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Ceraolo MG, Romero-Medina MC, Gobbato S, Melita G, Krynska H, Sirand C, Gupta P, Viarisio D, Robitaille A, Marvel J, Tommasino M, Venuti A, Gheit T. HPV38 impairs UV-induced transcriptional activation of the IL-18 pro-inflammatory cytokine. mSphere 2023; 8:e0045023. [PMID: 37877723 PMCID: PMC10732055 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00450-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Here, we demonstrate that the direct binding of p53 on the IL-18 promoter region regulates its gene expression. However, the presence of E6 and E7 from human papillomavirus type 38 impairs this mechanism via a new inhibitory complex formed by DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1)/PKR/ΔNp73α, which binds to the region formerly occupied by p53 in primary keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Ceraolo
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | | | - Simone Gobbato
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Giusi Melita
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Hanna Krynska
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling (CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7242), Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, France
| | - Cecilia Sirand
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Purnima Gupta
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | | | - Alexis Robitaille
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Jacqueline Marvel
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Assunta Venuti
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Tarik Gheit
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France
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2
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Agrez M, Rybchyn MS, De Silva WGM, Mason RS, Chandler C, Piva TJ, Thurecht K, Fletcher N, Liu F, Subramaniam G, Howard CB, Blyth B, Parker S, Turner D, Rzepecka J, Knox G, Nika A, Hall A, Gooding H, Gallagher L. An immunomodulating peptide to counteract solar radiation-induced immunosuppression and DNA damage. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11702. [PMID: 37474630 PMCID: PMC10359417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38890-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) induces immunosuppression and DNA damage, both of which contribute to the rising global incidence of skin cancer including melanoma. Nucleotide excision repair, which is activated upon UVR-induced DNA damage, is linked to expression of interleukin-12 (IL-12) which serves to limit immunosuppression and augment the DNA repair process. Herein, we report an immunomodulating peptide, designated IK14800, that not only elicits secretion of IL-12, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) but also reduces DNA damage in the skin following exposure to UVR. Combined with re-invigoration of exhausted CD4+ T cells, inhibition of UVR-induced MMP-1 release and suppression of B16F10 melanoma metastases, IK14800 offers an opportunity to gain further insight into mechanisms underlying the development and progression of skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Agrez
- InterK Peptide Therapeutics Limited, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Mark Stephen Rybchyn
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Rebecca Sara Mason
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Terrence J Piva
- Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kristofer Thurecht
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicholas Fletcher
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Feifei Liu
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gayathri Subramaniam
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christopher B Howard
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Benjamin Blyth
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology at the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen Parker
- InterK Peptide Therapeutics Limited, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Gavin Knox
- Concept Life Sciences Limited, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | | | - Andrew Hall
- Concept Life Sciences Limited, Edinburgh, Scotland
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Bhattarai N, Korhonen E, Mysore Y, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Hydroquinone Induces NLRP3-Independent IL-18 Release from ARPE-19 Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061405. [PMID: 34204067 PMCID: PMC8229790 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a retinal disease leading to impaired vision. Cigarette smoke increases the risk for developing AMD by causing increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and damage in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). We have previously shown that the cigarette tar component hydroquinone causes oxidative stress in human RPE cells. In the present study, we investigated the propensity of hydroquinone to induce the secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. The activation of these cytokines is usually regulated by the Nucleotide-binding domain, Leucine-rich repeat, and Pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. ARPE-19 cells were exposed to hydroquinone, and cell viability was monitored using the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide salt (MTT) assays. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to measure the levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 as well as NLRP3, caspase-1, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Hydroquinone did not change IL-1β release but significantly increased the secretion of IL-18. Cytoplasmic NLRP3 levels increased after the hydroquinone treatment of IL-1α-primed RPE cells, but IL-18 was equally released from primed and nonprimed cells. Hydroquinone reduced the intracellular levels of PARP, which were restored by treatment with the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC). NAC concurrently reduced the NLRP3 levels but had no effect on IL-18 release. In contrast, the NADPH oxidase inhibitor ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC) reduced the release of IL-18 but had no effect on the NLRP3 levels. Collectively, hydroquinone caused DNA damage seen as reduced intracellular PARP levels and induced NLRP3-independent IL-18 secretion in human RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Bhattarai
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (E.K.); (Y.M.)
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (A.K.); Tel.: +358-44-983-0424 (N.B.); +358-40-355-3216 (A.K.)
| | - Eveliina Korhonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (E.K.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yashavanthi Mysore
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (E.K.); (Y.M.)
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (E.K.); (Y.M.)
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (A.K.); Tel.: +358-44-983-0424 (N.B.); +358-40-355-3216 (A.K.)
