFRL), cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1 (CYP1A1), prostate androgen-regulated mucin-like protein 1 (PARM1), secretogranin II (SCG2), SYT11 (synaptotagmin 11), rhophilin associated tail protein 1 like (ROPN1L); down-regulated: polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3 (GALNT3), carbonic anhydrase 14 (CAXIV), BCL2-related protein A1 (BCL2A1), protein kinase C delta (PRKCD), transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 1 (TRPM1), ubiquitin associated protein 1 like (UBAP1L), glutathione peroxidase 8 (GPX8), interleukin 16 (IL16), tumor protein p53 (TP53), and serpin family H member 1 (SERPINH1). There was no change to any of the HDAC transcripts (class I, II and IV), the sirtuin HDAC family (1-6) or the BRAF proto-oncogene v 599 transcripts. However, the data showed that TSA down-regulated influential transcripts that drive the BRAF-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 oncogenic pathway (namely PRKCD and MYC proto-oncogene which negatively affected the cell-cycle distribution. Mitotic inhibition was corroborated by functional pathway analysis and flow cytometry confirming halt at the G2 phase, occurring in the absence of toxicity. CONCLUSION TSA does not alter HDAC transcripts nor BRAF itself, but down-regulates critical components of the MAPK/MEK/BRAF oncogenic pathway, initiating a mitotic arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Mazzio
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A and M University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A
| | - Karam F A Soliman
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A and M University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A.
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21
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Meder L, König K, Dietlein F, Macheleidt I, Florin A, Ercanoglu MS, Rommerscheidt-Fuss U, Koker M, Schön G, Odenthal M, Klein F, Büttner R, Schulte JH, Heukamp LC, Ullrich RT. LIN28B enhanced tumorigenesis in an autochthonous KRAS G12V-driven lung carcinoma mouse model. Oncogene 2018; 37:2746-2756. [PMID: 29503447 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
LIN28B is a RNA-binding protein regulating predominantly let-7 microRNAs with essential functions in inflammation, wound healing, embryonic stem cells, and cancer. LIN28B expression is associated with tumor initiation, progression, resistance, and poor outcome in several solid cancers, including lung cancer. However, the functional role of LIN28B, especially in non-small cell lung adenocarcinomas, remains elusive. Here, we investigated the effects of LIN28B expression on lung tumorigenesis using LIN28B transgenic overexpression in an autochthonous KRASG12V-driven mouse model. We found that LIN28B overexpression significantly increased the number of CD44+/CD326+ tumor cells, upregulated VEGF-A and miR-21 and promoted tumor angiogenesis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) accompanied by enhanced AKT phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of c-MYC. Moreover, LIN28B accelerated tumor initiation and enhanced proliferation which led to a shortened overall survival. In addition, we analyzed lung adenocarcinomas of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and found LIN28B expression in 24% of KRAS-mutated cases, which underscore the relevance of our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Meder
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne, 50937, Germany. .,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch Straße 21, Cologne, 50931, Germany.
| | - Katharina König
- Labor Dr. Quade und Kollegen GmbH, Aachener Straße 338, Cologne, 50933, Germany
| | - Felix Dietlein
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Faber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Havard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Iris Macheleidt
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne, 50937, Germany
| | - Alexandra Florin
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne, 50937, Germany
| | - Meryem S Ercanoglu
- Institute of Virology, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch Straße 21, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | | | - Mirjam Koker
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne, 50937, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch Straße 21, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Gisela Schön
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne, 50937, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch Straße 21, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Margarete Odenthal
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch Straße 21, Cologne, 50931, Germany.,Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne, 50937, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Institute of Virology, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch Straße 21, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Reinhard Büttner
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch Straße 21, Cologne, 50931, Germany.,Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne, 50937, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne, 50937, Germany
| | - Johannes H Schulte
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK Berlin), Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lukas C Heukamp
- New Oncology, Gottfried-Hagen-Straße 20, 51105, Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Hematopathology Hamburg, Fangdieckstraße 75a, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roland T Ullrich
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne, 50937, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch Straße 21, Cologne, 50931, Germany
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22
