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Robinson TP, Hamidi T, Counts B, Guttridge DC, Ostrowski MC, Zimmers TA, Koniaris LG. The impact of inflammation and acute phase activation in cancer cachexia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1207746. [PMID: 38022578 PMCID: PMC10644737 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1207746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of cachexia in the setting of cancer or other chronic diseases is a significant detriment for patients. Cachexia is associated with a decreased ability to tolerate therapies, reduction in ambulation, reduced quality of life, and increased mortality. Cachexia appears intricately linked to the activation of the acute phase response and is a drain on metabolic resources. Work has begun to focus on the important inflammatory factors associated with the acute phase response and their role in the immune activation of cachexia. Furthermore, data supporting the liver, lung, skeletal muscle, and tumor as all playing a role in activation of the acute phase are emerging. Although the acute phase is increasingly being recognized as being involved in cachexia, work in understanding underlying mechanisms of cachexia associated with the acute phase response remains an active area of investigation and still lack a holistic understanding and a clear causal link. Studies to date are largely correlative in nature, nonetheless suggesting the possibility for a role for various acute phase reactants. Herein, we examine the current literature regarding the acute phase response proteins, the evidence these proteins play in the promotion and exacerbation of cachexia, and current evidence of a therapeutic potential for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler P. Robinson
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Tewfik Hamidi
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Brittany Counts
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Denis C. Guttridge
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Michael C. Ostrowski
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Teresa A. Zimmers
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Leonidas G. Koniaris
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States
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Elhussieny A, Nogami K, Sakai-Takemura F, Maruyama Y, Takemura N, Soliman WT, Takeda S, Miyagoe-Suzuki Y. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells improve the engraftment of myogenic cells by secreting urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR). Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:532. [PMID: 34627382 PMCID: PMC8501581 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02594-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe X-linked recessive disease caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. Transplantation of myogenic stem cells holds great promise for treating muscular dystrophies. However, poor engraftment of myogenic stem cells limits the therapeutic effects of cell therapy. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been reported to secrete soluble factors necessary for skeletal muscle growth and regeneration. Methods We induced MSC-like cells (iMSCs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and examined the effects of iMSCs on the proliferation and differentiation of human myogenic cells and on the engraftment of human myogenic cells in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of NSG-mdx4Cv mice, an immunodeficient dystrophin-deficient DMD model. We also examined the cytokines secreted by iMSCs and tested their effects on the engraftment of human myogenic cells. Results iMSCs promoted the proliferation and differentiation of human myogenic cells to the same extent as bone marrow-derived (BM)-MSCs in coculture experiments. In cell transplantation experiments, iMSCs significantly improved the engraftment of human myogenic cells injected into the TA muscle of NSG-mdx4Cv mice. Cytokine array analysis revealed that iMSCs produced insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGFBP2), urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) at higher levels than did BM-MSCs. We further found that uPAR stimulates the migration of human myogenic cells in vitro and promotes their engraftment into the TA muscles of immunodeficient NOD/Scid mice. Conclusions Our results indicate that iMSCs are a new tool to improve the engraftment of myogenic progenitors in dystrophic muscle. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02594-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elhussieny
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Ken'ichiro Nogami
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Fusako Sakai-Takemura
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Yusuke Maruyama
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.,Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Natsumi Takemura
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Wael Talaat Soliman
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Shin'ichi Takeda
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Yuko Miyagoe-Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
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PAI-1, the Plasminogen System, and Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197066. [PMID: 32993026 PMCID: PMC7582753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasminogen system is a critical proteolytic system responsible for the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The master regulator of the plasminogen system, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), has been implicated for its role in exacerbating various disease states not only through the accumulation of ECM (i.e., fibrosis) but also its role in altering cell fate/behaviour. Examination of PAI-1 has extended through various tissues and cell-types with recent investigations showing its presence in skeletal muscle. In skeletal muscle, the role of this protein has been implicated throughout the regeneration process, and in skeletal muscle pathologies (muscular dystrophy, diabetes, and aging-driven pathology). Needless to say, the complete function of this protein in skeletal muscle has yet to be fully elucidated. Given the importance of skeletal muscle in maintaining overall health and quality of life, it is critical to understand the alterations—particularly in PAI-1—that occur to negatively impact this organ. Thus, we provide a comprehensive review of the importance of PAI-1 in skeletal muscle health and function. We aim to shed light on the relevance of this protein in skeletal muscle and propose potential therapeutic approaches to aid in the maintenance of skeletal muscle health.
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Rahman FA, Angus SA, Stokes K, Karpowicz P, Krause MP. Impaired ECM Remodeling and Macrophage Activity Define Necrosis and Regeneration Following Damage in Aged Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134575. [PMID: 32605082 PMCID: PMC7369722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle declines with age, the cause of which remains largely unknown. We investigated extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and their regulators during early regeneration timepoints to define a link between aberrant ECM remodeling, and impaired aged muscle regeneration. The regeneration process was compared in young (three month old) and aged (18 month old) C56BL/6J mice at 3, 5, and 7 days following cardiotoxin-induced damage to the tibialis anterior muscle. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed to assess regenerative capacity, ECM remodeling, and the macrophage response in relation to plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and ECM protein expression. The regeneration process was impaired in aged muscle. Greater intracellular and extramyocellular PAI-1 expression was found in aged muscle. Collagen I was found to accumulate in necrotic regions, while macrophage infiltration was delayed in regenerating regions of aged muscle. Young muscle expressed higher levels of MMP-9 early in the regeneration process that primarily colocalized with macrophages, but this expression was reduced in aged muscle. Our results indicate that ECM remodeling is impaired at early time points following muscle damage, likely a result of elevated expression of the major inhibitor of ECM breakdown, PAI-1, and consequent suppression of the macrophage, MMP-9, and myogenic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fasih Ahmad Rahman
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor. Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada; (F.A.R.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Sarah Anne Angus
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor. Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada; (F.A.R.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Kyle Stokes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor. Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada; (K.S.); (P.K.)
| | - Phillip Karpowicz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor. Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada; (K.S.); (P.K.)
