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Lu J, Li Z, Yang Y, Wei F. Chronic exercise improves renal AT 1 and ETB receptor functions via modulating GRK4 expression in obese Zucker rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 2024; 46:2323532. [PMID: 38471134 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2024.2323532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity has profound benefits on health, especially in patients with cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Exercise training can reduce oxidative stress, improve renal function, and thus lower blood pressure. However, the effect of exercise training on angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1R) and endothelin subtype B receptors (ETBR)-mediated diuresis and natriuresis in obese Zucker rats is unclear. METHODS Lean and obese Zucker rats were exercised or placed on a nonmoving treadmill for 8 weeks. Blood pressure was measured by tail-cuff plethysmography, and functions of AT1R and ETBR in the kidney were measured by natriuresis, respectively. RESULTS Our data showed that exercise training improved glucose and lipid metabolism, renal function and sodium excretion in obese Zucker rats, accompanied by decreased oxidative stress and GRK4 expression in obese Zucker rats. Moreover, exercise training reduced the Candesartan-induced an increase in diuresis and natriuresis and increased ETBR agonists (BQ3020)-mediated diuresis and natriuresis in obese Zucker rats, which were associated with decreased renal AT1R expression and ETBR phosphorylation levels. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that exercise training lowers blood pressure via improving renal AT1R and ETBR function through modulating GRK4 expression in Obese Zucker Rats and provides potentially effective targets for obesity-related hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Lu
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, The Secondary Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhengsheng Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Secondary Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Yinan Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Secondary Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Fangning Wei
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Zhu J, Shao A, Wang C, Zeng C, Wang H. Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress restores the balance of renal RAS components and lowers blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 2023; 45:2202367. [PMID: 37144334 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2023.2202367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. However, the underlying mechanisms for lowering blood pressure (BP) by suppressing ER stress remain unclear. Here, we hypothesized that inhibition of ER stress could restore the balance between RAS components and lower BP in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). METHODS Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and SHRs received vehicle or 4-PBA, an ER stress inhibitor, in the drinking water for 4 weeks. BP was measured by tail-cuff plethysmography, and the expression of RAS components was examined by Western blot. RESULTS Compared with vehicle-treated WKY rats, vehicle-treated SHRs exhibited higher blood pressure and increased renal ER stress and oxidative stress, accompanied by impaired diuresis and natriuresis. Moreover, SHRs had higher ACE and AT1R and lower AT2R, ACE2, and MasR expressions in the kidney. Interestingly, 4-PBA treatment improved impaired diuresis and natriuresis and lowered blood pressure in SHRs, accompanied by reducing ACE and AT1R protein expression and increasing AT2R, ACE2, and MasR expression in the kidneys of SHRs. In addition, these changes were associated with the reduction of ER stress and oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the imbalance of renal RAS components was associated with increased ER stress in SHRs. Inhibition of ER stress with 4-PBA reversed the imbalance of renal RAS components and restored the impaired diuresis and natriuresis, which, at least in part, explains the blood pressure-lowering effects of 4-PBA in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Hospital Wanzhou District, Chongqing, China
| | - Anjing Shao
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Department of Surgery, Third People's Hospital, Kaizhou District, Chongqing, China
| | - Chensi Zeng
- Department of Hematology, Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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Wu T, Zheng Y, Huang Q, Tian S. Paeonol improves renal and vascular angiotensin II type 1 receptor function via inhibiting oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 2023; 45:2182884. [PMID: 36855263 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2023.2182884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress has been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Paeonol, a major phenolic component extracted from Moutan Cortex, exerts a beneficial effect in preventing cardiovascular disease via reducing oxidative stress. The present study investigated the protective mechanism of paeonol against high blood pressure in spontaneous hypertension rats (SHRs). METHODS Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and SHRs received vehicle or peaonol in the drinking water for 5 weeks. Blood pressure was measured by tail-cuff plethysmography and oxidative stress in kidney and vascular tissue was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbed assay. The functions of angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1R) in the kidney and mesenteric artery were measured by natriuresis and vasoconstrictor response, respectively. RESULTS Compared with vehicle-treated WKY rats, vehicle-treated SHRs exhibited higher blood pressure, increased oxidative stress, accompanied by exaggerated diuretic and natriuretic responses to candesartan (AT1 receptor antagonist) and vasoconstrictor responses to angiotensin II (Ang II). Moreover, SHRs had higher ACE and AT1R in the kidney and mesenteric artery, and higher Ang II and lower renin levels. Interestingly, paeonol treatment reduced the candesartan-induced increase in diuresis and natriuresis and vasoconstrictor responses to Ang II, and lowered blood pressure in SHRs, accompanied by reducing AT1R protein expression in the kidney and mesenteric artery of SHR, and Ang II levels in plasma and increasing renin levels in renal cortex. In addition, these changes were associated with reducing oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that paeonol improves renal and vascular AT1R functions by inhibition of oxidative stress, thus lowering blood pressure in SHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingchun Wu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Yuhua Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Qianqian Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Shui Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
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Schwartz KS, Lang JA, Stanhewicz AE. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor-mediated dilation is greater in the cutaneous microvasculature of premenopausal women compared with men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:1236-1242. [PMID: 37823205 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00382.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Differential activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) likely contributes to sex differences in cardiovascular outcomes in premenopausal women compared with age-matched men. Women demonstrate reduced activation of the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1R) compared with men, and evidence suggests that women also likely have increased sensitivity of the vasodilatory angiotensin II type 2 receptors (AT2R). However, few in vivo studies have directly examined sex differences in AT2R-mediated dilation, or the balance between AT1R- and AT2R-mediated vascular responses in humans. Using the cutaneous microcirculation as a model, we hypothesized that AT2R-mediated dilation would be greater in premenopausal women compared with men, and that AT1R-blockade would augment AT2R-mediated dilation to a greater extent in men than in women. Twelve healthy women (22 ± 3 yr) and 12 men (23 ± 5 yr) had two intradermal microdialysis fibers placed in the ventral forearm for graded infusions of compound 21 (AT2R agonist; 10-12 to 10-8 M) in a control fiber site and a site treated with 43 µM losartan (AT1R antagonist). Red blood cell flux was measured continuously by laser-Doppler flowmetry, and cutaneous vascular conductance [CVC = flux/mean arterial pressure (MAP)] was normalized to maximum [%max; 28 mM sodium nitroprusside (SNP) + 43 °C]. Women had greater AT2R-mediated dilation compared with men (women: 25 ± 4 vs. men: 15 ± 2%max, P = 0.03). Local AT1R inhibition increased AT2R-mediated dilation in men (losartan: 26 ± 4 vs. control: 15 ± 2%max, P < 0.001) but had no effect in women (losartan: 27 ± 6 vs. control: 25 ± 4%max, P > 0.05). These data suggest that premenopausal women have a greater AT2R-mediated vasodilation response than men, and that AT1R activation inhibits AT2R-mediated dilation in men, but not in women.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Premenopausal women have greater protection against cardiovascular disease than age-matched men. However, the role of vasoconstrictor angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1R) and vasodilatory angiotensin II type 2 receptors (AT2R) in mediating these sex differences is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that women have greater AT2R-mediated vasodilation than men and that AT1R negates AT2R-mediated dilation in men, but not in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey S Schwartz
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - James A Lang
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - Anna E Stanhewicz
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
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Chen H, Peng J, Wang T, Wen J, Chen S, Huang Y, Zhang Y. Counter-regulatory renin-angiotensin system in hypertension: Review and update in the era of COVID-19 pandemic. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 208:115370. [PMID: 36481346 PMCID: PMC9721294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of mortality and disability, with hypertension being the most prevalent risk factor. Excessive activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) under pathological conditions, leading to vascular remodeling and inflammation, is closely related to cardiovascular dysfunction. The counter-regulatory axis of the RAS consists of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), angiotensin (1-7), angiotensin (1-9), alamandine, proto-oncogene Mas receptor, angiotensin II type-2 receptor and Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor member D. Each of these components has been shown to counteract the effects of the overactivated RAS. In this review, we summarize the latest insights into the complexity and interplay of the counter-regulatory RAS axis in hypertension, highlight the pathophysiological functions of ACE2, a multifunctional molecule linking hypertension and COVID-19, and discuss the function and therapeutic potential of targeting this counter-regulatory RAS axis to prevent and treat hypertension in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyin Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiangyun Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Tengyao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Jielu Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Sifan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,Corresponding authors
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China,Corresponding authors
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View of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Acute Kidney Injury Induced by Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2022; 2022:9800838. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/9800838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) is a sequence of complicated events that is defined as a reduction of the blood supply followed by reperfusion. RIRI is the leading cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). Among the diverse mediators that take part in RIRI-induced AKI, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role via conventional (angiotensinogen, renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin (Ang) II, and Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R)) and nonconventional (ACE2, Ang 1-7, Ang 1-9, AT2 receptor (AT2R), and Mas receptor (MasR)) axes. RIRI alters the balance of both axes so that RAS can affect RIRI-induced AKI. In overall, the alteration of Ang II/AT1R and AKI by RIRI is important to consider. This review has looked for the effects and interactions of RAS activities during RIRI conditions.
