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Xia Y, Jiang H, Chen J, Xu F, Zhang G, Zhang D. Low dose Taxol ameliorated renal fibrosis in mice with diabetic kidney disease by downregulation of HIPK2. Life Sci 2023; 320:121540. [PMID: 36907324 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies reported that low-dose paclitaxel (Taxol) ameliorated renal fibrosis in the unilateral ureteral obstruction and remnant kidney models. However, the regulatory role of Taxol in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is still unclear. Herein, we observed that low-dose Taxol attenuated high glucose-increased expression of fibronectin, collagen I and collagen IV in Boston University mouse proximal tubule cells. Mechanistically, Taxol suppressed the expression of homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) via disrupting the binding of Smad3 to HIPK2 promoter region, and consequently inhibited the activation of p53. Besides, Taxol ameliorated RF in Streptozotocin mice and db/db-induced DKD via suppression of Smad3/HIPK2 axis as well as inactivation of p53. Altogether, these results suggest that Taxol can block Smad3-HIPK2/p53 axis, thereby attenuating the progression of DKD. Hence, Taxol is a promising therapeutic drug for DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, People's Republic of China; Emergency Medicine and Difficult Diseases Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinwen Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hunan Aerospace Hospital, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, People's Republic of China; Emergency Medicine and Difficult Diseases Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxiu Zhang
- Department of General Practice, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongshan Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, People's Republic of China; Emergency Medicine and Difficult Diseases Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, People's Republic of China; Department of General Practice, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, People's Republic of China.
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Gao Y, Guo Z, Liu Y. Analysis of the potential molecular biology of triptolide in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy: A narrative review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31941. [PMID: 36482625 PMCID: PMC9726356 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the potential mechanism of triptolide in diabetic nephropathy (DN) treatment using network pharmacology. METHODS The main targets of triptolide were screened using the TCMSP, DrugBank, and NCBI databases, and gene targets of DN were searched using the DrugBank, DisGeNET, TTD, and OMIM databases. All of the above targets were normalized using the UniProt database to obtain the co-acting genes. The co-acting genes were uploaded to the STRING platform to build a protein-protein interaction network and screen the core acting targets. Gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes analyses of the core targets were performed using Metascape. Molecular docking validation of triptolide with the co-acting genes was performed using the Swiss Dock platform. RESULTS We identified 76 potential target points for triptolide, 693 target points for DN-related diseases, and 24 co-acting genes. The main pathways and biological processes involved are lipids and atherosclerosis, IL-18 signaling pathway, TWEAK signaling pathway, response to oxidative stress, hematopoietic function, and negative regulation of cell differentiation. Both triptolide and the active site of the core target genes can form more than 2 hydrogen bonds, and the bond energy is less than -5kJ/mol. Bioinformatics analysis showed that triptolide had a regulatory effect on most of the core target genes that are aberrantly expressed in DKD. CONCLUSION Triptolide may regulate the body's response to cytokines, hormones, oxidative stress, and apoptosis signaling pathways in DN treatment by down-regulating Casp3, Casp8, PTEN, GSA3B and up-regulating ESR1, and so forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lixia District, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhaoan Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Jinan, China
- * Correspondence: Zhaoan Guo, Department of Nephrology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China (e-mail: )
| | - Yingying Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Jinan, China
- The School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lixia District, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
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Consequences of Both Coxsackievirus B4 and Type 1 Diabetes on Female Non-Obese Diabetic Mouse Kidneys. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112357. [PMID: 34835482 PMCID: PMC8623636 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the 2019 Executive Order on Advancing American Kidney Health Initiative, kidney disease has moved up in rank from the 9th to the 8th leading cause of death in the United States. A recent push in the field of nephrology has been to identify molecular markers and/or molecular profiles involved in kidney disease process or injury that can help identify the cause of injury and predict patient outcomes. While these studies have had moderate success, they have not yet considered that many of the health conditions that cause kidney disease (diabetes, hypertension, etc.) can also be caused by environmental factors (such as viruses), which in and of themselves can cause kidney disease. Thus, the goal of this study was to identify molecular and phenotypic profiles that can differentiate kidney injury caused by diabetes (a health condition resulting in kidney disease) and coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) exposure (which can cause diabetes and/or kidney disease), both alone and together. Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice were used for this study due to their susceptibility to both type 1 diabetes (T1D)- and CVB4-mediated kidney injury, in order to glean a better understanding of how hyperglycemia and viral exposure, when occurring on their own and in combination, may alter the kidneys’ molecular and phenotypic profiles. While no changes in kidney function were observed, molecular biomarkers of kidney injury were significantly up- and downregulated based on T1D and CVB4 exposure, both alone and together, but not in a predictable pattern. By combining individual biomarkers with function and phenotypic measurements (i.e., urinary albumin creatinine ratio, serum creatinine, kidney weight, and body weight), we were able to perform an unbiased separation of injury group based on the type of injury. This study provides evidence that unique kidney injury profiles within a kidney disease health condition are identifiable, and will help us to identify the causes of kidney injury in the future.