| | - Matthew Paul Krause
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor. Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada; (F.A.R.); (S.A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-519-253-3000
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Abstract
Increasing evidence points to extracellular matrix (ECM) components playing integral roles in regulating the muscle satellite cell (SC) niche. Even small alterations to the niche ECM can have profound effects on SC localization, activation, self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation. This review will focus on the ECM components that comprise the niche, how they are modulated in health and disease and how these changes are thought to affect SC function. Particular emphasis will be placed on the pathological niche and interventions that aim to restore healthy structure and function, as a better understanding of the interplay between the SC and its environment will drive more targeted and effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Adam J. Engler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Gretchen A. Meyer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093,Program in Physical Therapy & Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108
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Francis RM, Romeyn CL, Coughlin AM, Nagelkirk PR, Womack CJ, Lemmer JT. Age and aerobic training status effects on plasma and skeletal muscle tPA and PAI-1. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1229-38. [PMID: 24604072 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2857-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reductions in fibrinolytic potential occur with both aging and physical inactivity and are associated with an increased cardiovascular disease risk. Plasmin, the enzyme responsible for the enzymatic degradation of fibrin clots, is activated by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), while plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) inhibits its activation. Currently, fibrinolysis research focuses almost exclusively on changes within the plasma. However, tPA and PAI-1 are expressed by human skeletal muscle (SM). Currently, no studies have focused on changes in SM fibrinolytic activity with regard to aging and aerobic fitness. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to cross-sectionally evaluate effects of age and aerobic fitness on tPA and PAI-1 expressions and activity in SM. METHODS Twenty-six male subjects were categorized into the following groups: (1) young aerobically trained (n = 8); (2) older aerobically trained (n = 6); (3) young aerobically untrained (n = 7); and (4) older aerobically untrained (n = 5). Muscle biopsies were obtained from each subject. SM tPA activity was assessed using gel zymography and SM tPA and PAI-1 expressions were assessed using RT-PCR. RESULTS Trained subjects had higher SM tPA activity compared to untrained (25.3 ± 2.4 × 10(3) vs. 21.5 ± 5.6 × 10(3) pixels, respectively; p = 0.03) with no effect observed for age. VO2 max and SM tPA activity were also significantly correlated (r = 0.42; p < 0.04). SM tPA expression was higher in older participants, but no effect of fitness level was observed. No differences were observed for PAI-1 expression in SM. CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of aerobic fitness are associated with increased fibrinolytic activity in SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Francis
- Human Energy Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Krause MP, Al-Sajee D, D’Souza DM, Rebalka IA, Moradi J, Riddell MC, Hawke TJ. Impaired macrophage and satellite cell infiltration occurs in a muscle-specific fashion following injury in diabetic skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70971. [PMID: 23951058 PMCID: PMC3741394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic elevations in PAI-1 suppress the fibrinolytic pathway leading to poor collagen remodelling and delayed regeneration of tibialis anterior (TA) muscles in type-1 diabetic Akita mice. However, how impaired collagen remodelling was specifically attenuating regeneration in Akita mice remained unknown. Furthermore, given intrinsic differences between muscle groups, it was unclear if the reparative responses between muscle groups were different. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we reveal that diabetic Akita muscles display differential regenerative responses with the TA and gastrocnemius muscles exhibiting reduced regenerating myofiber area compared to wild-type mice, while soleus muscles displayed no difference between animal groups following injury. Collagen levels in TA and gastrocnemius, but not soleus, were significantly increased post-injury versus controls. At 5 days post-injury, when degenerating/necrotic regions were present in both animal groups, Akita TA and gastrocnemius muscles displayed reduced macrophage and satellite cell infiltration and poor myofiber formation. By 10 days post-injury, necrotic regions were absent in wild-type TA but persisted in Akita TA. In contrast, Akita soleus exhibited no impairment in any of these measures compared to wild-type soleus. In an effort to define how impaired collagen turnover was attenuating regeneration in Akita TA, a PAI-1 inhibitor (PAI-039) was orally administered to Akita mice following cardiotoxin injury. PAI-039 administration promoted macrophage and satellite cell infiltration into necrotic areas of the TA and gastrocnemius. Importantly, soleus muscles exhibit the highest inducible expression of MMP-9 following injury, providing a mechanism for normative collagen degradation and injury recovery in this muscle despite systemically elevated PAI-1. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest the mechanism underlying how impaired collagen remodelling in type-1 diabetes results in delayed regeneration is an impairment in macrophage infiltration and satellite cell recruitment to degenerating areas; a phenomena that occurs differentially between muscle groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Krause
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dhuha Al-Sajee
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donna M. D’Souza
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Irena A. Rebalka
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jasmin Moradi
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael C. Riddell
- Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas J. Hawke
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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The plasminogen activation system modulates differently adipogenesis and myogenesis of embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49065. [PMID: 23145071 PMCID: PMC3493518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important functional role either in physiological or pathological conditions. The plasminogen activation (PA) system, comprising the uPA and tPA proteases and their inhibitor PAI-1, is one of the main suppliers of extracellular proteolytic activity contributing to tissue remodeling. Although its function in development is well documented, its precise role in mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation in vitro is unknown. We found that the PA system components are expressed at very low levels in undifferentiated ESCs and that upon differentiation uPA activity is detected mainly transiently, whereas tPA activity and PAI-1 protein are maximum in well differentiated cells. Adipocyte formation by ESCs is inhibited by amiloride treatment, a specific uPA inhibitor. Likewise, ESCs expressing ectopic PAI-1 under the control of an inducible expression system display reduced adipogenic capacities after induction of the gene. Furthermore, the adipogenic differentiation capacities of PAI-1(-/-) induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are augmented as compared to wt iPSCs. Our results demonstrate that the control of ESC adipogenesis by the PA system correspond to different successive steps from undifferentiated to well differentiated ESCs. Similarly, skeletal myogenesis is decreased by uPA inhibition or PAI-1 overexpression during the terminal step of differentiation. However, interfering with uPA during days 0 to 3 of the differentiation process augments ESC myotube formation. Neither neurogenesis, cardiomyogenesis, endothelial cell nor smooth muscle formation are affected by amiloride or PAI-1 induction. Our results show that the PA system is capable to specifically modulate adipogenesis and skeletal myogenesis of ESCs by successive different molecular mechanisms.
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α-Enolase, a multifunctional protein: its role on pathophysiological situations. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:156795. [PMID: 23118496 PMCID: PMC3479624 DOI: 10.1155/2012/156795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Enolase is a key glycolytic enzyme in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and is considered a multifunctional protein. α-enolase is expressed on the surface of several cell types, where it acts as a plasminogen receptor, concentrating proteolytic plasmin activity on the cell surface. In addition to glycolytic enzyme and plasminogen receptor functions, α-Enolase appears to have other cellular functions and subcellular localizations that are distinct from its well-established function in glycolysis. Furthermore, differential expression of α-enolase has been related to several pathologies, such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis, among others. We have identified α-enolase as a plasminogen receptor in several cell types. In particular, we have analyzed its role in myogenesis, as an example of extracellular remodelling process. We have shown that α-enolase is expressed on the cell surface of differentiating myocytes, and that inhibitors of α-enolase/plasminogen binding block myogenic fusion in vitro and skeletal muscle regeneration in mice. α-Enolase could be considered as a marker of pathological stress in a high number of diseases, performing several of its multiple functions, mainly as plasminogen receptor. This paper is focused on the multiple roles of the α-enolase/plasminogen axis, related to several pathologies.
