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Mendoza-Soto P, Jara C, Torres-Arévalo Á, Oyarzún C, Mardones GA, Quezada-Monrás C, San Martín R. Pharmacological Blockade of the Adenosine A 2B Receptor Is Protective of Proteinuria in Diabetic Rats, through Affecting Focal Adhesion Kinase Activation and the Adhesion Dynamics of Podocytes. Cells 2024; 13:846. [PMID: 38786068 PMCID: PMC11119713 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Induction of the adenosine receptor A2B (A2BAR) expression in diabetic glomeruli correlates with an increased abundance of its endogenous ligand adenosine and the progression of kidney dysfunction. Remarkably, A2BAR antagonism protects from proteinuria in experimental diabetic nephropathy. We found that A2BAR antagonism preserves the arrangement of podocytes on the glomerular filtration barrier, reduces diabetes-induced focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation, and attenuates podocyte foot processes effacement. In spreading assays using human podocytes in vitro, adenosine enhanced the rate of cell body expansion on laminin-coated glass and promoted peripheral pY397-FAK subcellular distribution, while selective A2BAR antagonism impeded these effects and attenuated the migratory capability of podocytes. Increased phosphorylation of the Myosin2A light chain accompanied the effects of adenosine. Furthermore, when the A2BAR was stimulated, the cells expanded more broadly and more staining of pS19 myosin was detected which co-localized with actin cables, suggesting increased contractility potential in cells planted onto a matrix with a stiffness similar to of the glomerular basement membrane. We conclude that A2BAR is involved in adhesion dynamics and contractile actin bundle formation, leading to podocyte foot processes effacement. The antagonism of this receptor may be an alternative to the intervention of glomerular barrier deterioration and proteinuria in the diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Mendoza-Soto
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; (P.M.-S.); (C.J.); (Á.T.-A.); (C.O.)
| | - Claudia Jara
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; (P.M.-S.); (C.J.); (Á.T.-A.); (C.O.)
| | - Ángelo Torres-Arévalo
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; (P.M.-S.); (C.J.); (Á.T.-A.); (C.O.)
| | - Carlos Oyarzún
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; (P.M.-S.); (C.J.); (Á.T.-A.); (C.O.)
| | - Gonzalo A. Mardones
- Institute of Physiology, Medicine Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
| | - Claudia Quezada-Monrás
- Tumor Biology Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile;
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - Rody San Martín
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; (P.M.-S.); (C.J.); (Á.T.-A.); (C.O.)
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2
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Lathan R. Exploring unconventional targets in myofibroblast transdifferentiation outside classical TGF- β signaling in renal fibrosis. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1296504. [PMID: 38808357 PMCID: PMC11130449 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1296504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
We propose that the key initiators of renal fibrosis are myofibroblasts which originate from four predominant sources-fibroblasts, pericytes, endothelial cells and macrophages. Increased accumulation of renal interstitial myofibroblasts correlates with an increase in collagen, fibrillar proteins, and fibrosis severity. The canonical TGF-β pathway, signaling via Smad proteins, is the central molecular hub that initiates these cellular transformations. However, directly targeting these classical pathway molecules has proven challenging due their integral roles in metabolic process, and/or non-sustainable effects involving compensatory cross-talk with TGF-β. This review explores recently discovered alternative molecular targets that drive transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts. Discovering targets outside of the classical TGF-β/Smad pathway is crucial for advancing antifibrotic therapies, and strategically targeting the development of myofibroblasts offers a promising approach to control excessive extracellular matrix deposition and impede fibrosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashida Lathan
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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3
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Suarez R, Villarreal C, Nahuelpán Y, Jara C, Oyarzún C, Alarcón S, Díaz-Encarnación MM, Guillén-Gómez E, Quezada C, San Martín R. Defective insulin-stimulated equilibrative nucleoside transporter-2 activity and altered subcellular transporter distribution drive the loss of adenosine homeostasis in diabetic kidney disease progression. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166890. [PMID: 37734469 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
AIM Progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) is linked to the dysregulated increase of adenosine and altered signaling properties. A major contribution to the maintenance of physiological extracellular adenosine levels relies on cellular uptake activity through plasma membrane nucleoside transporters. Because kidney cells are responsive to insulin, this study aims to determine how DN affects insulin regulation of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter-2 (ENT2). METHODS Human Podocytes and rat glomeruli were used to study ENT2 regulation. The effects of diabetes and insulin on ENT2 mediated transport activity were determined measuring the fraction of total adenosine uptake in sodium-free medium which is inhibitable by hypoxanthine. Alterations in ENT2 subcellular distribution were assessed in the kidney of people affected with DN and diabetic rats. The consequences of impaired ENT2 activity on the kidney were evaluated using dipyridamole in an animal model. RESULTS Insulin upregulates ENT2 uptake activity by increasing the Vmax, thus counteracting decreased adenosine uptake due to high d-glucose and achieving extracellular adenosine homeostasis. Insulin promoted ENT2 translocation to the plasma membrane dependent on PI3-kinase/Akt signaling and actin cytoskeleton integrity. However, in diabetic rats, the insulin-mediated induction of ENT2 activity was lost. Additionally, reduced Akt activation in response to insulin correlated with decreased ENT2 distribution at the plasma membrane. Kidney tissues from diabetic rats and human DN biopsies showed ENT2 redistribution to an intracellular pattern, evidencing dysfunctional adenosine uptake. Through ENT inhibition, we evidenced increased proteinuria and induced alpha-smooth muscle actin as a result of profibrotic activation of cells in the kidney. CONCLUSION Deficient insulin regulation of ENT2 activity contributes to chronically high adenosine levels and glomerular alterations that underline diabetic kidney disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raibel Suarez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carolina Villarreal
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Yessica Nahuelpán
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudia Jara
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos Oyarzún
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Sebastián Alarcón
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Montserrat M Díaz-Encarnación
- Nephrology Service Fundació Puigvert, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Guillén-Gómez
- Nephrology Service Fundació Puigvert, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Quezada
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rody San Martín