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Steckelings UM, Widdop RE, Sturrock ED, Lubbe L, Hussain T, Kaschina E, Unger T, Hallberg A, Carey RM, Sumners C. The Angiotensin AT 2 Receptor: From a Binding Site to a Novel Therapeutic Target. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:1051-1135. [PMID: 36180112 PMCID: PMC9553111 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered more than 30 years ago, the angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) has evolved from a binding site with unknown function to a firmly established major effector within the protective arm of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and a target for new drugs in development. The AT2R represents an endogenous protective mechanism that can be manipulated in the majority of preclinical models to alleviate lung, renal, cardiovascular, metabolic, cutaneous, and neural diseases as well as cancer. This article is a comprehensive review summarizing our current knowledge of the AT2R, from its discovery to its position within the RAS and its overall functions. This is followed by an in-depth look at the characteristics of the AT2R, including its structure, intracellular signaling, homo- and heterodimerization, and expression. AT2R-selective ligands, from endogenous peptides to synthetic peptides and nonpeptide molecules that are used as research tools, are discussed. Finally, we summarize the known physiological roles of the AT2R and its abundant protective effects in multiple experimental disease models and expound on AT2R ligands that are undergoing development for clinical use. The present review highlights the controversial aspects and gaps in our knowledge of this receptor and illuminates future perspectives for AT2R research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) is now regarded as a fully functional and important component of the renin-angiotensin system, with the potential of exerting protective actions in a variety of diseases. This review provides an in-depth view of the AT2R, which has progressed from being an enigma to becoming a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Muscha Steckelings
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Lizelle Lubbe
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Tahir Hussain
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Elena Kaschina
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Thomas Unger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Robert M Carey
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Colin Sumners
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
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8
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Bone-Targeted Delivery of Novokinin as an Alternative Treatment Option for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081681. [PMID: 36015308 PMCID: PMC9416659 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory bone destructive disorder that is orchestrated by multiple systems in the body, including Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) and arachidonic acid (ArA) pathway. Current therapeutic options are not highly effective and are associated with severe side effects, including cardiovascular complications. Therefore, new safe and effective disease modulators are seriously needed. In this study, we investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of a synthetic peptide, novokinin, through Angiotensin Type (II) receptor (AT2R). Peptide drugs like novokinin suffer from plasma instability and short half-life. Thus, we developed a novel bone targeting novokinin conjugate (Novo Conj). It uses the bone as a reservoir for sustained release and protection from systemic degradation, improving stability and enhancing pharmacological efficacy. We tested Novo Conj’s anti-inflammatory effects in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rat model to prove our hypothesis by measuring various RAS and ArA pathway components. We observed that inflammation causes a significant imbalance in cardioprotective RAS components like ACE2, AT2R, and Ang 1-7 and increases the ArA inflammatory metabolites like hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs). Treatment with novokinin or Novo Conj restores balance in the RAS and favors the production of different epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which are anti-inflammatory mediators. This study demonstrated that the bone-targeted delivery improved the stability and enhanced the anti-inflammatory effects of the parent peptide novokinin in AIA. These observations offer an efficacious alternative therapy for managing RA.
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Norambuena-Soto I, Lopez-Crisosto C, Martinez-Bilbao J, Hernandez-Fuentes C, Parra V, Lavandero S, Chiong M. Angiotensin-(1-9) in hypertension. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 203:115183. [PMID: 35870482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-9) [Ang-(1-9)] is a peptide of the non-canonical renin-angiotensin system (RAS) synthesized from angiotensin I by the monopeptidase angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2). Using osmotic minipumps, infusion of Ang-(1-9) consistently reduces blood pressure in several rat hypertension models. In these animals, hypertension-induced end-organ damage is also decreased. Several pieces of evidence suggest that Ang-(1-9) is the endogenous ligand that binds and activates the type-2 angiotensin II receptor (AT2R). Activation of AT2R triggers different tissue-specific signaling pathways. This phenomenon could be explained by the ability of AT2R to form different heterodimers with other G protein-coupled receptors. Because of the antihypertensive and protective effects of AT2R activation by Ang-(1-9), associated with a short half-life of RAS peptides, several synthetic AT2R agonists have been synthesized and assayed. Some of them, particularly CGP42112, C21 and novokinin, have demonstrated antihypertensive properties. Only two synthetic AT2R agonists, C21 and LP2-3, have been tested in clinical trials, but none of them like an antihypertensive. Therefore, Ang-(1-9) is a promising antihypertensive drug that reduces hypertension-induced end-organ damage. However, further research is required to translate this finding successfully to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Norambuena-Soto
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Lopez-Crisosto
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Martinez-Bilbao
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Hernandez-Fuentes
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina Parra
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Network for the Study of High-lethality Cardiopulmonary Diseases (REECPAL), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mario Chiong
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Lin H, Geurts F, Hassler L, Batlle D, Mirabito Colafella KM, Denton KM, Zhuo JL, Li XC, Ramkumar N, Koizumi M, Matsusaka T, Nishiyama A, Hoogduijn MJ, Hoorn EJ, Danser AHJ. Kidney Angiotensin in Cardiovascular Disease: Formation and Drug Targeting. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:462-505. [PMID: 35710133 PMCID: PMC9553117 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of local formation of angiotensin II in the kidney has changed over the last 10-15 years. Local synthesis of angiotensinogen in the proximal tubule has been proposed, combined with prorenin synthesis in the collecting duct. Binding of prorenin via the so-called (pro)renin receptor has been introduced, as well as megalin-mediated uptake of filtered plasma-derived renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components. Moreover, angiotensin metabolites other than angiotensin II [notably angiotensin-(1-7)] exist, and angiotensins exert their effects via three different receptors, of which angiotensin II type 2 and Mas receptors are considered renoprotective, possibly in a sex-specific manner, whereas angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptors are believed to be deleterious. Additionally, internalized angiotensin II may stimulate intracellular receptors. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) not only generates angiotensin-(1-7) but also acts as coronavirus receptor. Multiple, if not all, cardiovascular diseases involve the kidney RAS, with renal AT1 receptors often being claimed to exert a crucial role. Urinary RAS component levels, depending on filtration, reabsorption, and local release, are believed to reflect renal RAS activity. Finally, both existing drugs (RAS inhibitors, cyclooxygenase inhibitors) and novel drugs (angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, soluble ACE2) affect renal angiotensin formation, thereby displaying cardiovascular efficacy. Particular in the case of the latter three, an important question is to what degree they induce renoprotection (e.g., in a renal RAS-dependent manner). This review provides a unifying view, explaining not only how kidney angiotensin formation occurs and how it is affected by drugs but also why drugs are renoprotective when altering the renal RAS. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Angiotensin formation in the kidney is widely accepted but little understood, and multiple, often contrasting concepts have been put forward over the last two decades. This paper offers a unifying view, simultaneously explaining how existing and novel drugs exert renoprotection by interfering with kidney angiotensin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Frank Geurts
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Luise Hassler
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Daniel Batlle
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Katrina M Mirabito Colafella
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Kate M Denton
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Jia L Zhuo
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Xiao C Li
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Nirupama Ramkumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Masahiro Koizumi
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Taiji Matsusaka
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Martin J Hoogduijn
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Ewout J Hoorn
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
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11
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Ferreira LA, Ferreira-Junior MD, Amaral KDJV, Cavalcante KVN, Pontes CNR, Cristin L, Ribeiro DS, dos Santos BG, Xavier CH, Mathias PCDF, Andersen ML, Pedrino GR, de Castro CH, Mazaro-Costa R, Gomes RM. Maternal postnatal early overfeeding induces sex-related cardiac dysfunction and alters sexually hormones levels in young offspring. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 103:108969. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.108969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Carlos CP, de Carvalho EP, Angeli Junior EV, Garcia Filho GF, Doná JPL, Batanero RPDO, Guena RDO, Agren C, Baptista MASF, Bizotto TSG, Cury PM, Chies AB. Angiotensin involvement in kidney injury induced by rheumatoid arthritis in rat. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:1271-1279. [PMID: 34037987 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Renal injury induced by rheumatoid arthritis is not clear and may be related to the angiotensin II. We aim to investigate the adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) injury in rat kidney, focusing the angiotensin II/AT1 pathway. Male Wistar rats were allocated in to three groups: Control, AIA and AIA plus losartan. The AIA was induced by injection of 100 µL of an emulsion of dissected Mycobacterium tuberculosis (50 mg/mL) on the paw. Treatment with losartan was initiated on the first day of immunization (daily subcutaneous injection, 1 mg/kg). After 60 days post immunization, we evaluated kidney function by plasma creatinine, urea and uric acid levels and creatinine depuration; kidney injury by apoptosis analysis and inflammation markers such as macrophages, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression; oxidative stress by plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS); renal expression of angiotensin receptors subtype 1 (AT1 ) and 2 (AT2 ) and plasma concentration of angiotensin II. AIA rats showed elevated plasma levels of creatinine, urea, uric acid, TBARS and Ang II and reduced creatinine depuration, and enhanced kidney macrophage number, TGF-β, caspase-3, iNOS and AT1 /AT2 receptors expression. The losartan reduced plasma creatinine and its clearance, reduced macrophages and the expression of TGF-β and iNOS in renal tissues, and reduced plasma TBARS. We conclude that AIA causes kidney injury by a physiopathological mechanism that involves AT1 stimulation in renal tissue, elevating the presence of macrophages, the expression of TGF-β and iNOS, as well the local oxidative stress, which contribute to renal function deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Patrícia Carlos
- Laboratory of Experimental Research, FACERES School of Medicine, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Enzo Prandi de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Experimental Research, FACERES School of Medicine, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - João Pedro Lot Doná
- Laboratory of Experimental Research, FACERES School of Medicine, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael de Oliveira Guena
- Laboratory of Experimental Research, FACERES School of Medicine, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Agren
- Laboratory of Experimental Research, FACERES School of Medicine, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Patricia Maluf Cury
- Laboratory of Experimental Research, FACERES School of Medicine, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Agnaldo Bruno Chies
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Marília Medical School, FAMEMA, São Paulo, Marília, Brazil
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13
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Flinn B, Royce N, Gress T, Chowdhury N, Santanam N. Dual role for angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 infection and cardiac fat. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13225. [PMID: 33660398 PMCID: PMC8013367 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been an increasingly prevalent target for investigation since its discovery 20 years ago. The finding that it serves a counterregulatory function within the traditional renin-angiotensin system, implicating it in cardiometabolic health, has increased its clinical relevance. Focus on ACE2's role in cardiometabolic health has largely centered on its apparent functions in the context of obesity. Interest in ACE2 has become even greater with the discovery that it serves as the cell receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), opening up numerous mechanisms for deleterious effects of infection. The proliferation of ACE2 within the literature coupled with its dual role in SARS-CoV-2 infection and obesity necessitates review of the current understanding of ACE2's physiological, pathophysiological, and potential therapeutic functions. This review highlights the roles of ACE2 in cardiac dysfunction and obesity, with focus on epicardial adipose tissue, to reconcile the data in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendin Flinn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Nicholas Royce