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Serrano AL, Mann CJ, Vidal B, Ardite E, Perdiguero E, Muñoz-Cánoves P. Cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating fibrosis in skeletal muscle repair and disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2011; 96:167-201. [PMID: 21621071 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385940-2.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The repair of an injured tissue is a complex biological process involving the coordinated activities of tissue-resident and infiltrating cells in response to local and systemic signals. Following acute tissue injury, inflammatory cell infiltration and activation/proliferation of resident stem cells is the first line of defense to restore tissue homeostasis. However, in the setting of chronic tissue damage, such as in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, inflammatory infiltrates persist, the ability of stem cells (satellite cells) is blocked and fibrogenic cells are continuously activated, eventually leading to the conversion of muscle into nonfunctional fibrotic tissue. This review explores our current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying efficient muscle repair that are dysregulated in muscular dystrophy-associated fibrosis and in aging-related muscle dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio L Serrano
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Cell Biology Unit, CIBERNED, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Krause MP, Riddell MC, Hawke TJ. Effects of type 1 diabetes mellitus on skeletal muscle: clinical observations and physiological mechanisms. Pediatr Diabetes 2011; 12:345-64. [PMID: 20860561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2010.00699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Krause
- Dept of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main St., W. Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5
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Mann CJ, Perdiguero E, Kharraz Y, Aguilar S, Pessina P, Serrano AL, Muñoz-Cánoves P. Aberrant repair and fibrosis development in skeletal muscle. Skelet Muscle 2011; 1:21. [PMID: 21798099 PMCID: PMC3156644 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-1-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The repair process of damaged tissue involves the coordinated activities of several cell types in response to local and systemic signals. Following acute tissue injury, infiltrating inflammatory cells and resident stem cells orchestrate their activities to restore tissue homeostasis. However, during chronic tissue damage, such as in muscular dystrophies, the inflammatory-cell infiltration and fibroblast activation persists, while the reparative capacity of stem cells (satellite cells) is attenuated. Abnormal dystrophic muscle repair and its end stage, fibrosis, represent the final common pathway of virtually all chronic neurodegenerative muscular diseases. As our understanding of the pathogenesis of muscle fibrosis has progressed, it has become evident that the muscle provides a useful model for the regulation of tissue repair by the local microenvironment, showing interplay among muscle-specific stem cells, inflammatory cells, fibroblasts and extracellular matrix components of the mammalian wound-healing response. This article reviews the emerging findings of the mechanisms that underlie normal versus aberrant muscle-tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Mann
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eusebio Perdiguero
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yacine Kharraz
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Aguilar
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrizia Pessina
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio L Serrano
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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Serrano AL, Muñoz-Cánoves P. Regulation and dysregulation of fibrosis in skeletal muscle. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:3050-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Urokinase-type plasminogen activator increases hepatocyte growth factor activity required for skeletal muscle regeneration. Blood 2009; 114:5052-61. [PMID: 19812386 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-12-196212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasminogen system plays a crucial role in the repair of a variety of tissues, including skeletal muscle. We hypothesized that urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) promotes muscle regeneration by activating hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which, in turn, stimulates proliferation of myoblasts required for regeneration. In our studies, levels of active HGF and phosphorylation of the HGF receptor c-met were increased after muscle injury in wild-type mice. Compared with wild-type animals, mice deficient in uPA (uPA(-/-)) had markedly reduced HGF levels and c-met activation after muscle damage. This reduced HGF activity in uPA(-/-) animals was associated with decreased cell proliferation, myoblast accumulation, and new muscle fiber formation. On the other hand, HGF activity was enhanced at early time points in PAI-1(-/-) mice compared with wild-type mice and the PAI-1(-/-) animals exhibited accelerated muscle fiber regeneration. Furthermore, administration of exogenous uPA rescued HGF levels and muscle regeneration in uPA(-/-) mice, and an HGF-blocking antibody reduced HGF activity and muscle regeneration in wild-type mice. We also found that uPA promotes myoblast proliferation in vitro through its proteolytic activity, and this process was inhibited by an HGF-blocking antibody. Together, our findings demonstrate that uPA promotes muscle regeneration through HGF activation and subsequent myoblast proliferation.
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Novak ML, Billich W, Smith SM, Sukhija KB, McLoughlin TJ, Hornberger TA, Koh TJ. COX-2 inhibitor reduces skeletal muscle hypertrophy in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 296:R1132-9. [PMID: 19176887 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90874.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory strategies are often used to reduce muscle pain and soreness that can result from high-intensity muscular activity. However, studies indicate that components of the acute inflammatory response may be required for muscle repair and growth. The hypothesis of this study was that cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 activity is required for compensatory hypertrophy of skeletal muscle. We used the synergist ablation model of skeletal muscle hypertrophy, along with the specific COX-2 inhibitor NS-398, to investigate the role of COX-2 in overload-induced muscle growth in mice. COX-2 was expressed in plantaris muscles during compensatory hypertrophy and was localized mainly in or near muscle cell nuclei. Treatment with NS-398 blunted the increases in mass and protein content in overloaded muscles compared with vehicle-treated controls. Additionally, the COX-2 inhibitor decreased activity of the urokinase type plasminogen activator, macrophage accumulation, and cell proliferation, all of which are required for hypertrophy after synergist ablation. Expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 and phosphorylation of Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin, and p70S6K were increased following synergist ablation, but were not affected by NS-398. Additionally, expression of atrogin-1 was reduced during hypertrophy, but was also not affected by NS-398. These results demonstrate that COX-2 activity is required for skeletal muscle hypertrophy, possibly through facilitation of extracellular protease activity, macrophage accumulation, and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Novak
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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17
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Liu J, Gurpur PB, Kaufman SJ. Genetically determined proteolytic cleavage modulates alpha7beta1 integrin function. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:35668-78. [PMID: 18940796 PMCID: PMC2602887 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804661200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dystrophin-glycoprotein complex and the alpha7beta1 integrin are trans-sarcolemmal linkage systems that connect and transduce contractile forces between muscle fibers and the extracellular matrix. alpha7beta1 is the major laminin binding integrin in skeletal muscle. Different functional variants of this integrin are generated by alternative splicing and post-translational modifications such as glycosylation and ADP-ribosylation. Here we report a species-specific difference in alpha7 chains that results from an intra-peptide proteolytic cleavage, by a serine protease, at the 603RRQ605 site. Site-directed mutagenesis of RRQ to GRQ prevents this cleavage. This RRQ sequence in the alpha7 integrin chain is highly conserved among vertebrates but it is absent in mice. Protein structure modeling indicates this cleavage site is located in an open region between the beta-propeller and thigh domains of the alpha7 chain. Compared with the non-cleavable alpha7 chain, the cleaved form enhances cell adhesion and spreading on laminin. Cleavage of the alpha7 chain is elevated upon myogenic differentiation, and this cleavage may be mediated by urokinase-type plasminogen activator. These results suggest proteolytic cleavage is a novel mechanism that regulates alpha7 integrin functions in skeletal muscle, and that the generation of such cleavage sites is another evolutionary mechanism for expanding and modifying protein functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Liu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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18