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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Torres-Arévalo Á, Nahuelpán Y, Muñoz K, Jara C, Cappelli C, Taracha-Wiśniewska A, Quezada-Monrás C, Martín RS. A2BAR Antagonism Decreases the Glomerular Expression and Secretion of Chemoattractants for Monocytes and the Pro-Fibrotic M2 Macrophages Polarization during Diabetic Nephropathy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10829. [PMID: 37446007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Some chemoattractants and leukocytes such as M1 and M2 macrophages are known to be involved in the development of glomerulosclerosis during diabetic nephropathy (DN). In the course of diabetes, an altered and defective cellular metabolism leads to the increase in adenosine levels, and thus to changes in the polarity (M1/M2) of macrophages. MRS1754, a selective antagonist of the A2B adenosine receptor (A2BAR), attenuated glomerulosclerosis and decreased macrophage-myofibroblast transition in DN rats. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of MRS1754 on the glomerular expression/secretion of chemoattractants, the intraglomerular infiltration of leukocytes, and macrophage polarity in DN rats. Kidneys/glomeruli of non-diabetic, DN, and MRS1754-treated DN rats were processed for transcriptomic analysis, immunohistopathology, ELISA, and in vitro macrophage migration assays. The transcriptomic analysis identified an upregulation of transcripts and pathways related to the immune system in the glomeruli of DN rats, which was attenuated using MRS1754. The antagonism of the A2BAR decreased glomerular expression/secretion of chemoattractants (CCL2, CCL3, CCL6, and CCL21), the infiltration of macrophages, and their polarization to M2 in DN rats. The in vitro macrophages migration induced by conditioned-medium of DN glomeruli was significantly decreased using neutralizing antibodies against CCL2, CCL3, and CCL21. We concluded that the pharmacological blockade of the A2BAR decreases the transcriptional expression of genes/pathways related to the immune response, protein expression/secretion of chemoattractants, as well as the infiltration of macrophages and their polarization toward the M2 phenotype in the glomeruli of DN rats, suggesting a new mechanism implicated in the antifibrotic effect of MRS1754.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángelo Torres-Arévalo
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria Y Recursos Naturales, Sede Talca, Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca 347-3620, Chile
| | - Yéssica Nahuelpán
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica Y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 511-0566, Chile
| | - Katherin Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica Y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 511-0566, Chile
| | - Claudia Jara
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica Y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 511-0566, Chile
| | - Claudio Cappelli
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica Y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 511-0566, Chile
| | | | - Claudia Quezada-Monrás
- Tumor Biology Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 511-0566, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 511-0566, Chile
| | - Rody San Martín
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica Y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 511-0566, Chile
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Kotańska M, Dziubina A, Szafarz M, Mika K, Bednarski M, Nicosia N, Temirak A, Müller CE, Kieć-Kononowicz K. Preliminary Evidence of the Potent and Selective Adenosine A2B Receptor Antagonist PSB-603 in Reducing Obesity and Some of Its Associated Metabolic Disorders in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13439. [PMID: 36362227 PMCID: PMC9656786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenosine A2A and A2B receptors are promising therapeutic targets in the treatment of obesity and diabetes since the agonists and antagonists of these receptors have the potential to positively affect metabolic disorders. The present study investigated the link between body weight reduction, glucose homeostasis, and anti-inflammatory activity induced by a highly potent and specific adenosine A2B receptor antagonist, compound PSB-603. Mice were fed a high-fat diet for 14 weeks, and after 12 weeks, they were treated for 14 days intraperitoneally with the test compound. The A1/A2A/A2B receptor antagonist theophylline was used as a reference. Following two weeks of treatment, different biochemical parameters were determined, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, TNF-α, and IL-6 blood levels, as well as glucose and insulin tolerance. To avoid false positive results, mouse locomotor and spontaneous activities were assessed. Both theophylline and PSB-603 significantly reduced body weight in obese mice. Both compounds had no effects on glucose levels in the obese state; however, PSB-603, contrary to theophylline, significantly reduced triglycerides and total cholesterol blood levels. Thus, our observations showed that selective A2B adenosine receptor blockade has a more favourable effect on the lipid profile than nonselective inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kotańska
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Dziubina
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szafarz
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Cracow, Poland
| | - Kamil Mika
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Bednarski
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Noemi Nicosia
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, PL 30-688 Krakow, Poland
- Division of Neuroscience, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ahmed Temirak
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E. Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Chair of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Cracow, Poland
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Pak ES, Cha JJ, Cha DR, Kanasaki K, Ha H. Adenosine receptors as emerging therapeutic targets for diabetic kidney disease. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2022; 41:S74-S88. [PMID: 36239063 PMCID: PMC9590297 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.22.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is now a pandemic worldwide, and novel therapeutic options are urgently required. Adenosine, an adenosine triphosphate metabolite, plays a role in kidney homeostasis through interacting with four types of adenosine receptors (ARs): A1AR, A2AAR, A2BAR, and A3AR. Increasing evidence highlights the role of adenosine and ARs in the development and progression of DKD: 1) increased adenosine in the plasma and urine of diabetics with kidney injury, 2) increased expression of each of the ARs in diabetic kidneys, 3) the protective effect of coffee, a commonly ingested nonselective AR antagonist, on DKD, and 4) the protective effect of AR modulators in experimental DKD models. We propose AR modulators as a new therapeutic option to treat DKD. Detailed mechanistic studies on the pharmacology of AR modulators will help us to develop effective first-in-class AR modulators against DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Seon Pak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Joo Cha
- Department of Nephrology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Ryong Cha
- Department of Nephrology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Keizo Kanasaki
- Department of Internal Medical 1, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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7
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Yang Y, Xu G. Update on Pathogenesis of Glomerular Hyperfiltration in Early Diabetic Kidney Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:872918. [PMID: 35663316 PMCID: PMC9161673 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.872918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the existing stages of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), the first stage of DKD is called the preclinical stage, characterized by glomerular hyperfiltration, an abnormally elevated glomerular filtration rate. Glomerular hyperfiltration is an independent risk factor for accelerated deterioration of renal function and progression of nephropathy, which is associated with a high risk for metabolic and cardiovascular disease. It is imperative to understand hyperfiltration and identify potential treatments to delay DKD progress. This paper summarizes the current mechanisms of hyperfiltration in early DKD. We pay close attention to the effect of glucose reabsorption mediated by sodium-glucose cotransporters and renal growth on hyperfiltration in DKD patients, as well as the mechanisms of nitric oxide and adenosine actions on renal afferent arterioles via tubuloglomerular feedback. Furthermore, we also focus on the contribution of the atrial natriuretic peptide, cyclooxygenase, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and endothelin on hyperfiltration. Proposing potential treatments based on these mechanisms may offer new therapeutic opportunities to reduce the renal burden in this population.