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Todd Gress
- Research Service, Hershel "Woody" Williams VA Medical Center, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Nepal Chowdhury
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, St. Mary's Heart Center, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Nalini Santanam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
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14
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Fatima N, Patel SN, Hussain T. Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor: A Target for Protection Against Hypertension, Metabolic Dysfunction, and Organ Remodeling. Hypertension 2021; 77:1845-1856. [PMID: 33840201 PMCID: PMC8115429 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.11941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system is of vital significance not only in the maintenance of blood pressure but also because of its role in the pathophysiology of different organ systems in the body. Of the 2 Ang II (angiotensin II) receptors, the AT1R (Ang II type 1 receptor) has been extensively studied for its role in mediating the classical functions of Ang II, including vasoconstriction, stimulation of renal tubular sodium reabsorption, hormonal secretion, cell proliferation, inflammation, and oxidative stress. The other receptor, AT2R (Ang II type 2 receptor), is abundantly expressed in both immune and nonimmune cells in fetal tissue. However, its expression is increased under pathological conditions in adult tissues. The role of AT2R in counteracting AT1R function has been discussed in the past 2 decades. However, with the discovery of the nonpeptide agonist C21, the significance of AT2R in various pathologies such as obesity, hypertension, and kidney diseases have been examined. This review focuses on the most recent findings on the beneficial effects of AT2R by summarizing both gene knockout studies as well as pharmacological studies, specifically highlighting its importance in blood pressure regulation, obesity/metabolism, organ protection, and relevance in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naureen Fatima
- From the Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, TX
| | - Sanket N Patel
- From the Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, TX
| | - Tahir Hussain
- From the Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, TX
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15
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Mishra JS, Kumar S. Activation of angiotensin type 2 receptor attenuates testosterone-induced hypertension and uterine vascular resistance in pregnant rats†. Biol Reprod 2021; 105:192-203. [PMID: 33739377 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder with unclear mechanisms. While hypersensitivity to angiotensin II via vasoconstrictive angiotensin type-1 receptor (AT1R) is observed in preeclampsia, the importance of vasodilatory angiotensin type-2 receptor (AT2R) in the control of vascular dysfunction is less clear. We assessed whether AT1R, AT2R, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression are altered in placental vessels of preeclamptic women and tested if ex vivo incubation with AT2R agonist Compound 21 (C21; 1 μM) could restore AT1R, AT2R, and eNOS balance. Further, using a rat model of gestational hypertension induced by elevated testosterone, we examined whether C21 (1 μg/kg/day, oral) could preserve AT1R and AT2R balance and improve blood pressure, uterine artery blood flow, and vascular function. Western blots revealed that AT1R protein level was higher while AT2R and eNOS protein were reduced in preeclamptic placental vessels, and AT2R agonist C21 decreased AT1R and increased AT2R and eNOS protein levels in preeclamptic vessels. In testosterone dams, blood pressure was higher, and uterine artery blood flow was reduced, and C21 treatment reversed these levels similar to those in controls dams. C21 attenuated the exaggerated Ang II contraction and improved endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in uterine arteries of testosterone dams. These C21-mediated vascular effects were associated with decreased AT1R and increased AT2R and eNOS protein levels. C21 also increased serum nitrate/nitrite and bradykinin production in testosterone dams and attenuated the fetoplacental growth restriction. Thus, AT1R upregulation and AT2R downregulation are observed in preeclampsia and testosterone model, and increasing AT2R activity could help restore AT1R and AT2R balance and improve gestational vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Mishra
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sathish Kumar
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Endocrinology-Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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16
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Angiotensin-(1-7)-A Potential Remedy for AKI: Insights Derived from the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10061200. [PMID: 33805760 PMCID: PMC8001321 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10061200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane-bound angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 2 serves as a receptor for the Sars-CoV-2 spike protein, permitting viral attachment to target host cells. The COVID-19 pandemic brought into light ACE2, its principal product angiotensin (Ang) 1-7, and the G protein-coupled receptor for the heptapeptide (MasR), which together form a still under-recognized arm of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). This axis counteracts vasoconstriction, inflammation and fibrosis, generated by the more familiar deleterious arm of RAS, including ACE, Ang II and the ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R). The COVID-19 disease is characterized by the depletion of ACE2 and Ang-(1-7), conceivably playing a central role in the devastating cytokine storm that characterizes this disorder. ACE2 repletion and the administration of Ang-(1-7) constitute the therapeutic options currently tested in the management of severe COVID-19 disease cases. Based on their beneficial effects, both ACE2 and Ang-(1-7) have also been suggested to slow the progression of experimental diabetic and hypertensive chronic kidney disease (CKD). Herein, we report a further step undertaken recently, utilizing this type of intervention in the management of evolving acute kidney injury (AKI), with the expectation of renal vasodilation and the attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammation, renal parenchymal damage and subsequent fibrosis. Most outcomes indicate that triggering the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis may be renoprotective in the setup of AKI. Yet, there is contradicting evidence that under certain conditions it may accelerate renal damage in CKD and AKI. The nature of these conflicting outcomes requires further elucidation.
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17
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Miyoshi M, Imakado Y, Otani L, Kaji M, Aanzai Y, Sugimoto N, Murakami T, Fukuoka M, Hohjoh H, Jia H, Kato H. Maternal protein restriction induces renal AT2R promoter hypomethylation in salt-sensitive, hypertensive rats. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:1452-1459. [PMID: 33747459 PMCID: PMC7958563 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SCOPE We previously demonstrated that protein restriction in utero induced salt-sensitive hypertension and changed renal levels of angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHRSP). Here, we investigated if this characteristic alteration of AT2R is related to AT2R DNA methylation profiles. METHODS AND RESULTS First, we examined the relation between AT2R DNA methylation and its promoter activity in vitro. Luciferase assays revealed a negative correlation between these two variables. Next, we fed SHRSP dams and grand-dams a control 20% casein diet or a 9% casein diet during pregnancy. Adult offspring and grand-offspring were supplied either water or 1% saline solution for 2 weeks. Renal AT2R promoter DNA near the TATA-box was hypomethylated, mRNA expression was suppressed, and protein expression tended to be higher, in adult offspring of mothers fed a low casein diet. Moreover, adult grand-offspring exhibited high blood pressure after salt loading, along with suppressed transcription of AT2R mRNA and elevated translated protein. CONCLUSIONS Under a fetal environment of protein restriction, the increase in protein expression due to hypomethylation of the AT2R promoter region occurs as a response to increased salt sensitivity, and controlling this mechanism may be important for the prevention of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Miyoshi
- Health NutritionGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yasuhisa Imakado
- Health NutritionGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Lila Otani
- Health NutritionGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Department of Food Science and NutritionFaculty of AgricultureKinki UniversityNaraJapan
| | - Misa Kaji
- Department of Food Science and NutritionFaculty of AgricultureKinki UniversityNaraJapan
| | - Yuki Aanzai
- Department of Food Science and NutritionFaculty of AgricultureKinki UniversityNaraJapan
| | - Naoya Sugimoto
- Department of Food Science and NutritionFaculty of AgricultureKinki UniversityNaraJapan
| | - Tetsuo Murakami
- Department of Food Science and NutritionFaculty of AgricultureKinki UniversityNaraJapan
| | | | | | - Huijuan Jia
- Health NutritionGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hisanori Kato
- Health NutritionGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
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18
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Patel S, Hussain T. Synergism between Angiotensin receptors ligands: Role of Angiotensin-(1-7) in modulating AT 2 R agonist response on nitric oxide in kidney cells. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00667. [PMID: 33197136 PMCID: PMC7668194 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-7), an endogenous agonist for the MasR, has been shown to interact with ang-II AT1 R and AT2 R. Earlier we showed a physical and functional interaction between MasR and AT2 R in response to their respective agonists ang-(1-7) and C21. Moreover, ang-(1-7) is cardio-protective via AT1 R and alters ang-II function. Such complex nature of ang-(1-7) function is not clearly understood, particularly in relation to its functional interaction with these receptors. We tested how ang-(1-7) affects AT2 R function by utilizing HK-2 cells. The HK-2 cells were treated with a wide range of concentrations of angiotensin receptor agonists. The generation of NO• in response to agonists was determined as a readout and subjected to Bliss definition (δ score) to assess the nature of functional interaction between these receptors. Preincubation with ang-(1-7) followed by incubation with endogenous AT1 R/AT2 R agonist ang-II (δ = 162) or selective AT2 R agonist C21 (δ = 304) synergized NO• formation. The synergism was also observed when the order of incubation with ang-(1-7)/C21 was reversed (δ = 484), but not when the cells were simultaneously incubated with a mixture of ang-(1-7) and C21 (δ = 76). The synergism with nonpeptidic MasR agonist AVE0991 followed by C21 (δ = 45) was minimal. Ligand binding experiment suggested the binding of ang-(1-7) with these three receptors. However, the synergism observed with ang-(1-7) and ang-II/C21 was sensitive to the antagonists of AT2 R (PD123319) and AT1 R (candesartan), but not MasR (A779). Ang-(1-7) at lower concentrations synergies the AT2 R function in an AT1 R-dependent but MasR-independent manner. This phenomenon may have a physiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Patel
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of PharmacyUniversity of HoustonHoustonTXUSA
| | - Tahir Hussain
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of PharmacyUniversity of HoustonHoustonTXUSA
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19
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Correcting the imbalanced protective RAS in COVID-19 with angiotensin AT2-receptor agonists. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:2987-3006. [PMID: 33210709 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is responsible for the global corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic enters host cells via a mechanism that includes binding to angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 2 (ACE2). Membrane-bound ACE2 is depleted as a result of this entry mechanism. The consequence is that the protective renin-angiotensin system (RAS), of which ACE2 is an essential component, is compromised through lack of production of the protective peptides angiotensin-(1-7) and angiotensin-(1-9), and therefore decreased stimulation of Mas (receptor Mas) and angiotensin AT2-receptors (AT2Rs), while angiotensin AT1-receptors (AT1Rs) are overstimulated due to less degradation of angiotensin II (Ang II) by ACE2. The protective RAS has numerous beneficial actions, including anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulative, anti-fibrotic effects along with endothelial and neural protection; opposite to the deleterious effects caused by heightened stimulation of angiotensin AT1R. Given that patients with severe COVID-19 exhibit an excessive immune response, endothelial dysfunction, increased clotting, thromboses and stroke, enhancing the activity of the protective RAS is likely beneficial. In this article, we discuss the evidence for a dysfunctional protective RAS in COVID and develop a rationale that the protective RAS imbalance in COVID-19 may be corrected by using AT2R agonists. We further review preclinical studies with AT2R agonists which suggest that AT2R stimulation may be therapeutically effective to treat COVID-19-induced disorders of various organ systems such as lung, vasculature, or the brain. Finally, we provide information on the design of a clinical trial in which patients with COVID-19 were treated with the AT2R agonist Compound 21 (C21). This trial has been completed, but results have not yet been reported.