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LEE HJ, LEE HJ, MAGESH V, NAM D, LEE EO, AHN KS, JUNG MH, AHN KS, KIM DK, KIM JY, KIM SH. Shikonin, Acetylshikonin, and Isobutyroylshikonin Inhibit VEGF-induced Angiogenesis and Suppress Tumor Growth in Lewis Lung Carcinoma-bearing Mice. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2008; 128:1681-8. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.128.1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jung LEE
- Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyunghee University
| | - Hyo-Jeong LEE
- Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyunghee University
| | - Venkataraman MAGESH
- Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyunghee University
| | - Dongwoo NAM
- Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyunghee University
| | - Eun-Ok LEE
- Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyunghee University
| | - Kwang Seok AHN
- Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyunghee University
| | | | - Kyoo-Seok AHN
- Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyunghee University
| | | | - Ji-Young KIM
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Sciences and Resources, Kyunghee University
| | - Sung-Hoon KIM
- Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyunghee University
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19
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Serratì S, Margheri F, Fibbi G, Di Cara G, Minafra L, Pucci-Minafra I, Liotta F, Annunziato F, Pucci M, Del Rosso M. Endothelial cells and normal breast epithelial cells enhance invasion of breast carcinoma cells by CXCR-4-dependent up-regulation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR, CD87) expression. J Pathol 2008; 214:545-54. [PMID: 18189329 DOI: 10.1002/path.2309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Here we show the increase of invasion of three breast cancer cell lines (8701-BC, MDA-MB-231 and SKBR3) upon long-term co-incubation with culture medium of normal microvascular endothelial cells (MVEC) and normal breast epithelial cells (HB2). The enhancement of invasion relied on the interaction of microvascular endothelial cell and normal breast epithelial cell CXCL12 (SDF1) chemokine, whose expression by breast cancer cells was very low, with the cognate CXCR4 receptor of malignant cells, which resulted in over-expression of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) on their surfaces. uPAR over-expression, showed by RT-PCR and Western blotting, was paralleled by increased urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) partitioning on the cell surface with respect to the fluid phase, as demonstrated by zymography. Long-term interaction of SDF1 with CXCR4 stimulated sustained activation of JNK phosphorylation. Blocking antibodies to CXCR4 were able to block the endothelial/epithelial cell-dependent enhancement of invasion, as well as to inhibit SDF1-CXCR4-dependent JNK phosphorylation and uPAR over-expression of malignant cells. We suggest that acquisition of the angiogenic phenotype by breast cancer cells triggers an amplification loop, in which endothelial cells and normal breast epithelial cells of the tumour cooperate to provide facilitated routes to cell invasion and metastasis and to enhance the aggressive phenotype of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Serratì
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Italy
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20
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Bryer SC, Fantuzzi G, Van Rooijen N, Koh TJ. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator plays essential roles in macrophage chemotaxis and skeletal muscle regeneration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:1179-88. [PMID: 18178858 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.2.1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although macrophages are thought to play important roles in tissue repair, the molecular mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated. Mice deficient in urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA-/-) exhibit decreased accumulation of macrophages following muscle injury and severely impaired muscle regeneration. We tested whether macrophage-derived uPA plays essential roles in macrophage chemotaxis and skeletal muscle regeneration. Macrophage uPA was required for chemotaxis, even when invasion through matrix was not necessary. The mechanism by which macrophage uPA promoted chemotaxis was independent of receptor binding but appeared to depend on proteolytic activity. Exogenous uPA restored chemotaxis to uPA-/- macrophages and rescued muscle regeneration in uPA-/- mice. Macrophage depletion in wild-type (WT) mice using clodronate liposomes resulted in impaired muscle regeneration, confirming that macrophages are required for efficient healing. Furthermore, transfer of WT bone marrow cells to uPA-/- mice restored macrophage accumulation and muscle regeneration. In this rescue, transferred WT cells appeared to contribute to IGF-1 expression but did not fuse to regenerating fibers. These data indicate that WT leukocytes, including macrophages, that express uPA were sufficient to rescue muscle regeneration in uPA-/- mice. Overall, the results indicate that uPA plays a fundamental role in macrophage chemotaxis and that macrophage-derived uPA promotes efficient muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Bryer
- Department of Movement Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago 60612, USA
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21
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Suelves M, Vidal B, Serrano AL, Tjwa M, Roma J, López-Alemany R, Luttun A, de Lagrán MM, Díaz-Ramos A, Díaz MA, Jardí M, Roig M, Dierssen M, Dewerchin M, Carmeliet P, Muñoz-Cánoves P. uPA deficiency exacerbates muscular dystrophy in MDX mice. J Cell Biol 2007; 178:1039-51. [PMID: 17785520 PMCID: PMC2064626 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200705127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal and incurable muscle degenerative disorder. We identify a function of the protease urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in mdx mice, a mouse model of DMD. The expression of uPA is induced in mdx dystrophic muscle, and the genetic loss of uPA in mdx mice exacerbated muscle dystrophy and reduced muscular function. Bone marrow (BM) transplantation experiments revealed a critical function for BM-derived uPA in mdx muscle repair via three mechanisms: (1) by promoting the infiltration of BM-derived inflammatory cells; (2) by preventing the excessive deposition of fibrin; and (3) by promoting myoblast migration. Interestingly, genetic loss of the uPA receptor in mdx mice did not exacerbate muscular dystrophy in mdx mice, suggesting that uPA exerts its effects independently of its receptor. These findings underscore the importance of uPA in muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Suelves
- Program on Differentiation and Cancer, Center for Genomic Regulation, E-08003, Barcelona, Spain
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22
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DiPasquale DM, Cheng M, Billich W, Huang SA, van Rooijen N, Hornberger TA, Koh TJ. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator and macrophages are required for skeletal muscle hypertrophy in mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 293:C1278-85. [PMID: 17652428 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00201.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adult skeletal muscle possesses remarkable potential for growth in response to mechanical loading; however, many of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved remain undefined. The hypothesis of this study was that the extracellular serine protease, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), is required for muscle hypertrophy, in part by promoting macrophage accumulation in muscle subjected to increased mechanical loading. Compensatory muscle hypertrophy was induced in mouse plantaris (PLT) muscles by surgical ablation of synergist muscles. Following synergist ablation, PLT muscles in wild-type mice demonstrated edema and infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages but an absence of overt muscle fiber damage. Sham procedures resulted in no edema or accumulation of inflammatory cells. In addition, synergist ablation was associated with a large increase in activity of uPA in the PLT muscle. uPA-null mice demonstrated complete abrogation of compensatory hypertrophy associated with reduced macrophage accumulation, indicating that uPA is required for hypertrophy. Macrophages isolated from wild-type PLT muscle during compensatory hypertrophy expressed uPA and IGF-I, both of which may contribute to hypertrophy. To determine whether macrophages are required for muscle hypertrophy, clodronate liposomes were administered to deplete macrophages in wild-type mice; this resulted in reduced muscle hypertrophy. Decreased macrophage accumulation was associated with reduced cell proliferation but did not alter signaling through the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. These data indicate that uPA and macrophages are required for muscle hypertrophy following synergist ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M DiPasquale
- Department of Movement Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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23