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Vierhout M, Ayoub A, Naiel S, Yazdanshenas P, Revill SD, Reihani A, Dvorkin-Gheva A, Shi W, Ask K. Monocyte and macrophage derived myofibroblasts: Is it fate? A review of the current evidence. Wound Repair Regen 2021; 29:548-562. [PMID: 34107123 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the myofibroblast over 50 years ago, much has been learned about its role in wound healing and fibrosis. Its origin, however, remains controversial, with a number of progenitor cells being proposed. Macrophage-myofibroblast transition (MMT) is a recent term coined in 2014 that describes the mechanism through which macrophages, derived from circulating monocytes originating in the bone marrow, transformed into myofibroblasts and contributed to kidney fibrosis. Over the past years, several studies have confirmed the existence of MMT in various systems, suggesting that MMT could potentially occur in all fibrotic conditions and constitute a reasonable therapeutic target to prevent progressive fibrotic disease. In this perspective, we examined recent evidence supporting the notion of MMT in both human disease and experimental models across organ systems. Mechanistic insight from these studies and information from in vitro studies is provided. The findings substantiating plausible MMT showcased the co-expression of macrophage and myofibroblast markers, including CD68 or F4/80 (macrophage) and α-SMA (myofibroblast), in fibroblast-like cells. Furthermore, fate-mapping experiments in murine models exhibiting myeloid-derived myofibroblasts in the tissue further provide direct evidence for MMT. Additionally, we provide some evidence from single cell RNA sequencing experiments confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridisation studies, showing monocyte/macrophage and myofibroblast markers co-expressed in lung tissue from patients with fibrotic lung disease. In conclusion, MMT is likely a significant contributor to myofibroblast formation in wound healing and fibrotic disease across organ systems. Circulating precursors including monocytes and the molecular mechanisms governing MMT could constitute valid targets and provide insight for the development of novel antifibrotic therapies; however, further understanding of these processes is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Vierhout
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anmar Ayoub
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Safaa Naiel
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parichehr Yazdanshenas
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Spencer D Revill
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amir Reihani
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Dvorkin-Gheva
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Reichert KP, Castro MFV, Assmann CE, Bottari NB, Miron VV, Cardoso A, Stefanello N, Morsch VMM, Schetinger MRC. Diabetes and hypertension: Pivotal involvement of purinergic signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111273. [PMID: 33524787 PMCID: PMC7846467 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension are highly prevalent worldwide health problems and frequently associated with severe clinical complications, such as diabetic cardiomyopathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, stroke, and cardiac arrhythmia, among others. Despite all existing research results and reasonable speculations, knowledge about the role of purinergic system in individuals with DM and hypertension remains restricted. Purinergic signaling accounts for a complex network of receptors and extracellular enzymes responsible for the recognition and degradation of extracellular nucleotides and adenosine. The main components of this system that will be presented in this review are: P1 and P2 receptors and the enzymatic cascade composed by CD39 (NTPDase; with ATP and ADP as a substrate), CD73 (5′-nucleotidase; with AMP as a substrate), and adenosine deaminase (ADA; with adenosine as a substrate). The purinergic system has recently emerged as a central player in several physiopathological conditions, particularly those linked to inflammatory responses such as diabetes and hypertension. Therefore, the present review focuses on changes in both purinergic P1 and P2 receptor expression as well as the activities of CD39, CD73, and ADA in diabetes and hypertension conditions. It can be postulated that the manipulation of the purinergic axis at different levels can prevent or exacerbate the insurgency and evolution of diabetes and hypertension working as a compensatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Paula Reichert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Milagros Fanny Vera Castro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Charles Elias Assmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Nathieli Bianchin Bottari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Valéria Miron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Andréia Cardoso
- Academic Coordination, Medicine, Campus Chapecó, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Naiara Stefanello
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Melchiors Morsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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10
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Patinha D, Abreu C, Carvalho C, Cunha OM, Mota M, Afonso J, Sousa T, Albino-Teixeira A, Diniz C, Morato M. Adenosine A 2A and A 3 Receptors as Targets for the Treatment of Hypertensive-Diabetic Nephropathy. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8110529. [PMID: 33238361 PMCID: PMC7700226 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) and hypertension are prime causes for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) that often coexist in patients, but are seldom studied in combination. Kidney adenosine levels are markedly increased in diabetes, and the expression and function of renal adenosine receptors are altered in experimental diabetes. The aim of this work is to explore the impact of endogenous and exogenous adenosine on the expression/distribution profile of its receptors along the nephron of hypertensive rats with experimentally-induced diabetes. Using spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats rendered diabetic with streptozotocin (STZ), we show that treatment of SHR-STZ rats with an agonist of adenosine receptors increases A2A immunoreactivity in superficial glomeruli (SG), proximal tubule (PCT), and distal tubule (DCT). Differently, treatment of SHR-STZ rats with a xanthinic antagonist of adenosine receptors decreases adenosine A3 immunoreactivity in SG, PCT, DCT, and collecting duct. There is no difference in the immunoreactivity against the adenosine A1 and A2B receptors between the experimental groups. The agonist of adenosine receptors ameliorates renal fibrosis, probably via A2A receptors, while the antagonist exacerbates it, most likely due to tonic activation of A3 receptors. The reduction in adenosine A3 immunoreactivity might be due to receptor downregulation in response to prolonged activation. Altogether, these results suggest an opposite regulation exerted by endogenous and exogenous adenosine upon the expression of its A2A and A3 receptors along the nephron of hypertensive diabetic rats, which has a functional impact and should be taken into account when considering novel therapeutic targets for hypertensive-diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Patinha
- Department of Biomedicine—Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (D.P.); (J.A.); (T.S.); (A.A.-T.)
- The Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Medical School, University of Exeter, EX4 4QJ Exeter, UK
| | - Carla Abreu
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.A.); (C.C.); (O.M.C.); (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Carla Carvalho
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.A.); (C.C.); (O.M.C.); (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Olga Mariana Cunha
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.A.); (C.C.); (O.M.C.); (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Mariana Mota
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.A.); (C.C.); (O.M.C.); (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Joana Afonso
- Department of Biomedicine—Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (D.P.); (J.A.); (T.S.); (A.A.-T.)
- MedInUP—Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Sousa
- Department of Biomedicine—Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (D.P.); (J.A.); (T.S.); (A.A.-T.)
- MedInUP—Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - António Albino-Teixeira
- Department of Biomedicine—Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (D.P.); (J.A.); (T.S.); (A.A.-T.)
- MedInUP—Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Diniz
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.A.); (C.C.); (O.M.C.); (M.M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Manuela Morato
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.A.); (C.C.); (O.M.C.); (M.M.); (M.M.)
