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Johansson PI, Fenger Eriksen C, Bovbjerg PE, Gaarder C, Pall M, Henriksen HH, Pedersen KH, Vigstedt M, Lange T, Næss PA, Strømgaard Andersen M, Kirkegaard H, Stensballe J. Prostacyclin in trauma patients with hemorrhagic shock: A randomized clinical trial. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2024; 96:476-481. [PMID: 37962189 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A main cause of trauma morbidity and mortality is multiple-organ failure, and endotheliopathy has been implicated. Pilot studies indicate that low-dose prostacyclin improves endothelial functionality in critically ill patients, suggesting that this intervention may improve trauma patient outcome. METHODS We conducted a multicenter, randomized, blinded, clinical investigator-initiated trial in 229 trauma patients with hemorrhagic shock who were randomized 1:1 to 72 hours infusion of the prostacyclin analog iloprost (1 ng/kg/min) or placebo. The primary outcome was the number of intensive care unit (ICU)-free days alive within 28 days of admission. Secondary outcomes included 28-day all-cause mortality and hospital length of stay. RESULTS The mean number of ICU-free days alive within 28 days was 15.64 days in the iloprost group versus 13.99 days in the placebo group (adjusted mean difference, -1.63 days [95% confidence interval (CI), -4.64 to 1.38 days]; p = 0.28). The 28-day mortality was 18.8% in the iloprost group versus 19.6% in the placebo group (odds ratio, 1.01 [95% CI, 0.51-2.0]; p = 0.97). The mean hospital length of stay was 19.96 days in the iloprost group versus 27.32 days in the placebo group (adjusted mean difference, 7.84 days [95% CI, 1.66-14.02 days], p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Iloprost did not result in a statistically significant increase in the number of ICU-free days alive within 28 days of admission, whereas it was safe and a statistically significant reduction in hospital length of stay was observed. Further research on prostacyclin in shocked trauma patients is warranted. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic/Care Management; Level II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pär I Johansson
- From the CAG Center for Endotheliomics (P.I.J.), Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet; Department of Clinical Medicine (P.I.J.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; Department of Anesthesiology (C.F.E., M.S.A.), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus; Department of Orthopedic Surgery (P.E.B.), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Traumatology (C.G., P.A.N.), Oslo University Hospital; Institute of Clinical Medicine (C.G., P.A.N.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Anesthesiology (M.P.) and Intensive Care V (M.P.), Odense University Hospital, Odense; CAG Center for Endotheliomics (H.H.H., K.H.P., M.V.), Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet; Section of Biostatistics (T.L.), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; Research Center for Emergency Medicine (H.K.), Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus University (H.K.), Aarhus; and CAG Center for Endotheliomics (J.S.), and Department of Anesthesiology (J.S.), Department of Anesthesiology, Centre of Head and Orthopedics (J.S.), Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lei S, Chen X, Wu J, Duan X, Men K. Small molecules in the treatment of COVID-19. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:387. [PMID: 36464706 PMCID: PMC9719906 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 has become a global crisis, and brought severe disruptions to societies and economies. Until now, effective therapeutics against COVID-19 are in high demand. Along with our improved understanding of the structure, function, and pathogenic process of SARS-CoV-2, many small molecules with potential anti-COVID-19 effects have been developed. So far, several antiviral strategies were explored. Besides directly inhibition of viral proteins such as RdRp and Mpro, interference of host enzymes including ACE2 and proteases, and blocking relevant immunoregulatory pathways represented by JAK/STAT, BTK, NF-κB, and NLRP3 pathways, are regarded feasible in drug development. The development of small molecules to treat COVID-19 has been achieved by several strategies, including computer-aided lead compound design and screening, natural product discovery, drug repurposing, and combination therapy. Several small molecules representative by remdesivir and paxlovid have been proved or authorized emergency use in many countries. And many candidates have entered clinical-trial stage. Nevertheless, due to the epidemiological features and variability issues of SARS-CoV-2, it is necessary to continue exploring novel strategies against COVID-19. This review discusses the current findings in the development of small molecules for COVID-19 treatment. Moreover, their detailed mechanism of action, chemical structures, and preclinical and clinical efficacies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Jieping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingmei Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Ke Men
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Johansson PI, Søe-Jensen P, Bestle MH, Clausen NE, Kristiansen KT, Lange T, Stensballe J, Perner A. Prostacyclin in Mechanically Ventilated Patients with COVID-19 and Severe Endotheliopathy: A Multicenter, Randomized, Clinical Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 205:324-329. [PMID: 34813414 PMCID: PMC8886993 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202108-1855oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale The mortality in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) who require mechanical ventilation remains high, and endotheliopathy has been implicated. Objectives To determine the effect of prostacyclin infusion in mechanically ventilated patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 with severe endotheliopathy. Methods We conducted a multicenter, randomized clinical trial in adults infected with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) who required mechanical ventilation and had a plasma level of thrombomodulin >4 ng/ml; patients were randomized to 72-hour infusion of prostacyclin 1 ng/kg/min or placebo. Measurements and Main Results The main outcome was the number of days alive and without mechanical ventilation within 28 days. Key secondary outcomes were 28-day mortality and serious adverse events within 7 days. Eighty patients were randomized (41 prostacyclin and 39 placebo). The median number of days alive without mechanical ventilation at 28 days was 16.0 days (SD, 12) versus 5.0 days (SD, 10) (difference of the medians, 10.96 days; 95% confidence interval [CI], −5 to 21; P = 0.07) in the prostacyclin and the placebo groups, respectively. The 28-day mortality was 21.9% versus 43.6% in the prostacyclin and the placebo groups, respectively (risk ratio, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.96; P = 0.06). The incidence of serious adverse events within 7 days was 2.4% versus 12.8% (risk ratio, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.001 to 1.11; P = 0.10) in the prostacyclin and the placebo groups, respectively. Conclusions Prostacyclin was not associated with a significant reduction in the number of days alive and without mechanical ventilation within 28 days. The point estimates, however, favored the prostacyclin group in all analyses, including 28-day mortality, warranting further investigation in larger trials. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 04420741); EudraCT Identifier: 2020-001296-33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pär I Johansson
- Rigshospitalet and Copenhagen University Hospital, Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Peter Søe-Jensen
- University Hospital of Copenhagen, Herlev, Department of Intensive Care, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Morten H Bestle
- Copenhagen University Hospital - North Zealand, Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen, Denmark.,University of Copenhagen, 4321, Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels E Clausen
- Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Department of Intensive Care, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Theis Lange
- University of Copenhagen, 4321, Department of Biostatistics, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Stensballe
- Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Department of Anaesthesiology, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Perner
- Rigshospitalet, 53146, Intensive Care, Kobenhavn, Denmark