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Wang L, Wang HL, Liu TT, Lan HY. TGF-Beta as a Master Regulator of Diabetic Nephropathy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7881. [PMID: 34360646 PMCID: PMC8345981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most common complications in diabetes mellitus and the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. TGF-β is a pleiotropic cytokine and has been recognized as a key mediator of DN. However, anti-TGF-β treatment for DN remains controversial due to the diverse role of TGF-β1 in DN. Thus, understanding the regulatory role and mechanisms of TGF-β in the pathogenesis of DN is the initial step towards the development of anti-TGF-β treatment for DN. In this review, we first discuss the diverse roles and signaling mechanisms of TGF-β in DN by focusing on the latent versus active TGF-β1, the TGF-β receptors, and the downstream individual Smad signaling molecules including Smad2, Smad3, Smad4, and Smad7. Then, we dissect the regulatory mechanisms of TGF-β/Smad signaling in the development of DN by emphasizing Smad-dependent non-coding RNAs including microRNAs and long-non-coding RNAs. Finally, the potential therapeutic strategies for DN by targeting TGF-β signaling with various therapeutic approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (L.W.); (H.-L.W.); (T.-T.L.)
| | - Hong-Lian Wang
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (L.W.); (H.-L.W.); (T.-T.L.)
| | - Tong-Tong Liu
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; (L.W.); (H.-L.W.); (T.-T.L.)
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
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Han DC, Ziyadeh FN. Favorable Treatment Outcome with Neutralizing anti Transforming Growth Factor I:} Antibodies in Experimental Diabetic Kidney Disease. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686089901902s39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Cheol Han
- Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, and Penn Center for Molecular Studies of Kidney Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Fuad N. Ziyadeh
- Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, and Penn Center for Molecular Studies of Kidney Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
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Chisada S, Sugiyama A. Renal lesions in leptin receptor-deficient medaka ( Oryzias latipes). J Toxicol Pathol 2019; 32:297-303. [PMID: 31719758 PMCID: PMC6831499 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2019-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the renal lesions of leptin receptor-deficient
medaka showing hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia and to evaluate the usefulness of the
medaka as a model of diabetic nephropathy. Leptin receptor-deficient medaka at 20 and 30
weeks of age showed hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia; they also showed a higher level of
plasma creatinine than the control medaka. Histopathologically, dilation of glomerular
capillary lumina and of afferent/efferent arterioles was observed in leptin
receptor-deficient medaka at 20 weeks of age, and then glomerular enlargement with cell
proliferation and matrix expansion, formation of fibrin cap-like lesions, glomerular
atrophy with Bowman’s capsule dilation, and renal tubule dilation were observed at 30
weeks of age. These histopathological characteristics of leptin receptor-deficient medaka
were similar to the characteristics of kidney lesions of human and rodent models of type
II diabetes mellitus, making leptin receptor-deficient medaka a useful model of diabetic
nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Chisada
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sugiyama
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoinooka, Imabari-shi, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
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Zhang X, Liang D, Lian X, Chi ZH, Wang X, Zhao Y, Ping Z. Effect of zinc deficiency on mouse renal interstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:5245-5252. [PMID: 27779665 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
There is emerging evidence that tubulointerstitial fibrosis is the final common pathway of the majority of chronic progressive renal diseases, including diabetic nephropathy (DN). Zinc, an essential dietary element, has been suggested to be important for a number of protein functions during fibrosis in vivo and in vitro. However, the effect of zinc deficiency (ZnD) on renal interstitial fibrosis in DN remains unclear. The present study investigated the effect and the underlying mechanisms of ZnD on renal interstitial fibrosis during DN using an streptozotocin‑induced model of diabetes with immunofluorescence staining and western blot analysis. The present study identified that dietary zinc restriction significantly decreased zinc concentrations in the plasma and mouse kidney. ZnD enhanced albuminuria and extracellular matrix protein expression, associated with diabetic renal interstitial fibrosis by activation of renal interstitial fibroblasts and regulation of the expression of fibrosis‑associated factors, which may be mediated by the activation of fibroblasts via the TGF‑β/Smad signaling pathway. The data indicates that ZnD serves an important role in the pathogenic mechanisms of renal interstitial fibrosis during the development of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Dan Liang
- Troops of 95935 Unit, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150111, P.R. China
| | - Xu Lian
- Department of Endocrinology, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157000, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Hong Chi
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Zhang Ping
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
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8
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Intermediate conductance, Ca2+-activated K+ channels: a novel target for chronic renal diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-014-1339-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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9
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Notsu M, Yamaguchi T, Okazaki K, Tanaka KI, Ogawa N, Kanazawa I, Sugimoto T. Advanced glycation end product 3 (AGE3) suppresses the mineralization of mouse stromal ST2 cells and human mesenchymal stem cells by increasing TGF-β expression and secretion. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2402-10. [PMID: 24758301 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In diabetic patients, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) cause bone fragility because of deterioration of bone quality. We previously showed that AGEs suppressed the mineralization of mouse stromal ST2 cells. TGF-β is abundant in bone, and enhancement of its signal causes bone quality deterioration. However, whether TGF-β signaling is involved in the AGE-induced suppression of mineralization during the osteoblast lineage remains unknown. We therefore examined the roles of TGF-β in the AGE-induced suppression of mineralization of ST2 cells and human mesenchymal stem cells. AGE3 significantly (P < .001) inhibited mineralization in both cell types, whereas transfection with small interfering RNA for the receptor for AGEs (RAGEs) significantly (P < .05) recovered this process in ST2 cells. AGE3 increased (P < .001) the expression of TGF-β mRNA and protein, which was partially antagonized by transfection with RAGE small interfering RNA. Treatment with a TGF-β type I receptor kinase inhibitor, SD208, recovered AGE3-induced decreases in osterix (P < .001) and osteocalcin (P < .05) and antagonized the AGE3-induced increase in Runx2 mRNA expression in ST2 cells (P < .001). Moreover, SD208 completely and dose dependently rescued AGE3-induced suppression of mineralization in both cell types. In contrast, SD208 intensified AGE3-induced suppression of cell proliferation as well as AGE3-induced apoptosis in proliferating ST2 cells. These findings indicate that, after cells become confluent, AGE3 partially inhibits the differentiation and mineralization of osteoblastic cells by binding to RAGE and increasing TGF-β expression and secretion. They also suggest that TGF-β adversely affects bone quality not only in primary osteoporosis but also in diabetes-related bone disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Notsu