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NDRG2 facilitates colorectal cancer differentiation through the regulation of Skp2-p21/p27 axis. Oncogene 2018; 37:1759-1774. [PMID: 29343851 PMCID: PMC5874257 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Poorly differentiated colorectal cancers (CRCs) are more aggressive and lack targeted therapies. We and others previously reported the predominant role of tumor-suppressor NDRG2 in promoting CRC differentiation, but the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that NDRG2 induction of CRC cell differentiation is dependent on the repression of E3 ligase Skp2 activity. In patients and Ndrg2 knockout mice, NDRG2 and Skp2 are negatively correlated and associated with cell differentiation stage. Further, NDRG2 suppression of Skp2 contributes to the inductions and stabilizations of p21 and p27, which are Skp2 target proteins for degradation. The reduction of either p21 or p27 levels by shRNA can decrease NDRG2-induced AKP activity and resume cell growth inhibition, thus both p21 and p27 are required for NDRG2 effect on the promotion of cell differentiation in CRCs. The mechanistic study shows that NDRG2 suppresses β-catenin nuclear translocation and decreases the occupancy of β-catenin/TCF complex on Skp2 promoter, potentially through dephosphorylating GSK-3β. By subjecting a series of NDRG2 deletion mutants to Skp2 expression, the loss of NH2-terminal domain can completely abolish NDRG2-dependent differentiation induction. Supporting the biological significance of the reciprocal relationship between NDRG2 and Skp2, an NDRG2low/Skp2high gene expression signature correlates with poor CRC patient outcome and could be considered as a diagnostic marker of CRCs.
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23
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Wang JY, Liu GZ, Wilmott JS, La T, Feng YC, Yari H, Yan XG, Thorne RF, Scolyer RA, Zhang XD, Jin L. Skp2-Mediated Stabilization of MTH1 Promotes Survival of Melanoma Cells upon Oxidative Stress. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6226-6239. [PMID: 28947420 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MTH1 helps prevent misincorporation of ROS-damaged dNTPs into genomic DNA; however, there is little understanding of how MTH1 itself is regulated. Here, we report that MTH1 is regulated by polyubiquitination mediated by the E3 ligase Skp2. In melanoma cells, MTH1 was upregulated commonly mainly due to its improved stability caused by K63-linked polyubiquitination. Although Skp2 along with other components of the Skp1-Cullin-F-box (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complex was physically associated with MTH1, blocking the SCF function ablated MTH1 ubiquitination and expression. Conversely, overexpressing Skp2-elevated levels of MTH1 associated with an increase in its K63-linked ubiquitination. In melanoma cell lines and patient specimens, we observed a positive correlation of Skp2 and MTH1 expression. Mechanistic investigations showed that Skp2 limited DNA damage and apoptosis triggered by oxidative stress and that MAPK upregulated Skp2 and MTH1 to render cells more resistant to such stress. Collectively, our findings identify Skp2-mediated K63-linked polyubiquitination as a critical regulatory mechanism responsible for MTH1 upregulation in melanoma, with potential implications to target the MAPK/Skp2/MTH1 pathway to improve its treatment. Cancer Res; 77(22); 6226-39. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yu Wang
- Translational Research Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Guang Zhi Liu
- Translational Research Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan, China
| | - James S Wilmott
- Discipline of Pathology, The University of Sydney, and Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ting La
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yu Chen Feng
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hamed Yari
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xu Guang Yan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rick F Thorne
- Translational Research Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan, China.,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Discipline of Pathology, The University of Sydney, and Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xu Dong Zhang
- Translational Research Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan, China. .,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lei Jin
- Translational Research Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan, China. .,School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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24
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Ding L, Li R, Han X, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Cui Y, Wang W, Bai J. Inhibition of Skp2 suppresses the proliferation and invasion of osteosarcoma cells. Oncol Rep 2017. [PMID: 28627672 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a common bone tumor that mainly affects children and young adults. S-phase kinase‑associated protein 2 (Skp2) has been characterized to play a critical oncogenic role in a variety of human malignancies. However, the biological function of Skp2 in OS remains largely obscure. In the present study, we elucidated the role of Skp2 in cell growth, cell cycle, apoptosis and migration in OS cells. We found that depletion of Skp2 inhibited cell growth in both MG-63 and SW 1353 cells. Moreover, we observed that depletion of Skp2 triggered cell apoptosis in two OS cell lines. Furthermore, downregulation of Skp2 induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase in OS cells. Notably, our wound healing assay results revealed that inhibition of Skp2 suppressed cell migration in OS cells. Invariably, our western blot results demonstrated that depletion of Skp2 in OS cells inhibited activation of pAkt and increased p27 expression in OS cells, suggesting that Skp2 exerted its oncogenic function partly through the regulation of Akt and p27. Our findings revealed that targeting Skp2 could be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Xinshi, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinshi, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Han
- Department of Orthopedics, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinshi, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Yubo Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Xinshi, Urumqi, Xinjiang, P.R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinshi, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Orthopedics, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinshi, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Wu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinshi, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Jingping Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Xinshi, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
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25