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11
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Kuczeriszka M, Sitek JD, Walkowska A, Sadowski J, Dobrowolski L. Interplay of the adenosine system and NO in control of renal haemodynamics and excretion: Comparison of normoglycaemic and streptozotocin diabetic rats. Nitric Oxide 2020; 104-105:20-28. [PMID: 32828841 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine (Ado) system may participate in regulation of kidney function in diabetes mellitus (DM), therefore we explored its role and interrelation with NO in the control of renal circulation and excretion in normoglycemic (NG) and streptozotocin-diabetic (DM) rats. Effects of theophylline (Theo), a non-selective Ado receptor antagonist, were examined in anaesthetized NG or in streptozotocin induced diabetic (DM) rats, untreated or after blockade of NO synthesis with l-NAME. We measured arterial blood pressure (MABP), whole kidney blood flow and renal regional flows: cortical and outer- and inner-medullary (IMBF), determined as laser-Doppler fluxes. Renal excretion of water, total solutes and sodium and in situ renal tissue NO signal (selective electrodes) were also determined. Theo experiments disclosed minor baseline vasoconstrictor and vasodilator tone in the kidney of NG and DM rats, respectively. NO blockade increased baseline MABP and decreased renal haemodynamics, similarly in NG and DM rats, indicating comparable vasodilator influence of NO in the two groups. Unexpectedly, in all rats with intact NO synthesis, Ado receptor blockade increased kidney tissue NO. In NO-deficient NG and DM rats, Ado receptor blockade induced comparable renal vasodilatation, suggesting similar vasoconstrictor influence of the Ado system. However, DM rats showed an unexplained association of decreased MABP and IMBF and increased NO signal. Higher baseline renal excretion in DM rats indicated inhibition of renal tubular reabsorption due to the prevalence of natriuretic A2 over antinatriuretic A1 receptors. In conclusion, the experiments provided new insights in functional interrelation of adenosine and NO in normoglycaemia and streptozotocin-diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kuczeriszka
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Dorota Sitek
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Walkowska
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Janusz Sadowski
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Leszek Dobrowolski
- Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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12
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Intraglomerular Monocyte/Macrophage Infiltration and Macrophage-Myofibroblast Transition during Diabetic Nephropathy Is Regulated by the A 2B Adenosine Receptor. Cells 2020; 9:cells9041051. [PMID: 32340145 PMCID: PMC7226348 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is considered the main cause of kidney disease in which myofibroblasts lead to renal fibrosis. Macrophages were recently identified as the major source of myofibroblasts in a process known as macrophage–myofibroblast transition (MMT). Adenosine levels increase during DN and in vivo administration of MRS1754, an antagonist of the A2B adenosine receptor (A2BAR), attenuated glomerular fibrosis (glomerulosclerosis). We aimed to investigate the association between A2BAR and MMT in glomerulosclerosis during DN. Kidneys/glomeruli of non-diabetic, diabetic, and MRS1754-treated diabetic (DM+MRS1754) rats were processed for histopathologic, transcriptomic, flow cytometry, and cellular in vitro analyses. Macrophages were used for in vitro cell migration/transmigration assays and MMT studies. In vivo MRS1754 treatment attenuated the clinical and histopathological signs of glomerulosclerosis in DN rats. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated a decrease in chemokine-chemoattractants/cell-adhesion genes of monocytes/macrophages in DM+MRS1754 glomeruli. The number of intraglomerular infiltrated macrophages and MMT cells increased in diabetic rats. This was reverted by MRS1754 treatment. In vitro cell migration/transmigration decreased in macrophages treated with MRS1754. Human macrophages cultured with adenosine and/or TGF-β induced MMT, a process which was reduced by MRS1754. We concluded that pharmacologic blockade of A2BAR attenuated some clinical signs of renal dysfunction and glomerulosclerosis, and decreased intraglomerular macrophage infiltration and MMT in DN rats.
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13
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Zhou R, Dang X, Sprague RS, Mustafa SJ, Zhou Z. Alteration of purinergic signaling in diabetes: Focus on vascular function. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 140:1-9. [PMID: 32057736 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is an important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease including atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease. Vascular complications including macro- and micro-vascular dysfunction are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in diabetes. Disease mechanisms at present are unclear and no ideal therapies are available, which urgently calls for the identification of novel therapeutic targets/agents. An altered nucleotide- and nucleoside-mediated purinergic signaling has been implicated to cause diabetes-associated vascular dysfunction in major organs. Alteration of both purinergic P1 and P2 receptor sensitivity rather than the changes in receptor expression accounts for vascular dysfunction in diabetes. Activation of P2X7 receptors plays a crucial role in diabetes-induced retinal microvascular dysfunction. Recent findings have revealed that both ecto-nucleotidase CD39, a key enzyme hydrolyzing ATP, and CD73, an enzyme regulating adenosine turnover, are involved in the renal vascular injury in diabetes. Interestingly, erythrocyte dysfunction in diabetes by decreasing ATP release in response to physiological stimuli may serve as an important trigger to induce vascular dysfunction. Nucleot(s)ide-mediated purinergic activation also exerts long-term actions including inflammatory and atherogenic effects in hyperglycemic and diabetic conditions. This review highlights the current knowledge regarding the altered nucleot(s)ide-mediated purinergic signaling as an important disease mechanism for the diabetes-associated vascular complications. Better understanding the role of key receptor-mediated signaling in diabetes will provide more insights into their potential as targets for the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, PR China
| | - Xitong Dang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, PR China
| | - Randy S Sprague
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - S Jamal Mustafa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Zhichao Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Patinha D, Carvalho C, Abreu C, Cunha OM, Mota MC, Afonso J, Albino-Teixeira A, Diniz C, Morato M. Diabetes downregulates renal adenosine A2A receptors in an experimental model of hypertension. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217552. [PMID: 31150459 PMCID: PMC6544351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on diabetic nephropathy rarely take into account that the co-existence of diabetes and hypertension is frequent and further aggravates the prognosis of renal dysfunction. Adenosine can activate four subtypes of adenosine receptors (A1, A2A, A2B and A3) and has been implicated in diabetic nephropathy. However, it is not known if, in hypertensive conditions, diabetes alters the presence/distribution profile of renal adenosine receptors. The aim of this work was to describe the presence/distribution profile of the four adenosine receptors in six renal structures (superficial/deep glomeruli, proximal/distal tubules, loop of Henle, collecting tubule) of the hypertensive kidney and to evaluate whether it is altered by diabetes. Immunoreactivities against the adenosine receptors were analyzed in six renal structures from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, the control group) and from SHR rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocyin (SHR-STZ group). Data showed, for the first time, that all adenosine receptors were present in the kidney of SHR rats, although the distribution pattern was specific for each adenosine receptor subtype. Also, induction of diabetes in the SHR was associated with downregulation of adenosine A2A receptors, which might be relevant for the development of hypertensive diabetic nephropathy. This study highlights the adenosine A2A receptors as a potential target to explore to prevent and/or treat early diabetes-induced hyperfiltration, at least in hypertensive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Patinha
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Carvalho
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Abreu
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Olga M. Cunha
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana C. Mota
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Afonso
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- MedInUP–Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Albino-Teixeira
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- MedInUP–Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Diniz
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail: (CD); (MM)