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Khmaladze I, Butler É, Fabre S, Gillbro JM. Lactobacillus reuteri
DSM
17938—A comparative study on the effect of probiotics and lysates on human skin. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:822-828. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ia Khmaladze
- Skin Research Institute Oriflame Cosmetics AB Stockholm Sweden
| | - Éile Butler
- BioGaia AB Lund Sweden
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Science Malmö University Malmö Sweden
| | - Susanne Fabre
- Skin Research Institute Oriflame Cosmetics AB Stockholm Sweden
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Gheit T. Mucosal and Cutaneous Human Papillomavirus Infections and Cancer Biology. Front Oncol 2019; 9:355. [PMID: 31134154 PMCID: PMC6517478 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviridae is a family of small non-enveloped icosahedral viruses with double-stranded circular DNA. More than 200 different human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been listed so far. Based on epidemiological data, a subgroup of alphapapillomaviruses (alpha HPVs) was referred to as high-risk (HR) HPV types. HR HPVs are the etiological agents of anogenital cancer and a subset of head and neck cancers. The cutaneous HPV types, mainly from beta and gamma genera, are widely present on the surface of the skin in the general population. However, there is growing evidence of an etiological role of betapapillomaviruses (beta HPVs) in non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), together with ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Studies performed on mucosal HR HPV types, such as 16 and 18, showed that both oncoproteins E6 and E7 play a key role in cervical cancer by altering pathways involved in the host immune response to establish a persistent infection and by promoting cellular transformation. Continuous expression of E6 and E7 of mucosal HR HPV types is essential to initiate and to maintain the cellular transformation process, whereas expression of E6 and E7 of cutaneous HPV types is not required for the maintenance of the skin cancer phenotype. Beta HPV types appear to play a role in the initiation of skin carcinogenesis, by exacerbating the accumulation of UV radiation-induced DNA breaks and somatic mutations (the hit-and-run mechanism), and they would therefore act as facilitators rather than direct actors in NMSC. In this review, the natural history of HPV infection and the transforming properties of various HPV genera will be described, with a particular focus on describing the state of knowledge about the role of cutaneous HPV types in NMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Gheit
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
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Moreno-Villanueva M, Feiveson AH, Krieger S, Kay Brinda A, von Scheven G, Bürkle A, Crucian B, Wu H. Synergistic Effects of Weightlessness, Isoproterenol, and Radiation on DNA Damage Response and Cytokine Production in Immune Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113689. [PMID: 30469384 PMCID: PMC6275019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of rotating-wall vessels (RWVs) for studying the effect of lack of gravity has attracted attention, especially in the fields of stem cells, tissue regeneration, and cancer research. Immune cells incubated in RWVs exhibit several features of immunosuppression including impaired leukocyte proliferation, cytokine responses, and antibody production. Interestingly, stress hormones influence cellular immune pathways affected by microgravity, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, DNA repair, and T cell activation. These pathways are crucial defense mechanisms that protect the cell from toxins, pathogens, and radiation. Despite the importance of the adrenergic receptor in regulating the immune system, the effect of microgravity on the adrenergic system has been poorly studied. Thus, we elected to investigate the synergistic effects of isoproterenol (a sympathomimetic drug), radiation, and microgravity in nonstimulated immune cells. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with the sympathomimetic drug isoproterenol, exposed to 0.8 or 2 Gy γ-radiation, and incubated in RWVs. Mixed model regression analyses showed significant synergistic effects on the expression of the β2-adrenergic receptor gene (ADRB2). Radiation alone increased ADRB2 expression, and cells incubated in microgravity had more DNA strand breaks than cells incubated in normal gravity. We observed radiation-induced cytokine production only in microgravity. Prior treatment with isoproterenol clearly prevents most of the microgravity-mediated effects. RWVs may be a useful tool to provide insight into novel regulatory pathways, providing benefit not only to astronauts but also to patients suffering from immune disorders or undergoing radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Moreno-Villanueva
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Johnson Space Center Houston, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, Box 628, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Alan H Feiveson
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Johnson Space Center Houston, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
| | | | - AnneMarie Kay Brinda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 312 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Gudrun von Scheven
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, Box 628, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Alexander Bürkle
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, Box 628, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Brian Crucian
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Johnson Space Center Houston, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
| | - Honglu Wu
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Johnson Space Center Houston, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
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7
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Cbl-b deficiency provides protection against UVB-induced skin damage by modulating inflammatory gene signature. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:835. [PMID: 30082827 PMCID: PMC6079082 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0858-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of skin to ultraviolet (UV) radiation induces DNA damage, inflammation, and immune suppression that ultimately lead to skin cancer. However, some of the pathways that regulate these events are poorly understood. We exposed mice to UVB to study its early effects in the absence of Cbl-b, a known suppressor of antitumor immune response in the skin. Cbl-b-/- mice were protected from UV-induced cell damage as shown by the lower number of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and sunburn cells in exposed skin compared to wild-type mice. Microarray data revealed that deficiency of Cbl-b resulted in differential expression of genes involved in apoptosis evasion, tumor suppression and cell survival in UV-exposed skin. After UVB, Cbl-b-/- mice upregulated gene expression pattern associated with regulation of epidermal cell proliferation linked to Wnt signaling mediators and enzymes that relate to cell removal and tissue remodeling like MMP12. Additionally, the skin of Cbl-b-/- mice was protected from chronic inflammatory responses and epidermal hyperplasia in a 4-weeks UVB treatment protocol. Overall, our results suggest a novel role for Cbl-b in regulating inflammation and physiologic clearance of damaged cells in response to UVB by modulating inflammatory gene signature.