- Internal Medicine 1, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
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Kong LL, Wu H, Cui WP, Zhou WH, Luo P, Sun J, Yuan H, Miao LN. Advances in murine models of diabetic nephropathy. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:797548. [PMID: 23844375 PMCID: PMC3697778 DOI: 10.1155/2013/797548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the microvascular complications of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, which is also associated with a poor life expectancy of diabetic patients. However, the pathogenesis of DN is still unclear. Thus, it is of great use to establish appropriate animal models of DN for doing research on pathogenesis and developing novel therapeutic strategies. Although a large number of murine models of DN including artificially induced, spontaneous, and genetically engineered (knockout and transgenic) animal models have been developed, none of them develops renal changes sufficiently reflecting those seen in humans. Here we review the identified murine models of DN from the aspects of genetic background, type of diabetes, method of induction, gene deficiency, animal age and gender, kidney histopathology, and phenotypic alterations in the hope of enhancing our comprehension of genetic susceptibility and molecular mechanisms responsible for this disease and providing new clues as to how to choose appropriate animal models of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-li Kong
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Wen-peng Cui
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Wen-hua Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Ping Luo
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Hang Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Li-ning Miao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
- *Li-ning Miao:
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12
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Østergaard J, Thiel S, Gadjeva M, Hansen TK, Rasch R, Flyvbjerg A. Mannose-binding lectin deficiency attenuates renal changes in a streptozotocin-induced model of type 1 diabetes in mice. Diabetologia 2007; 50:1541-9. [PMID: 17473913 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0686-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS An increasing amount of evidence indicates that mannose-binding lectin (MBL) plays a role in the development of diabetic nephropathy. The main objective of the study was to analyse whether MBL influences the effects of diabetes on the kidneys. MATERIALS AND METHODS In one group of wild-type mice and in one group of MBL double knockout mice we induced diabetes by the use of streptozotocin as a model of type 1 diabetes. Two groups of non-diabetic mice, wild-type and MBL knockout, were also included. By two-way ANOVA we evaluated if MBL modulated the effects of diabetes by testing the interaction between diabetes and MBL. RESULTS MBL interacted with the effects of diabetes on three outcome measures: kidney weight (p < 0.001), urinary albumin excretion (p = 0.001) and the expression of collagen IV alpha 1 (Col4a1) mRNA (p = 0.002). This means that the effects that diabetes normally has on these parameters were significantly modified by MBL. MBL showed a tendency to interact with the effects of diabetes on glomerular basement membrane thickness and total mesangial volume (p = 0.065 and p = 0.063, respectively). Glomerular volume and total mesangial volume were significantly smaller in animals lacking MBL than in wild-type animals (p = 0.006 and p = 0.047, respectively). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These findings, for the first time, show that the degree of kidney alteration as a consequence of diabetes is modified by MBL. These findings support a pivotal role of MBL in the development of diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Østergaard
- The Medical Research Laboratories, Clinical Institute and Medical Department M (Diabetes and Endocrinology), Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Breyer MD, Böttinger E, Brosius FC, Coffman TM, Fogo A, Harris RC, Heilig CW, Sharma K. Diabetic nephropathy: of mice and men. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2005; 12:128-45. [PMID: 15822049 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2005.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports intrinsic genetic susceptibility as an important variable in the progression of diabetic nephropathy in people. Mice provide an experimental platform of unparalleled power for dissecting the genetics of mammalian diseases; however, phenotypic analysis of diabetic mice lags behind that already established for humans. Standardized benchmarks of hyperglycemia, albuminuria, and measurements of renal failure remain to be developed for different inbred strains of mice. The most glaring deficiency has been the lack of a diabetic mouse model that develops progressively worsening renal insufficiency, the sine qua non of diabetic nephropathy in humans. Differences in susceptibility of these inbred strains to complications of diabetes mellitus provide a possible avenue to dissect the genetic basis of diabetic nephropathy; however, the identification of those strains and/or mutants most susceptible to renal injury from diabetes mellitus is lacking. Identification of a mouse model that faithfully mirrors the pathogenesis of DN in humans will undoubtedly facilitate the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Breyer
- Vanderbilt University and VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Breyer MD, Böttinger E, Brosius FC, Coffman TM, Harris RC, Heilig CW, Sharma K. Mouse models of diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 16:27-45. [PMID: 15563560 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2004080648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice provide an experimental model of unparalleled flexibility for studying mammalian diseases. Inbred strains of mice exhibit substantial differences in their susceptibility to the renal complications of diabetes. Much remains to be established regarding the course of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in mice as well as defining those strains and/or mutants that are most susceptible to renal injury from diabetes. Through the use of the unique genetic reagents available in mice (including knockouts and transgenics), the validation of a mouse model reproducing human DN should significantly facilitate the understanding of the underlying genetic mechanisms that contribute to the development of DN. Establishment of an authentic mouse model of DN will undoubtedly facilitate testing of translational diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in mice before testing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Breyer