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20
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Offringa A, Montijn R, Singh S, Paul M, Pinto YM, Pinto-Sietsma* SJ. The mechanistic overview of SARS-CoV-2 using angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 to enter the cell for replication: possible treatment options related to the renin-angiotensin system. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. CARDIOVASCULAR PHARMACOTHERAPY 2020; 6:317-325. [PMID: 32464637 PMCID: PMC7314063 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvaa053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is a healthcare crisis caused by insufficient knowledge applicable to effectively combat the virus. Therefore, different scientific discovery strategies need to be connected, to generate a rational treatment which can be made available as rapidly as possible. This relies on a solid theoretical understanding of the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and host responses, which is coupled to the practical experience of clinicians that are treating patients. Because SARS-CoV-2 enters the cell by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), targeting ACE2 to prevent such binding seems an obvious strategy to combat infection. However, ACE2 performs its functions outside the cell and was found to enter the cell only by angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R)-induced endocytosis, after which ACE2 is destroyed. This means that preventing uptake of ACE2 into the cell by blocking AT1R would be a more logical approach to limit entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the cell. Since ACE2 plays an important protective role in maintaining key biological processes, treatments should not disrupt the functional capacity of ACE2, to counterbalance the negative effects of the infection. Based on known mechanisms and knowledge of the characteristics of SARS-CoV we propose the hypothesis that the immune system facilitates SARS-CoV-2 replication which disrupts immune regulatory mechanisms. The proposed mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 causes disease immediately suggests a possible treatment, since the AT1R is a key player in this whole process. AT1R antagonists appear to be the ideal candidate for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. AT1R antagonists counterbalance the negative consequences of angiotesnin II and, in addition, they might even be involved in preventing the cellular uptake of the virus without interfering with ACE2 function. AT1R antagonists are widely available, cheap, and safe. Therefore, we propose to consider using AT1R antagonists in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Offringa
- Microbiology and System Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Roy Montijn
- Microbiology and System Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Paul
- Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yigal M Pinto
- Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sara-Joan Pinto-Sietsma*
- Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Stoll D, Yokota R, Sanches Aragão D, Casarini DE. Both aldosterone and spironolactone can modulate the intracellular ACE/ANG II/AT1 and ACE2/ANG (1-7)/MAS receptor axes in human mesangial cells. Physiol Rep 2020; 7:e14105. [PMID: 31165585 PMCID: PMC6548847 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney is an important target of the renin‐ANG‐aldosterone system (RAAS). To date, several studies have demonstrated the existence of a local RAAS in various tissues, including the renal tissue. The mineralocorticoid aldosterone is known to play a critical role in the classical RAAS; however, its effect on mesangial cells (MCs) remains to be elucidated. Based on this, our aim was to investigate whether aldosterone stimulation can modulate the intracellular RAAS of immortalized human MCs by evaluating ANG‐converting enzyme (ACE)/ANG II/ANG II receptor type 1 (AT1) and ANG‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/ANG (1‐7)/MAS receptor axes. To realise this, protein expression, enzyme activity, and immunofluorescence were performed under aldosterone stimulation and in the presence of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist spironolactone (SPI). We observed that high doses of aldosterone increase ACE activity. The effect of aldosterone on the catalytic activity of ACE was completely abolished with the pretreatment of SPI suggesting that the aldosterone‐induced cell injuries through ANG II release were attenuated. Aldosterone treatment also decreased the expression of MAS receptor, but did not alter the expression or the catalytic activity of ACE 2 and ANG (1‐7) levels. Spironolactone modulated the localization of ANG II and AT1 receptor and decreased ANG (1‐7) and MAS receptor levels. Our data suggest that both aldosterone and the MR receptor antagonist can modulate both of these axes and that spironolactone can protect MCs from the damage induced by aldosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Stoll
- Escola Paulista de Medicina - Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Yokota
- Escola Paulista de Medicina - Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danielle Sanches Aragão
- Escola Paulista de Medicina - Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dulce E Casarini
- Escola Paulista de Medicina - Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Assersen KB, Sumners C, Steckelings UM. The Renin-Angiotensin System in Hypertension, a Constantly Renewing Classic: Focus on the Angiotensin AT 2-Receptor. Can J Cardiol 2020; 36:683-693. [PMID: 32389341 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.02.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is common knowledge that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), in particular angiotensin II acting through the angiotensin AT1-receptor (AT1R), is pivotal for the regulation of blood pressure (BP) and extracellular volume. More recent findings have revealed that the RAS is far more complex than initially thought and that it harbours additional mediators and receptors, which are able to counteract and thereby fine-tune AT1R-mediated actions. This review will focus on the angiotensin AT2-receptor (AT2R), which is one of the "counter-regulatory" receptors within the RAS. It will review and discuss data related to the role of the AT2R in regulation of BP and focus on the following 3 questions: Do peripheral AT2R have an impact on BP regulation, and, if so, does this effect become apparent only under certain conditions? Are central nervous system AT2R involved in regulation of BP, and, if so, which brain areas are involved and what are the mechanisms? Does dysfunction of AT2R contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension in preeclampsia?
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper B Assersen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Colin Sumners
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - U Muscha Steckelings
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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23
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Pechlivanova D, Krumova E, Kostadinova N, Mitreva-Staleva J, Grozdanov P, Stoynev A. Protective effects of losartan on some type 2 diabetes mellitus-induced complications in Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:527-538. [PMID: 31997264 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00534-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) is characterized by resistance of insulin receptors and/or inadequate insulin secretion resulting in metabolic and structural complications including vascular diseases, arterial hypertension and different behavioral alterations. We aimed to study the effects of the antihypertensive angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist losartan on the T2DM-induced changes of exploratory behavior, anxiety, nociception and short term memory in normotensive Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The experimental model of T2DM induced by a combination of high fat diet and streptozotocin, decreased exploratory activity and increased the level of carbonylated proteins in selected brain structures in both strains; as well it increased corticosterone level, pain threshold, anxiety-like behavior, and decline short term memory only in SHRs. Losartan treatment alleviated some of the T2DM- induced metabolic complications, abolished the T2DM-induced hypo activity, and normalized the corticosterone level, carbonylated proteins in brain, nociception and memory. Losartan did not exert effect on the anxiety behavior in both strains. We showed that T2DM exerted more pronounced negative effects on the rats with comorbid hypertension as compared to normotensive rats. Overall effects on the studied behavioral parameters are related to decreased exploration of the new environment, increased anxiety-like behavior, and decline in short-term memory. The systemic sub-chronic treatment with an angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist losartan ameliorated most of these complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pechlivanova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Ekaterina Krumova
- Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nedelina Kostadinova
- Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jeny Mitreva-Staleva
- Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petar Grozdanov
- Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alexander Stoynev
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University-Sofia, St. Georgi Sofiyski Str. 1, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria
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24
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Abstract
The active hormone of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), angiotensin II (Ang II), is involved in several human diseases, driving the development and clinical use of several therapeutic drugs, mostly angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor type I (AT1R) antagonists. However, angiotensin peptides can also bind to receptors different from AT1R, in particular, angiotensin receptor type II (AT2R), resulting in biological and physiological effects different, and sometimes antagonistic, of their binding to AT1R. In the present Perspective, the components of the RAS and the therapeutic tools developed to control it will be reviewed. In particular, the characteristics of AT2R and tools to modulate its functions will be discussed. Agonists or antagonists to AT2R are potential therapeutics in cardiovascular diseases, for agonists, and in the control of pain, for antagonists, respectively. However, controlling their binding properties and their targeting to the target tissues must be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucienne Juillerat-Jeanneret
- Transplantation Center, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Chemin des Boveresses 155, CH1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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25
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Wang Y, Han L, Shen M, Jones ES, Spizzo I, Walton SL, Denton KM, Gaspari TA, Samuel CS, Widdop RE. Serelaxin and the AT 2 Receptor Agonist CGP42112 Evoked a Similar, Nonadditive, Cardiac Antifibrotic Effect in High Salt-Fed Mice That Were Refractory to Candesartan Cilexetil. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:76-87. [PMID: 32259090 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is involved in the majority of cardiovascular diseases and is a key contributor to end-organ dysfunction. In the current study, the antifibrotic effects of recombinant human relaxin-2 (serelaxin; RLX) and/or the AT2R agonist CGP42112 (CGP) were compared with those of the established AT1R antagonist, candesartan cilexetil (CAND), in a high salt-induced cardiac fibrosis model. High salt (HS; 5%) for 8 weeks did not increase systolic blood pressure in male FVB/N mice, but CAND treatment alone significantly reduced systolic blood pressure from HS-induced levels. HS significantly increased cardiac interstitial fibrosis, which was reduced by either RLX and/or CGP, which were not additive under the current experimental conditions, while CAND failed to reduce HS-induced cardiac fibrosis. The antifibrotic effects induced by RLX and/or CGP were associated with reduced myofibroblast differentiation. Additionally, all treatments inhibited the HS-induced elevation in tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1, together with trends for increased MMP-13 expression, that collectively would favor collagen degradation. Furthermore, these antifibrotic effects were associated with reduced cardiac inflammation. Collectively, these results highlight that either RXFP1 or AT2R stimulation represents novel therapeutic strategies to target fibrotic conditions, particularly in HS states that may be refractory to AT1R blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Lei Han
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Matthew Shen
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Emma S Jones
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Iresha Spizzo
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Sarah L Walton
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Kate M Denton
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Tracey A Gaspari
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia
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26
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Lima VM, Lino CA, Senger N, de Oliveira Silva T, Fonseca RIB, Bader M, Santos RAS, Júnior JD, Barreto-Chaves MLM, Diniz GP. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor mediates high fat diet-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and hypercholesterolemia. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 498:110576. [PMID: 31520674 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is the major risk factor for several cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Previous studies reported that deletion of Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) protects against metabolic dysfunctions induced by high fat (HF) diet. However, the role of AT2R in obesity-induced cardiac hypertrophy remains unclear. Male AT2R knockout (AT2RKO) and wild type (AT2RWT) mice were fed with control or HF diet for 10 weeks. HF diet increased cardiac expression of AT2R in obese mice. Deletion of AT2R did not affect body weight gain, glucose intolerance and fat mass gain induced by HF feeding. However, loss of AT2R prevented HF diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and cardiac remodeling. Mechanistically, we found that pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of AT2R prevented leptin-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro. Collectively, our results suggest that AT2R is involved in obesity-induced cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Lima
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline A Lino
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Senger
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Renata I B Fonseca
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbruck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robson A S Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato Júnior
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela P Diniz
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system is an important component of the cardiovascular system. Mounting evidence suggests that the metabolic products of angiotensin I and II - initially thought to be biologically inactive - have key roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. This non-canonical axis of the renin-angiotensin system consists of angiotensin 1-7, angiotensin 1-9, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the type 2 angiotensin II receptor (AT2R), the proto-oncogene Mas receptor and the Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor member D. Each of these components has been shown to counteract the effects of the classical renin-angiotensin system. This counter-regulatory renin-angiotensin system has a central role in the pathogenesis and development of various cardiovascular diseases and, therefore, represents a potential therapeutic target. In this Review, we provide the latest insights into the complexity and interplay of the components of the non-canonical renin-angiotensin system, and discuss the function and therapeutic potential of targeting this system to treat cardiovascular disease.