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8
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Viarisio D, Müller-Decker K, Accardi R, Robitaille A, Dürst M, Beer K, Jansen L, Flechtenmacher C, Bozza M, Harbottle R, Voegele C, Ardin M, Zavadil J, Caldeira S, Gissmann L, Tommasino M. Beta HPV38 oncoproteins act with a hit-and-run mechanism in ultraviolet radiation-induced skin carcinogenesis in mice. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006783. [PMID: 29324843 PMCID: PMC5764406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous beta human papillomavirus (HPV) types are suspected to be involved, together with ultraviolet (UV) radiation, in the development of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Studies in in vitro and in vivo experimental models have highlighted the transforming properties of beta HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins. However, epidemiological findings indicate that beta HPV types may be required only at an initial stage of carcinogenesis, and may become dispensable after full establishment of NMSC. Here, we further investigate the potential role of beta HPVs in NMSC using a Cre-loxP-based transgenic (Tg) mouse model that expresses beta HPV38 E6 and E7 oncogenes in the basal layer of the skin epidermis and is highly susceptible to UV-induced carcinogenesis. Using whole-exome sequencing, we show that, in contrast to WT animals, when exposed to chronic UV irradiation K14 HPV38 E6/E7 Tg mice accumulate a large number of UV-induced DNA mutations, which increase proportionally with the severity of the skin lesions. The mutation pattern detected in the Tg skin lesions closely resembles that detected in human NMSC, with the highest mutation rate in p53 and Notch genes. Using the Cre-lox recombination system, we observed that deletion of the viral oncogenes after development of UV-induced skin lesions did not affect the tumour growth. Together, these findings support the concept that beta HPV types act only at an initial stage of carcinogenesis, by potentiating the deleterious effects of UV radiation. Many epidemiological and biological findings support the hypothesis that beta HPV types cooperate with UV radiation in the induction of NMSC, the most common form of human cancer. We have previously shown that K14 HPV38 E6/E7 Tg mice, when exposed to long-term UV radiation, developed NMSC, whereas WT animals subjected to identical treatments did not develop any type of skin lesions. Here, we show that the high skin cancer susceptibility of these Tg animals tightly correlates with their tendency to accumulate UV-induced mutations in genes that are frequently mutated in human NMSC. Importantly, deletion of the HPV38 E6 and E7 genes in existing skin lesions did not affect the further growth of the cancer cells. Together, these findings support the model that beta HPV infection is a co-factor in skin carcinogenesis, facilitating the accumulation of the UV-induced DNA mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosita Accardi
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Alexis Robitaille
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Matthias Dürst
- Department of Gynecology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Beer
- Department of Gynecology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Lars Jansen
- Department of Gynecology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Catherine Voegele
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Maude Ardin
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Jiri Zavadil
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | | | - Lutz Gissmann
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Botany and Microbiology (honorary member), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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Dietary proanthocyanidins prevent ultraviolet radiation-induced non-melanoma skin cancer through enhanced repair of damaged DNA-dependent activation of immune sensitivity. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 46:138-145. [PMID: 28412456 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Numerous plant products have been used to prevent and manage a wide variety of diseases for centuries. These products are now considered as promising options for the development of more effective and less toxic alternatives to the systems of medicine developed primarily in developed countries in the modern era. Grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) are of great interest due to their anti-carcinogenic effects that have been demonstrated using various tumor models including ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced non-melanoma skin cancer. In a pre-clinical mouse model supplementation of a control diet (AIN76A) with GSPs at concentrations of 0.2% and 0.5% (w/w) significantly inhibits the growth and multiplicity of UVB radiation-induced skin tumors. In this review, we summarize the evidence that this inhibition of UVB-induced skin tumor development by dietary GSPs is mediated by a multiplicity of coordinated effects including: (i) Promotion of the repair of damaged DNA by nuclear excision repair mechanisms, and (ii) DNA repair-dependent stimulation of the immune system following the functional activation of dendritic cells and effector T cells. Dietary GSPs hold promise for the development of an effective alternative strategy for the prevention of excessive solar UVB radiation exposure-induced skin diseases including the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer in humans.