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical School, S3223 MCN, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Chen S, Jim B, Ziyadeh FN. Diabetic nephropathy and transforming growth factor-beta: transforming our view of glomerulosclerosis and fibrosis build-up. Semin Nephrol 2004; 23:532-43. [PMID: 14631561 DOI: 10.1053/s0270-9295(03)00132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The manifestations of diabetic nephropathy may be a consequence of the actions of certain cytokines and growth factors. Prominent among these is transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) because it promotes renal cell hypertrophy and stimulates extracellular matrix accumulation, the 2 hallmarks of diabetic renal disease. In tissue culture studies, cellular hypertrophy and matrix production are stimulated by high glucose concentrations in the culture media. High glucose, in turn, appears to act through the TGF-beta system because high glucose increases TGF-beta expression, and the hypertrophic and matrix-stimulatory effects of high glucose are prevented by anti-TGF-beta therapy. In experimental diabetes mellitus, several reports describe overexpression of TGF-beta or TGF-beta type II receptor in the glomerular and tubulointerstitial compartments. As might be expected, the intrarenal TGF-beta system is triggered, evidenced by activity of the downstream Smad signaling pathway. Treatment of diabetic animals with a neutralizing anti-TGF-beta antibody prevents the development of mesangial matrix expansion and the progressive decline in renal function. This antibody therapy also reverses the established lesions of diabetic glomerulopathy. Finally, the renal TGF-beta system is significantly up-regulated in human diabetic nephropathy. Although the kidney of a nondiabetic subject extracts TGF-beta1 from the blood, the kidney of a diabetic patient actually elaborates TGF-beta1 protein into the circulation. Along the same line, an increased level of TGF-beta in the urine is associated with worse clinical outcomes. In concert with TGF-beta, other metabolic mediators such as connective tissue growth factor and reactive oxygen species promote the accumulation of excess matrix. This fibrotic build-up also occurs in the tubulointerstitium, probably as the result of heightened TGF-beta activity that stimulates tubular epithelial and interstitial fibroblast cells to overproduce matrix. The data presented here strongly support the consensus that the TGF-beta system mediates the renal hypertrophy, glomerulosclerosis, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis of diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng He
- Section on Vascular Cell Biology and Complications, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, 1 Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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17
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Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins in the mesangium and basement membrane of the glomerulus and in the renal tubulointerstitium. This review summarizes the main changes in protein composition of the glomerular mesangium and basement membrane and the evidence that, in the mesangium, these are initiated by changes in glucose metabolism and the formation of advanced glycation end products. Both processes generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). The review includes discussion of how ROS may activate intracellular signaling pathways leading to the activation of redox-sensitive transcription factors. This in turn leads to change in the expression of genes encoding extracellular matrix proteins and the protease systems responsible for their turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger M Mason
- Cell and Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Taneda S, Hudkins KL, Cui Y, Farr AG, Alpers CE, Segerer S. Growth factor expression in a murine model of cryoglobulinemia. Kidney Int 2003; 63:576-90. [PMID: 12631122 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00778.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased expression of growth factors including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) are thought to play pivotal roles during mesangial expansion and glomerulosclerosis. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) transgenic mice develop mixed cryoglobulinemia and a membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN). Here we describe the renal expression of isoforms of PDGF and TGF-beta in relation to changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) components and markers of cell proliferation and activation in this model. METHODS A total of 123 mice, including 61 TSLP transgenic mice and 62 wild-type controls, were sacrificed at defined intervals. PDGF-A chain, -B chain, PDGF alpha- and beta-receptor (beta-R) and TGF-beta1 mRNA were analyzed by in situ hybridization. Expression of alpha smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA), collagen type I, collagen type IV, laminin, and a marker of proliferating cells (PCNA) were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Slides also were studied by combined immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization with an antibody that recognizes monocytes/macrophage and with riboprobes that detect PDGF B-chain, PDGF beta-R or TGF-beta1 mRNA. RESULTS Increased numbers of proliferating glomerular cells appeared early in the disease course, associated with de novo expression of alphaSMA. Expression of PDGF B-chain and beta-R mRNA was increased in the mesangium and in parietal epithelial cells of TSLP transgenic mice and correlated with the number of PCNA positive cells. Increased TGF-beta1 mRNA expression paralleled the deposition of type IV collagen. A significant proportion of Mac-2 positive macrophages expressed TGF-beta1 mRNA, while only a small percentage of glomerular macrophages expressed PDGF B-chain mRNA. No PDGF beta-R mRNA expression by macrophages was detected. CONCLUSION TSLP transgenic mice develop a membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in which glomerular cell proliferation and matrix deposition are associated with an increased expression of PDGF B-chain, PDGF beta-R and TGF-beta1. These findings extend the paradigms covering these growth factors established in the rat Thy 1 model of mesangiolysis and repairs to a murine model of progressive glomerulonephritis closely resembling human MPGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekiko Taneda
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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19
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Abstract
Hyperglycemic control in diabetes is key to preventing the development and progression of vascular complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. Increased activation of the diacylglycerol (DAG)-protein kinase C (PKC) signal transduction pathway has been identified in vascular tissues from diabetic animals, and in vascular cells exposed to elevated glucose. Vascular abnormalities associated with glucose-induced PKC activation leading to increased synthesis of DAG include altered vascular blood flow, extracellular matrix deposition, basement membrane thickening, increased permeability and neovascularization. Preferential activation of the PKCbeta isoform by elevated glucose is reported to occur in a variety of vascular tissues. This has lead to the development of LY333531, a PKCbeta isoform specific inhibitor, which has shown potential in animal models to be an orally effective and nontoxic therapy able to produce significant improvements in diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and cardiac dysfunction. Additionally, the antioxidant vitamin E has been identified as an inhibitor of the DAG-PKC pathway, and shows promise in reducing vascular complications in animal models of diabetes. Given the overwhelming evidence indicating a role for PKC activation in contributing to the development of diabetic vascular complications, pharmacological therapies that can modulate this pathway, particularly with PKC isoform selectivity, show great promise for treatment of vascular complications, even in the presence of hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Way