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Bryer SC, Koh TJ. The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor is not required for skeletal muscle inflammation or regeneration. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 293:R1152-8. [PMID: 17567716 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00132.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis of this study was the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is required for accumulation of inflammatory cells in injured skeletal muscle and for efficient muscle regeneration. Expression of uPAR was elevated at 1 and 3 days after cardiotoxin-induced muscle injury in wild-type mice before returning to baseline levels. Neutrophil accumulation peaked 1 day postinjury in muscle from both wild-type (WT) and uPAR null mice, while macrophage accumulation peaked between 3 and 5 days postinjury, with no differences between strains. Histological analyses confirmed efficient muscle regeneration in both wild-type and uPAR null mice, with no difference between strains in the formation or growth of regenerating fibers, or recovery of normal morphology. Furthermore, in vitro experiments demonstrated that chemotaxis is not different between WT and uPAR null macrophages. Finally, fusion of cultured satellite cells into multinucleated myotubes was not different between cells isolated from WT and uPAR null mice. These results demonstrate that uPAR is not required for the accumulation of inflammatory cells or the regeneration of skeletal muscle following injury, suggesting uPA can act independently of uPAR to regulate events critical for muscle regeneration.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/pharmacology
- Cell Fusion
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemotaxis/drug effects
- Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Myositis/chemically induced
- Myositis/physiopathology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator
- Regeneration/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/drug effects
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Bryer
- Department of Movement Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Il 60612, USA
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24
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Margheri F, Manetti M, Serratì S, Nosi D, Pucci M, Matucci-Cerinic M, Kahaleh B, Bazzichi L, Fibbi G, Ibba-Manneschi L, Del Rosso M. Domain 1 of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor is required for its morphologic and functional, β2 integrin–mediated connection with actin cytoskeleton in human microvascular endothelial cells: Failure of association in systemic sclerosis endothelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:3926-38. [PMID: 17133606 DOI: 10.1002/art.22263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In systemic sclerosis (SSc) microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs), angiogenesis is blocked by matrix metalloproteinase 12-dependent cleavage of domain 1 of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR). Since integrins are associated with the invasive activity of uPAR in angiogenesis, this study was undertaken to show whether full-size and truncated uPAR are differentially associated with integrins and with motor components of the cytoskeleton. METHODS SSc and normal MVECs were isolated from human skin biopsy specimens and studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy and immunoprecipitation to assess the mechanisms of association of truncated and full-size uPAR with integrins and the actin cytoskeleton. The integrin composition of the MVECs was studied by reverse transcription-polymerasechain reaction. Cell migration and capillary morphogenesis were studied on fibrinogen substrates. Involvement of Rac and Cdc42 was evaluated by Western blotting. RESULTS Only full-size uPAR showed a connection with the actin cytoskeleton in ECs. This connection was mediated by the uPAR-associated alphaMu- and alphaX-subunits of beta2 integrin, and was absent from SSc MVECs. The cleaved uPAR was not associated with beta2 integrins or with actin. beta3 integrins were associated with both the full-size and cleaved uPAR at focal contacts. The uncoupling of uPAR from beta2 integrins in SSc MVECs impaired the activation of Rac and Cdc42 (thus inhibiting their mediation of uPAR-dependent cytoskeletal rearrangements and cell motility) and blocked the integrin-engagement-delivered signals to the actin cytoskeleton. Invasion and capillary morphogenesis on fibrinogen-coated substrates indicated that ligation of uPAR by uPA empowers the beta2/beta3 integrin-dependent invasion of fibrinogen, and that this system is impaired in SSc MVECs. CONCLUSION The reduced angiogenic properties of SSc MVECs can be explained by the effects of uPAR truncation and the subsequent loss of the beta2 integrin-mediated connection of uPAR with the actin cytoskeleton in these ECs.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/metabolism
- CD18 Antigens/genetics
- CD18 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemotaxis/drug effects
- Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Cytoskeleton/ultrastructure
- Down-Regulation
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- GTPase-Activating Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/chemistry
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Microcirculation/cytology
- Microcirculation/drug effects
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/physiopathology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Scleroderma, Systemic/metabolism
- Scleroderma, Systemic/physiopathology
- Skin/blood supply
- Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator/pharmacology
- cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
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25
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Del Rosso A, Cinelli M, Guiducci S, Pignone A, Fibbi G, Margheri F, Gabrielli A, Giacomelli R, Coppini A, Del Rosso M, Matucci Cerinic M. Deflazacort modulates the fibrinolytic pattern and reduces uPA-dependent chemioinvasion and proliferation in rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44:1255-62. [PMID: 15998634 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kei006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extracellular fibrinolysis, controlled by the cell-associated fibrinolytic system (urokinase plasminogen activator, uPA; uPA receptor, uPAR; plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1, PAI-1), is involved in cartilage damage generation and in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovitis. Since steroids reduce the rate of radiological progression of RA, we planned to evaluate in healthy and RA synoviocytes the effects of the steroid deflazacort on uPA, uPAR and PAI-1 expression, and subsequent phenotypic modifications in terms of uPA/uPAR-dependent invasion and proliferation. METHODS uPA, uPAR and PAI-1 levels were studied by ELISA, RT-PCR (uPAR) and zymography (uPA) in synoviocytes from four RA patients and four healthy controls. Chemoinvasion was assessed by the Boyden chamber invasion assay, using Matrigel as the invasion substrate. Proliferation was evaluated by cell counting. Both invasion and proliferation were measured upon treatment with deflazacort 5 muM with or without parallel stimulation with uPA 500 ng/ml or in the presence of monoclonal anti-uPA and anti-uPAR antibodies. RESULTS Invasion and proliferation of RA synoviocytes require a proper functional balance of the fibrinolytic system. Both deflazacort and monoclonal antibodies against uPA and uPAR reduced expression and activity of the system, thus inhibiting invasion and proliferation. In RA synoviocytes, deflazacort induced higher PAI-1 and lower uPA and uPAR levels, as well as a decrease in uPA enzymatic activity. The levels of uPAR mRNA were concomitantly reduced, as was uPA-induced chemoinvasion. All these effects were also shown in controls, though to a lesser extent. CONCLUSIONS Deflazacort might control RA synovial proliferation and invasion by differential modulation of single members of the fibrinolytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Del Rosso
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 18, 50139 Firenze, Italy
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26
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Koh TJ, Bryer SC, Pucci AM, Sisson TH. Mice deficient in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 have improved skeletal muscle regeneration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2005; 289:C217-23. [PMID: 15716324 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00555.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle possesses a remarkable capacity for regeneration. Although the regulation of this process at the molecular level remains largely undefined, the plasminogen system appears to play a critical role. Specifically, mice deficient in either urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA−/−mice) or plasminogen demonstrate markedly impaired muscle regeneration after injury. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that loss of the primary inhibitor of uPA, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), would improve muscle regeneration. Repair of the extensor digitorum longus muscle was assessed after cardiotoxin injury in wild-type, uPA−/−, and PAI-1-deficient (PAI-1−/−) mice. As expected, there was no uPA activity in the injured muscles of uPA−/−mice, and muscles from these transgenic animals demonstrated impaired regeneration. On the other hand, uPA activity was increased in injured muscle from PAI-1−/−mice to a greater extent than in wild-type controls. Furthermore, PAI-1−/−mice demonstrated increased expression of MyoD and developmental myosin after injury as well as accelerated recovery of muscle morphology, protein levels, and muscle force compared with wild-type animals. The injured muscles of PAI-1-null mice also demonstrated increased macrophage accumulation, contrasting with impaired macrophage accumulation in uPA-deficient mice. The extent of macrophage accumulation correlated with both the clearance of protein after injury and the efficiency of regeneration. Taken together, these results indicate that PAI-1 deficiency promotes muscle regeneration, and this protease inhibitor represents a therapeutic target for enhancing muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Koh
- Department of Movement Sciences (M/C 194), University of Illinois at Chicago, 901 W. Roosevelt Rd., Chicago, Illinois 60608, USA.