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Castoldi G, di Gioia CRT, Roma F, Carletti R, Manzoni G, Stella A, Zerbini G, Perseghin G. Activation of angiotensin type 2 (AT2) receptors prevents myocardial hypertrophy in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Acta Diabetol 2019; 56:97-104. [PMID: 30187136 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-018-1220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Compound 21 (C21), selective AT2 receptor agonist, has cardioprotective effects in experimental models of hypertension and myocardial infarction. The aims of the study was to evaluate the effect of C21, losartan, or both in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats (type 2 diabetes) on (1) the prevention of myocardial hypertrophy; (2) myocardial expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a target gene of miR-30a-3p, involved in myocardial remodelling. METHODS Experiments were performed in ZDF (n = 33) and in control Lean (8) rats. From the 6th to the 20th week of age, we administered C21 (0.3 mg/kg/day) to 8 ZDF rats. 8 ZDF rats were treated with losartan (10 mg/kg/day), 8 rats underwent combination treatment, C21+ losartan, and 9 ZDF rats were left untreated. Blood glucose and blood pressure were measured every 4 weeks. At the end of the study the hearts were removed, the apex was cut for the quantification of PTEN mRNA and miR-30a-3p expression (realtime-PCR). Myocardial hypertrophy was evaluated by histomorphometric analysis, and nitrotyrosine expression (as marker of oxidative stress) by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS ZDF rats had higher blood glucose (p < 0.0001) with respect to control Lean rats, while blood pressure did not change. Both parameters were not modified by C21 treatment, while losartan and losartan + C21 reduced blood pressure in ZDF rats (p < 0.05). miR-30a-3p expression was increased in ZDF rats (p < 0.01) and PTEN mRNA expression was decreased (p < 0.05). ZDF rats developed myocardial hypertrophy (p < 0.01) and increased oxidative stress (p < 0.01), both were prevented by C21 or losartan, or combination treatment. C21 or losartan normalized the expression of miR-30a-3p and PTEN. CONCLUSIONS Activation of AT2 receptors or AT1 receptor blockade prevents the development of myocardial hypertrophy in ZDF rats. This occurs through the modulation of the miR-30a-3p/PTEN interaction.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Cardiomegaly/etiology
- Cardiomegaly/pathology
- Cardiomegaly/prevention & control
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diabetic Cardiomyopathies/pathology
- Diabetic Cardiomyopathies/prevention & control
- Losartan/pharmacology
- Male
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/drug therapy
- Obesity/pathology
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Zucker
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/agonists
- Sulfonamides/therapeutic use
- Thiophenes/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Castoldi
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore, 48, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy.
| | - Cira R T di Gioia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche, Oncologiche e Anatomopatologiche, Istituto di Anatomia Patologica, Sapienza Universita' di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Roma
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore, 48, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy
| | - Raffaella Carletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche, Oncologiche e Anatomopatologiche, Istituto di Anatomia Patologica, Sapienza Universita' di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Manzoni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Riabilitazione, Policlinico di Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - Andrea Stella
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore, 48, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Zerbini
- Unità Complicanze del Diabete, Diabetes Research Institute, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Perseghin
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore, 48, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Riabilitazione, Policlinico di Monza, Monza, Italy
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Gonzalez L, Novoa U, Moya J, Gabrielli L, Jalil JE, García L, Chiong M, Lavandero S, Ocaranza MP. Angiotensin-(1-9) reduces cardiovascular and renal inflammation in experimental renin-independent hypertension. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 156:357-370. [PMID: 30179588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension-induced cardiovascular and renal damage can be mediated by activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. There are different factors beyond renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system involved in hypertension and renal damage. Inflammation has emerged as an important mediator of hypertension and cardiovascular and kidney damage. Angiotensin-(1-9), a peptide of the renin-angiotensin system, counter-regulates both the physiological and pathological actions of angiotensin II. Recent data has shown that angiotensin-(1-9) protects the heart and blood vessels from adverse cardiovascular remodeling in experimental models of hypertension and/or heart failure and reduces cardiac fibrosis in stroke-prone, spontaneously hypertensive rats. These effects are mediated by the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R). However, it remains unknown whether angiotensin-(1-9) also has an anti-inflammatory effect. In the present study, we investigate whether angiotensin-(1-9) reduces inflammation and fibrosis in the heart, arteries, and kidney in a DOCA-salt hypertensive model and explore the mechanisms underlying the amelioration of end-organ damage. DOCA-salt hypertensive rats received: a) vehicle, b) angiotensin-(1-9), c) PD123319 (AT2R blocker), d) angiotensin-(1-9) plus A779 (a Mas receptor blocker) or e) angiotensin-(1-9) plus PD123319, and sham rats were used as a control. Our results showed that angiotensin-(1-9) decreased hypertension and increased vasodilation in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. These actions were partially inhibited by PD123319. Moreover, angiotensin-(1-9) decreased diuresis, fibrosis, and inflammation. These beneficial effects were not mediated by Mas or AT2R blockers. We concluded that angiotensin-(1-9) protects against volume overload-induced hypertensive cardiovascular and kidney damage by decreasing inflammation in the heart, aortic wall, and kidney, through mechanisms independent of the Mas or AT2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Gonzalez
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia, Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Division Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Ulises Novoa
- Departmento de Ciencias Basicas Biomedicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Chile
| | - Jackeline Moya
- Division Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Luigi Gabrielli
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia, Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Division Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Jorge E Jalil
- Division Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Lorena García
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) & Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cancer (CEMC), Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Mario Chiong
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) & Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cancer (CEMC), Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) & Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cancer (CEMC), Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - María Paz Ocaranza
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia, Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Division Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
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Toedebusch R, Belenchia A, Pulakat L. Cell-Specific Protective Signaling Induced by the Novel AT2R-Agonist NP-6A4 on Human Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:928. [PMID: 30186168 PMCID: PMC6111462 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease incidence continues to rise and new treatment paradigms are warranted. We reported previously that activation of Angiotensin II receptor (encoded by the X-linked Agtr2 gene) by a new peptide agonist, NP-6A4, was more effective in protecting mouse cardiomyocyte HL-1 cells and human coronary artery vascular smooth muscle cells (hCAVSMCs) from acute nutrient deficiency than other drugs tested. To elucidate further the protective effects of NP-6A4 in human cells, we studied the effects of NP-6A4 treatment on functions of human coronary artery endothelial cells (hCAECs), and hCAVSMCs. In hCAVSMCs, NP-6A4 (1 μM) increased Agtr2 mRNA (sixfold, p < 0.05) after 12-h exposure, whereas in hCAECs, significant increase in Agtr2 mRNA (hCAECs: eightfold) was observed after prolonged exposure. Interestingly, NP-6A4 treatment (1 μM, 12 h) increased AT2R protein levels in all human cells tested. Pre-treatment with AT2R-antagonist PD123319 (20 μM) and anti-AT2R siRNA (1 μM) suppressed this effect. Thus, NP-6A4 activates a positive feedback loop for AT2R expression and signaling in hCAVSMCs and hCAECs. NP-6A4 (1–20 μM) increased cell index (CI) of hCAVSMCs as determined by real time cell analyzer (RTCA), indicating that high concentrations of NP-6A4 were not cytotoxic for hCAVSMCs, rather promoting better cell attachment and growth. Seahorse Extracellular Flux Assay revealed that NP-6A4 (1 μM) treatment for 7 days increased whole cell-based mitochondrial parameters of hCAVSMCs, specifically maximal respiration (p < 0.05), spare respiratory capacity (p < 0.05) and ATP production (p < 0.05). NP-6A4 (1 μM; 7 days) also suppressed Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in hCAVSMCs. Exposure to Doxorubicin (DOXO) (1 μM) increased ROS in hCAVSMCs and this effect was suppressed by NP-6A4 (1 μM). In hCAECs grown in complete medium, NP-6A4 (1 μM) and Ang II (1 μM) exerted similar changes in CI. Additionally, NP-6A4 (5 μM: 12 h) increased expression of eNOS (sixfold, p < 0.05) and generation of nitric oxide (1.3-fold, p < 0.05) in hCAECs and pre-treatment with PD123319 (20 μM) suppressed this effect partially (65%). Finally, NP-6A4 decreased phosphorylation of Jun-N-terminal kinase, implicated in apoptosis of ECs in atherosclerotic sites. Taken together, NP-6A4, through its ability to increase AT2R expression and signaling, exerts different cell-specific protective effects in human VSMCs and ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Toedebusch
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Anthony Belenchia
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Lakshmi Pulakat
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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31
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) and receptor Mas (MasR) are part of the "protective arm" of the renin angiotensin system. Gene and pharmacological manipulation studies reveal that AT2R and MasR are involved in natriuretic, vasodilatory, and anti-inflammatory responses and in lowering blood pressure in various animal models under normal and pathological conditions such as salt-sensitive hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. The scope of this review is to discuss co-localization and heterodimerization as potential molecular mechanisms of AT2R- and MasR-mediated functions including antihypertensive activities. RECENT FINDINGS Accumulating evidences show that AT2R and MasR are co-localized, make a heterodimer, and are functionally interdependent in producing their physiological responses. Moreover, ang-(1-7) preferably may be an AT1R-biased agonist while acting as a MasR agonist. The physical interactions of AT2R and MasR appear to be an important mechanism by which these receptors are involved in blood pressure regulation and antihypertensive activity. Whether heteromers of these receptors influence affinity or efficacy of endogenous or synthetic agonists remains a question to be considered.