| | - Manuela Morato
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail: (CD); (MM)
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Pastor-Anglada M, Pérez-Torras S. Who Is Who in Adenosine Transport. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:627. [PMID: 29962948 PMCID: PMC6010718 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine concentrations are regulated by a panel of membrane transporters which, in most cases, mediate its uptake into cells. Adenosine transporters belong to two gene families encoding Equilibrative and Concentrative Nucleoside Transporter proteins (ENTs and CNTs, respectively). The lack of appropriate pharmacological tools targeting every transporter subtype has introduced some bias on the current knowledge of the role of these transporters in modulating adenosine levels. In this regard, ENT1, for which pharmacology is relatively well-developed, has often been identified as a major player in purinergic signaling. Nevertheless, other transporters such as CNT2 and CNT3 can also contribute to purinergic modulation based on their high affinity for adenosine and concentrative capacity. Moreover, both transporter proteins have also been shown to be under purinergic regulation via P1 receptors in different cell types, which further supports its relevance in purinergic signaling. Thus, several transporter proteins regulate extracellular adenosine levels. Moreover, CNT and ENT proteins are differentially expressed in tissues but also in particular cell types. Accordingly, transporter-mediated fine tuning of adenosine levels is cell and tissue specific. Future developments focusing on CNT pharmacology are needed to unveil transporter subtype-specific events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases – CIBER ehd, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez-Torras
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases – CIBER ehd, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
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The Differential Effect of Apyrase Treatment and hCD39 Overexpression on Chronic Renal Fibrosis After Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Transplantation 2017; 101:e194-e204. [PMID: 28198766 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) leads to acute kidney injury and renal fibrosis. CD39 is a key purinergic enzyme in the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and increased CD39 enzymatic activity protects from acute IRI but its effect on renal fibrosis is not known. METHODS Using a mouse model of unilateral renal IRI, the effects of increased CD39 activity (using soluble apyrase and mice expressing human CD39 transgene) on acute and chronic renal outcomes were examined. Nucleotide (ATP, adenosine diphosphate, adenosine monophosphate) and nucleoside (adenosine and inosine) levels were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Soluble apyrase reduced acute renal injury at 24 hours and renal fibrosis at 4 weeks post-IRI, compared with vehicle-treated mice. RESULTS Soluble apyrase reduced renal ATP, adenosine diphosphate, and adenosine monophosphate, but not adenosine levels, during ischemia. In comparison with wild-type littermates, hCD39 transgenic mice were protected from acute renal injury at 24 hours, but had increased renal fibrosis at 4 weeks post-IRI. hCD39 transgene expression was localized to the vascular endothelium at baseline and did not affect total renal nucleotide and nucleoside levels during ischemia. However, hCD39 transgene was more widespread at 4 weeks post-IRI and was associated with higher renal adenosine levels at 4 weeks post-IRI compared with wild-type littermates. CONCLUSIONS A single dose of apyrase administration before IRI protects from both acute and chronic renal injuries and may have clinical application in protection from ischemic-induced renal injury. Furthermore, transgenic expression of hCD39 is associated with increased renal fibrosis after ischemia.
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Alarcón S, Garrido W, Vega G, Cappelli C, Suárez R, Oyarzún C, Quezada C, San Martín R. Deficient Insulin-mediated Upregulation of the Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 2 Contributes to Chronically Increased Adenosine in Diabetic Glomerulopathy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9439. [PMID: 28842605 PMCID: PMC5572683 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09783-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficient insulin signaling is a key event mediating diabetic glomerulopathy. Additionally, diabetic kidney disease has been related to increased levels of adenosine. Therefore, we tested a link between insulin deficiency and dysregulated activity of the equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) responsible for controlling extracellular levels of adenosine. In ex vivo glomeruli, high D-glucose decreased nucleoside uptake mediated by ENT1 and ENT2 transporters, resulting in augmented extracellular levels of adenosine. This condition was reversed by exposure to insulin. Particularly, insulin through insulin receptor/PI3K pathway markedly upregulated ENT2 uptake activity to restores the extracellular basal level of adenosine. Using primary cultured rat podocytes as a cellular model, we found insulin was able to increase ENT2 maximal velocity of transport. Also, PI3K activity was necessary to maintain ENT2 protein levels in the long term. In glomeruli of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, insulin deficiency leads to decreased activity of ENT2 and chronically increased extracellular levels of adenosine. Treatment of diabetic rats with adenosine deaminase attenuated both the glomerular loss of nephrin and proteinuria. In conclusion, we evidenced ENT2 as a target of insulin signaling and sensitive to dysregulation in diabetes, leading to chronically increased extracellular adenosine levels and thereby setting conditions conducive to kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Alarcón
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Wallys Garrido
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Génesis Vega
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudio Cappelli
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Raibel Suárez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos Oyarzún
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudia Quezada
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rody San Martín
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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18
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Peleli M, Carlstrom M. Adenosine signaling in diabetes mellitus and associated cardiovascular and renal complications. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 55:62-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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The Adenosinergic System as a Therapeutic Target in the Vasculature: New Ligands and Challenges. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050752. [PMID: 28481238 PMCID: PMC6154114 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an adenine base purine with actions as a modulator of neurotransmission, smooth muscle contraction, and immune response in several systems of the human body, including the cardiovascular system. In the vasculature, four P1-receptors or adenosine receptors—A1, A2A, A2B and A3—have been identified. Adenosine receptors are membrane G-protein receptors that trigger their actions through several signaling pathways and present differential affinity requirements. Adenosine is an endogenous ligand whose extracellular levels can reach concentrations high enough to activate the adenosine receptors. This nucleoside is a product of enzymatic breakdown of extra and intracellular adenine nucleotides and also of S-adenosylhomocysteine. Adenosine availability is also dependent on the activity of nucleoside transporters (NTs). The interplay between NTs and adenosine receptors’ activities are debated and a particular attention is given to the paramount importance of the disruption of this interplay in vascular pathophysiology, namely in hypertension., The integration of important functional aspects of individual adenosine receptor pharmacology (such as in vasoconstriction/vasodilation) and morphological features (within the three vascular layers) in vessels will be discussed, hopefully clarifying the importance of adenosine receptors/NTs for modulating peripheral mesenteric vascular resistance. In recent years, an increase interest in purine physiology/pharmacology has led to the development of new ligands for adenosine receptors. Some of them have been patented as having promising therapeutic activities and some have been chosen to undergo on clinical trials. Increased levels of endogenous adenosine near a specific subtype can lead to its activation, constituting an indirect receptor targeting approach either by inhibition of NT or, alternatively, by increasing the activity of enzymes responsible for ATP breakdown. These findings highlight the putative role of adenosinergic players as attractive therapeutic targets for cardiovascular pathologies, namely hypertension, heart failure or stroke. Nevertheless, several aspects are still to be explored, creating new challenges to be addressed in future studies, particularly the development of strategies able to circumvent the predicted side effects of these therapies.