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Ma J, Guo W, Li C. Ubiquitination in melanoma pathogenesis and treatment. Cancer Med 2017; 6:1362-1377. [PMID: 28544818 PMCID: PMC5463089 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive skin cancers with fiercely increasing incidence and mortality. Since the progressive understanding of the mutational landscape and immunologic pathogenic factors in melanoma, the targeted therapy and immunotherapy have been recently established and gained unprecedented improvements for melanoma treatment. However, the prognosis of melanoma patients remains unoptimistic mainly due to the resistance and nonresponse to current available drugs. Ubiquitination is a posttranslational modification which plays crucial roles in diverse cellular biological activities and participates in the pathogenesis of various cancers, including melanoma. Through the regulation of multiple tumor promoters and suppressors, ubiquitination is emerging as the key contributor and therefore a potential therapeutic target for melanoma. Herein, we summarize the current understanding of ubiquitination in melanoma, from mechanistic insights to clinical progress, and discuss the prospect of ubiquitination modification in melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyuan Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weinan Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunying Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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26
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Welinder C, Pawłowski K, Szasz AM, Yakovleva M, Sugihara Y, Malm J, Jönsson G, Ingvar C, Lundgren L, Baldetorp B, Olsson H, Rezeli M, Laurell T, Wieslander E, Marko-Varga G. Correlation of histopathologic characteristics to protein expression and function in malignant melanoma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176167. [PMID: 28445515 PMCID: PMC5405986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metastatic melanoma is still one of the most prevalent skin cancers, which upon progression has neither a prognostic marker nor a specific and lasting treatment. Proteomic analysis is a versatile approach with high throughput data and results that can be used for characterizing tissue samples. However, such analysis is hampered by the complexity of the disease, heterogeneity of patients, tumors, and samples themselves. With the long term aim of quest for better diagnostics biomarkers, as well as predictive and prognostic markers, we focused on relating high resolution proteomics data to careful histopathological evaluation of the tumor samples and patient survival information. Patients and methods Regional lymph node metastases obtained from ten patients with metastatic melanoma (stage III) were analyzed by histopathology and proteomics using mass spectrometry. Out of the ten patients, six had clinical follow-up data. The protein deep mining mass spectrometry data was related to the histopathology tumor tissue sections adjacent to the area used for deep-mining. Clinical follow-up data provided information on disease progression which could be linked to protein expression aiming to identify tissue-based specific protein markers for metastatic melanoma and prognostic factors for prediction of progression of stage III disease. Results In this feasibility study, several proteins were identified that positively correlated to tumor tissue content including IF6, ARF4, MUC18, UBC12, CSPG4, PCNA, PMEL and MAGD2. The study also identified MYC, HNF4A and TGFB1 as top upstream regulators correlating to tumor tissue content. Other proteins were inversely correlated to tumor tissue content, the most significant being; TENX, EHD2, ZA2G, AOC3, FETUA and THRB. A number of proteins were significantly related to clinical outcome, among these, HEXB, PKM and GPNMB stood out, as hallmarks of processes involved in progression from stage III to stage IV disease and poor survival. Conclusion In this feasibility study, promising results show the feasibility of relating proteomics to histopathology and clinical outcome, and insight thus can be gained into the molecular processes driving the disease. The combined analysis of histological features including the sample cellular composition with protein expression of each metastasis enabled the identification of novel, differentially expressed proteins. Further studies are necessary to determine whether these putative biomarkers can be utilized in diagnostics and prognostic prediction of metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Welinder
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Dept. of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Centre of Excellence in Biological and Medical Mass Spectrometry “CEBMMS”, Biomedical Centre D13, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Krzysztof Pawłowski
- Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Dept. of Experimental Design and Bioinformatics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
- Dept. of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - A. Marcell Szasz
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Dept. of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Centre of Excellence in Biological and Medical Mass Spectrometry “CEBMMS”, Biomedical Centre D13, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- 2nd Dept. of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maria Yakovleva
- Centre of Excellence in Biological and Medical Mass Spectrometry “CEBMMS”, Biomedical Centre D13, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yutaka Sugihara
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Dept. of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Malm
- Centre of Excellence in Biological and Medical Mass Spectrometry “CEBMMS”, Biomedical Centre D13, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Dept. of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Göran Jönsson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Dept. of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian Ingvar
- Dept. of Surgery, Dept. of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lotta Lundgren
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Dept. of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Dept. of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo Baldetorp