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Johansson PI, Eriksen CF, Schmal H, Gaarder C, Pall M, Henriksen HH, Bovbjerg P, Lange T, Næss PA, Nielsen C, Kirkegaard H, Stensballe J. Efficacy and safety of iloprost in trauma patients with haemorrhagic shock-induced endotheliopathy-Protocol for the multicentre randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded, investigator-initiated shine-trauma trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2021; 65:551-557. [PMID: 33393084 PMCID: PMC7986208 DOI: 10.1111/aas.13776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic injury accounts for 800 000 deaths in the European Union annually. The main causes of deaths in trauma patients are exsanguination and multiple organ failure (MOF). We have studied >1000 trauma patients and identified shock-induced endotheliopathy (SHINE), the pathophysiological mechanism responsible for MOF and high mortality. Pilot studies indicate that low-dose iloprost (1 ng/kg/min) improves endothelial functionality in critically ill patients suggesting this intervention may improve patient outcome in traumatic SHINE. MATERIAL AND METHODS This is a multicentre, randomized, blinded clinical investigator-initiated phase 2B trial in trauma patients with haemorrhagic shock-induced endotheliopathy. Patients are randomized 1:1 to 72 hours infusion of iloprost 1 ng/kg/min or Placebo (equal volume of saline). A total of 220 trauma patients will be included. The primary endpoint is the number of intensive care unit (ICU)-free days, within 28 days of admission. Secondary endpoints include 28- and 90-day all-cause mortality, hospital length of stay, vasopressor-free days in the intensive care unit (ICU) within 28 days, ventilator-free days in the ICU within 28 days, renal replacement-free days in the ICU within 28 days, number of serious adverse reactions and serious adverse events within the first 4 days of admission. DISCUSSION This trial will test the safety and efficacy of administration of iloprost vs placebo for 72 hours in trauma patients with haemorrhagic shock-induced endotheliopathy. Trial endpoints focus on the potential effect of iloprost to reduce the need for ICU stay secondary to mitigation of organ failure. TRIAL REGISTRATION SHINE-TRAUMA trial-EudraCT no. 2019-000936-24-Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03903939 Ethics Committee no. H-19014482.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pär I. Johansson
- Capital Region Blood BankCopenhagen University Hospital – RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - Hagen Schmal
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
| | | | - Marlene Pall
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care VOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
| | - Hanne Hee Henriksen
- Capital Region Blood BankCopenhagen University Hospital – RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Pernille Bovbjerg
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
| | - Theis Lange
- Section of BiostatisticsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Pål Aksel Næss
- Department of TraumatologyOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Christian Nielsen
- Department of AnaesthesiologyAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | - Hans Kirkegaard
- Research Center for Emergency MedicineAarhus University Hospital, and Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Jakob Stensballe
- Capital Region Blood BankCopenhagen University Hospital – RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Anaesthesiology and TraumaCentre of Head and OrtopaedicsCopenhagen University Hospital – RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
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Bestle MH, Clausen NE, Søe‐Jensen P, Kristiansen KT, Lange T, Johansson PI, Stensballe J, Perner A. Efficacy and safety of iloprost in patients with septic shock-induced endotheliopathy-Protocol for the multicenter randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded, investigator-initiated trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2020; 64:705-711. [PMID: 31950481 PMCID: PMC7186821 DOI: 10.1111/aas.13546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Europe 700.000 new cases of sepsis occur annually and more than 100.000 of these patients die due to multiorgan failure (MOF). We have identified shock-induced endotheliopathy (SHINE) to be associated with development of MOF and mortality. Furthermore, in patients with septic shock those with circulating levels of thrombomodulin (TM) above 10 ng/mL have twice the mortality (56% vs 28%) than those with levels below this level. Pilot studies indicate that infusion of iloprost (1 ng/kg/min) is associated with improved endothelial function in patients with septic shock. MATERIAL AND METHODS This is a multicenter, randomized, blinded, investigator-initiated, adaptive phase 2B trial in up to 384 patients with septic shock-induced endotheliopathy defined by TM > 10 ng/mL who are allocated 1:1 to 72 hours continuous infusion of iloprost 1 ng/kg/min or placebo (equal volume of saline). The primary outcome is the mean daily modified Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score in the ICU up to day 90. Secondary outcomes include 28- and 90-day all-cause mortality, days alive without vasopressor in the ICU within 90 days, days alive without mechanical ventilation in the ICU within 90 days, days alive without renal replacement therapy in the ICU within 90 days, numbers of serious adverse reactions, and the number of serious adverse events within the first 7 days. DISCUSSION This trial tests the safety and efficacy of iloprost vs placebo for 72 hours in patients with septic shock and SHINE. The outcome measures focus on the potential effect of the intervention to mitigate organ failure. TRIAL REGISTRATION COMBAT-SHINE trial-EudraCT no. 2019-001131-31-Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04123444-Ethics Committee no. H-19018258.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten H. Bestle
- Department of Intensive Care Nordsjællands Hospital Hillerod Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Niels E. Clausen
- Department of Intensive Care Bispebjerg Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | | | - Theis Lange
- Section of Biostatistics University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Jakob Stensballe
- Capital Region Blood Bank Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Trauma Centre of Head and Ortopaedics Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Anders Perner
- Department of Intensive Care Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
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Kleinstreuer N, Dix D, Rountree M, Baker N, Sipes N, Reif D, Spencer R, Knudsen T. A computational model predicting disruption of blood vessel development. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1002996. [PMID: 23592958 PMCID: PMC3616981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular development is a complex process regulated by dynamic biological networks that vary in topology and state across different tissues and developmental stages. Signals regulating de novo blood vessel formation (vasculogenesis) and remodeling (angiogenesis) come from a variety of biological pathways linked to endothelial cell (EC) behavior, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and the local generation of chemokines and growth factors. Simulating these interactions at a systems level requires sufficient biological detail about the relevant molecular pathways and associated cellular behaviors, and tractable computational models that offset mathematical and biological complexity. Here, we describe a novel multicellular agent-based model of vasculogenesis using the CompuCell3D (http://www.compucell3d.org/) modeling environment supplemented with semi-automatic knowledgebase creation. The model incorporates vascular endothelial growth factor signals, pro- and anti-angiogenic inflammatory chemokine signals, and the plasminogen activating system of enzymes and proteases linked to ECM interactions, to simulate nascent EC organization, growth and remodeling. The model was shown to recapitulate stereotypical capillary plexus formation and structural emergence of non-coded cellular behaviors, such as a heterologous bridging phenomenon linking endothelial tip cells together during formation of polygonal endothelial cords. Molecular targets in the computational model were mapped to signatures of vascular disruption derived from in vitro chemical profiling using the EPA's ToxCast high-throughput screening (HTS) dataset. Simulating the HTS data with the cell-agent based model of vascular development predicted adverse effects of a reference anti-angiogenic thalidomide analog, 5HPP-33, on in vitro angiogenesis with respect to both concentration-response and morphological consequences. These findings support the utility of cell agent-based models for simulating a morphogenetic series of events and for the first time demonstrate the applicability of these models for predictive toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David Dix
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael Rountree
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nancy Baker
- Lockheed-Martin, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nisha Sipes