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10
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DNA damage talks to inflammation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 33:35-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Topical application of superoxide dismutase mediated by HIV-TAT peptide attenuates UVB-induced damages in human skin. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 107:286-94. [PMID: 27460952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether topical application of superoxide dismutase with cell penetrating peptide (HIV-TAT) could protect against skin damage induced by UVB irradiation in humans. The permeability through stratum corneum of large proteins linked to TAT peptide was firstly confirmed by confocal microscopy and tape stripping. Ten healthy volunteers with either Fitzpatrick skin type II or III were recruited in this clinical study. TAT-SOD (300units/cm(2)) and vehicle cream were applied on two symmetric areas of both inner upper arms 1h prior to UVB irradiation. After one hour of pretreatment, subjects received 10 incremental doses of UVB on pretreated areas. 24h later, erythema, blood flow and apoptotic cells were measured. Pretreatment with TAT-SOD 1h prior to UVB radiation promoted a mean minimal erythema dose (MED) increase of 36.6±18.4% (p=0.013<0.05. n=10) compared to vehicle control. The median blood flow values of all subjects following 2 and 3-MED of UVB were 107.8±51.0units and 239.5±88.0units respectively, which account for 26% and 25% decrease with respect to vehicle groups. These data suggest that TAT-SOD significantly suppresses UVB induced erythema formation and blood flow rise. Furthermore, pretreatment with TAT-SOD 1h prior to 2-MED of UVB irradiation reduced the apoptotic sunburn cell formation by 47.6±8.6% (p<0.0001) in all subjects. Evaluating results generated from all measurements, we conclude that topical application of TAT-SOD significantly attenuates UVB-induced skin damage in man. These biological effects of TAT-SOD are probably mediated via its free radical scavenging properties, clearly differentiating it from other physical sunscreen agents.
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12
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Viarisio D, Müller-Decker K, Zanna P, Kloz U, Aengeneyndt B, Accardi R, Flechtenmacher C, Gissmann L, Tommasino M. Novel ß-HPV49 Transgenic Mouse Model of Upper Digestive Tract Cancer. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4216-25. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Abstract
The health benefits of natural sunlight have been noted since the rise of civilization, even without the knowledge of its mechanisms of action. Currently, phototherapy remains an effective and widely used treatment for a variety of skin diseases. Ultraviolet radiation, from either the sun or artificial light sources, has a profound immunomodulatory effect that is responsible for its beneficial clinical outcomes. Ultraviolet radiation mostly induces the innate while suppressing the adaptive immune system, leading to both local and systemic effects. It is antigen specific, acts on both effector and regulatory T cells, alters antigen-presenting cell function, and induces the secretion of cytokines and soluble mediators. This review provides an overview of the immunologic mechanisms by which ultraviolet radiation is responsible for the therapeutic effects of phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago R Matos
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Academic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Netherlands.
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14
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Narrow-band ultraviolet B radiation induces the expression of β-endorphin in human skin in vivo. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 155:104-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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15
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Matsuura-Hachiya Y, Nakai Y, Abe K, Nishiyama T, Arai KY. Recovery of extracellular matrix components by enalapril maleate during the repair process of ultraviolet B-induced wrinkles in mouse skin. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 4:180-186. [PMID: 29124203 PMCID: PMC5668924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin–angiotensin system is known to be involved in skin remodeling and inflammation. Previously, we reported that ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation enhanced angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) expression and angiotensin II levels in hairless mouse skin, and an ACE inhibitor, enalapril maleate (EM), accelerated repair of UVB-induced wrinkles. In this study, we analyzed gene expression profiles by DNA microarray and protein distribution patterns using an immunofluorescence method to clarify the process of EM-accelerated wrinkle repair in UVB-irradiated hairless mouse skin. In the microarray analysis, we detected EM-induced up-regulation of various extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes in the UVB-irradiated skin. In the immunofluorescence, we confirmed that type I collagen α1 chain, fibrillin 1, elastin and dystroglycan 1 in the skin decreased after repeated UVB irradiation but staining for these proteins was improved by EM treatment. In addition, ADAMTS2 and MMP-14 also increased in the EM-treated skin. Although the relationship between these molecules and wrinkle formation is not clear yet, our present data suggest that the molecules are involved in the repair of UVB-induced wrinkles. Effects of an ACE inhibitor enalapril maleate (EM) on skin were examined. Extracellular matrix (ECM) expression decreased in UVB-irradiated mouse skin. EM up-regulated ECM gene expression in the UVB-irradiated skin. EM accelerated recovery of ECM protein localization in the UVB-irradiated skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Matsuura-Hachiya
- Scleroprotein Research Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakai
- Institute for Food Sciences, Hirosaki University, 2-1-1 Yanagawa, Aomori, 038-0012, Japan
| | - Keiko Abe
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Project on Health and Anti-aging, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, Life Science and Environment Research Center (LiSE) 4 FC-4, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Toshio Nishiyama
- Scleroprotein Research Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Koji Y. Arai
- Scleroprotein Research Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
- Corresponding author. Fax: +81 42 367 5791.