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27
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Lee HJ, Lee HJ, Lim ES, Ahn KS, Shim BS, Kim HM, Gong SJ, Kim DK, Kim SH. Cambodian Phellinus linteus inhibits experimental metastasis of melanoma cells in mice via regulation of urokinase type plasminogen activator. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:27-31. [PMID: 15635158 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phellinus linteus (PL) is a fungus mainly found in tropical America, Africa and Asian countries including Korea, Japan and China. PL has been traditionally used for the treatment of arthritis, liver damage and cancer. However, little was known on the biological activity and characterization of Phellinus species in Cambodia. Thus, in the present study, the anti-metastatic mechanism of aqueous extract of Cambodian Phellinus linteus (CPL) was evaluated. Cambodian mushroom was identified as a Phellinus species with 99% homology of Phellinus linteus by DNA sequence analysis and comparison by the National Center for Biotechnology Information. CPL did not exhibit any significant cytotoxicity against B16BL6 cells, invasive melanoma cells at 1 mg/ml. However, CPL inhibited platelet aggregation induced by B16BL6 cells and also disrupted the adhesion to gelatin and invasion of B16BL6 cells in a concentration dependent manner. Similarly, CPL dose-dependently inhibited the pulmonary metastatic colonies in C57BL/6 mice intravenously injected by B16BL6 cells up to 55.5% at a dose of 50 mg/kg compared with untreated control. CPL also down-regulated the expression of urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA), one of key proteins associated with invasion and metastasis of tumor cells in a concentration dependent fashion, while CPL didn't significantly affect the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2) by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Taken together, these findings indicate that Cambodian Phellinus linteus may inhibit metastasis at least partly via regulation of uPA associated with tumor cell induced platelet aggregation (TCIPA) and also suggest a further study for isolation of active ingredients and the involvement of adhesion molecule signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jung Lee
- Department of Oncology, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyunghee University, Yongin, Kyunggi-do, Republic of Korea
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28
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Tassy C, Herrera-Mendez C, Sentandreu M, Aubry L, Brémaud L, Pélissier P, Delourme D, Brillard M, Gauthier F, Levéziel H, Ouali A. Muscle endopin 1, a muscle intracellular serpin which strongly inhibits elastase: purification, characterization, cellular localization and tissue distribution. Biochem J 2005; 388:273-80. [PMID: 15647007 PMCID: PMC1186716 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Revised: 01/04/2005] [Accepted: 01/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, an endopin-like elastase inhibitor was purified for the first time from bovine muscle. A three-step chromatography procedure was developed including successively SP-Sepharose, Q-Sepharose and EMD-DEAE 650. This procedure provides about 300 microg of highly pure inhibitor from 500 g of bovine diaphragm muscle. The N-terminal sequence of the muscle elastase inhibitor, together with the sequence of a trypsin-generated peptide, showed 100% similarity with the cDNA deduced sequence of chromaffin cell endopin 1. Hence, the muscle inhibitor was designated muscle endopin 1 (mEndopin 1). mEndopin 1 had a molecular mass of 70 kDa, as assessed by both gel filtration and SDS/PAGE. According to the association rates determined, mEndopin 1 is a potent inhibitor of elastase (kass=2.41x10(7) M(-1).s(-1)) and trypsin (kass=3.92x10(6) M(-1).s(-1)), whereas plasmin (kass=1.78x10(3) M(-1).s(-1)) and chymotrypsin (kass=1.0x10(2) M(-1).s(-1)) were only moderately inhibited. By contrast, no inhibition was detected against several other selected serine proteinases, as well as against cysteine proteinases of the papain family. The cellular location of mEndopin in muscle tissue and its tissue distribution were investigated using a highly specific rabbit antiserum. The results obtained demonstrate an intracellular location and a wide distribution in bovine tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Tassy
- *Station de Recherches sur la Viande, Laboratoire de Biochimie des Protéines, INRA de Theix, 63122 Saint Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Carlos H. Herrera-Mendez
- *Station de Recherches sur la Viande, Laboratoire de Biochimie des Protéines, INRA de Theix, 63122 Saint Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Miguel A. Sentandreu
- *Station de Recherches sur la Viande, Laboratoire de Biochimie des Protéines, INRA de Theix, 63122 Saint Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Laurent Aubry
- *Station de Recherches sur la Viande, Laboratoire de Biochimie des Protéines, INRA de Theix, 63122 Saint Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Laure Brémaud
- †Unité de Génétique Moleculaire Animale, UMR 1061, INRA-Université de Limoges, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Pélissier
- †Unité de Génétique Moleculaire Animale, UMR 1061, INRA-Université de Limoges, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Didier Delourme
- †Unité de Génétique Moleculaire Animale, UMR 1061, INRA-Université de Limoges, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Michèle Brillard
- ‡Université François Rabelais, Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Chimie des Protéines, 37032 Tours, France
| | - Francis Gauthier
- ‡Université François Rabelais, Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Chimie des Protéines, 37032 Tours, France
| | - Hubert Levéziel
- †Unité de Génétique Moleculaire Animale, UMR 1061, INRA-Université de Limoges, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Ahmed Ouali
- *Station de Recherches sur la Viande, Laboratoire de Biochimie des Protéines, INRA de Theix, 63122 Saint Genès Champanelle, France
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Argilés JM, López-Soriano J, Almendro V, Busquets S, López-Soriano FJ. Cross-talk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue: a link with obesity? Med Res Rev 2005; 25:49-65. [PMID: 15389734 DOI: 10.1002/med.20010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of leptin, the adipocyte and its products have been the subject of intensive research. Thus, it has been demonstrated that adipose tissue plays a central role in energy homeostasis, behaving as an endocrine organ that expresses molecules involved in regulation of metabolism; alterations in the expression or activity of those molecules have a fundamental role in pathologies such as obesity and insulin resistance. However, little is known about the role played by another tissue, skeletal muscle, which may have similar functions regarding metabolism control. Indeed, some molecules expressed in this tissue have recently been shown to modulate adipose metabolism. The present review considers the metabolic interrelationships and cross-talk of signals derived from both skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. It is suggested that cytokines derived from both tissues may have an important role in maintaining an adequate ratio of skeletal muscle to fat and thus may play an important role in the control of body weight. IL-15 (a cytokine highly-expressed in skeletal muscle), TNF-alpha, and leptin could play a decisive role in the suggested "conversation" between adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep M Argilés
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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30
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D'Alessio S, Fibbi G, Cinelli M, Guiducci S, Del Rosso A, Margheri F, Serratì S, Pucci M, Kahaleh B, Fan P, Annunziato F, Cosmi L, Liotta F, Matucci-Cerinic M, Del Rosso M. Matrix metalloproteinase 12-dependent cleavage of urokinase receptor in systemic sclerosis microvascular endothelial cells results in impaired angiogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:3275-85. [PMID: 15476218 DOI: 10.1002/art.20562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Defective angiogenesis, resulting in tissue ischemia, is particularly prominent in the diffuse form of systemic sclerosis (SSc). The present study was undertaken to identify possible differences between normal and SSc microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs) in the expression of the cell-associated urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)/uPA receptor (uPAR) system, which is critical in the angiogenic process. METHODS MVECs were isolated from the dermis of healthy individuals and from the dermis of patients with diffuse SSc. The uPA/uPAR system was examined at the protein and messenger RNA levels. Angiogenesis was assayed on Matrigel-coated porous filters and plates to evaluate cell proliferation, invasion, and capillary morphogenesis. Cleavage of uPAR and the activity of matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP-12) were evaluated by Western blotting. RESULTS Compared with MVECs from healthy skin, MVECs from SSc patients showed higher expression of uPAR. However, in SSc MVECs, uPAR undergoes truncation between domain 1 and domain 2, as shown by flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blotting, a cleavage that is known to impair uPAR functions. These properties of SSc MVECs were associated with poor spontaneous and uPA-dependent invasion, proliferation, and capillary morphogenesis. The uPAR cleavage occurring in SSc MVECs was associated with overexpression of MMP-12. SSc MVEC-conditioned medium impaired uPA-dependent proliferation and invasion as well as capillary morphogenesis in normal MVECs in vitro. Both a general hydroxamate inhibitor of MMP activity and anti-MMP-12 antibodies restored this SSc MVEC-induced impaired functioning. CONCLUSION Overproduction of MMP-12 by SSc MVECs accounts for the cleavage of uPAR and the impairment of angiogenesis in vitro and may contribute to reduced angiogenesis in SSc patients.