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20
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Wang XX, Levi J, Luo Y, Myakala K, Herman-Edelstein M, Qiu L, Wang D, Peng Y, Grenz A, Lucia S, Dobrinskikh E, D'Agati VD, Koepsell H, Kopp JB, Rosenberg AZ, Levi M. SGLT2 Protein Expression Is Increased in Human Diabetic Nephropathy: SGLT2 PROTEIN INHIBITION DECREASES RENAL LIPID ACCUMULATION, INFLAMMATION, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEPHROPATHY IN DIABETIC MICE. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5335-5348. [PMID: 28196866 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.779520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is very limited human renal sodium gradient-dependent glucose transporter protein (SGLT2) mRNA and protein expression data reported in the literature. The first aim of this study was to determine SGLT2 mRNA and protein levels in human and animal models of diabetic nephropathy. We have found that the expression of SGLT2 mRNA and protein is increased in renal biopsies from human subjects with diabetic nephropathy. This is in contrast to db-db mice that had no changes in renal SGLT2 protein expression. Furthermore, the effect of SGLT2 inhibition on renal lipid content and inflammation is not known. The second aim of this study was to determine the potential mechanisms of beneficial effects of SGLT2 inhibition in the progression of diabetic renal disease. We treated db/db mice with a selective SGLT2 inhibitor JNJ 39933673. We found that SGLT2 inhibition caused marked decreases in systolic blood pressure, kidney weight/body weight ratio, urinary albumin, and urinary thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances. SGLT2 inhibition prevented renal lipid accumulation via inhibition of carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein-β, pyruvate kinase L, SCD-1, and DGAT1, key transcriptional factors and enzymes that mediate fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis. SGLT2 inhibition also prevented inflammation via inhibition of CD68 macrophage accumulation and expression of p65, TLR4, MCP-1, and osteopontin. These effects were associated with reduced mesangial expansion, accumulation of the extracellular matrix proteins fibronectin and type IV collagen, and loss of podocyte markers WT1 and synaptopodin, as determined by immunofluorescence microscopy. In summary, our study showed that SGLT2 inhibition modulates renal lipid metabolism and inflammation and prevents the development of nephropathy in db/db mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin X Wang
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220.,the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, Colorado 80220
| | - Jonathan Levi
- the NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Yuhuan Luo
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220
| | - Komuraiah Myakala
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220
| | - Michal Herman-Edelstein
- the Rabin Medical Center, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liru Qiu
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220
| | - Dong Wang
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220
| | - Yingqiong Peng
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220
| | - Almut Grenz
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220
| | - Scott Lucia
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220
| | - Evgenia Dobrinskikh
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220
| | - Vivette D D'Agati
- the Department of Pathology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10027
| | - Hermann Koepsell
- the Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Würzburg, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany, and
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- the NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Avi Z Rosenberg
- the Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Moshe Levi
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220, .,the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, Colorado 80220
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Oyarzún C, Garrido W, Alarcón S, Yáñez A, Sobrevia L, Quezada C, San Martín R. Adenosine contribution to normal renal physiology and chronic kidney disease. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 55:75-89. [PMID: 28109856 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a nucleoside that is particularly interesting to many scientific and clinical communities as it has important physiological and pathophysiological roles in the kidney. The distribution of adenosine receptors has only recently been elucidated; therefore it is likely that more biological roles of this nucleoside will be unveiled in the near future. Since the discovery of the involvement of adenosine in renal vasoconstriction and regulation of local renin production, further evidence has shown that adenosine signaling is also involved in the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism, sodium reabsorption and the adaptive response to acute insults, such as ischemia. However, the most interesting finding was the increased adenosine levels in chronic kidney diseases such as diabetic nephropathy and also in non-diabetic animal models of renal fibrosis. When adenosine is chronically increased its signaling via the adenosine receptors may change, switching to a state that induces renal damage and produces phenotypic changes in resident cells. This review discusses the physiological and pathophysiological roles of adenosine and pays special attention to the mechanisms associated with switching homeostatic nucleoside levels to increased adenosine production in kidneys affected by CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Oyarzún
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Wallys Garrido
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Sebastián Alarcón
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alejandro Yáñez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville E-41012, Spain; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston QLD 4029, Queensland, Australia
| | - Claudia Quezada
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rody San Martín
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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The cellular and signalling alterations conducted by TGF-β contributing to renal fibrosis. Cytokine 2016; 88:115-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Sepúlveda C, Palomo I, Fuentes E. Role of adenosine A2b receptor overexpression in tumor progression. Life Sci 2016; 166:92-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kretschmar C, Oyarzún C, Villablanca C, Jaramillo C, Alarcón S, Perez G, Díaz-Encarnación MM, Pastor-Anglada M, Garrido W, Quezada C, San Martín R. Reduced Adenosine Uptake and Its Contribution to Signaling that Mediates Profibrotic Activation in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells: Implication in Diabetic Nephropathy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147430. [PMID: 26808537 PMCID: PMC4726618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered nucleoside levels may be linked to pathogenic signaling through adenosine receptors. We hypothesized that adenosine dysregulation contributes to fibrosis in diabetic kidney disease. Our findings indicate that high glucose levels and experimental diabetes decreased uptake activity through the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) in proximal tubule cells. In addition, a correlation between increased plasma content of adenosine and a marker of renal fibrosis in diabetic rats was evidenced. At the cellular level, exposure of HK2 cells to high glucose, TGF-β and the general adenosine receptor agonist NECA, induced the expression of profibrotic cell activation markers α-SMA and fibronectin. These effects can be avoided by using a selective antagonist of the adenosine A3 receptor subtype in vitro. Furthermore, induction of fibrosis marker α-SMA was prevented by the A3 receptor antagonist in diabetic rat kidneys. In conclusion, we evidenced the contribution of purinergic signaling to renal fibrosis in experimental diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Kretschmar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos Oyarzún
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Cristopher Villablanca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Catherinne Jaramillo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Sebastián Alarcón
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Gustavo Perez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Institute of Biomedicine and Oncology Programme, National Biomedical Research Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wallys Garrido
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudia Quezada
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rody San Martín
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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25