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Krutmann J, Berking C, Berneburg M, Diepgen TL, Dirschka T, Szeimies M. New Strategies in the Prevention of Actinic Keratosis: A Critical Review. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 28:281-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000437272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kemp E. The
CC
genotype of the
ERCC
1
C118T single‐nucleotide polymorphism impacts positively on the efficacy of narrowband ultraviolet B therapy for vitiligo. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:324-5. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E.H. Kemp
- Department of Human Metabolism University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2RX U.K
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18
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Dai W, Zhou FB, Wei C, Wang XW, Guo S, Yi XL, Li K, Gao TW, Liu L, Li CY. A functional single-nucleotide polymorphism in the ERCC1 gene alters the efficacy of narrowband ultraviolet B therapy in patients with active vitiligo in a Chinese population. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:457-63. [PMID: 25965418 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T lymphocytes have been shown to cause the destruction of melanocytes in vitiligo pathogenesis. Narrowband ultraviolet B (NB-UVB), as an effective therapeutic strategy in vitiligo, can lead to the formation of DNA photoproducts such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) in perilesional lymphocytes and thus induce skin immunosuppression. The repair of DNA photoproducts is performed mainly through the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. We hypothesized that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in NER genes might influence the repair capacity of CPDs and thus contribute to variations in phototherapy efficiency. OBJECTIVES To detect genetic polymorphisms in NER genes and their relationship with the efficacy of NB-UVB therapy in patients with active vitiligo. METHODS We investigated the association of NER SNPs (XPA A23G, XPC Ci11A, XPC C2919A and ERCC1 C118T) with phototherapy efficacy in 86 patients with vitiligo who received NB-UVB treatment. Furthermore, we examined the impact of ERCC1 C118T on the apoptosis of T lymphocytes and CPD accumulation after NB-UVB irradiation. RESULTS We found that patients with vitiligo with the ERCC1 codon 118 CC genotype showed better efficacy after NB-UVB irradiation than those with the ERCC1 118 TT and CT genotypes, whereas no such association was documented among the genotypes of XPA A23G, XPC Ci11A or XPC C2919A. Additionally, the apoptosis rates and CPD levels of lymphocytes after NB-UVB irradiation in patients with the ERCC1 118 CC genotype were significantly higher than those in patients with the ERCC1 118 TT and CT genotypes. CONCLUSIONS The ERCC1 118 CC genotype confers better efficacy of NB-UVB therapy in patients with active vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Dai
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - F-B Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - C Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - X-W Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - S Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - X-L Yi
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - K Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - T-W Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - L Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - C-Y Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
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MacLeod AS, Rudolph R, Corriden R, Ye I, Garijo O, Havran WL. Skin-resident T cells sense ultraviolet radiation-induced injury and contribute to DNA repair. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5695-702. [PMID: 24808367 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Skin-resident T cells have been shown to play important roles in tissue homeostasis and wound repair, but their role in UV radiation (UVR)-mediated skin injury and subsequent tissue regeneration is less clear. In this study, we demonstrate that acute UVR rapidly activates skin-resident T cells in humans and dendritic epidermal γδ T cells (DETCs) in mice through mechanisms involving the release of ATP from keratinocytes. Following UVR, extracellular ATP leads to an increase in CD69 expression, proliferation, and IL-17 production, and to changes in DETC morphology. Furthermore, we find that the purinergic receptor P2X7 and caspase-1 are necessary for UVR-induced IL-1 production in keratinocytes, which increases IL-17 secretion by DETCs. IL-17, in turn, induces epidermal TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis and growth arrest and DNA damage-associated gene 45, two molecules linked to the DNA repair response. Finally, we demonstrate that DETCs and human skin-resident T cells limit DNA damage in keratinocytes. Taken together, our findings establish a novel role for skin-resident T cells in the UVR-associated DNA repair response and underscore the importance of skin-resident T cells to overall skin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S MacLeod
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ross Rudolph
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Scripps Clinic Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037; Division of Plastic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Ross Corriden
- Division of Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ivan Ye
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Olivia Garijo
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Wendy L Havran
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037;