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Sakharova OV, Taal MW, Brenner BM. Pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy: focus on transforming growth factor-beta and connective tissue growth factor. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2001; 10:727-38. [PMID: 11706299 DOI: 10.1097/00041552-200111000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although considerable improvement in the prognosis of diabetic nephropathy has been achieved in recent years due to intensive insulin and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor treatment, these approaches do not provide complete protection against progression of diabetic nephropathy. An urgent need for additional novel therapies to prevent or further slow the progression of diabetic nephropathy motivated us to provide an up-to-date review with particular emphasis on the potential role of two growth factors--transforming growth factor-beta and connective tissue growth factor--in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. The most intensively studied to date, transforming growth factor-beta appears to play a central role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Recently, attention has focused on connective tissue growth factor, which mimics the biological activity of transforming growth factor-beta in profibrotic tissue formation. Thus, acting as a downstream mediator of the profibrotic activity of transforming growth factor-beta, connective tissue growth factor may constitute a more specific target for future antifibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Sakharova
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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21
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Sakata N, Meng J, Takebayashi S. Effects of advanced glycation end products on the proliferation and fibronectin production of smooth muscle cells. J Atheroscler Thromb 2001; 7:169-76. [PMID: 11480459 DOI: 10.5551/jat1994.7.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) on the proliferative activity and fibronectin production of smooth muscle cells (SMCs). AGE-bovine serum albumin (AGE-BSA) was prepared by incubation with D-glucose at 37 degrees C for 60 days. Cultured SMCs were obtained from explants isolated from porcine abdominal aorta and used between passages 3 and 10. The proliferative activity of SMCs was examined by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay and by incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA. Fibronectin production was assessed by competitive ELISA assay for both fibronectin secreted into the culture medium (M-FN) and cell-associated fibronectin (C-FN), i.e., both intra- and peri-cellular fibronectin. Theassay revealed that AGE-BSA did not produce any change in optical density (A570) of SMCs at concentrations of up to 20 microg/ml, but decreased that of SMCs at a concentration of 40 microg/ml. The addition of PDGF (5 ng/ml) induced an increase in 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA of quiescent SMCs, while the addition of AGE-BSA (20 microg/ml) had no effect. In contrast, AGE-BSA significantly increased C-FN of SMCs (30.8+/-8.58 ng/microg TP), compared to unmodified BSA (16.5+/-4.19 ng/microg TP). However, no difference in M-FN levels was observed between cells treated with AGE-BSA and unmodified BSA. The addition of anti-transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta antibody restored the levels of C-FN in SMCs cultured in 20 microg/ml of AGE-BSA, suggesting that TGF-beta might act as an intermediate factor in AGE-induced fibronectin production by SMCs. Our results suggest that interaction of AGE-modified proteins with SMCs may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis in diabetic and non-diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sakata
- Second Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Japan.
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22
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Chen S, Hong SW, Iglesias-de la Cruz MC, Isono M, Casaretto A, Ziyadeh FN. The key role of the transforming growth factor-beta system in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Ren Fail 2001; 23:471-81. [PMID: 11499562 DOI: 10.1081/jdi-100104730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive renal injury in diabetes mellitus leads to major morbidity and mortality. The manifestations of diabetic nephropathy may be a consequence of the actions of certain cytokines and growth factors. Prominent among these is transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) because it promotes renal cell hypertrophy and stimulates extracellular matrix accumulation, the two hallmarks of diabetic renal disease. In cell culture, high ambient glucose increases TGF-beta mRNA and protein in proximal tubular, glomerular epithelial, and mesangial cells. Neutralizing anti-TGF-beta antibodies prevent the hypertrophic and matrix stimulatory effects of high glucose in these cells. In experimental and human diabetes mellitus, several reports describe overexpression of TGF-beta in the glomeruli and tubulointerstitium. We demonstrate that short-term treatment of diabetic mice with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against TGF-beta significantly reduces kidney weight and glomerular hypertrophy and attenuates the increase in extracellular matrix mRNAs. Long-term treatment of diabetic mice further improves the renal pathology and also ameliorates the functional abnormalities of diabetic nephropathy. Finally, we provide evidence that the renal TGF-beta system is significantly up-regulated in human diabetes. The kidney of a diabetic patient actually elaborates TGF-beta1 protein into the circulation whereas the kidney of a non-diabetic subject extracts TGF-beta1 from the circulation. The data we review here strongly support the hypothesis that elevated production or activity of the TGF-beta system mediates diabetic renal hypertrophy and extracellular matrix expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chen
- Penn Center for Molecular Studies of Kidney Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6144, USA
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23
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Abstract
Vascular complications in diabetes mellitus are known to be associated with the activation of the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway through the de novo synthesis of diacylglycerol (DAG) from glycolytic intermediates. Specific PKC isoforms, mainly the beta- and delta-isoforms, have been shown to be persistently activated in diabetic mellitus. Multiple studies have reported that the activation of PKC leads to increased production of extracellular matrix and cytokines, enhances contractility, permeability and vascular cell proliferation, induces the activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 and inhibits the activity of Na+-K+-ATPase. These events are not only frequently observed in diabetes mellitus but are also involved in the actions of vasoactive agents or oxidative stress. Inhibition of PKC by two different kinds of PKC inhibitors - LY333531, a selective PKC-beta-isoform inhibitor, and vitamin E, d-alpha-tocopheron - were able to prevent or reverse the various vascular dysfunctions in vitro and in vivo. Clinical studies using these compounds are now ongoing to evaluate the significance of DAG-PKC pathway activation in the development of vascular complications in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Meier