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32
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review updates major new findings and concepts introduced during the past year on the role of angiotensin II (Ang II) subtype 2 receptors (AT2Rs) in the control of blood pressure and renal function. RECENT FINDINGS AT2R activation prevents sodium (Na) retention and lowers blood pressure in the Ang II infusion model of experimental hypertension and prevents salt-sensitive hypertension in the obese Zucker rat model of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Ang II metabolite, des-aspartyl-Ang II (Ang III) is the predominant AT2R agonist in the kidney and possibly also in the vasculature; a novel synthetic Ang III peptide, β-Pro-Ang III, is vasodepressor and lowers blood pressure in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats in the presence of low-level Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockade. Because nitric oxide is a product of AT2R activation, a potential feed-forward loop, wherein nitric oxide increases AT2R transcription, may reinforce the beneficial actions of AT2R in the long term. AT2R activation also reduces proteinuria and oxidative stress in glomerulosclerotic kidneys of high-salt obese Zucker rats. SUMMARY Studies during the past year have helped to clarify the physiological and pathophysiological roles of AT2Rs and have enhanced the promise of AT2R agonists in cardiovascular and renal disease.
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33
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Casalechi M, Dela Cruz C, Lima LC, Maciel LP, Pereira VM, Reis FM. Angiotensin peptides in the non-gravid uterus: Paracrine actions beyond circulation. Peptides 2018; 101:145-149. [PMID: 29367076 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) involves a complex network of precursors, peptides, enzymes and receptors comprising a systemic (endocrine) and a local (paracrine/autocrine) system. The local RAS plays important roles in tissue modulation and may operate independently of or in close interaction with the circulatory RAS, acting in a complementary fashion. Angiotensin (Ang) II, its receptor AT1 and Ang-(1-7) expression in the endometrium vary with menstrual cycle, and stromal cell decidualization in vitro is accompanied by local synthesis of angiotensinogen and prorenin. Mas receptor is unlikely to undergo marked changes accompanying the cyclic ovarian steroid hormone fluctuations. Studies investigating the functional relevance of the RAS in the non-gravid uterus show a number of paracrine effects beyond circulation and suggest that RAS peptides may be involved in the pathophysiology of proliferative and fibrotic diseases. Endometrial cancer is associated with increased expression of Ang II, Ang-converting enzyme 1 and AT1 in the tumoral tissue compared to neighboring non-neoplastic endometrium, and also with a gene polymorphism that enhances AT1 signal. Ang II induces human endometrial cells to transdifferentiate into cells with myofibroblast phenotype and to synthetize extracellular matrix components that might contribute to endometrial fibrosis. Altogether, these findings point to a fully operating RAS within the uterus, but since many concepts rely on preliminary evidence further studies are needed to clarify the role of the local RAS in uterine physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Casalechi
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Dela Cruz
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiza C Lima
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luciana P Maciel
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Virgínia M Pereira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Reis
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Yang Y, Chen C, Fu C, Xu Z, Lan C, Zeng Y, Chen Z, Jose PA, Zhang Y, Zeng C. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor inhibits expression and function of insulin receptor in rat renal proximal tubule cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 12:135-145. [PMID: 29289466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Both renin-angiotensin systems and insulin participate in kidney-involved blood pressure regulation. Activation of angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) decreases sodium reabsorption in renal proximal tubule (RPT) cells, whereas insulin produces the opposite effect. We presume that AT2R has an inhibitory effect on insulin receptor expression in RPT cells, which may affect renal sodium transport and therefore be of physiological or pathological significance. Our present study found that activation of AT2R inhibited insulin receptor expression in a concentration and time-dependent manner in RPT cells from Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. In the presence of a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor (PKC inhibitor peptide 19-31, 10-6 mol/L) or a phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase inhibitor (wortmannin, 10-6 mol/L), the inhibitory effect of AT2R on insulin receptor was blocked, indicating that both PKC and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase were involved in the signaling pathway. There was a linkage between AT2R and insulin receptor which was determined by both laser confocal microscopy and coimmunoprecipitation. However, the effect of AT2R activation on insulin receptor expression was different in RPT cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Being contrary to the effect in WKY RPT cells, AT2R stimulation increased insulin receptor in SHR RPT cells. Insulin (10-7 mol/L, 15 minutes) enhanced Na+-K+-ATPase activity in both WKY and SHR RPT cells. Pretreatment with CGP42112 decreased the stimulatory effect of insulin on Na+-K+-ATPase activity in WKY RPT cells, whereas pretreatment with CGP42112 increased it in SHR RPT cells. It is suggested that activation of AT2R inhibits insulin receptor expression and function in RPT cells. The lost inhibitory effect of AT2R on insulin receptor expression may contribute to the pathophysiology of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Research Center, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Caiyu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Research Center, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Chunjiang Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Research Center, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Zaicheng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Research Center, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Cong Lan
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Research Center, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yongchun Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Research Center, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Research Center, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Disease & Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Research Center, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China.
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Research Center, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China.
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Steckelings UM, Kloet AD, Sumners C. Centrally Mediated Cardiovascular Actions of the Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:684-693. [PMID: 28733135 PMCID: PMC5563271 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sustained increases in the activity of the sympathetic neural pathways that exit the brain and which increase blood pressure (BP) are a major underlying factor in resistant hypertension. Recently available information on the occurrence of angiotensin II type 2 receptors (AT2Rs) within or adjacent to brain cardiovascular control centers is consistent with findings that stimulation of these receptors lowers BP, particularly during hypertension of neurogenic origin. Until recently brain AT2R had not been considered by many to play a role in the central control of BP. Demonstration of these powerful antihypertensive effects of brain AT2R opens the door to reconsideration of their role in BP regulation, and their consideration as a novel therapeutic avenue for resistant hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Muscha Steckelings
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Annette de Kloet
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Colin Sumners
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
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36
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Goru SK, Kadakol A, Malek V, Pandey A, Sharma N, Gaikwad AB. Diminazene aceturate prevents nephropathy by increasing glomerular ACE2 and AT 2 receptor expression in a rat model of type1 diabetes. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3118-3130. [PMID: 28688122 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE One of the protective actions of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) is the inactivation of angiotensin II. Expression and activity of ACE2 was reduced in glomeruli of diabetic patients and in animal models of diabetes. Recently the potential role of recombinant ACE2 administration in preventing diabetic nephropathy (DN) has been shown. Here we have tested the effects of the ACE2 activator, diminazene aceturate (DIZE), in a model of DN. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male Wistar rats were rendered diabetic using a single dose of streptozotocin (55 mg·kg-1 , i.p.). After 4 weeks, diabetic animals were divided into experimental groups and treated with DIZE, at a low dose (5 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 ), a high dose (15 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 ) and the high dose with of the AT2 receptor antagonist PD123319 (10 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 ). At the end of the treatment , kidneys from all the groups were collected and processed separately for glomerular isolation, protein isolation, mRNA extraction and for immunohistochemical studies. KEY RESULTS Treatment with DIZE restored ACE2 expression in glomeruli and increased expression of AT2 receptors in whole kidney and isolated glomeruli of diabetic animals. DIZE administration reduced angiotensin II levels and increased angiotensin-(1-7) levels in diabetic kidney. However, PD123319 treatment reversed all these actions of DIZE. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS DIZE treatment reduced diabetes-induced renal damage as shown by reduction of fibrosis and apoptosis. These protective actions of DIZE were blocked by the AT2 receptor antagonist. Taken together, these results suggest that DIZE protected against DN through the ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7)/ AT2 receptor axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Goru
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Almesh Kadakol
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vajir Malek
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anuradha Pandey
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nisha Sharma
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anil Bhanudas Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
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37
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Kaschina E, Namsolleck P, Unger T. AT2 receptors in cardiovascular and renal diseases. Pharmacol Res 2017; 125:39-47. [PMID: 28694144 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular and renal diseases. These actions mediated by AT1 receptor (AT1R) are well established and led to development of selective AT1R blockers (ARBs). In contrast, there is scientific evidence that AT2 receptor (AT2R) mediates effects different from and often opposing those of the AT1R. Meagrely expressed in healthy tissue the AT2R is upregulated in injuries providing an endogenous protection to inflammatory, oxidative and apoptotic processes. Interestingly the beneficial effects mediated by AT2R can be further enhanced by pharmacological intervention using the recently developed AT2R agonists. This review article summarizes our current knowledge about regulation, signalling and effects mediated by AT2R in health and disease, with emphasis on cardiac and renal systems. At the end a novel concept of natural protective systems will be introduced and discussed as an attractive target in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kaschina
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Germany.
| | | | - Thomas Unger
- CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Li XC, Zhang J, Zhuo JL. The vasoprotective axes of the renin-angiotensin system: Physiological relevance and therapeutic implications in cardiovascular, hypertensive and kidney diseases. Pharmacol Res 2017; 125:21-38. [PMID: 28619367 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is undisputedly one of the most prominent endocrine (tissue-to-tissue), paracrine (cell-to-cell) and intracrine (intracellular/nuclear) vasoactive systems in the physiological regulation of neural, cardiovascular, blood pressure, and kidney function. The importance of the RAS in the development and pathogenesis of cardiovascular, hypertensive and kidney diseases has now been firmly established in clinical trials and practice using renin inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, type 1 (AT1) angiotensin II (ANG II) receptor blockers (ARBs), or aldosterone receptor antagonists as major therapeutic drugs. The major mechanisms of actions for these RAS inhibitors or receptor blockers are mediated primarily by blocking the detrimental effects of the classic angiotensinogen/renin/ACE/ANG II/AT1/aldosterone axis. However, the RAS has expanded from this classic axis to include several other complex biochemical and physiological axes, which are derived from the metabolism of this classic axis. Currently, at least five axes of the RAS have been described, with each having its key substrate, enzyme, effector peptide, receptor, and/or downstream signaling pathways. These include the classic angiotensinogen/renin/ACE/ANG II/AT1 receptor, the ANG II/APA/ANG III/AT2/NO/cGMP, the ANG I/ANG II/ACE2/ANG (1-7)/Mas receptor, the prorenin/renin/prorenin receptor (PRR or Atp6ap2)/MAP kinases ERK1/2/V-ATPase, and the ANG III/APN/ANG IV/IRAP/AT4 receptor axes. Since the roles and therapeutic implications of the classic angiotensinogen/renin/ACE/ANG II/AT1 receptor axis have been extensively reviewed, this article will focus primarily on reviewing the roles and therapeutic implications of the vasoprotective axes of the RAS in cardiovascular, hypertensive and kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao C Li
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jia L Zhuo
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA.