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Matsuura-Hachiya Y, Arai KY, Ozeki R, Kikuta A, Nishiyama T. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (enalapril maleate) accelerates recovery of mouse skin from UVB-induced wrinkles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 442:38-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.10.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Lonicera caerulea fruits reduce UVA-induced damage in hairless mice. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 128:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Singh TP, Mayer G, Wolf P. In vivo siRNA targeting of CD28 reduces UV-induced DNA damage and inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:861-864. [PMID: 24042341 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tej Pratap Singh
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerlinde Mayer
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Wolf
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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23
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24
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The Aryl hydrocarbon receptor is involved in UVR-induced immunosuppression. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2763-2770. [PMID: 23652795 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
UVR suppresses the immune system through the induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs). UVR-induced DNA damage has been recognized as the major molecular trigger involved, as reduction of DNA damage by enhanced repair prevents the compromise to the immune system by UVR. Nevertheless, other signaling events may also be involved. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) was identified as another target for UVR, as UVR activates the AhR and certain UVR effects were not detected in AhR-deficient cells. We studied whether the AhR is involved in UVR-induced local immunosuppression and whether similar effects can be induced by AhR agonists. The AhR antagonist 3-methoxy-4-nitroflavone reduced UVR-mediated immunosuppression and the induction of Tregs in murine contact hypersensitivity (CHS). Conversely, activation of the AhR by the agonist 4-n-nonylphenol (NP) suppressed the induction of CHS and induced antigen-specific Tregs similar to UVR. This was further confirmed in AhR knockout mice in which UVR- and NP-induced immunosuppression were significantly reduced. Together, this indicates that the AhR is involved in mediating UVR-induced immunosuppression. Activation of the AhR might represent an alternative to modulate the immune system in a similar manner like UVR but without causing the adverse effects of UVR, including DNA damage.
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25
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Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is a well-characterized, innate immune cellular defense mechanism used to detect and respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). TLR signaling is highly conserved and has evolved to have both extracellular and endosomal receptors that recognize PAMPs from a wide range of microbial pathogens. Recent literature has emerged to show that activation of TLRs not only leads to the upregulation of cellular defense mechanisms, but also results in upregulation of DNA repair genes and increased functional DNA repair. Endosomal TLR agonists result in increased survival and repair after both ionizing and UV radiation, suggesting that the repair pathways for single- and double-strand breaks are affected. This review brings together these and other experimental findings to examine how DNA repair pathways may be linked to TLR signaling. Also discussed are the varied outcomes and related physiological implications that increased DNA repair after injury might have.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Harberts
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore
| | - Anthony Gaspari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore
- Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland, Baltimore
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26
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Breger J, Baeva L, Agrawal A, Shindell E, Godar DE. UVB-induced inflammatory cytokine release, DNA damage and apoptosis of human oral compared with skin tissue equivalents. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:665-70. [PMID: 23253030 DOI: 10.1111/php.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
People can get oral cancers from UV (290-400 nm) exposures. Besides high outdoor UV exposures, high indoor UV exposures to oral tissues can occur when consumers use UV-emitting tanning devices to either tan or whiten their teeth. We compared the carcinogenic risks of skin to oral tissue cells after UVB (290-320 nm) exposures using commercially available 3D-engineered models for human skin (EpiDerm™), gingival (EpiGing™) and oral (EpiOral™) tissues. To compare the relative carcinogenic risks, we investigated the release of cytokines, initial DNA damage in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), repair of CPDs and apoptotic cell numbers. We measured cytokine release using cytometric beads with flow cytometry and previously developed a fluorescent immunohistochemical assay to quantify simultaneously CPD repair rates and apoptotic cell numbers. We found that interleukin-8 (IL-8) release and the initial CPDs are significantly higher, whereas the CPD repair rates and apoptotic cell numbers are significantly lower for oral compared with skin tissue cells. Thus, the increased release of the inflammatory cytokine IL-8 along with inefficient CPD repair and decreased death rates for oral compared with skin tissue cells suggests that mutations are accumulating in the surviving population of oral cells increasing people's risks for getting oral cancers.