- Research Division of Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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24
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Pricci F, Leto G, Amadio L, Iacobini C, Romeo G, Cordone S, Gradini R, Barsotti P, Liu FT, Di Mario U, Pugliese G. Role of galectin-3 as a receptor for advanced glycosylation end products. KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL. SUPPLEMENT 2000; 77:S31-9. [PMID: 10997688 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.07706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The advanced glycosylation end product (AGE)-binding proteins identified so far include the components of the AGE-receptor complex p60, p90 and galectin-3, receptor for advanced glycosylation end products (RAGE), and the macrophage scavenger receptor types I and II. Galectin-3 interacts with beta-galactoside residues of several cell surface and matrix glycoproteins through the carbohydrate recognition domain and is also capable of peptide-peptide associations mediated by its N-terminus domain. These structural properties enable galectin-3 to exert multiple functions, including the modulation of cell adhesion, the control of cell cycle, and the mRNA splicing activity. Moreover, in macrophages, astrocytes, and endothelial cells, galectin-3 has been shown to exhibit a high-affinity binding for AGEs; the lack of a transmembrane anchor sequence or signal peptide suggests that it associates with other AGE-receptor components rather than playing an independent role as AGE-receptor. In tissues that are targets of diabetic vascular complications, such as the mesangium and the endothelium, galectin-3 is not expressed or only weakly expressed under basal conditions, at variance with p90 and p60 but becomes detectable with aging and is induced or up-regulated by the diabetic milieu, which only slightly affects the expression of p90 or p60. This (over)expression of galectin-3 may in turn modulate AGE-receptor-mediated events by modifying the function of the AGE-receptor complex, which could play a role in the pathogenesis of target tissue injury. Up-regulated galectin-3 expression may also exert direct effects on tissue remodeling, independently of AGE ligands, by virtue of its adhesive and growth regulating properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pricci
- Department of Clinical Sciences, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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25
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Reeves WB, Andreoli TE. Transforming growth factor beta contributes to progressive diabetic nephropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:7667-9. [PMID: 10884396 PMCID: PMC33997 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.14.7667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- W B Reeves
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas College of Medicine, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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26
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Hill C, Flyvbjerg A, Grønbaek H, Petrik J, Hill DJ, Thomas CR, Sheppard MC, Logan A. The renal expression of transforming growth factor-beta isoforms and their receptors in acute and chronic experimental diabetes in rats. Endocrinology 2000; 141:1196-208. [PMID: 10698197 DOI: 10.1210/endo.141.3.7359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factors-beta (TGF-beta) are fibrogenic factors that have been strongly implicated in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Our aim was to use two animal models [the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat and the genetically prone biobreeding (BB) rat] to fully characterize the responses of the renal TGF-beta system in both short- and long-term diabetes. In this study changes in the entire renal TGF-beta system, at both protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, have been characterized using the techniques of immunocytochemistry, Western blotting, and ribonuclease protection assay. We also used Western blotting of pro-collagen-I C-peptide to demonstrate that the rate of fibrogenesis was highest over the first 2 weeks of diabetes. TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, and receptor mRNA and protein were detected in the control nondiabetic kidney. It was found that dramatic and dynamic changes occur in all parts of the renal TGF-beta axis in both models of experimental diabetes, but TGF-beta2 and TGF-betaRII proteins were the predominant responsive element, particularly during the acute phase of disease. For example, during the acute phase of disease (0-30 days), although renal TGF-beta1 mRNA levels were elevated, no increases in the corresponding protein were detected in the kidney. By contrast, in the absence of changes in TGF-beta2 mRNA levels, twice as much TGF-beta2 protein was measured in the kidney by day 30 of STZ-induced diabetes compared with day 0 controls analyzed by Western blotting (P < 0.05), and the protein was localized both to the nuclei and cytoplasm of glomerular cells, analyzed by immunocytochemistry. In addition, three times as much TGF-betaRII protein was found by day 90 of STZ-induced diabetes compared with day 0 controls, making this the most responsive receptor type. These results suggest that the entire TGF-beta axis has a role in the etiology of kidney fibrosis and could be manipulated therapeutically to preserve kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hill
- Department of Medicine, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
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27
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Adler SG, Pahl M, Seldin MF. Deciphering diabetic nephropathy: progress using genetic strategies. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2000; 9:99-106. [PMID: 10757213 DOI: 10.1097/00041552-200003000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Pugliese G, Pricci F, Romeo G, Leto G, Amadio L, Iacobini C, Di Mario U. Autocrine and paracrine mechanisms in the early stages of diabetic nephropathy. J Endocrinol Invest 1999; 22:708-35. [PMID: 10595837 DOI: 10.1007/bf03343635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Pugliese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche, Endocrinologia III, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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29