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David Reif
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Richard Spencer
- Lockheed-Martin, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas Knudsen
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
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Francois H, Athirakul K, Howell D, Dash R, Mao L, Kim HS, Rockman HA, Fitzgerald GA, Koller BH, Coffman TM. Prostacyclin protects against elevated blood pressure and cardiac fibrosis. Cell Metab 2005; 2:201-7. [PMID: 16154102 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Revised: 07/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Specific inhibitors of COX-2 have been associated with increased risk for cardiovascular complications. These agents reduce prostacyclin (PGI2) without affecting production of thromboxane (Tx) A2. While this abnormal pattern of eicosanoid generation has been implicated in the development of vascular disease associated with COX-2 inhibition, its role in the development of hypertension, the most common cardiovascular complication associated with COX-2 inhibition, is not known. We report here that mice lacking the receptor for PGI2 (IPKOs) develop salt-sensitive hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and severe cardiac fibrosis. Coincidental deletion of the TxA2 (TP) receptor does not prevent the development of hypertension, but cardiac hypertrophy is ameliorated and fibrosis is prevented in IPTP double knockouts (DKOs). Thus, deletion of the IP receptor removes a constraint revealing adverse cardiovascular consequences of TxA2. Our data suggest that adjuvant therapy that blocks unrestrained Tx actions might protect against end-organ damage without affecting blood pressure in patients taking COX-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Francois
- Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina 27705
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Nasrallah R, Hébert RL. Prostacyclin signaling in the kidney: implications for health and disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 289:F235-46. [PMID: 16006589 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00454.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance between vasodilator and vasoconstrictor pathways is key to the maintenance of homeostasis and the outcome of disease. In the kidney, prostaglandins (PGs) uphold this balance and regulate renal function: hemodynamics, renin secretion, growth responses, tubular transport processes, and cell fate. With the advent of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-selective inhibitors, targeted deletions in mice (COX knockouts, PG receptor knockouts), and the discovery of intracrine signaling options for PGs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and perinuclear PGE2receptors: EP1,3,4), many advances have been made in the study of arachidonic acid metabolites. Although prostacyclin (PGI2) is a major product of the COX pathway, there is very little emphasis on its importance to the kidney. This review will discuss PGI2biology and its relevance to different aspects of renal disease (growth, fibrosis, apoptosis), highlighting the most significant research from the past decade of PGI2literature, what we have learned from other organ systems, while stressing the significance of cross talk between various PGI2signaling pathways and its implications for renal health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Nasrallah
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
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Tsai CY, Yu CL, Wu TH, Hsieh SC, Tsai YY. Proinflammatory cytokines enhance COX-1 gene expression in cultured rat glomerular mesangial cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2004; 4:47-56. [PMID: 14975359 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2003.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2003] [Revised: 05/21/2003] [Accepted: 10/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glomerular mesangial cells (GMC) exert an essential maintaining effect on hemodynamic integrity and immune competence of the kidney through arachidonate metabolism. To clarify this, cultured rat GMC were measured for the expression and production of cyclooxygenase (COX) and excretion of prostaglandin (PG). The rat GMC spontaneously expressed type 1 cyclooxygenase (COX-1), but not COX-2. The PGE2 and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) were spontaneously produced by the cells. Interleukin (IL)-1beta (25 ng/ml), IL-8 (25 ng/ml), growth-related oncogene-alpha (GRO, 50 ng/ml) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha, 25 ng/ml) stimulated the COX-1 protein production as demonstrated by Western blot and enhanced PGE2 synthesis in GMC, beginning on 2 h of incubation, and steadily enhanced TXB2 synthesis over a 24-h period. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 ng/ml) enhanced both PGE2 and TXB2 syntheses from 2 h to at least 24 h of incubation. Collectively, the proinflammatory cytokines could enhance COX-1 but not COX-2 expression in GMC leading to increased PGE2 and TXB2 production. These biochemical events may be implicated in normal renal physiology as well as in pathogenesis of glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Youh Tsai
- Section of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Okumura M, Imanishi M, Okamura M, Hosoi M, Okada N, Konishi Y, Morikawa T, Miura K, Nakatani T, Fujii S. Role for thromboxane A2 from glomerular thrombi in nephropathy with type 2 diabetic rats. Life Sci 2003; 72:2695-705. [PMID: 12679187 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(03)00180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We used rats (the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty strain) as a model of type 2 diabetes to find whether thromboxane (TX) A2 is involved in diabetic nephropathy, and if so, to identify where it is synthesized. We measured urinary excretion of TXB2 and 2,3-dinor-TXB2 in rats up to 60 weeks of age as markers of renal and platelet synthesis of TXA2, respectively. Some diabetic rats were given daily oral doses of OKY-046 (100 mg/kg), a TXA2 synthase inhibitor, starting when they were 10 weeks of age. Healthy Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka rats served as the controls. Urinary excretion of protein was greater in diabetic rats at 26 weeks than in controls, and the difference increased with age. Urinary excretion of TXB2 by diabetic rats was about 150% that of controls at 14 weeks, and remained at that level. In diabetic rats, urinary excretion of 2,3-dinor-TXB2 increased with age in parallel to increases in proteinuria, but in controls, excretion of these metabolites did not change with age. In diabetic rats, OKY-046 prevented the increase in urinary excretion of both metabolites, and decreased the proteinuria. Histologic examination at 60 weeks showed intraglomerular thrombi in diabetic rats but not in controls. OKY-046 reduced intraglomerular thrombi formation and the score for glomerulosclerosis. When platelet aggregation began, more TXA2 than before was released from the thrombi that formed, and the TXA2 contributed to the progress of nephropathy in this rat model of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiaki Okumura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka City General Hospital, 2-13-22 Miyakojimahondori, Miyakojima-ku, 534-0021, Osaka, Japan
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Harding P, Glass WF, Scherer SD. COX-2 inhibition potentiates the antiproteinuric effect of enalapril in uninephrectomized SHR. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2003; 68:17-25. [PMID: 12538086 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-3278(02)00231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PGE(2) and PGI(2) reduce extracellular matrix deposition and their production is altered after ACE inhibitor (ACEi) treatment. We therefore hypothesized that cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibition would exacerbate renal injury and antagonize the effects of ACEi. To test these hypotheses, WKY and SHR were uninephrectomized (UNX) and treated with either vehicle, enalapril, NS398 or enalapril+NS398. NS398 did not affect systolic blood pressure nor antagonize the antihypertensive effect of enalapril. Urinary protein excretion in UNX WKY was significantly decreased after treatment with either enalapril or NS398. In UNX SHR, enalapril reduced proteinuria, but NS398 alone had no effect. Administration of both drugs, however, further reduced proteinuria. In UNX WKY, treatment with either NS398 alone or both drugs reduced glomerular volume and similar results were observed in SHR. Surprisingly, these results disprove our original hypothesis and suggest that inhibition of COX-2 provides additional renoprotection to that of enalapril alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Harding
- Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 Olney Road, Norfolk, VA 23501, USA.