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Dept. of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Håkan Olsson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Dept. of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Dept. of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Cancer Epidemiology, Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Melinda Rezeli
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Laurell
- Centre of Excellence in Biological and Medical Mass Spectrometry “CEBMMS”, Biomedical Centre D13, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Wieslander
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Dept. of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - György Marko-Varga
- Centre of Excellence in Biological and Medical Mass Spectrometry “CEBMMS”, Biomedical Centre D13, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, BMC D13, Lund, Sweden
- First Dept. of Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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27
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Tang H, Fan D, Lei CT, Ye C, Gao P, Chen S, Meng XF, Su H, Zhang C. MAD2B promotes tubular epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis via Skp2. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:1297-1307. [PMID: 27488450 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1448-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mitotic arrest deficient protein MAD2B is a well-defined anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) inhibitor and a small subunit of DNA polymerase zeta. It is critical for mitotic control and DNA repair. However, the pathological role of MAD2B in kidney diseases has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we aim to explore the role of MAD2B in the pathogenesis of renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) and the underlying mechanism. By immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry, we found an obvious MAD2B enhancement in tubular area of TIF patients and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mice. In vitro, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) induced a time-dependent MAD2B accumulation prior to tubular epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a rat proximal tubular epithelial cell line, NRK-52E. Knocking down MAD2B using siRNA dramatically inhibited TGF-β1-induced tubular EMT process and subsequent extracellular matrix (ECM) production. We also found that Skp2, a confirmed APC/C-CDH1 substrate and E-cadherin destroyer, was increased in TGF-β1-treated proximal tubular epithelial cells, which could be blocked by MAD2B depletion. In addition, Skp2 expression was also found to be increased in the renal tubular area of UUO mice. Locally knocking down MAD2B expression in the renal cortex using lentiviral transfection inhibited Skp2 expression, tubular EMT, and subsequent ECM accumulation. Taken together, our data suggests a pro-fibrotic role of MAD2B in the pathogenesis of tubular EMT and TIF by inducing Skp2 expression. MAD2B might be a potential target of promising interventions for renal TIF. KEY MESSAGES Renal fibrosis activates MAD2B expression in renal tubules of human and mouse. TGF-β1 contributes to MAD2B enhancement in rat tubular epithelial cells. MAD2B depletion alleviates renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in vivo and in vitro. MAD2B promotes EMT transition in rat tubular epithelial cells by inducing Skp2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Di Fan
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chun-Tao Lei
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chen Ye
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Pan Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Shan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xian-Fang Meng
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hua Su
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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28
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Millena AC, Vo BT, Khan SA. JunD Is Required for Proliferation of Prostate Cancer Cells and Plays a Role in Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β)-induced Inhibition of Cell Proliferation. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:17964-76. [PMID: 27358408 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.714899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β inhibits proliferation of prostate epithelial cells. However, prostate cancer cells in advanced stages become resistant to inhibitory effects of TGF-β. The intracellular signaling mechanisms involved in differential effects of TGF-β during different stages are largely unknown. Using cell line models, we have shown that TGF-β inhibits proliferation in normal (RWPE-1) and prostate cancer (DU145) cells but does not have any effect on proliferation of prostate cancer (PC3) cells. We have investigated the role of Jun family proteins (c-Jun, JunB, and JunD) in TGF-β effects on cell proliferation. Jun family members were expressed at different levels and responded differentially to TGF-β treatment. TGF-β effects on JunD protein levels, but not mRNA levels, correlated with its effects on cell proliferation. TGF-β induced significant reduction in JunD protein in RWPE-1 and DU145 cells but not in PC3 cells. Selective knockdown of JunD expression using siRNA in DU145 and PC3 cells resulted in significant reduction in cell proliferation, and forced overexpression of JunD increased the proliferation rate. On the other hand, knockdown of c-Jun or JunB had little, if any, effect on cell proliferation; overexpression of c-Jun and JunB decreased the proliferation rate in DU145 cells. Further studies showed that down-regulation of JunD in response to TGF-β treatment is mediated via the proteasomal degradation pathway. In conclusion, we show that specific Jun family members exert differential effects on proliferation in prostate cancer cells in response to TGF-β, and inhibition of cell proliferation by TGF-β requires degradation of JunD protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cecilia Millena
- From the Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314
| | - BaoHan T Vo
- From the Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314
| | - Shafiq A Khan
- From the Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314
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Zheng N, Zhou Q, Wang Z, Wei W. Recent advances in SCF ubiquitin ligase complex: Clinical implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1866:12-22. [PMID: 27156687 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