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Al-Gburi S, Deussen AJ, Galli R, Muders MH, Zatschler B, Neisser A, Müller B, Kopaliani I. Sex-specific differences in age-dependent progression of aortic dysfunction and related cardiac remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 312:R835-R849. [PMID: 28274938 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00231.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Evidence of sex-specific differences in renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) and arterial pressure has been shown in many mammals, including spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Although SHRs have been used extensively as a leading experimental model of hypertension, the effects of sex-specific differences in RAS on aortic function and related cardiac remodeling during aging and hypertension have not been documented in detail. We examined structural and functional changes in aorta and heart of female and male SHRs at the ages of 5, 14, 29, and 36 wk. SHRs of both sexes were hypertensive from 14 wk. Aortic endothelial dysfunction and fibrosis, left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, and cardiac fibrosis were evident at the age of 29 wk in male SHRs but first appeared only at the age of 36 wk in female SHRs. There was a pronounced delay of matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity in the aorta and heart of female SHRs, which was associated with preservation of 40% more elastin and less extensive cardiac fibrosis than in males. At 5, 29, and 36 wk of age, female SHRs showed higher levels of aortic and myocardial AT2R and MasR mRNA and decreased ANG II-mediated aortic constriction. Although female SHRs had increased relaxation to AT2R stimulation at 5 and 29 wk compared with males, this difference disappeared at 36 wk of age. This study documents sex-specific differences in the temporal progression of aortic dysfunction and LV hypertrophy in SHRs, which are independent of arterial pressure and are apparently mediated by higher AT2R expression in the heart and aorta of female SHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Al-Gburi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas J Deussen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany;
| | - Roberta Galli
- Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael H Muders
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; and
| | - Birgit Zatschler
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Neisser
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bianca Müller
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Irakli Kopaliani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Thatcher SE. A Brief Introduction into the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: New and Old Techniques. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1614:1-19. [PMID: 28500591 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7030-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a complex system of enzymes, receptors, and peptides that help to control blood pressure and fluid homeostasis. Techniques in studying the RAAS can be difficult due to such factors as peptide/enzyme stability and receptor localization. This paper gives a brief account of the different components of the RAAS and current methods in measuring each component. There is also a discussion of different methods in measuring stem and immune cells by flow cytometry, hypertension, atherosclerosis, oxidative stress, energy balance, and other RAAS-activated phenotypes. While studies on the RAAS have been performed for over 100 years, new techniques have allowed scientists to come up with new insights into this system. These techniques are detailed in this Methods in Molecular Biology Series and give students new to studying the RAAS the proper controls and technical details needed to perform each procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E Thatcher
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Charles T. Wethington Bldg, 593, 900 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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Ruchaya PJ, Speretta GF, Blanch GT, Li H, Sumners C, Menani JV, Colombari E, Colombari DSA. Overexpression of AT2R in the solitary-vagal complex improves baroreflex in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Neuropeptides 2016; 60:29-36. [PMID: 27469059 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological effects of increased angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) expression in the solitary-vagal complex (nucleus of the solitary tract/dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus; NTS/DVM) on baroreflex function in non-anaesthetised normotensive (NT) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Ten week old NT Holtzman and SHR were microinjected with either an adeno-associated virus expressing AT2R (AAV2-CBA-AT2R) or enhanced green fluorescent protein (control; AAV2-CBA-eGFP) into the NTS/DVM. Baroreflex and telemetry recordings were performed on four experimental groups: 1) NTeGFP, 2) NTAT2R, 3) SHReGFP and 4) SHRAT2R (n=4-7/group). Following in-vivo experimental procedures, brains were harvested for gene expression analysis. Impaired bradycardia in SHReGFP was restored in SHR rats overexpressing AT2R in the NTS/DMV. mRNA levels of angiotensin converting enzyme decreased and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 increased in the NTS/DMV of SHRAT2R compared to SHReGFP. Increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels in the SHReGFP group also decreased in the SHRAT2R group. AT2R overexpression did not elicit any significant change in mean arterial pressure (MAP) in all groups from baseline to 4weeks post viral transfection. Both SHReGFP and SHRAT2R showed a significant elevation in MAP compared to the NTeGFP and NTAT2R groups. Increased AT2R expression within the NTS/DMV of SHR was effective at improving baroreflex function but not MAP. We propose possible mediators involved in improving baroreflex are in the ANG II/ACE2 axis, suggesting a potential beneficial modulatory effect of AT2R overexpression in the NTS/DMV of neurogenic hypertensive rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant J Ruchaya
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme F Speretta
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Graziela Torres Blanch
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Hongwei Li
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Colin Sumners
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - José V Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Débora S A Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Angiotensin type-2 (AT-2)-receptor activation reduces renal fibrosis in cyclosporine nephropathy: evidence for blood pressure independent effect. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:BSR20160278. [PMID: 27679859 PMCID: PMC5293591 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Compound 21 (C21), selective agonist of angiotensin type-2 (AT-2) receptors, shows anti-inflammatory effects in experimental models of hypertension and nephroprotection in diabetes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of C21 in cyclosporine nephropathy, which is characterized mainly by tubulo-interstitial fibrosis. Ten days before and during the experimental periods, low-salt diet was administered to Sprague–Dawley rats. Cyclosporine-A (CsA; 15 mg/kg per day, intraperitoneal injection) and CsA plus C21 (0.3 mg/kg per day, intraperitoneal injection) were administered for 1 and 4 weeks. Control groups were left without any treatment. Blood pressure (plethysmographic method) and 24 h urinary albumin excretion were measured once a week. At the end of the experimental protocols, the kidneys were excised for histomorphometric analysis of renal fibrosis and for immunohistochemical evaluation of inflammatory infiltrates and type I and type IV collagen expression. After 1 and 4 weeks, the rats treated with CsA showed a significant increase (P<0.01) in blood pressure, no significant changes in urinary albumin excretion and a significant increase (P<0.01) in glomerular and tubulo-interstitial fibrosis and inflammatory infiltrates as compared with the control rats. Treatment with C21 did not modify the CsA dependent increase of blood pressure, which was higher than in control rats, but after 4 weeks of treatment significantly reduced (P<0.01) glomerular and tubulo-interstitial fibrosis, type 1 collagen expression and macrophage infiltration, as compared with rats treated with cyclosporine. The administration of C21 showed a protective effect on cyclosporine nephropathy, decreasing renal fibrosis and macrophage infiltration. These data suggest that C21 may counteract tubulo-interstitial fibrosis, the most potent predictor of the progression of renal diseases.
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibits high-mobility group box 1 and attenuates cardiac dysfunction post-myocardial ischemia. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:37-49. [PMID: 26498282 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) triggers and amplifies inflammation cascade following ischemic injury, and its elevated levels are associated with adverse clinical outcomes in patients with myocardial infarction (MI). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a key member of vasoprotective axis of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), regulates cardiovascular functions and exerts beneficial effects in cardiovascular disease. However, the association between HMGB1 and ACE2 has not been studied. We hypothesized that overexpression of ACE2 provides cardioprotective effects against MI via inhibiting HMGB1 and inflammation. ACE2 knock-in (KI) mice and littermate wild-type (WT) controls were subjected to either sham or coronary artery ligation surgery to induce MI. Heart function was assessed 4 weeks after surgery using echocardiography and Millar catheterization. Tissues were collected for histology and analysis of the expression of HMGB1, RAS components, and inflammatory cytokines. ACE2 in the heart of the ACE2 KI mice was 58-fold higher than WT controls. ACE2-MI mice exhibited a remarkable preservation of cardiac function and reduction of infarct size in comparison to WT-MI mice. Notably, ACE2 overexpression significantly reduced the MI-induced increase in apoptosis, macrophage infiltration, and HMGB1 and proinflammatory cytokine expression (TNF-α and IL-6). Moreover, in an in vitro study, ACE2 activation prevented the hypoxia-induced cell death and upregulation of HMGB1 in adult cardiomyocytes. This protective effect is correlated with downregulation of HMGB1 and downstream proinflammatory cascades, which could be useful for the development of novel treatment for ischemic heart disease.