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Vecchio EA, Tan CYR, Gregory KJ, Christopoulos A, White PJ, May LT. Ligand-Independent Adenosine A2B Receptor Constitutive Activity as a Promoter of Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 357:36-44. [PMID: 26791603 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.230003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant ligand-independent G protein-coupled receptor constitutive activity has been implicated in the pathophysiology of a number of cancers. The adenosine A2B receptor (A2BAR) is dynamically upregulated under pathologic conditions associated with a hypoxic microenvironment, including solid tumors. This, in turn, may amplify ligand-independent A2BAR signal transduction. The contribution of A2BAR constitutive activity to disease progression is currently unknown yet of fundamental importance, as the preferred therapeutic modality for drugs designed to reduce A2BAR constitutive activity would be inverse agonism as opposed to neutral antagonism. The current study investigated A2BAR constitutive activity in a heterologous expression system and a native 22Rv1 human prostate cancer cell line exposed to hypoxic conditions (2% O2). The A2BAR inverse agonists, ZM241385 [4-(2-[7-amino-2-(2-furyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[2,3-a][1,3,5]triazin-5-ylamino]ethyl)phenol] or PSB-603 (8-(4-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazide-1-sulfonyl)phenyl)-1-propylxanthine), mediated a concentration-dependent decrease in baseline cAMP levels in both cellular systems. Proliferation of multiple prostate cancer cell lines was also attenuated in the presence of PSB-603. Importantly, both the decrease in baseline cAMP accumulation and the reduction of proliferation were not influenced by the addition of adenosine deaminase, demonstrating that these effects are not dependent on stimulation of A2BARs by the endogenous agonist adenosine. Our study is the first to reveal that wild-type human A2BARs have high constitutive activity in both model and native cells. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that this ligand-independent A2BAR constitutive activity is sufficient to promote prostate cancer cell proliferation in vitro. More broadly, A2BAR constitutive activity may have wider, currently unappreciated implications in pathologic conditions associated with a hypoxic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Vecchio
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christina Y R Tan
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul J White
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren T May
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Ding HH, Ni WJ, Tang LQ, Wei W. G protein-coupled receptors: potential therapeutic targets for diabetic nephropathy. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2015; 36:411-421. [PMID: 26675443 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2015.1122039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy, a lethal microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, is characterized by progressive albuminuria, excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, thickened glomerular basement membrane, podocyte abnormalities, and podocyte loss. The G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have attracted considerable attention in diabetic nephropathy, but the specific effects have not been elucidated yet. Likewise, abnormal signaling pathways are closely interrelated to the pathologic process of diabetic nephropathy, despite the fact that the mechanisms have not been explored clearly. Therefore, GPCRs and its mediated signaling pathways are essential for priority research, so that preventative strategies and potential targets might be developed for diabetic nephropathy. This article will give us comprehensive overview of predominant GPCR types, roles, and correlative signaling pathways in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Hua Ding
- a Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui Province , People's Republic of China.,b Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jian Ni
- b Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Qin Tang
- b Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- a Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui Province , People's Republic of China
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27
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Oyarzún C, Salinas C, Gómez D, Jaramillo K, Pérez G, Alarcón S, Podestá L, Flores C, Quezada C, San Martín R. Increased levels of adenosine and ecto 5'-nucleotidase (CD73) activity precede renal alterations in experimental diabetic rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:354-9. [PMID: 26499073 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) has not been clearly established, making diagnosis and patient management difficult. Recent studies using experimental diabetic models have implicated adenosine signaling with renal cells dysfunction. Therefore, the study of the biochemical mechanisms that regulate extracellular adenosine availability during DN is of emerging interest. Using streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats we demonstrated that urinary levels of adenosine were early increased. Further analyses showed an increased expression of the ecto 5'-nucleotidase (CD73), which hydrolyzes AMP to adenosine, at the renal proximal tubules and a higher enzymatic activity in tubule extracts. These changes precede the signs of diabetic kidney injury recognized by significant proteinuria, morphological alterations and the presence of the renal fibrosis markers alpha smooth muscle actin and fibronectin, collagen deposits and thickening of the glomerular basement membrane. In the proximal tubule cell line HK2 we identified TGF-β as a key modulator of CD73 activity. Importantly, the increased activity of CD73 could be screened in urinary sediments from diabetic rats. In conclusion, the increase of CD73 activity is a key component in the production of high levels of adenosine and emerges as a new tool for the early diagnosis of tubular injury in diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Oyarzún
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - C Salinas
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - D Gómez
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - K Jaramillo
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - G Pérez
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - S Alarcón
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - L Podestá
- CENAIA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - C Flores
- Instituto de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - C Quezada
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - R San Martín
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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Merighi S, Borea PA, Gessi S. Adenosine receptors and diabetes: Focus on the A2B adenosine receptor subtype. Pharmacol Res 2015; 99:229-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Du X, Ou X, Song T, Zhang W, Cong F, Zhang S, Xiong Y. Adenosine A2B receptor stimulates angiogenesis by inducing VEGF and eNOS in human microvascular endothelial cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:1472-9. [PMID: 25966978 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215584939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is critical to wound repair due to its role in providing oxygen and nutrients that are required to support the growth and function of reparative cells in damaged tissues. Adenosine receptors are claimed to be of paramount importance in driving wound angiogenesis by inducing VEGF. However, the underlying mechanisms for the regulation of adenosine receptors in VEGF as well as eNOS remain poorly understood. In the present study, we found that adenosine and the non-selective adenosine receptor agonists (NECA) induced tube formation in HMEC-1 in a dose-dependent manner. Adenosine or NECA (10 µmol/L) significantly augmented the number and length of the segments in comparison with the control. Simultaneously, VEGF and eNOS were significantly upregulated following the administration of 10 µmol/L NECA, while they were suppressed after A2B AR genetic silencing and pharmacological inhibition by MRS1754. In addition, VEGF expression and eNOS bioavailability elimination significantly reduced the formation of capillary-like structures. Furthermore, the activation of A2B AR by NECA significantly increased the intracellular cAMP levels and concomitant CREB phosphorylation, eventually leading to the production of VEGF in HMEC-1. However, the activated PKA-CREB pathway seemed to be invalidated in the induction of eNOS. Moreover, we found that the elicited PI3K/AKT signaling in response to the induction of NECA assisted in regulating eNOS but failed to impact on VEGF generation. In conclusion, the A2B AR activation-driven angiogenesis via cAMP-PKA-CREB mediated VEGF production and PI3K/AKT-dependent upregulation of eNOS in HMEC-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Du
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xuehai Ou
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Tao Song
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Fei Cong
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Shihui Zhang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yongmin Xiong
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710061, China
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Antonioli L, Blandizzi C, Csóka B, Pacher P, Haskó G. Adenosine signalling in diabetes mellitus--pathophysiology and therapeutic considerations. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015; 11:228-41. [PMID: 25687993 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a key extracellular signalling molecule that regulates several aspects of tissue function by activating four G-protein-coupled receptors, A1, A2A, A2B and A1 adenosine receptors. Accumulating evidence highlights a critical role for the adenosine system in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although adenosine signalling is known to affect insulin secretion, new data indicate that adenosine signalling also contributes to the regulation of β-cell homeostasis and activity by controlling the proliferation and regeneration of these cells as well as the survival of β cells in inflammatory microenvironments. Furthermore, adenosine is emerging as a major regulator of insulin responsiveness by controlling insulin signalling in adipose tissue, muscle and liver; adenosine also indirectly mediates effects on inflammatory and/or immune cells in these tissues. This Review critically discusses the role of the adenosine-adenosine receptor system in regulating both the onset and progression of T1DM and T2DM, and the potential of pharmacological manipulation of the adenosinergic system as an approach to manage T1DM, T2DM and their associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Balázs Csóka