F-box proteins, which are subunit recruiting modules of SCF (SKP1-Cullin 1-F-box protein) E3 ligase complexes, play critical roles in the development and progression of human malignancies through governing multiple cellular processes including cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis. Moreover, there are emerging studies that lead to the development of F-box proteins inhibitors with promising therapeutic potential. In this article, we describe how F-box proteins including but not restricted to well-established Fbw7, Skp2 and β-TRCP, are involved in tumorigenesis. However, in-depth investigation is required to further explore the mechanism and the physiological contribution of undetermined F-box proteins in carcinogenesis. Lastly, we suggest that targeting F-box proteins could possibly open new avenues for the treatment and prevention of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Zheng
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Quansheng Zhou
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, MA 02215, USA.
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Skp2 Regulates the Expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9, and Enhances the Invasion Potential of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2016; 22:625-32. [PMID: 26874697 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-016-0049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignant tumor of the head and neck regions and accounts for more than 90 % of cancers in the oral cavity. S-phase kinase-associated protein-2 (Skp2) is a member of the F-box protein family and the substrate recognition subunit of the Skp1-Cullin-F box protein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Skp2 is oncogenic and overexpressed in human cancers. The aims of the present study were to determine the clinicopathological significance of Skp2 in OSCC and clarify its function in OSCC cell lines in vitro. Multiple methods including immunohistochemical staining, RT-PCR, western blotting, migration and invasion assays, and siRNA transfection were employed in order to investigate the clinicopathological significance and molecular function of Skp2 in OSCC. The overexpression of Skp2 was more frequent in OSCC than in the normal oral epithelium. It was also more frequently detected in cancers with higher grades according to the T classification, N classification, and pattern of invasion. The high-Skp2 expression group had a significantly poorer prognosis, at 30.1 %, than that of the low-expression group, at 63.0 %. The downregulation of Skp2 decreased migration and invasion potentials in HSC3 cells. Moreover, the suppression of Skp2 reduced the enzyme activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 via Sp1. Skp2 may be a prognostic factor in OSCC patients, and may also play crucial roles in the migration and invasion potentials of OSCC cells.
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Shin JU, Noh JY, Jin S, Kim SH, Rah DK, Lee DW, Yoo JS, Kim K, Lee YS, Jung I, Lee JH, Lee KH. Estrogen Upregulates Slug to Enhance the Migration of Keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:3200-3203. [PMID: 26291683 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung U Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Severance Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Y Noh
- Department of Dermatology, Severance Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shan Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Severance Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Dermatology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Seo H Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Severance Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong K Rah
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Severance Hospital, Institute for Human Tissue Restoration, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong W Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Severance Hospital, Institute for Human Tissue Restoration, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong S Yoo
- Division of Mass Spectrometry, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang-Myun, Cheongwon-Gun, Korea; GRAST, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kunhong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun S Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Severance Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inhee Jung
- Department of Dermatology, Severance Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju H Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Severance Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Kwang H Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Severance Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Epithelial Plasticity in Cancer: Unmasking a MicroRNA Network for TGF-β-, Notch-, and Wnt-Mediated EMT. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2015; 2015:198967. [PMID: 25883651 PMCID: PMC4390187 DOI: 10.1155/2015/198967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a reversible process by which cancer cells can switch from a sessile epithelial phenotype to an invasive mesenchymal state. EMT enables tumor cells to become invasive, intravasate, survive in the circulation, extravasate, and colonize distant sites. Paracrine heterotypic stroma-derived signals as well as paracrine homotypic or autocrine signals can mediate oncogenic EMT and contribute to the acquisition of stem/progenitor cell properties, expansion of cancer stem cells, development of therapy resistance, and often lethal metastatic disease. EMT is regulated by a variety of stimuli that trigger specific intracellular signalling pathways. Altered microRNA (miR) expression and perturbed signalling pathways have been associated with epithelial plasticity, including oncogenic EMT. In this review we analyse and describe the interaction between experimentally validated miRs and their target genes in TGF-β, Notch, and Wnt signalling pathways. Interestingly, in this process, we identified a “signature” of 30 experimentally validated miRs and a cluster of validated target genes that seem to mediate the cross talk between TGF-β, Notch, and Wnt signalling networks during EMT and reinforce their connection to the regulation of epithelial plasticity in health and disease.