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Bruggeman LA, Adler SH, Klotman PE. Nuclear factor-kappa B binding to the HIV-1 LTR in kidney: implications for HIV-associated nephropathy. Kidney Int 2001; 59:2174-81. [PMID: 11380819 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have recently shown that renal epithelium is infected by HIV-1 and supports HIV-1 transcription in seropositive patients with renal disease. To investigate the regulation of HIV-1 gene expression in kidney, an HIV-1 transgenic mouse model was used to analyze the host transcriptional proteins that bind the 5' long-terminal repeat (LTR). METHODS Viral gene expression was assessed in transgenic mouse tissue using Northern blotting and mRNA in situ hybridization. The transcription factors involved in LTR binding were determined using electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Cytoplasmic and nuclear extracts were prepared from tissues with varied levels of transgene expression. The binding of transcription factors to specific LTR fragments was determined using DNA competition experiments and supershifts with transcription factor-specific antibodies. RESULTS Tissue-specific expression of the transgene was variable, with viral gene expression in the kidney at an intermediate level as compared with other tissues. Overall, the level of transgene expression directly correlated with abundance of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) in the nuclear extracts. High expressing tissue, however, had a constitutively active form of NF-kappa B. In contrast, the kidney contained an inducible NF-kappa B, which bound the LTR in combination with Sp1, suggesting a requirement for an activating event in renal HIV-1 expression of the LTR. CONCLUSIONS These studies indicate that the regulation of the HIV-1 LTR in the kidney is similar to lymphoid tissues, and may explain, in part, why the HIV-1 life cycle is supported in kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Bruggeman
- Division of Nephrology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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13
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Peutz-Kootstra CJ, de Heer E, Hoedemaeker PJ, Abrass CK, Bruijn JA. Lupus nephritis: lessons from experimental animal models. THE JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 2001; 137:244-60. [PMID: 11283519 DOI: 10.1067/mlc.2001.113755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis is a frequent and severe complication of SLE. In the last decades, animal models for SLE have been studied widely to investigate the immunopathology of this autoimmune disease because abnormalities can be studied and manipulated before clinical signs of the disease become apparent. In this review an overview is given of our current knowledge on the development of lupus nephritis, as derived from animal models, and a hypothetical pathway for the development of lupus nephritis is postulated. The relevance of the studies in experimental models in relationship with our knowledge of human SLE is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Peutz-Kootstra
- Department of Pathology, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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14
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Okumura M, Imanishi M, Yamashita T, Yamamura Y, Kim S, Iwao H, Tanaka S, Fujii S. Renal production of thromboxane and prostaglandins in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Life Sci 2000; 66:371-7. [PMID: 10670825 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00603-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In an investigation of the involvement of prostanoids in the pathogenesis of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes, we repeatedly measured the urinary excretion of prostanoids in both diabetic and healthy rats as the rats aged. Seven rats of the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty strain were used as rats with a model of type 2 diabetes and seven rats of the Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka strain were used as rats without diabetes. Thromboxane (TX) B2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin (PG) F1alpha, the amounts of which reflect renal production of TXA2 and PGI2, respectively, and PGE2 in urine collected in metabolic cages were assayed when rats were 14, 30, 46, and 54 weeks old. Plasma glucose and urinary protein excretion also were measured periodically. The mean plasma glucose concentration of the diabetic rats was higher than that of the healthy rats throughout the study. At 30 weeks and later, urinary protein excretion by the diabetic rats was greater than that of the healthy rats, and it increased with age. Urinary excretion of TXB2 by the diabetic rats was higher than that of the healthy rats at 14 weeks (52.4+/-23.5 vs. 27.0+/-2.6 ng/day; mean +/- SD, P = .015) and the difference continued to the end of the experiment. Urinary excretion of 6-keto-PGF1alpha by the diabetic rats was high at 14 weeks (52.3+/-12.8 vs. 26.9+/-4.6 ng/day; mean +/- SD, P<.001) but decreased with age and was the same as that of the healthy rats at 54 weeks. The urinary excretion of PGE2 by the two groups of rats was not significantly different. These results suggest that altered renal production of TXA2 and PGI2 is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy in rats with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Okumura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
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15
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Iwai N, Katsuya T, Ishikawa K, Mannami T, Ogata J, Higaki J, Ogihara T, Tanabe T, Baba S. Human prostacyclin synthase gene and hypertension : the Suita Study. Circulation 1999; 100:2231-6. [PMID: 10577996 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.100.22.2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostacyclin (prostaglandin I(2)) is a strong vasodilator that inhibits the growth of vascular smooth muscle cells and is also the most potent endogenous inhibitor of platelet aggregation. Therefore, it has been considered to play an important roles in cardiovascular disease. On the basis of the hypothesis that variations of the prostacyclin synthase gene may also play an important role in human cardiovascular disease, we performed a screening for variations in the human prostacyclin synthase gene. METHODS AND RESULTS We have detected a repeat polymorphism in the promoter region of the human prostacyclin synthase gene. The number of 9-bp (CCGCCAGCC) repeats in the promoter region, which encodes a tandem repeat of Sp1 transcriptional binding sites, varied between 3 and 7 in Japanese subjects. Luciferase reporter analysis indicated that the alleles of 3 and 4 repeats (R3 and R4, respectively) had less promoter activity in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. We then investigated the possible association of this repeat polymorphism with blood pressure in a large population-based sample (the Suita Study), which consisted of 4971 Japanese participants. Multivariate models indicated that participants with the R3R3, R3R4, or R4R4 genotype (SS genotype, n=80) had significantly higher systolic pressure (P=0.0133) and pulse pressure (P=0.0005). The odds ratio of hypertension (140/90 mm Hg) for the SS genotype was 1.942 (95% confidence interval 3.20 to 1.19, P=0.0084). CONCLUSIONS Repeat polymorphism of the human prostacyclin synthase gene seems to be a risk factor for higher pulse pressure and is consequently a risk factor for systolic hypertension in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Iwai
- Departments of Biochemistry (N.I.) and Pharmacology (T.T.), Research Institute, National Cardiovascular Center.