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D'Alessio S, Margheri F, Pucci M, Del Rosso A, Monia BP, Bologna M, Leonetti C, Scarsella M, Zupi G, Fibbi G, Del Rosso M. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides for urokinase-plasminogen activator receptor have anti-invasive and anti-proliferative effects in vitro and inhibit spontaneous metastases of human melanoma in mice. Int J Cancer 2004; 110:125-33. [PMID: 15054877 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have targeted the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) with phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotides (aODN) in vitro to evaluate the anti-invasive and anti-proliferative effects of uPAR down-regulation, as well as in vivo to evaluate anti-tumor and anti-metastatic activity. aODN-dependent uPAR downregulation in vitro was induced in cells of human melanoma, mammary carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma and SV-40-transformed embryonic lung fibroblasts. uPAR was determined by an antibody-based assay and by semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cell invasion was evaluated by Matrigel invasion assay and cell proliferation by direct cell counting. aODN reduced uPAR, invasion and proliferation in all the treated cell lines. Following aODN treatment, human melanoma cells exhibited a strong decrease of uPAR-dependent ERK1/2 activation and were used in vivo to control metastasis in CD-1 male nude (nu/nu) mice by uPAR aODN injection. 60 mice were injected in the hind leg muscles with a suspension of 10(6) melanoma cells. After 4 days, when a tumor mass of about 350 mg was evident in all the mice injected, 20 mice were treated i.v. with aODN and 20 with dODN at 0.5 mg/day for 5 consecutive days. Twenty control mice were not treated. A second and third cycle of treatment was administered at 2-day intervals. Treatment with aODN resulted into a 78% reduction of lung metastases and 45% reduction of the primary tumor mass with no loss of body weight. Our results suggest to evaluate the utility of uPAR aODN in controlling the metastatic spreading of human melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia D'Alessio
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
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Pai R, Tarnawski AS, Tran T. Deoxycholic acid activates beta-catenin signaling pathway and increases colon cell cancer growth and invasiveness. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15:2156-63. [PMID: 15004225 PMCID: PMC404012 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e03-12-0894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is often lethal when invasion and/or metastasis occur. Tumor progression to the metastatic phenotype is mainly dependent on tumor cell invasiveness. Secondary bile acids, particularly deoxycholic acid (DCA), are implicated in promoting colon cancer growth and progression. Whether DCA modulates beta-catenin and promotes colon cancer cell growth and invasiveness remains unknown. Because beta-catenin and its target genes urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and cyclin D1 are overexpressed in colon cancers, and are linked to cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis, we investigated whether DCA activates beta-catenin signaling and promotes colon cancer cell growth and invasiveness. Our results show that low concentrations of DCA (5 and 50 microM) significantly increase tyrosine phosphorylation of beta-catenin, induce urokinase-type plasminogen activator, uPAR, and cyclin D1 expression and enhance colon cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness. These events are associated with a substantial loss of E-cadherin binding to beta-catenin. Inhibition of beta-catenin with small interfering RNA significantly reduced DCA-induced uPAR and cyclin D1 expression. Blocking uPAR with a neutralizing antibody significantly suppressed DCA-induced colon cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness. These findings provide evidence for a novel mechanism underlying the oncogenic effects of secondary bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Pai
- Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California, USA.
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Caldini R, Barletta E, Del Rosso M, Giovannelli L, Chevanne M. FGF2-mediated upregulation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator expression requires a MAP-kinase dependent activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. J Cell Physiol 2004; 202:125-34. [PMID: 15389540 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a post-translational modification of protein occurring in the nucleus by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase enzyme activity. The main role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase system as "nick sensor" and DNA breaks repair is based on its activation via DNA strand breaks. Furthermore, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase modifies the binding to DNA of several transcriptional factors by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, thereby regulating also transcriptional gene expression. We have analyzed whether poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity is involved in basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2)-mediated upregulation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) mRNA. We demonstrated that specific inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity via 3-aminobenzamide (3ABA) or NAD+ deprivation prevents FGF2-mediated uPA mRNA over-expression and cell-associated plasminogen activator (PA) production in GM7373 endothelial cell line. We verified that FGF2 stimulates poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity by a DNA strand breaks-independent manner which involves a mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)-dependent pathway, as confirmed by using PD98059 inhibitor and anisomycin stimulation. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase involved in this mechanism is mainly the 60 kDa molecular mass isoform, that presents an increase in serine phosphorylation in the presence of FGF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Caldini
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Italy
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Duguez S, Bihan MCL, Gouttefangeas D, Féasson L, Freyssenet D. Myogenic and nonmyogenic cells differentially express proteinases, Hsc/Hsp70, and BAG-1 during skeletal muscle regeneration. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003; 285:E206-15. [PMID: 12791605 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00331.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has a remarkable capacity to regenerate after injury. To determine whether changes in the expression of proteinases, 73-kDa constitutive heat shock cognate protein (Hsc70) and stress-inducible 72-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70) (Hsc/Hsp70), and Bcl-2-associated gene product-1 (BAG-1) contribute to the remodeling response of muscle tissue, tibialis anterior muscles of male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with 0.75% bupivacaine and removed at 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, or 35 days postinjection (n = 5-7/group). The immunohistochemical analysis of desmin, alpha-actin, and developmental/neonatal myosin heavy chain expressions indicated the presence of myoblasts (days 3-7), inflammatory cells (days 3-7), degenerating myofibers (days 3-7), regenerating myofibers (days 5-10), and growing mature myofibers (days 10-21) in regenerating muscles. Our biochemical analysis documented profound adaptations in proteolytic metabolism characterized by significant increases in the enzyme activities of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 and plasminogen activators (days 3-14), calpains 1 and 2 (days 3-7), cathepsins B and L(days 3-10), and proteasome (days 3-14). Proteasome activity was strongly correlated with proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein level, suggesting that proteasome played a key role in myoblast proliferation. The expression pattern of BAG-1, a regulatory cofactor of Hsc/Hsp70 at the interface between protein folding and proteasomal proteolysis, did not corroborate the changes in proteasome enzyme activity, suggesting that BAG-1 may promote other functions, such as the folding capacity of Hsc/Hsp70. Altogether, the diversity of functions attributed to proteinases in the present study was strongly supported by the relative changes in the proportion of myogenic and nonmyogenic cells over the time course of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Duguez