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27
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Nasti TH, Timares L. Inflammasome activation of IL-1 family mediators in response to cutaneous photodamage. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:1111-25. [PMID: 22631445 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although keratinocytes are relatively resistant to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) induced damage, repeated UVR exposure result in accumulated DNA mutations that can lead to epidermal malignancies. Keratinocytes play a central role in elaborating innate responses that lead to inflammation and influence the generation of adaptive immune responses in skin. Apart from the minor cellular constituents of the epidermis, specifically Langerhans cells and melanocytes, keratinocytes are the major source of cytokines. UVR exposure stimulates keratinocytes to secrete abundant pro-inflammatory IL-1-family proteins, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-33. Normal skin contains only low levels of inactive precursor forms of IL-1β and IL-18, which require caspase 1-mediated proteolysis for their maturation and secretion. However, caspase-1 activation is not constitutive, but dependents on the UV-induced formation of an active inflammasome complex. IL-1 family cytokines can induce a secondary cascade of mediators and cytokines from keratinocytes and other cells resulting in wide range of innate processes including infiltration of inflammatory leukocytes, induction of immunosuppression, DNA repair or apoptosis. Thus, the ability of keratinocytes to produce a wide repertoire of proinflammatory cytokines can influence the immune response locally as well as systematically, and alter the host response to photodamaged cells. We will highlight differential roles played by each IL-1 family molecule generated by UV-damaged keratinocytes, and reveal their complementary influences in modulating acute inflammatory and immunological events that follow cutaneous UV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahseen H Nasti
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Sun H, Xia M, Austin CP, Huang R. Paradigm shift in toxicity testing and modeling. AAPS JOURNAL 2012; 14:473-80. [PMID: 22528508 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-012-9358-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The limitations of traditional toxicity testing characterized by high-cost animal models with low-throughput readouts, inconsistent responses, ethical issues, and extrapolability to humans call for alternative strategies for chemical risk assessment. A new strategy using in vitro human cell-based assays has been designed to identify key toxicity pathways and molecular mechanisms leading to the prediction of an in vivo response. The emergence of quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) technology has proved to be an efficient way to decompose complex toxicological end points to specific pathways of targeted organs. In addition, qHTS has made a significant impact on computational toxicology in two aspects. First, the ease of mechanism of action identification brought about by in vitro assays has enhanced the simplicity and effectiveness of machine learning, and second, the high-throughput nature and high reproducibility of qHTS have greatly improved the data quality and increased the quantity of training datasets available for predictive model construction. In this review, the benefits of qHTS routinely used in the US Tox21 program will be highlighted. Quantitative structure-activity relationships models built on traditional in vivo data and new qHTS data will be compared and analyzed. In conjunction with the transition from the pilot phase to the production phase of the Tox21 program, more qHTS data will be made available that will enrich the data pool for predictive toxicology. It is perceivable that new in silico toxicity models based on high-quality qHTS data will achieve unprecedented reliability and robustness, thus becoming a valuable tool for risk assessment and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmao Sun
- Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3370, USA.
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Hazar-Rethinam M, Endo-Munoz L, Gannon O, Saunders N. The role of the E2F transcription factor family in UV-induced apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:8947-60. [PMID: 22272113 PMCID: PMC3257110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12128947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The E2F transcription factor family is traditionally associated with cell cycle control. However, recent data has shown that activating E2Fs (E2F1-3a) are potent activators of apoptosis. In contrast, the recently cloned inhibitory E2Fs (E2F7 and 8) appear to antagonize E2F-induced cell death. In this review we will discuss (i) the potential role of E2Fs in UV-induced cell death and (ii) the implications of this to the development of UV-induced cutaneous malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehlika Hazar-Rethinam
- Epithelial Pathobiology Group, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland 4102, Australia; E-Mails: (M.H.-R.); (L.E.-M.); (O.G.)
| | - Liliana Endo-Munoz
- Epithelial Pathobiology Group, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland 4102, Australia; E-Mails: (M.H.-R.); (L.E.-M.); (O.G.)
| | - Orla Gannon
- Epithelial Pathobiology Group, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland 4102, Australia; E-Mails: (M.H.-R.); (L.E.-M.); (O.G.)