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Bielskienė K, Bagdonienė L, Mozūraitienė J, Kazbarienė B, Janulionis E. E3 ubiquitin ligases as drug targets and prognostic biomarkers in melanoma. MEDICINA-LITHUANIA 2015; 51:1-9. [PMID: 25744769 DOI: 10.1016/j.medici.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Melanomas are highly proliferative and invasive, and are most frequently metastatic. Despite many advances in cancer treatment over the last several decades, the prognosis for patients with advanced melanoma remains poor. New treatment methods and strategies are necessary. The main hallmark of cancer is uncontrolled cellular proliferation with alterations in the expression of proteins. Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-related proteins posttranslationally modify proteins and thereby alter their functions. The ubiquitination process is involved in various physiological responses, including cell growth, cell death, and DNA damage repair. E3 ligases, the most specific enzymes of ubiquitination system, participate in the turnover of many key regulatory proteins and in the development of cancer. E3 ligases are of interest as drug targets for their ability to regulate proteins stability and functions. Compared to the general proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, which blocks the entire protein degradation, drugs that target a particular E3 ligase are expected to have better selectivity with less associated toxicity. Components of different E3 ligases complexes (FBW7, MDM2, RBX1/ROC1, RBX2/ROC2, cullins and many others) are known as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in melanomagenesis. These proteins participate in regulation of different cellular pathways and such important proteins in cancer development as p53 and Notch. In this review we summarized published data on the role of known E3 ligases in the development of melanoma and discuss the inhibitors of E3 ligases as a novel approach for the treatment of malignant melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lida Bagdonienė
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Chung YK, Chi-Hung Or R, Lu CH, Ouyang WT, Yang SY, Chang CC. Sulforaphane down-regulates SKP2 to stabilize p27KIP1 for inducing antiproliferation in human colon adenocarcinoma cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 119:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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A design principle underlying the paradoxical roles of E3 ubiquitin ligases. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5573. [PMID: 24994517 PMCID: PMC5381699 DOI: 10.1038/srep05573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
E3 ubiquitin ligases are important cellular components that determine the specificity of proteolysis in the ubiquitin-proteasome system. However, an increasing number of studies have indicated that E3 ubiquitin ligases also participate in transcription. Intrigued by the apparently paradoxical functions of E3 ubiquitin ligases in both proteolysis and transcriptional activation, we investigated the underlying design principles using mathematical modeling. We found that the antagonistic functions integrated in E3 ubiquitin ligases can prevent any undesirable sustained activation of downstream genes when E3 ubiquitin ligases are destabilized by unexpected perturbations. Interestingly, this design principle of the system is similar to the operational principle of a safety interlock device in engineering systems, which prevents a system from abnormal operation unless stability is guaranteed.