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Ali Q, Dhande I, Samuel P, Hussain T. Angiotensin type 2 receptor null mice express reduced levels of renal angiotensin II type 2 receptor/angiotensin (1-7)/Mas receptor and exhibit greater high-fat diet-induced kidney injury. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2016; 17:17/3/1470320316661871. [PMID: 27496559 PMCID: PMC5843939 DOI: 10.1177/1470320316661871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Renin–angiotensin system (RAS) components exert diverse physiological functions and have been sub-grouped into deleterious angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)/angiotensin II (Ang II)/angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) and protective ACE2/angiotensin (1-7) (Ang-(1-7))/Mas receptor (MasR) axes. We have reported that chronic activation of angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) alters RAS components and provides protection against obesity-related kidney injury. Materials and methods: We utilized AT2R knockout (AT2KO) mice in this study and evaluated the renal expression of various RAS components and examined the renal injury after placing these mice on high fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks. Results: The cortical ACE2 activity and MasR expression were significantly decreased in AT2KO mice compared to wild type (WT) mice. LC/MS analysis revealed an increase in renal Ang II levels and a decrease in Ang-(1-7) levels in AT2KO mice. Cortical expression of ACE and AT1R was increased but renin activity remained unchanged in AT2KO compared with WT mice. WT mice fed HFD exhibited increased systolic blood pressure, higher indices of kidney injury, mesangial matrix expansion score, and microalbuminuria, which were further increased in AT2KO mice. Conclusion: This study suggests that deletion of AT2R decreases the expression of the beneficial ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR and increases the deleterious ACE/Ang II/AT1R axis of the renal RAS in mice. Further, AT2KO mice are more susceptible to HFD-induced renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quaisar Ali
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, USA
| | - Isha Dhande
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, USA
| | - Preethi Samuel
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, USA
| | - Tahir Hussain
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, USA
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Wang M, Zhang X, Song X, Zou X, Wu W, Wang Y, Lin B, Li R, Hu F, Zhao H. Nodular glomerulosclerosis and renin angiotensin system in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 427:92-100. [PMID: 26973293 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a multifactorial and polygenic disease with nodular glomerulosclerosis (NGS) pathognomonic for diabetes and hypertension. Patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension have characteristic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) gene polymorphisms. METHODS AND RESULTS In this retrospective cohort study, we correlated the presence of NGS with renal function, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genotypes (DD, DI, and II), angiotensinogen (AGT) genotypes (MM, MT, and TT) and immunohistochemical staining characteristics of RAS components in 847 patients and 172 consecutive autopsy cases with type 2 diabetes. T allele of AGT was associated with macroalbuminuria (P = 0.040). Multitude regression analysis revealed ACE insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism as an independent determinant for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 60 mL min(-1)·1.73 m(-2) (DD carriers: odds ratio [OR] = 3.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.08-11.07; DI carriers: OR = 3.51, 95% CI = 1.63-7.56). A significant association between NGS and eGFR less than 60 mL min(-1)·1.73 m(-2) also persisted after adjusting for nonlinear relationship (P < 0.001). In NGS patients, immunoreactivity of angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) significantly decreased in glomeruli with mesangial nodules compared with glomeruli without the mesangial nodules. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest associations of ACE D allele with glomerular filtration impairment, and NGS with glomerular ACE2 down-regulation and reduced glomerular filtration in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Center for Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Center for Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xinnan Song
- Center for Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xia Zou
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Center for Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Weijie Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Center for Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yanchao Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Center for Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Bingjie Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Center for Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Rong Li
- Center for Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Endocrinology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Fang Hu
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Hailu Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Center for Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China.
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Abstract
Although angiotensin II subtype-2 receptor (AT2R) was discovered over 2 decades ago, its contribution to physiology and pathophysiology is not fully elucidated. Current knowledge suggests that under normal physiologic conditions, AT2R counterbalances the effects of angiotensin II subtype-1 receptor (AT1R). A major obstacle for AT2R investigations was the lack of specific agonists. Most of the earlier AT2R studies were performed using the peptidic agonist, CG42112A, or the nonpeptidic antagonist PD123319. CGP42112A is nonspecific for AT2R and in higher concentrations can bind to AT1R. Recently, the development of specific nonpeptidic AT2R agonists boosted the efforts in identifying the therapeutic potentials for AT2R stimulation. Unlike AT1R, AT2R is involved in vasodilation by the release of bradykinin and nitric oxide, anti-inflammation, and healing from injury. Interestingly, the vasodilatory effects of AT2R stimulation were not associated with significant reduction in blood pressure. In the kidney, AT2R stimulation produced natriuresis, increased renal blood flow, and reduced tissue inflammation. In animal studies, enhanced AT2R function led to reduction of cardiac inflammation and fibrosis, and reduced the size of the infarcted area. Similarly, AT2R stimulation demonstrated protective effects in vasculature and brain.
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Guo HL, Liao XH, Liu Q, Zhang L. Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Decreases Transforming Growth Factor-β Type II Receptor Expression and Function in Human Renal Proximal Tubule Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148696. [PMID: 26867007 PMCID: PMC4750982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), via its receptors, induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and plays an important role in the development of renal tubulointersitial fibrosis. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R), which mediates beneficial renal physiological functions, has received attention as a prospective therapeutic target for renoprotection. In this study, we investigated the effect and underlying mechanism of AT2R on the TGF-β receptor II (TGF-βRII) expression and function in human proximal tubular cells (HK-2). Here, we show that the AT2R agonist CGP42112A decreased TGF-βRII protein expression in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in HK-2 cells. The inhibitory effect of the AT2R on TGF-βRII expression was blocked by the AT2R antagonists PD123319 or PD123177. Stimulation with TGF-β1 enhanced EMT in HK-2 cells, which was prevented by pre-treatment with CGP42112A. One of mechanisms in this regulation is associated with the increased TGF-βRII degradation after activation of AT2R. Furthermore, laser confocal immunofluorescence microscopy showed that AT2R and TGF-βRII colocalized in HK-2 cells. AT2R and TGF-βRII coimmunoprecipitated and this interaction was increased after AT2R agonist stimulation for 30 min. The inhibitory effect of the AT2R on TGF-βRII expression was also blocked by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME, indicating that nitric oxide is involved in the signaling pathway. Taken together, our study indicates that the renal AT2R regulates TGF-βRII expression and function via the nitric oxide pathway, which may be important in the control of renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
- Fibrosis/pathology
- Humans
- Imidazoles/chemistry
- Kidney/pathology
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/cytology
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/pathology
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Nitric Oxide/chemistry
- Oligopeptides/chemistry
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Pyridines/chemistry
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/physiology
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Lin Guo
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Liao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
- * E-mail: (LZ); (QL)
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
- * E-mail: (LZ); (QL)
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Central Infusion of Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Agonist Compound 21 Attenuates DOCA/NaCl-Induced Hypertension in Female Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:3981790. [PMID: 26783414 PMCID: PMC4691472 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3981790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether central activation of angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2-R) attenuates deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)/NaCl-induced hypertension in intact and ovariectomized (OVX) female rats and whether female sex hormone status has influence on the effects of AT2-R activation. DOCA/NaCl elicited a greater increase in blood pressure in OVX females than that in intact females. Central infusion of compound 21, a specific AT2-R agonist, abolished DOCA/NaCl pressor effect in intact females, whereas same treatment in OVX females produced an inhibitory effect. Real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that DOCA/NaCl enhanced the mRNA expression of hypertensive components including AT1-R, ACE-1, and TNF-α in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus in both intact and OVX females. However, the mRNA expressions of antihypertensive components such as AT2-R, ACE-2, and IL-10 were increased only in intact females. Central AT2-R agonist reversed the changes in the hypertensive components in all females, while this agonist further upregulated the expression of ACE2 and IL-10 in intact females, but only IL-10 in OVX females. These results indicate that brain AT2-R activation plays an inhibitory role in the development of DOCA/NaCl-induced hypertension in females. This beneficial effect of AT2-R activation involves regulation of renin-angiotensin system and proinflammatory cytokines.
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Chappell MC. Biochemical evaluation of the renin-angiotensin system: the good, bad, and absolute? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 310:H137-52. [PMID: 26475588 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00618.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) constitutes a key hormonal system in the physiological regulation of blood pressure through peripheral and central mechanisms. Indeed, dysregulation of the RAS is considered a major factor in the development of cardiovascular pathologies, and pharmacological blockade of this system by the inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) or antagonism of the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) offers an effective therapeutic regimen. The RAS is now defined as a system composed of different angiotensin peptides with diverse biological actions mediated by distinct receptor subtypes. The classic RAS comprises the ACE-ANG II-AT1R axis that promotes vasoconstriction; water intake; sodium retention; and increased oxidative stress, fibrosis, cellular growth, and inflammation. In contrast, the nonclassical RAS composed primarily of the ANG II/ANG III-AT2R and the ACE2-ANG-(1-7)-AT7R pathways generally opposes the actions of a stimulated ANG II-AT1R axis. In lieu of the complex and multifunctional aspects of this system, as well as increased concerns on the reproducibility among laboratories, a critical assessment is provided on the current biochemical approaches to characterize and define the various components that ultimately reflect the status of the RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Chappell
- The Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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50
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Romero-Nava R, Rodriguez JE, Reséndiz-Albor AA, Sánchez-Muñoz F, Ruiz-Hernandéz A, Huang F, Hong E, Villafaña S. Changes in protein and gene expression of angiotensin II receptors (AT1 and AT2) in aorta of diabetic and hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 2015; 38:56-62. [PMID: 26268856 DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2015.1060984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes and hypertension have been associated with cardiovascular diseases and stroke. Some reports have related the coexistence of hypertension and diabetes with increase in the risk of developing vascular complications. Recently some studies have shown results suggesting that in the early stages of diabetes and hypertension exist a reduced functional response to vasopressor agents like angiotensin II (Ang II), which plays an important role in blood pressure regulation mechanism through the activation of its AT1 and AT2 receptors. For that reason, the aim of this work was to study the gene and protein expression of AT1 and AT2 receptors in aorta of diabetic SHR and WKY rats. Diabetes was induced by the administration of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg i.p.). After 4 weeks of the onset of diabetes, the protein expression was obtained by western blot and the mRNA expression by RT-PCR. Our results showed that the hypertensive rats have a higher mRNA and protein expression of AT1 receptors than normotensive rats while the AT2 expression remained unchanged. On the other hand, the combination of diabetes and hypertension increased the mRNA and protein expression of AT1 and AT2 receptors significantly. In conclusion, our results suggest that diabetes with hypertension modifies the mRNA and protein expression of AT1 and AT2 receptors. However, the overexpression of AT2 could be associated with the reduction in the response to Ang II in the early stage of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Romero-Nava
- a Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular , Sección de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F. , México
| | - J E Rodriguez
- a Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular , Sección de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F. , México
| | - A A Reséndiz-Albor
- a Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular , Sección de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F. , México
| | - F Sánchez-Muñoz
- b Departamento de Inmunología , Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México D.F. , México
| | - A Ruiz-Hernandéz
- a Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular , Sección de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F. , México
| | - F Huang
- c Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología , Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), México D.F. , México , and
| | - E Hong
- d Departamento de Neurofarmacobiología , Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, México D.F. , México
| | - S Villafaña
- a Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular , Sección de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F. , México
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