| | - Nicholas Saunders
- Epithelial Pathobiology Group, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland 4102, Australia; E-Mails: (M.H.-R.); (L.E.-M.); (O.G.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +61-7-3176-5894; Fax: +61-7-3176-5946
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Fishelevich R, Zhao Y, Tuchina P, Liu H, Nakazono A, Tammaro A, Meng TC, Lee J, Gaspari AA. Imiquimod-induced TLR7 signaling enhances repair of DNA damage induced by ultraviolet light in bone marrow-derived cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 187:1664-73. [PMID: 21765012 PMCID: PMC3150393 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Imiquimod is a TLR7/8 agonist that has anticancer therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of precancerous skin lesions and certain nonmelanoma skin cancers. To test our hypothesis that imiquimod enhances DNA repair as a mechanism for its anticancer activity, the nucleotide excision repair genes were studied in bone marrow-derived cells. Imiquimod enhanced the expression of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) A and other DNA repair genes (quantitative real-time PCR analysis) and resulted in an increased nuclear localization of the DNA repair enzyme XPA. This was dependent on MyD88, as bone marrow-derived cells from MyD88(-/-) mice did not increase XPA gene expression and did not enhance the survival of MyD88(-/-)-derived bone marrow-derived cells after UV B exposure as was observed in bone marrow-derived cells from MyD88(+/+) mice. Imiquimod also enhanced DNA repair of UV light (UVL)-irradiated gene expression constructs and accelerated the resolution of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers after UVL exposures in P388 and XS52. Lastly, topical treatment of mouse skin with 5% imiquimod cream prior to UVL irradiation resulted in a decrease in the number of cyclobutane pyridimine dimer-positive APC that were found in local lymph nodes 24 h after UVL irradiation in both wild-type and IL-12 gene-targeted mice. In total, these data support the idea that TLR7 agonists such as imiquimod enhance DNA repair in bone marrow-derived cells. This property is likely to be an important mechanism for its anticancer effects because it protects cutaneous APC from the deleterious effects of UVL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jim Lee
- Graceway Pharmaceutical Company, Exton, PA
| | - Anthony A. Gaspari
- Department of Dermatology, Exton, PA
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Guttman-Yassky E, Nograles KE, Krueger JG. Contrasting pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis—Part II: Immune cell subsets and therapeutic concepts. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:1420-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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33
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Schwarz T, Schwarz A. Molecular mechanisms of ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression. Eur J Cell Biol 2010; 90:560-4. [PMID: 21035896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is well known for its immunosuppressive properties. UVR can suppress immune reactions both in a local and a systemic fashion. One of the major molecular mediators of photoimmunosuppression is UVR-induced DNA damage. In contrast to immunosuppressive drugs, UVR does not act in a general but antigen-specific fashion. This is due to the induction of regulatory T cells. Epidermal Langerhans cells harboring UVR-induced DNA damage appear to be essentially involved in the induction of these cells. Cytokines including interleukin (IL)-12, -18 and -23 exert the capacity to reduce UVR-induced DNA damage via induction of DNA repair. Accordingly, these cytokines prevent UVR-mediated immunosuppression. In contrast to IL-18, IL-12 and IL-23 can also inhibit the suppressive activity of regulatory T cells by a mechanism which still needs to be determined. Clarification of the molecular mechanisms underlying UVR-induced immunosuppression will help to develop new immunosuppressive therapeutic strategies by utilizing UVR-induced regulatory T cells for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases. In addition, these insights will contribute to a better understanding of photocarcinogenesis since suppression of the immune system by UVR essentially contributes to the induction of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schwarz
- Department of Dermatology, University Kiel, Schittenhelmstrasse 7, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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Abstract
Like the entire human organism, the skin is subject to an intrinsic unpreventable aging process. But exogenous factors also influence skin aging. Ultraviolet radiation in particular results in premature skin aging, also referred to as extrinsic skin aging or photo aging, causing in large part aging-associated changes in sun-exposed areas. Intrinsic and extrinsic aging share several molecular similarities despite morphological and pathophysiological differences. The formation of reactive oxygen species and the induction of metalloproteinases reflect central aspects of skin aging. Accumulation of fragmented collagen fibrils prevents neocollagenesis and accounts for further degradation of extracellular matrix by means of positive feedback regulation. The importance of extrinsic factors in skin aging and the detection of its mechanisms has given rise to development of various therapeutic and preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kohl
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg.
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Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) are members of the heterogenous family of professional antigen presenting dendritic cells (DC). They are identified by the C-type lectin receptor Langerin and form a contiguous network in the epidermis. Consequently, LC are an integral part of the skin barrier to the environment and were considered to be critical inducers of skin immunity, whereas dermal DC were largely overlooked. However, with the identification of a distinct subset of Langerin expressing dermal DC, the situation in the skin has become more complex and the relative contribution of the different cutaneous DC populations in balancing immunity and tolerance has become a matter of active debate. Here, we briefly review the classical paradigm and recent challenges of LC function, before focusing on advances concerning their role in contact hypersensitivity and ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression obtained with in vivo LC ablation models. We then discuss novel LC/DC-specific gene targeting approaches currently used to dissect the role of the regulatory cytokines transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-10 to govern LC and DC function in vivo. This second generation of LC-specific genetically engineered mice will considerably extend our understanding of the molecular control of LC function in regulating skin immunity and tolerance in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn E Clausen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Majewski S, Jantschitsch C, Maeda A, Schwarz T, Schwarz A. IL-23 Antagonizes UVR-Induced Immunosuppression through Two Mechanisms: Reduction of UVR-Induced DNA Damage and Inhibition of UVR-Induced Regulatory T Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:554-62. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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