- Department of Surgery and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Pál Pacher
- Section on Oxidative Stress Tissue Injury, Laboratories of Physiological Studies, NIH/NIAAA, 5625 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Surgery and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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31
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Roberts VS, Cowan PJ, Alexander SI, Robson SC, Dwyer KM. The role of adenosine receptors A2A and A2B signaling in renal fibrosis. Kidney Int 2014; 86:685-92. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Pye C, Elsherbiny NM, Ibrahim AS, Liou GI, Chadli A, Al-Shabrawey M, Elmarakby AA. Adenosine kinase inhibition protects the kidney against streptozotocin-induced diabetes through anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant mechanisms. Pharmacol Res 2014; 85:45-54. [PMID: 24841126 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine provides anti-inflammatory effects in cardiovascular disease via the activation of adenosine A2A receptors; however, the physiological effect of adenosine could be limited due to its phosphorylation by adenosine kinase. We hypothesized that inhibition of adenosine kinase exacerbates extracellular adenosine levels to reduce renal inflammation and injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Diabetes was induced in male C57BL/6 mice by daily injection of streptozotocin (50mg/kg/day, i.p. for 5 days). Control and diabetic mice were then treated with the adenosine kinase inhibitor ABT702 (1.5mg/kg, i.p. two times a week for 8 weeks, n=7-8/group) or the vehicle (5% DMSO). ABT702 treatment reduced blood glucose level in diabetic mice (∼20%; P<0.05). ABT702 also reduced albuminuria and markers of glomerular injury, nephrinuria and podocalyxin excretion levels, in diabetic mice. Renal NADPH oxidase activity and urinary thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) excretion, indices of oxidative stress, were also elevated in diabetic mice and ABT702 significantly reduced these changes. ABT702 increased renal endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression (eNOS) and nitrate/nitrite excretion levels in diabetic mice. In addition, the diabetic mice displayed an increase in renal macrophage infiltration, in association with increased renal NFκB activation. Importantly, treatment with ABT702 significantly reduced all these inflammatory parameters (P<0.05). Furthermore, ABT702 decreased glomerular permeability and inflammation and restored the decrease in glomerular occludin expression in vitro in high glucose treated human glomerular endothelial cells. Collectively, the results suggest that the reno-protective effects of ABT702 could be attributed to the reduction in renal inflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsey Pye
- Department of Oral Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Nehal M Elsherbiny
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Ibrahim
- Department of Oral Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Gregory I Liou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Ahmed Chadli
- Center for Molecular Chaperones/Radiobiology and Cancer Virology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Mohamed Al-Shabrawey
- Department of Oral Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Ahmed A Elmarakby
- Department of Oral Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
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Abstract
Despite improvements in glycaemic and blood pressure control, and the efficacy of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade for proteinuria reduction, diabetic nephropathy is the most frequent cause of end-stage renal disease in developed countries. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that key pathogenetic mechanisms leading to progression of renal disease are not modified or inactivated by current therapeutic approaches. Although extensive research has elucidated molecular signalling mechanisms that are involved in progression of diabetic kidney disease, a number of high-profile clinical trials of potentially nephroprotective agents have failed, highlighting an insufficient understanding of pathogenic pathways. These include trials of paricalcitol in early diabetic kidney disease and bardoxolone methyl in advanced-stage disease. Various strategies based on encouraging data from preclinical studies that showed renoprotective effects of receptor antagonists, neutralizing antibodies, kinase inhibitors, small compounds and peptide-based technologies are currently been tested in randomized controlled trials. Phase II clinical trials are investigating approaches targeting inflammation, fibrosis and signalling pathways. However, only one trial that aims to provide evidence for marketing approval of a potentially renoprotective drug (atrasentan) is underway-further research into the potential nephroprotective effects of novel glucose-lowering agents is required.
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Guo L, Jiang F, Tang YT, Si MY, Jiao XY. The association of serum vascular endothelial growth factor and ferritin in diabetic microvascular disease. Diabetes Technol Ther 2014; 16:224-34. [PMID: 24279470 PMCID: PMC3952528 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2013.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic microvascular disease. Most diabetes patients have higher serum levels of ferritin that may participate in diabetic vascular complications through high oxidative stress induced by iron. However, the mechanistic link between ferritin and VEGF is obscure. The study investigated the association of VEGF and ferritin in patients with diabetic microvascular disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixty patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 26 healthy individuals were selected in this study. Serum ferritin, VEGF, hematological parameters, and clinical data were assessed in this cohort. The Spearman rank method was used to evaluate the associations among them. RESULTS Serum levels of VEGF and ferritin were significantly higher in diabetes patients compared with the controls; levels of both were elevated with development of the disease. There were positive correlations between VEGF and glucose levels and between VEGF and ferritin in diabetes groups, especially in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Positive correlations were also found between VEGF level and the parameters of age, hemoglobin, and albumin in patients with diabetes hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that high ferritin levels in T2DM are closely related to the development of diabetic vascular complications through interaction with VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Department of Hematology Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College , Shantou, Guangdong, China
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Tak E, Ridyard D, Kim JH, Zimmerman M, Werner T, Wang XX, Shabeka U, Seo SW, Christians U, Klawitter J, Moldovan R, Garcia G, Levi M, Haase V, Ravid K, Eltzschig HK, Grenz A. CD73-dependent generation of adenosine and endothelial Adora2b signaling attenuate diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 25:547-63. [PMID: 24262796 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012101014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide phosphohydrolysis by the ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) is the main source for extracellular generation of adenosine. Extracellular adenosine subsequently signals through four distinct adenosine A receptors (Adora1, Adora2a, Adora2b, or Adora3). Here, we hypothesized a functional role for CD73-dependent generation and concomitant signaling of extracellular adenosine during diabetic nephropathy. CD73 transcript and protein levels were elevated in the kidneys of diabetic mice. Genetic deletion of CD73 was associated with more severe diabetic nephropathy, whereas treatment with soluble nucleotidase was therapeutic. Transcript levels of renal adenosine receptors showed a selective induction of Adora2b during diabetic nephropathy. In a transgenic reporter mouse, Adora2b expression localized to the vasculature and increased after treatment with streptozotocin. Adora2b(-/-) mice experienced more severe diabetic nephropathy, and studies in mice with tissue-specific deletion of Adora2b in tubular epithelia or vascular endothelia implicated endothelial Adora2b signaling in protection from diabetic nephropathy. Finally, treatment with a selective Adora2b agonist (BAY 60-6583) conveyed potent protection from diabetes-associated kidney disease. Taken together, these findings implicate CD73-dependent production of extracellular adenosine and endothelial Adora2b signaling in kidney protection during diabetic nephropathy.
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