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Bursell SE, King GL. Can protein kinase C inhibition and vitamin E prevent the development of diabetic vascular complications? Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1999; 45:169-82. [PMID: 10588370 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8227(99)00047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia causes vascular complications of diabetes possible by the activation of protein kinase C (PKC). We have provided substantial evidence that activation of PKC can lead to a whole host of vascular dysfunction in diabetes. The activation of PKC induced by hyperglycemia appears to be due to an increase in diacylglycerol (DAG) levels, a physiological activator of PKC. Studies involving cultural cells, animal models of diabetes and patients have shown that inhibition of PKC by specific PKC inhibitor was able to reverse many of the vascular dysfunctions in the retina, kidney and cardiovascular systems induced by either hyperglycemia or diabetes. In addition high doses of vitamin E were shown to decrease the level of DAG and PKC induced by diabetes or hyperglycemia. Thus animal and clinical studies have shown that high doses of vitamin E treatment can apparently reverse some of the changes in the retinal and renal vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Bursell
- Beetham Eye Institute Eye Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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30
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Abstract
Altered growth of renal cells is one of the early abnormalities detected after the onset of diabetes. Cell culture studies whereby renal cells are exposed to high glucose concentrations have provided a considerable amount of insight into mechanisms of growth. In the glomerular compartment, there is a very early and self-limited proliferation of mesangial cells with subsequent hypertrophy, whereas proximal tubular cells primarily undergo hypertrophy. There is overwhelming evidence from in vivo and cell culture studies that induction of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) system mediates the actions of high ambient glucose and that this system is pivotal for the hypertrophy of mesangial and tubular cells. Other factors such as hemodynamic forces, protein glycation products, and several mediators (for example, angiotensin II, endothelin-1, thromboxane, and platelet-derived growth factor) may further amplify the synthesis of TGF-beta and/or the expression of its receptors in the diabetic state. Cellular hypertrophy can be characterized by cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. The molecular mechanism arresting mesangial cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is the induction of cyclin-dependent kinase (CdK) inhibitors such as p27Kip1 and p21, which bind to and inactivate cyclin-CdK complexes responsible for G1-phase exit. High-glucose-induced activation of protein kinase C and stimulated TGF-beta expression appear to be essential for stimulated expression of p27Kip1. In addition, a decreased turnover of protein caused by the inhibition of proteases contributes to hypertrophy. The development of irreversible renal changes in diabetes mellitus such as glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis is always preceded by the early hypertrophic processes in the glomerular and the tubular compartments. It may still be debated whether diabetic renal hypertrophy will inevitably lead to irreversible fibrotic changes in the absence of other factors such as altered intraglomerular hemodynamics and genetic predisposition. Nevertheless, understanding cellular growth on a molecular level may help design a novel therapeutic approach to prevent or treat diabetic nephropathy effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wolf
- Department of Medicine, University of Hamburg, Germany
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31
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Oh JH, Ha H, Yu MR, Lee HB. Sequential effects of high glucose on mesangial cell transforming growth factor-beta 1 and fibronectin synthesis. Kidney Int 1998; 54:1872-8. [PMID: 9853252 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is recognized as the final common mediator of the principal lesions of diabetic nephropathy such as renal hypertrophy and mesangial expansion. To gain better understanding of the temporal relationships between high glucose (HG) and mesangial cell (MC) TGF-beta 1 synthesis and between TGF-beta 1 and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis, the present study examined early and sequential effects of HG on TGF-beta 1 and fibronectin (FN) mRNA expression and protein synthesis. METHODS Confluent primary rat MC was stimulated with 5.6 (control) or 30 (high) mM glucose after synchronizing the growth by incubation with serum-free media for 48 hours. RESULTS Mesangial cell TGF-beta 1 mRNA expression increased significantly in six hours and continued to increase until 48 hours in response to HG. The level of TGF-beta 1 mRNA was 1.5-fold higher than that of control glucose at six hours and 1.8-fold at 48 hours. TGF-beta activity in heat-activated conditioned media under HG increased 1.5- and 1.6-fold at 24 and 48 hours, respectively, compared to control glucose. FN mRNA increased significantly at 24 and 48 hours and 1.4-fold that of control glucose at both time points. FN protein also increased 1.5-fold that of control glucose at 48 hours. Anti-TGF-beta antibody completely abolished HG-induced FN synthesis. CONCLUSIONS The present finding demonstrate that HG stimulates TGF-beta 1 very early and prior to FN production and that HG-induced FN production is mediated by TGF-beta. This finding is consistent with the view that TGF-beta mediates increased ECM accumulation by MC under high glucose conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Oh
- Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soon Chun Hyang University, Seoul, Korea
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32
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HASAN Q, DUNBAR PR, MURRAY-MCINTOSH RP, NEALE TJ. Transforming growth factor ? isoforms in human glomerulonephropathies. Nephrology (Carlton) 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.1998.tb00371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Stephenson LA, Haney LB, Hussaini IM, Karns LR, Glass WF. Regulation of smooth muscle alpha-actin expression and hypertrophy in cultured mesangial cells. Kidney Int 1998; 54:1175-87. [PMID: 9767533 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesangial cells during embryonic development and glomerular disease express smooth muscle alpha-actin (alpha-SMA). We were therefore surprised when cultured mesangial cells deprived of serum markedly increased expression of alpha-SMA. Serum-deprived mesangial cells appeared larger than serum-fed mesangial cells. We hypothesized that alpha-SMA expression may be more reflective of mesangial cell hypertrophy than hyperplasia. METHODS Human mesangial cells were cultured in medium alone or with fetal bovine serum, thrombin, platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and/or transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1). Alpha-SMA expression was examined by immunofluorescence, Western blot, and Northern blot analysis. Cell size was analyzed by forward light scatter flow cytometry. RESULTS Alpha-SMA mRNA was at least tenfold more abundant after three to five days in human mesangial cells plated without serum, but beta-actin mRNA was unchanged. Serum-deprived cells contained 5.3-fold more alpha-SMA after three days and 56-fold more after five days by Western blot. Serum deprivation also increased alpha-SMA in rat and mouse mesangial cells. The effects of serum deprivation on alpha-SMA expression were reversible. Mesangial cell mitogens, thrombin or PDGF-BB, decreased alpha-SMA, but TGF-beta1 increased alpha-SMA expression and slowed mesangial cell proliferation in serum-plus medium. Flow cytometry showed that serum deprivation or TGF-beta1 treatment caused mesangial cell hypertrophy. PDGF-BB, thrombin, or thrombin receptor-activating peptide blocked hypertrophy in response to serum deprivation. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that increased alpha-SMA expression in mesangial cells reflects cellular hypertrophy rather than hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Stephenson