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Yang Q, Huang J, Wu Q, Cai Y, Zhu L, Lu X, Chen S, Chen C, Wang Z. Acquisition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition is associated with Skp2 expression in paclitaxel-resistant breast cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:1958-67. [PMID: 24642627 PMCID: PMC3992499 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is the most common female malignant disease, and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Acquired resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs is a pivotal reason that leads to worse treatment outcome of breast cancer. Therefore, it is urgent to elucidate the mechanism of drug resistance in breast cancer. Methods: To investigate the underlying molecular basis of the acquired resistant cells to paclitaxel in breast cancer, we used multiple methods including real-time RT–PCR, western blotting analysis, migration and invasion assays, wound healing assay, and transfection. Results: We found that epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in paclitaxel-resistant (PR) breast cancer cells. The resistant cells with EMT features exhibit increased migration and invasion activities. Mechanistically, high expression of Skp2 was found to be associated with EMT in PR cells. Notably, depletion of Skp2 in PR cells led to partial reversal of EMT phenotype. Conclusions: These findings suggest that Skp2 was critically involved in PR-mediated EMT. Skp2 could be a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, China
| | - J Huang
- Clinical Testing and Diagnose Experimental Center of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Q Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, China
| | - Y Cai
- Clinical Testing and Diagnose Experimental Center of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233000, China
| | - L Zhu
- Clinical Testing and Diagnose Experimental Center of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233000, China
| | - X Lu
- Clinical Testing and Diagnose Experimental Center of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233000, China
| | - S Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, China
| | - C Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Z Wang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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Wang X, He X, Zhao F, Wang J, Zhang H, Shi F, Zhang Y, Cai K, Dou J. Regulation gene expression of miR200c and ZEB1 positively enhances effect of tumor vaccine B16F10/GPI-IL-21 on inhibition of melanoma growth and metastasis. J Transl Med 2014; 12:68. [PMID: 24625224 PMCID: PMC3995592 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetically modified cells have been shown to be one of the most effective tumor vaccine strategies. However, in many cases, such as in melanoma, induction of a potent immune responses against the disease still remains a major challenge. Thus, novel strategies to reinforce tumor vaccine efficacy are needed. Using microRNA (miR) and Zinc-finger E-box binding homeobox (ZEB) have received much attention for potentially regulating tumor progression. To elicit a potent antitumor efficacy against melanoma, we used tumor vaccine in combination with miR200c overexpression or ZEB1 knockdown to assess the efficacy of treatment of murine melanoma. Methods B16F10 cell vaccine expressing interleukin 21 (IL-21) in the glycosylpho- sphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored form (B16F10/GPI-IL-21) were developed. The vaccine was immunized into mice challenged by B16F10 cells or B16F10 cells stably transduced with lentiviral-miR200c (B16F10/miR200c) or transfected with the ZEB1-shRNA recombinant (B16F10/shZEB1) or the B16F10/GPI-IL-21 vaccine. The immune responses, tumorigenicity and lung metastasis in mice were evaluated, respectively. Results The vaccination with B16F10/GPI-IL-21 markedly increased the serum cytokine levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4 and decreased TGF-β level as well as augmented the cytotoxicity of splenocytes in immunized mice compared with control mice. In addition, the tumor vaccine B16F10/GPI-IL-21 significantly inhibited the tumor growth and reduced counts of lung metastases in mice challenged by B16F10/GPI-IL-21, B16F10/shZEB1 and B16F10/miR200c respectively compared with the control mice challenged by B16F10 cells. The efficacy mechanisms may involve in reinforcing immune responses, increasing expression of miR200c, E-cadherin and SMAD-7 and decreasing expression of TGF-β, ZEB1, Vimentin and N-cadherin in tumor tissues from the immunized mice. Conclusions These results indicate that the tumor vaccine B16F10/GPI-IL-21 in combination with miR200c overexpression or ZEB1 knockdown effectively inhibited melanoma growth and metastasis a murine model. Such a strategy may, therefore, be used for the clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jun Dou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology of Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Dou J, He X, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhao F, Wang X, Chen D, Shi F, Wang J. Effect of downregulation of ZEB1 on vimentin expression, tumour migration and tumourigenicity of melanoma B16F10 cells and CSCs. Cell Biol Int 2014; 38:452-61. [PMID: 24339410 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology of Medical School; Southeast University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Xiangfeng He
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology of Medical School; Southeast University; Nanjing 210009 China
- Department of Medical Oncology; Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong 226361 China
| | - Yurong Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology of Medical School; Southeast University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Yaqian Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology of Medical School; Southeast University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Fengshu Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology of Medical School; Southeast University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology of Medical School; Southeast University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Dengyu Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology of Medical School; Southeast University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Fangfang Shi
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology of Medical School; Southeast University; Nanjing 210009 China
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital; Southeast University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School; Southeast University; Nanjing 210009 China
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