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16
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Pugliese G, Pricci F, Romeo G, Leto G, Amadio L, Iacobini C, Di Mario U. Autocrine and paracrine mechanisms in the early stages of diabetic nephropathy. J Endocrinol Invest 1999; 22:708-35. [PMID: 10595837 DOI: 10.1007/bf03343635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Pugliese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche, Endocrinologia III, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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17
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Grimm PC, McKenna R, Nickerson P, Russell ME, Gough J, Gospodarek E, Liu B, Jeffery J, Rush DN. Clinical rejection is distinguished from subclinical rejection by increased infiltration by a population of activated macrophages. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10:1582-9. [PMID: 10405215 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v1071582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported previously that one-third of protocol renal biopsies in asymptomatic, biochemically stable renal transplant recipients in the first 6 mo show unsuspected subclinical graft rejection (both infiltrate and tubulitis) and that subclinical rejection is a risk factor for chronic renal dysfunction. This study was performed to determine whether differences in phenotype or activation status of graft-infiltrating cells underlie these different manifestations of acute rejection. Biopsies with normal histology (n = 10), subclinical rejection (n = 13), and clinical rejection (n = 9) were studied using immunohistochemistry and computerized image analysis. Subclinical and clinical rejections had similar histologic Banff scores. Univariate analysis showed a trend for a higher infiltration with CD8+ (P = 0.053) and CD68+(P = 0.06) cells in clinical rejection. Of the activation markers studied (CD25, perforin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha), only allograft inflammatory factor-1+-activated macrophages were significantly (P = 0.014) increased in the infiltrate of clinical rejection biopsies. These data suggest that activated macrophages or their products are responsible for acute renal dysfunction associated with clinical rejection episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Grimm
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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18
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Takahashi H, Kimura M, Hishida A, Nishimura M. Ureteral obstruction reverses glomerular proliferation in immune complex glomerulonephritis. THE JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 1999; 133:289-301. [PMID: 10072261 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2143(99)90085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated an effect of ureteral obstruction on a progressive immune complex glomerulonephritis in murine lupus erythematosus. Unilateral ureteral obstruction for 8 days significantly decreased the expanded glomerular mesangial area, as measured by computer-assisted morphometry (4.44 +/- 0.33 x 10(-4) mm2 to 3.60 +/- 0.34 x 10(-4) mm2, P < .05), and reduced the staining for IgG, C3, and extracellular matrix components, whereas the nephritis was exacerbated in the contralateral non-obstructed kidney. The renal concentration of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha (6-keto-PGF1alpha) in the obstructed kidneys 8 days after obstruction significantly exceeded that of kidneys in sham-operated controls (344.2 +/- 83.9 pg/mg tissue protein vs 50.0 +/- 27.5 pg/mg tissue protein, P < .01; 71.9 +/- 11.4 pg/mg tissue protein vs 9.5 +/- 2.3 pg/mg tissue protein, P < .01), whereas thromboxane B2 (TxB2) levels were similar in the two groups (33.9 +/- 4.5 pg/mg tissue protein vs 31.3 +/- 2.6 pg/mg tissue protein). Next, an experiment was performed to evaluate the role of renal eicosanoids in the amelioration in the immune complex glomerulonephritis after ureteral obstruction. Treatment with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin abolished the decrease in mesangial area induced by ureteral obstruction (7.7% +/- 6.9%). CV-4151, a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, had no effect on the decrease in mesangial area (-25.8% +/- 6.8%, P < .05). We conclude that unilateral ureteral obstruction quickly decreased the mesangial expansion in immune complex glomerulonephritis, and vasodilatory eicosanoids such as PGE2 and PGI2 at least partly contribute to the amelioration of glomerular histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Takahashi
- First Department of Medicine and the Institute for Experimental Animals, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan
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19
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Kömhoff M, Lesener B, Nakao K, Seyberth HW, Nüsing RM. Localization of the prostacyclin receptor in human kidney. Kidney Int 1998; 54:1899-908. [PMID: 9853255 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostacyclin is an important mediator of renal hemodynamics. Furthermore, recent studies argue for a role of this arachidonic acid metabolite in the regulation of salt and water handling in the distal nephron. To gain insight into the network of prostacyclin signal transduction, we analyzed the intrarenal distribution of the prostacyclin receptor (IP receptor) in adult human kidney. METHODS Specific polyclonal antibodies against a synthetic peptide of the human IP receptor were generated. By means of immunohistology the localization of IP receptor protein was studied. The mRNA expression for IP receptor was analyzed by in situ hybridization using specific cRNA probes. RESULTS In human kidney sections both IP receptor-immunoreactive protein and mRNA were expressed in smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. Expression of the IP receptor was observed in glomerular cells, namely mesangial cells, endothelial cells, and podocytes. Both mRNA and protein expression for IP receptor was observable in Tamm-Horsfall-negative distal tubules and collecting ducts. CONCLUSIONS The vascular expression of the IP receptor is consistent with the known vasodilatory effect of prostacyclin in vascular beds. Glomerular expression argues for a role of this autacoid in the regulation of glomerular hemodynamics. The tubular distribution might point towards the involvement of prostacyclin in renal salt and water handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kömhoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Philipps University of Marburg, Germany
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20
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Gallagher AM, Yu H, Printz MP. Bradykinin-induced reductions in collagen gene expression involve prostacyclin. Hypertension 1998; 32:84-8. [PMID: 9674642 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.32.1.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis after myocardial infarction and in chronic hypertension involves an increase in the synthesis and deposition of collagen within the myocardium. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors limit hypertrophy and fibrosis; their mechanism of action remains controversial, although kinins have been implicated to play a role. Because both bradykinin and prostaglandins (PG) have been shown to reduce collagen gene expression in cardiac fibroblasts, the goal of this study was to determine whether the bradykinin effect was mediated through enhanced prostaglandin formation by cardiac fibroblasts. Bradykinin increased [3H]arachidonic acid metabolite release 2.3-fold over control and stimulated a dose-dependent increase in 6-keto PGF1alpha (the stable metabolite of PGI2) release from these cells, in which 1 nmol/L bradykinin produced a 4-fold increase in 6-keto PGF1alpha release. Beraprost (a PGI2 analogue) reduced steady-state proalpha1(I) and proalpha1(III) collagen mRNA levels by 35.6+/-6.6% and 34.2+/-10.0%, respectively. Bradykinin-induced reductions in collagen type I and III gene expression were reversed by pretreatment with indomethacin. Our results indicate that one mechanism by which bradykinin modulates collagen biosynthesis via the rabbit cardiac fibroblast involves formation of arachidonic acid metabolites, particularly PGI2. The results of the present study argue that stabilization of endogenous kinins (as by ACE inhibitors) would enhance prostacyclin production and result in the attenuation of collagen gene expression, with potential implications for collagen synthesis and deposition within the myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Gallagher
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0636, USA
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21