- Laboratoire de Physiologie, Groupe Physiologie et Physiopathologie de l'Exercice et Handicap, Groupement d'Intérêt Public-Exercise Sport Santé, Faculté de Médecine, Saint-Etienne, France
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Sartor L, Negro A, Barletta E, Mugnai G, Garbisa S. Modulation of proteolytic potential and differentiation by CNTF and BDNF in two mouse neuroblastoma clones: relation to invasion. Clin Exp Metastasis 2003; 19:709-16. [PMID: 12553377 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021302802297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The effect of CNTF and BDNF on a proteolytic complement instrumental to invasion and on differentiation was studied in two murine neuroblastoma clones, N1 and N7. At the membrane level, gelatinase MMP-2--mainly the activated form--was restrained by CNTF and BDNF to a residual 34% with both factors; membrane-type 1 MMP was down-regulated to 50% (10 h) and 34% (24 h) with both factors; and urokinase-type plasminogen activator was restrained mainly by BDNF to 70%. In the medium, the two gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 were mainly in zymogen form: only MMP-2 was restrained in N1 cells, while only MMP-9 was restrained in N7 cells by both factors, single or in combination. These effects were paralleled by the induction of neurite outgrowth, which was more stimulated in the less differentiated clone. These dose-dependent and transient effects make CNTF and BDNF ideal candidates for constraining the potentially invasive behavior of nervous system tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Sartor
- Department of Experimental Biomedical Sciences, Medical School of Padova, Padova, Italy
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37
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Chen YW, Nader GA, Baar KR, Fedele MJ, Hoffman EP, Esser KA. Response of rat muscle to acute resistance exercise defined by transcriptional and translational profiling. J Physiol 2002; 545:27-41. [PMID: 12433947 PMCID: PMC2290672 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.021220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To further understand molecular mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle hypertrophy, expression profiles of translationally and transcriptionally regulated genes were characterized following an acute bout of maximally activated eccentric contractions. Experiments demonstrated that translational mechanisms contribute to acute gene expression changes following high resistance contractions with two candidate mRNAs, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and elongation factor-1 alpha (EF1alpha), targeted to the heavier polysomal fractions after a bout of contractions. Gene profiling was performed using Affymetrix Rat U34A GeneChips with either total RNA or polysomal RNA at one and six hours following contractions. There were 18 genes that changed expression at one hour and 70 genes that were different (60 genes increased:10 genes decreased)at six hours after contractions. The model from this profiling suggests that following high resistance contractions skeletal muscle shares a common growth profile with proliferating cells exposed to serum. This cluster of genes can be classified as "growth" genes and is commonly associated with progression of the cell cycle. However, a unique aspect was that there was induction of a cluster of tumour suppressor or antigrowth genes. We propose that this cluster of "antigrowth" genes is induced by the stress of contractile activity and may act to maintain skeletal muscle in the differentiated state. From the profiling results, further experiments determined that p53 levels increased in skeletal muscle at 6 h following contractions. This novel finding of p53 induction following exercise also demonstrates the power of expression profiling for identification of novel pathways involved in the response to muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Chen
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
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Fibbi G, D'Alessio S, Pucci M, Cerletti M, Del Rosso M. Growth factor-dependent proliferation and invasion of muscle satellite cells require the cell-associated fibrinolytic system. Biol Chem 2002; 383:127-36. [PMID: 11928807 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2002.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The process of muscle regeneration in normal and dystrophic muscle depends on locally produced cytokines and growth factors and requires the activity of the urokinase plasminogen activator/urokinase plasminogen activator receptor/plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 system. In this study we tested the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) on the fibrinolytic pattern of normal and dystrophic satellite cells, their mitogenic and motogenic activities and the dependence of such activities on the cell-associated fibrinolytic system. We have observed that the urokinase plasminogen activator (u-PA) receptor is weakly upregulated by bFGF in normal satellite cells, while it is strongly up-regulated by TGFbeta, mainly in dystrophic myoblasts. bFGF up-regulated u-PA in both normal and dystrophic myoblasts grown in primary culture, while a striking down-regulation was observed with TGFbeta. TGFbeta was the only growth factor able to exceptionally up-regulate plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), mainly in dystrophic satellite cells. HGF did not show any activity on the fibrinolytic system. Proliferation and invasion into Matrigel matrices of normal and dystrophic cells occurred regardless of the growth factor-dependent regulation of the fibrinolytic system. Nevertheless, each growth factor required the efficiency of the constitutive cell-associated fibrinolytic system to operate, as shown by impairment of growth factor activity with antagonists of u-PA and of its receptor. Noteworthy, TGFbeta induced a dose-dependent increase of Matrigel invasion only in dystrophic myoblasts. Since TGFbeta-challenged dystrophic myoblasts undergo an exceptional up-regulation of the receptor and of PAI-1, we propose the possibility that the TGFbeta-induced fibrinolytic pattern (low urokinase plasminogen activator, high receptor and high PAI-1) may be exploited to promote survival and spreading of transplanted engineered myoblasts in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Fibbi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Italy
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Barletta E, Mugnai G, Ruggieri S. Platelet activating factor inhibits the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and affects invasiveness and differentiation in a system of human neuroblastoma clones. Biol Chem 2002; 383:189-97. [PMID: 11928813 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2002.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Platelet Activating Factor (PAF), an inflammatory bioactive lipid, has been shown to be involved in the regulation of the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In view of the role played by MMPs in tumor cell invasiveness, we investigated whether PAF influences MMP activity in a system of neuroblastoma clones, the AA5 and AE12 cells, isolated from the human LaN1 neuroblastoma cell line. These clones were characterized by an inverse relationship between invasiveness and differentiative capacity and by the expression of specific cell surface PAF receptors. We found that the levels of mRNAs specific for MMP-2 and for MT1-MMP, the MMP-2 activator, were reduced in both clones treated with 300 nM PAF. These changes are consistent with the reduced secretion and activation of MMP-2 found in the neuroblastoma clones exposed to PAF. These effects were accompanied by an inhibition of invasiveness through Matrigel and by a promotion of differentiation, as revealed by an increased percentage of cells with neurites. The finding that both neuroblastoma clones exposed to the metalloproteinase inhibitors, BB3103 and 1,10-phenanthroline, increased their differentiative capacity and reduced their invasiveness through Matrigel, represents a further indication that PAF modulates differentiation and invasiveness by affecting the activity of MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Barletta
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Italy
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