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk 23501-1980, USA
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34
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Fioretto P, Kim Y, Mauer M. Diabetic nephropathy as a model of reversibility of established renal lesions. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1998; 7:489-94. [PMID: 9818194 DOI: 10.1097/00041552-199809000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Fioretto
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Padova Medical School, Padua, Italy
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35
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Abstract
Nephromegaly and mesangial matrix expansion observed in the diabetic kidney are all clues of a role of growth factors in the pathogenesis of these lesions. A growing body of evidence shows that changes in (1) insulin-like growth factor I regulation, and (2) the transforming growth factor beta loop exist in the kidney in the diabetic hypertrophic kidney and in diabetic glomerulosclerosis. However, other growth factors may be involved in some diabetic renal changes. The abnormalities in growth factor content and regulation, the role of growth factors in the diabetic kidney, and the effect of hyperglycemia and advanced glycosylation end products on growth factors in the kidney are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gambaro
- Institute of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Padua, Italy
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36
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Miksík I, Deyl Z. Post-translational non-enzymatic modification of proteins. II. Separation of selected protein species after glycation and other carbonyl-mediated modifications. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 699:311-45. [PMID: 9392381 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There are two strategies applicable to revealing non-enzymatic post-translational modifications of proteins; while assaying of the hydrolytically stable adducts was the subject of our previous communication [1], here we attempted to review separation technologies for the unfragmented modified proteins. There are a few standard procedures used for this purpose, namely Laemmli gel electrophoresis, different modes of gel permeation chromatography and boronate affinity chromatography. The latter approach makes use of the vicinal hydroxy groups present in glycated proteins. Some (but not all) arising adducts exhibit typical fluorescence which can be exploited for detection. In most cases fluorescence is measured at 370/440 nm for the so-called advanced glycation products or at 335/385 nm for the only so far well characterized glycation marker (pentosidine). Some indication exists that, e.g., synchronous fluorescence detection will probably in the future add to the selectivity and allow the distinction of the different adducts arising during non-enzymatic post-translational modifications (glycation). The proteins reviewed are serum albumin, collagen and lens proteins while glycation of hemoglobin is the subject of another review within the present volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Miksík
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague
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37
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Pugliese G, Pricci F, Locuratolo N, Romeo G, Romano G, Giannini S, Cresci B, Galli G, Rotella CM, Di Mario U. Increased activity of the insulin-like growth factor system in mesangial cells cultured in high glucose conditions. Relation to glucose-enhanced extracellular matrix production. Diabetologia 1996; 39:775-84. [PMID: 8817101 DOI: 10.1007/s001250050510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that several growth factors participate in diabetic glomerular disease by mediating increased extracellular matrix accumulation and altered cell growth and turnover leading to mesangial expansion. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta has been demonstrated to be upregulated both in vivo and in vitro, whereas studies on the activity of the renal insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in experimental diabetes have provided conflicting results. We investigated the effects of prolonged exposure (4 weeks) of cultured human and rat mesangial cells to high (30 mmol/l) glucose vs iso-osmolar mannitol or normal (5.5 mmol/l) glucose levels on: 1) the autocrine/paracrine activity of the IGF system (as assessed by measuring IGF-I and II, IGF-I and II receptors, and IGF binding proteins); and, in parallel, on 2) TGF-beta 1 gene expression; 3) matrix production; and 4) cell proliferation. High glucose levels progressively increased the medium content of IGF-I and the mRNA levels for IGF-I and IGF-II, increased IGF-I and IGF-II binding and IGF-I receptor gene expression, and reduced IGF binding protein production. TGF-beta 1 transcripts and matrix accumulation and gene expression were increased in parallel, whereas cell proliferation was reduced. Iso-osmolar mannitol did not affect any of the above parameters. These experiments demonstrated that high glucose levels induce enhanced mesangial IGF activity, together with enhanced TGF-beta 1 gene expression, increased matrix production, and reduced cell proliferation. It is possible that IGFs participate in mediating diabetes-induced changes in matrix turnover leading to mesangial expansion, by acting in a paracrine/autocrine fashion within the glomerulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pugliese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale (Cattedra di Patologia Generale I), La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Iwano M, Kubo A, Nishino T, Sato H, Nishioka H, Akai Y, Kurioka H, Fujii Y, Kanauchi M, Shiiki H, Dohi K. Quantification of glomerular TGF-beta 1 mRNA in patients with diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int 1996; 49:1120-6. [PMID: 8691733 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1996.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) is a primary determinant of the mesangial expansion observed in diabetic nephropathy. In this study, we quantitated the levels of intraglomerular TGF-beta 1 mRNA in patients with diabetes mellitus using a competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Renal biopsy specimens were obtained from 29 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Total RNA was extracted from the glomeruli and reverse transcribed into cDNA with reverse transcriptase. To prepare samples containing identical amounts of beta-actin cDNA (8 pg), we performed competitive PCR by co-amplifying mutant templates of beta-actin with a unique EcoRI site. We also used this competitive PCR method to measure TGF-beta 1 cDNA by co-amplifying mutant templates of TGF-beta 1. We observed higher expression of TGF-beta 1 mRNA in glomeruli of patients with diabetic nephropathy as compared with normal glomeruli. Intraglomerular TGF-beta 1 mRNA was elevated, even in the early stage of diabetic nephropathy. Moreover, levels of intraglomerular TGF-beta 1 mRNA correlated with values of HbA1c. These data suggest that hyperglycemia induces intraglomerular TGF-beta 1 mRNA expression in vivo, and that TGF-beta 1 overproduction may be associated with the progression of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iwano
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Japan
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