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Nabata T, Fukuo K, Morimoto S, Kitano S, Momose N, Hirotani A, Nakahashi T, Nishibe A, Hata S, Niinobu T, Suhara T, Shimizu M, Ohkuma H, Sakurai S, Nishimaki H, Ogihara T. Interleukin-2 modulates the responsiveness to angiotensin II in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 1997; 133:23-30. [PMID: 9258403 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(97)00107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Preincubation with interleukin-2 (IL-2), a T cell-derived cytokine, enhanced the increase in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) induced by angiotensin II (AII) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). IL-2 itself did not affect the basal [Ca2+]i level or the maximal response of [Ca2+]i increase induced by AII. Furthermore, IL-2-induced enhancement was not observed in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, suggesting that IL-2 enhances Ca2+ influx induced by AII. IL-2 also enhanced the stimulation of DNA synthesis induced by AII, although IL-2 alone did not stimulate DNA synthesis. Genistein, an inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinases, significantly inhibited IL-2-induced enhancement of both Ca2+ influx and DNA synthesis induced by AII. A neutralizing antibody against heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) partially inhibited IL-2-induced enhancement of DNA synthesis induced by AII. These findings suggest that autocrine HB-EGF is partially involved in the mechanism of IL-2-induced enhancement of DNA synthesis. On the other hand IL-2 stimulated both glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and prostacyclin syntheses and enhanced the stimulation of both GAG and prostacyclin syntheses induced by AII. Therefore, IL-2 may play important roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and vascular disease by modulating the responsiveness to AII in VSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nabata
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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22
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Kaji T, Miyamoto A, Yamamoto C, Fujiwara Y, Miyajima S, Koizumi F. Basic fibroblast growth factor-induced glycosaminoglycan production in cultured vascular endothelial cells results from enhanced protein synthesis mediated by the lipoxygenase pathway. Life Sci 1997; 60:873-81. [PMID: 9061044 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(97)00019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the intracellular regulation of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production induced by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), bovine aortic endothelial cells were cultured with recombinant human bFGF in the presence of [3H]glucosamine or [35S]sulfate. It was shown that bFGF-induced incorporation of the radioactive precursors into GAGs was diminished by lipoxygenase inhibitors, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and esculetin, but not by a cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin. A protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide also diminished the enhancement of the [3H]glucosamine incorporation by bFGF. On the other hand, the incorporation of [14C]leucine into the acid-insoluble fraction was strongly inhibited by NDGA but not by indomethacin in the presence or absence of bFGF. It was also shown that bFGF significantly increased the incorporation of [14C]xylose into GAGs. The present data suggested that bFGF may increase the number of GAG chains as a result of enhanced protein synthesis including xylosyl transferase through the lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism in vascular endothelial cell layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kaji
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
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23
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Pricci F, Pugliese G, Menè P, Romeo G, Romano G, Galli G, Casini A, Rotella CM, DiMario U, Pugliese F. Regulatory role of eicosanoids in extracellular matrix overproduction induced by long-term exposure to high glucose in cultured rat mesangial cells. Diabetologia 1996; 39:1055-62. [PMID: 8877289 DOI: 10.1007/bf00400654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of extracellular matrix in the mesangium and altered renal eicosanoid synthesis are two prominent features of diabetic glomerular disease. We investigated the relationship between eicosanoid and extracellular matrix production in rat mesangial cells cultured under high glucose vs normal glucose conditions. Long-term exposure of rat mesangial cells to high glucose, but not to iso-osmolar mannitol, significantly increased extracellular matrix accumulation and gene expression and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) mRNA levels, and decreased prostaglandin (PG) E2 synthesis without affecting production of either thromboxane (TX) B2 or PGF2 alpha, with respect to cells incubated in normal glucose. Addition of exogenous PGE2 resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of matrix protein and mRNA levels and TGF-beta gene expression in cells cultured in either normal or high glucose conditions, whereas exposure to exogenous PGF2 alpha produced a significant increment in matrix production and matrix and TGF-beta gene expression in cells grown in normal glucose, but only a slight increase in those cultured in high glucose. Stimulation of endogenous endoperoxide metabolism towards PGE2 and PGF2 alpha synthesis with FCE-22,178, a drug originally developed as TXA2 synthase inhibitor, resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in matrix accumulation and matrix and TGF-beta gene expression which was suppressed by coincubation with the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor fenoprofen blocking the FCE-22,178-enhanced PG production. In both cell lines, the rate of synthesis of TXA2 was very low and the selective blockade of its synthesis (by two other TXA2 synthase inhibitors, OKY-046 and Ridogrel) or action (by the TXA2 receptor antagonist BM-13,177) did not alter matrix production or TGF-beta mRNA levels. These results suggest that the cyclo-oxygenase pathway is involved in the regulation of matrix changes induced by high glucose in rat mesangial cells; the reduced production of PGE2 may enhance the synthesis or potentiate the effect of stimulators of ECM formation such as TGF-beta, whereas TXA2 does not appear to be involved. These data also indicate that glucose-enhanced mesangial matrix accumulation may be prevented by exogenous PGE2 or by drugs capable of increasing endogenous PGE2 synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pricci
- Clinica Medica II (Endocrinologia I and Nefrologia, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Schneider A, Thaiss F, Rau HP, Wolf G, Zahner G, Jocks T, Helmchen U, Stahl RA. Prostaglandin E1 inhibits collagen expression in anti-thymocyte antibody-induced glomerulonephritis: possible role of TGF beta. Kidney Int 1996; 50:190-9. [PMID: 8807588 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1996.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To test whether or not prostaglandins mediate extracellular matrix formation in immune-mediated glomerular disease, rats with anti-thymocyte antibody-induced glomerulonephritis were treated with prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) (250 micrograms/twice daily/s.c.). Glomerular expression of collagen types III and IV was assessed by Northern blotting, immunohistology and Western blotting. Proliferation of glomerular cells was evaluated by staining for the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and consecutive cell counting. At day five after induction of the disease, glomerular mRNA levels of collagen types III and IV were three- to fivefold higher compared with non-nephritic controls. Similarly glomerular deposition of these collagens was markedly increased when assessed by immunohistology. The treatment of nephritic rats with PGE1 reduced the increased glomerular mRNA levels as well as the protein concentration and the deposition of extracellular collagens. The number of PCNA positive cells which was significantly higher in nephritic rats when compared with control animals (24 hr, nephritis 2.53 +/- 0.33 and Control 0.26 +/- 0.06, P = 0.011; 5 days, nephritis 5.10 +/- 1.13 and Control 0.75 +/- 0.08, cells per glomerular cross section, P = 0.03) was reduced by PGE1 (24 hr, nephritis+PGE1 0.44 +/- 0.30, P = 0.0001; 5 days, nephritis +/- PGE1 1.91 +/- 1.84 cells per glomerular cross section, P = 0.001). Prostaglandin E1 also ameliorated the glomerular infiltration of monocytes at 24 hours (nephritis 4.36 +/- 2.82, nephritis + PGE1 2.20 +/- 1.82, cells per glomerular cross section) and five days (nephritis 1.51 +/- 0.58, nephritis+PGE1 1.12 +/- 0.61, cells per glomerular cross section). To further characterize possible mechanisms by which PGE1 reduces extracellular matrix deposition, the glomerular expression of transforming growth factor (TGF-beta), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) was assessed by Northern blotting. Nephritic glomeruli showed increased mRNA levels of TGF-beta at day 5 and IL-1 beta at 24 hours when compared with control kidneys. Treatment of the animals with PGE1 inhibited the mRNA expression of TGF-beta and IL-1 beta. These data demonstrate that PGE1 reduces the glomerular expression of extracellular matrix proteins in anti-thymocyte antibody-induced glomerulonephritis, suggesting a beneficial role of prostaglandins in this proliferative glomerular immune injury. The effects of PGE1 might be mediated by inhibition of TGF-beta and IL-1 beta production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schneider
- Department of Medicine, University of Hamburg, Germany
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25
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Nakayama M, Okuda S, Tamaki K, Fujishima M. Short- or long-term effects of a low-protein diet on fibronectin and transforming growth factor-beta synthesis in Adriamycin-induced nephropathy. THE JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 1996; 127:29-39. [PMID: 8592094 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2143(96)90163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Increased synthesis and gene expression of fibronectin or transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) have been reported to be involved in the progressive process of doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin)-induced nephropathy. In the present study, the effects of dietary protein restriction on the synthesis and gene expression of fibronectin or TGF-beta were investigated by immunoprecipitation, Northern blotting, and TGF-beta bioassay in this model after subjects were given either short- or long-term low-protein diets. In the long-term diet experiment, either a normal protein diet (NPD, 20%) or low-protein diet (LPD, 5%) was fed to the Adriamycin rats for 8 weeks after the injection of Adriamycin. An 8-week LPD significantly ameliorated kidney destruction and remarkably reduced the fibronectin synthesis. Furthermore, the significant decreases of the latent TGF-beta secretion and the expression of TGF-beta 1 mRNA were observed in the Adriamycin rats fed an 8-week LPD. In the short-term diet experiment, an NPD or LPD was fed to the Adriamycin rats for 2 weeks at weeks 4, 8, or 16 after the injection of Adriamycin. A 2-week LPD did not ameliorate kidney damage. Although fibronectin synthesis by the renal cortex in the Adriamycin rats was remarkably reduced by a 2-week LPD, there was no significant decrease in the latent TGF-beta secretion in the Adriamycin rats. The mRNA expressions of fibronectin or TGF-beta 1 were not affected by a 2-week LPD in the Adriamycin rats at any stage. In conclusion, decreased fibronectin and TGF-beta synthesis may be one of the mechanisms by which the long-term dietary protein restriction ameliorates kidney damage. On the other hand, a 2-week LPD affected the only fibronectin synthesis, which thus suggested that an LPD might exert a quicker influence on the protein synthesis of fibronectin than on the transcriptional events of fibronectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nakayama
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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26
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Hennig B, Lipke DW, Boissonneault GA, Ramasamy S. Role of fatty acids and eicosanoids in modulating proteoglycan metabolism in endothelial cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1995; 53:315-24. [PMID: 8596769 DOI: 10.1016/0952-3278(95)90050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cell dysfunction is considered to be a critical event in the etiology of atherosclerosis. Thus, the preservation of endothelial structure and function are a prerequisite for normal control of vascular permeability properties, mediation of both inflammatory and immunologic responses and the general 'communication' between blood-borne cells and abluminal tissues. Many of these properties can be influenced by proteoglycans present in vascular tissues. There is evidence that selected lipids can be atherogenic by altering endothelial proteoglycan metabolism. Little is known about the role of fatty acids in modulating proteoglycan composition in endothelial cells. Data suggest, however, that linoleic acid in particular can adversely alter proteoglycan metabolism, which may be related to an imbalance in eicosanoid synthesis patterns. These events could be sufficient to disrupt normal endothelial barrier function, initiate smooth muscle migration and proliferation, and result in other metabolic dysfunctions associated with the etiology of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Thus, the focus of this review is on fatty acids and eicosanoids as they may alter proteoglycan metabolism of vascular tissues and in particular of the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hennig
- Department of Nurition, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0054, USA
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27
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Studer RK, Negrete H, Craven PA, DeRubertis FR. Protein kinase C signals thromboxane induced increases in fibronectin synthesis and TGF-beta bioactivity in mesangial cells. Kidney Int 1995; 48:422-30. [PMID: 7564109 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1995.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that thromboxane (TX) stimulates matrix protein synthesis in mesangial cells (MC), and that this action is signalled by receptor mediated activation of protein kinase C (PKC). In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that activation of PKC by TX signals increases in transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) bioactivity, which in turn induces enhanced matrix protein synthesis. In cultured rat MC, the TXA2/prostaglandin endoperoxide analogue U-46619, but not exogenous human platelet TGF-beta 1, activated PKC as reflected by enhanced in situ phosphorylation of MARCKS protein, an endogenous substrate of PKC. U-46619 and TGF-beta 1 stimulated fibronectin (Fn) synthesis in MC, as shown by [35S]methionine incorporation into immunoprecipitable Fn. Pan-specific rabbit anti-TGF-beta antibody blocked the increases in Fn synthesis induced by exogenous TGF-beta and those induced by U-46619 at 24 to 72 hours after addition. Anti-TGF-beta antibody did not block the small increases in FN synthesis observed six hours after addition of U-46619, suggesting that this acute response was not dependent on TGF-beta. Anti-TGF-beta antibody also failed to block activation of PKC by U-46619. U-46619 and 50 nM of the PKC agonist phorbol dibutyrate (PDBu) significantly increased both the active fraction and total (latent plus active) TGF-beta in MC culture media, as assayed with the mink lung epithelial cell bioassay system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Studer
- Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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28
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Salvati P, Lamberti E, Ferrario R, Ferrario RG, Scampini G, Pugliese F, Barsotti P, Patrono C. Long-term thromboxane-synthase inhibition prolongs survival in murine lupus nephritis. Kidney Int 1995; 47:1168-75. [PMID: 7783415 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1995.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease, characterized by nephritis, in which mortality is largely influenced by the severity of renal involvement. As there are evidences that thromboxane (TX)A2 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis, we decided to assess the effects of long-term suppression of TXA2 synthesis on the progression of the disease, by designing a study of TXA2-synthase inhibition having adequate size to detect an effect on mortality as the primary end-point. Thus, we randomized 362 NZBxNZW mice (11-week-old at entry) to one of the following treatments: a TXA2 synthase inhibitor, FCE 22178 (300 mg/kg daily), saline or cyclophosphamide (5 mg/mouse weekly x 4 weeks) used as reference treatment. The TXA2 synthase inhibitor suppressed TXA2 biosynthesis, as reflected by urinary TXB2 and 2,3-dinor-TXB2 excretion (by 78% and 90%, respectively) and significantly reduced mortality (death rate: 34% vs. 61% in controls, at 37 weeks, P < 0.01). A significant reduction in proteinuria (9 +/- 1.6 vs. 17.3 +/- 2.4 mg/24 hr in FCE 22178 vs. saline, P < 0.01) and glomerular lesions was observed up to 30 weeks but not at 37 weeks. In contrast, cyclophosphamide prevented the development of proteinuria and histologic lesions, and reduced mortality to 8% at 37 weeks. Renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate were lower (by 29% and 52%, respectively) in 37-week-old as compared to young NZBxNZW mice. These parameters were further depressed by cyclophosphamide (by 48% and 45% vs. age-matched controls, respectively, P < 0.01) but were not altered significantly by FCE 22178.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- P Salvati
- Pharmacia-Farmitalia Carlo Erba Research Laboratories, Nerviano, Italy
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29
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Bergijk EC, Baelde HJ, de Heer E, Bruijn JA. Prevention of glomerulosclerosis by early cyclosporine treatment of experimental lupus nephritis. Kidney Int 1994; 46:1663-73. [PMID: 7700025 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1994.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The influence of cyclosporine A (CsA) treatment on the development of glomerulonephritis and glomerulosclerosis was investigated in chronic graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), a murine model for lupus nephritis. The renal disease is characterized by the formation of IgG-containing electron-dense deposits along the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and in the mesangium, followed by the onset of proteinuria which starts, varying per individual mouse, about six weeks after the induction of the disease. Glomerular mRNA levels for matrix molecules were increased from week 4, preceding mesangial matrix expansion and GBM thickening which occurred from week 6. These initial events finally led to development of glomerulosclerosis, and end-stage renal failure. Groups of mice received three intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections per week with different doses of CsA, and treatment was started 2, 4, or 6 weeks after induction of the disease. Treatment with 10 or 50 mg CsA/kg/week did not influence the development of glomerulonephritis or glomerulosclerosis. Injection of 100 mg CsA/kg/week delayed the onset of proteinuria only when treatment was started in week 2. In week 6 some mice had already developed proteinuria whereas others had not. Treatment with 250 mg CsA/kg/week starting in week 6 abrogated glomerulonephritis and glomerulosclerosis only in those animals which were not yet proteinuric at that time. This, despite comparable increased autoantibody levels against DNA, GBM, and renal tubular epithelium (RTE) in both treated and untreated GvHD mice. Further increase in proteinuria and development of glomerulosclerosis could not be prevented if the mice already had developed proteinuria when CsA treatment was started. Dot blot analysis and in situ hybridization showed significantly decreased mRNA levels for alpha 1(I) and alpha 1(IV) collagen in kidneys of CsA-treated mice as compared to those of untreated mice 12 weeks after induction of the disease, if the highest dose of CsA was administered before the onset of proteinuria. No effect on these whole-kidney mRNA levels was observed in mice which had already developed proteinuria before CsA injections were started. Increased mRNA expression for matrix molecules in this group and in untreated GvHD mice was observed mainly in the interstitium. The kidneys of the treated GvHD mice and those of mice injected with 250 mg CsA/kg/week without induction of GvHD showed no morphological signs of CsA nephrotoxicity. We conclude that treatment with 250 mg CsA/kg/week prevents the development of glomerulonephritis and glomerulosclerosis in this model of lupus nephritis, if started before the onset of proteinuria.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Bergijk
- Department of Pathology, University of Leiden, The Netherlands
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30
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Nanji AA, Khwaja S, Sadrzadeh SM. Eicosanoid production in experimental alcoholic liver disease is related to vitamin E levels and lipid peroxidation. Mol Cell Biochem 1994; 140:85-9. [PMID: 7877602 DOI: 10.1007/bf00928370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the association between vitamin E, lipid peroxidation and eicosanoid production in experimental alcoholic liver injury. We used the intragastric feeding rat model in which animals were fed corn oil and ethanol (CO+E) and corn oil and dextrose (CO+D) for 2 and 4 week periods. At sacrifice, we measured plasma levels of alpha-tocopherol, 8-isoprostane, thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha (6-KetoPGF1 alpha). Animals fed CO+E had significantly lower concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and higher concentrations of 8 isoprostane at both 2 and 4 weeks. a significant inverse correlation was seen between alpha-tocopherol concentrations and the TXB2: PGF1 alpha ratio (r = 0.72, p < 0.01). A positive correlation was seen between the TXB2: PGF1 alpha ratio and 8 isoprostane levels (r = 0.84, p < 0.001). These results suggest that vitamin E depletion and enhanced lipid peroxidation may affect eicosanoid metabolism in experimental alcoholic liver disease in such a way so as to increase the thromboxane to prostacyclin ration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Nanji
- Department of Pathology, New England Deaconess Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
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31
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Studer RK, Craven PA, DeRubertis FR. Thromboxane stimulation of mesangial cell fibronectin synthesis is signalled by protein kinase C and modulated by cGMP. Kidney Int 1994; 46:1074-82. [PMID: 7861701 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1994.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Thromboxane (TX) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of glomerulosclerosis in several models of glomerular injury. In the present study, we examined the role of the protein kinase C (PKC) signalling system in expression of the action of the TXA2/PGH2 analogue U-46619 to stimulate fibronectin (Fn) synthesis in cultured rat mesangial cells (MC), and the influence of cGMP on this MC response. U-46619 activated PKC and enhanced Fn synthesis in MC in a time and concentration dependent fashion. Both responses to U-46619 were blocked by GF 109203X, a selective inhibitor of PKC activity, as well as by calphostin C and staurosporine, PKC inhibitors structurally distinct from GFX. Down-regulation of PKC by prior sustained exposure of MC to 0.5 microM phorbol myristate acetate similarly blocked increases in Fn synthesis induced by U-46619. The TXA2/PGH2 receptor antagonist Sq-29548 also prevented activation of PKC and stimulation of Fn synthesis by U-46619, consistent with transduction of these responses via specific high affinity TXA2/PGH2 receptors on MC. Addition of exogenous 8-Br-cGMP or stimulation of endogenous cGMP generation with atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) suppressed both U-46619 activation of PKC and stimulation of Fn synthesis. cGMP did not alter TXA2/PGH2 receptor number of affinity in MC, but significantly suppressed phorbol ester activation of PKC. Thus, cGMP inhibition of U-46619 actions is expressed at steps distal to TX receptor binding and may involve effects at and proximal to activation of PKC. Interactions between the PKC and cGMP cellular signalling systems may be important determinants of MC matrix protein production in response to TX.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Studer
- Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Nakamura T, Fukui M, Ebihara I, Tomino Y, Koide H. Low protein diet blunts the rise in glomerular gene expression in focal glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 1994; 45:1593-605. [PMID: 7933807 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1994.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to assess whether expression of mRNA for extracellular matrix (ECM) components, metalloproteinases (MMP) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) in glomeruli is affected by a low protein diet during the course of focal glomerulosclerosis (FGS). Puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) was injected intraperitoneally in rats and the right kidney was removed on day 22. Nephrotic rats received successive intraperitoneal injections of PAN on days 27, 34, and 41. Control rats were subjected to a nephrectomy or a sham operation on day 22. Animals were divided into six groups. In group 1, the PAN-injected rats were fed a standard diet containing 22% protein. In group 2, the PAN-injected rats were fed a low protein diet containing 6% protein, starting on the same day as the first PAN injection. In group 3, the nephrectomized rats without PAN were fed a standard diet. In group 4, the nephrectomized rats without PAN were fed a low protein diet for the same period. In group 5, the sham operated rats were fed a standard diet. In group 6, the sham operated rats were fed a low protein diet for the same period. Rats were sacrificed on days 0, 60 or 80 after the initial PAN or saline injection. The percentage of sclerotic glomeruli in group 1 rats increased markedly with time, reaching 77% on day 80. The mRNA levels encoding for alpha 1(I), alpha 1(III), alpha 1(IV) collagen chains, laminin B1 and B2 chains, heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), MMP-2, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 increased significantly as glomerulosclerosis progressed, whereas MMP-1 and MMP-3 mRNA levels were unchanged, and no MMP-9 mRNA was detected throughout the experiments. In group 2, the low protein diet reduced the prevalence of glomerulosclerosis and attenuated the increased mRNA expression for ECM components, MMP-2, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in FGS glomeruli. In groups 3 through 6, mRNA levels for ECM components decreased with age, whereas those for MMPs and TIMPs changed little throughout the experiments. Immunofluorescence studies revealed the accumulation of types I, III and IV collagens, laminin, and HSPG in the sclerotic area and low protein diet attenuated the accumulation of these proteins. These data suggest that glomerulosclerosis may result from an imbalance among ECM components, MMPs and TIMPs and that a low protein diet attenuates the otherwise increased levels of mRNA for ECM components, MMP-2, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in glomerulosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakamura
- Department of Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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33
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Wardle EN. Cellular biology of glomerulosclerosis. Ren Fail 1994; 16:535-45. [PMID: 7855312 DOI: 10.3109/08860229409044883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The burgeoning literature on glomerulosclerosis makes frequent review of the literature necessary. At this stage, the key processes involved have surely been defined. It is now appropriate to make deductions about possible therapies and to plan experiments and trials.
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Nanji AA, Khwaja S, Sadrzadeh SM. Decreased prostacyclin production by liver non-parenchymal cells precedes liver injury in experimental alcoholic liver disease. Life Sci 1994; 54:455-61. [PMID: 8309348 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(94)00404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We used the intragastric feeding rat model for alcoholic liver disease to investigate the relationship between prostacyclin and liver injury. Rats were fed the following diets for periods ranging from 1 to 8 weeks: corn oil plus ethanol (CO+E), corn oil plus dextrose (CO+D), saturated fat plus ethanol (SF+E) and saturated fat plus dextrose (SF+D). Prostacyclin production (assessed by 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha) by liver non-parenchymal cells decreased steadily over the 8 week period in animals fed CO+E (liver injury present) whereas in animals fed SF+E (no liver injury) there was no change in prostacyclin production. Plasma levels of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha were also significantly lower in the CO+E group compared to the other groups studied. We propose that decreased prostacyclin production by liver non-parenchymal cells may contribute to the hepatotoxic effect of ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Nanji
- Department of Pathology, New England Deaconess Hospital, Boston, MA
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