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Momoh M, Adeniran F, Ramos C, DelGiorno KE, Seno H, Roland JT, Kaji I. Acute tuft cell ablation induces malabsorption and alterations in secretory and immune cell lineages in small intestine. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.18.613746. [PMID: 39345424 PMCID: PMC11430045 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.18.613746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Background & Aims Intestinal tuft cells have recently been the interest of studies in several human gastrointestinal diseases. However, the impact of tuft cell deletion on intestinal physiological functions are not fully understood. This study investigated the effects of acute tuft cell loss on nutrient absorption and cell lineage differentiation. Methods Tuft cell deletion was induced in DCLK1-IRES-GFP-CreERT2/+;Rosa-DTA (DCLK1-DTA) mice by a single tamoxifen injection concomitant with littermate controls. Intestinal tissues were analyzed two-, four-, or seven-days post tamoxifen injection. Results DCLK1-DTA mice showed significantly shortened small intestinal length and body weight loss on day 4. Impaired activities of Na + -dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) and cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) were observed in Ussing chamber experiments. Tissue immunostaining revealed a transient deletion of intestinal and biliary tuft cells, which was maximal on day 4 and recovered by day 7. On day 4 post tamoxifen, cholecystokinin (CCK)+ enteroendocrine cell numbers were increased particularly in the ileum. Correlated with the tuft cell reduction, the frequency of mislocalized Paneth cells, which were co-labeled by Paneth and goblet cell markers, was increased in the villus regions. In the lamina propria, fewer mast cells and leukocytes were found in the day 4 DCLK1-DTA mice than in controls. Conclusion Ablation of intestinal tuft cells may induce nutrient malabsorption through alterations in epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation along with changes in mucosal defense response. These observations elucidate a new role for tuft cells in regulating intestinal absorption and mucosal regeneration.
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Luo J, Chen Z, Castellano D, Bao B, Han W, Li J, Kim G, An D, Lu W, Wu C. Lipids regulate peripheral serotonin release via gut CD1d. Immunity 2023; 56:1533-1547.e7. [PMID: 37354904 PMCID: PMC10527042 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The crosstalk between the immune and neuroendocrine systems is critical for intestinal homeostasis and gut-brain communications. However, it remains unclear how immune cells participate in gut sensation of hormones and neurotransmitters release in response to environmental cues, such as self-lipids and microbial lipids. We show here that lipid-mediated engagement of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells with enterochromaffin (EC) cells, a subset of intestinal epithelial cells, promoted peripheral serotonin (5-HT) release via a CD1d-dependent manner, regulating gut motility and hemostasis. We also demonstrated that inhibitory sphingolipids from symbiotic microbe Bacteroides fragilis represses 5-HT release. Mechanistically, CD1d ligation on EC cells transduced a signal and restrained potassium conductance through activation of protein tyrosine kinase Pyk2, leading to calcium influx and 5-HT secretion. Together, our data reveal that by engaging with iNKT cells, gut chemosensory cells selectively perceive lipid antigens via CD1d to control 5-HT release, modulating intestinal and systemic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialie Luo
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zuojia Chen
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Castellano
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bin Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wenyan Han
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Girak Kim
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dingding An
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chuan Wu
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Schumacher MA, Liu CY, Katada K, Thai MH, Hsieh JJ, Hansten BJ, Waddell A, Rosen MJ, Frey MR. Deep Crypt Secretory Cell Differentiation in the Colonic Epithelium Is Regulated by Sprouty2 and Interleukin 13. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 15:971-984. [PMID: 36414210 PMCID: PMC9982040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Deep crypt secretory (DCS) cells are a critical component of the colonic stem cell niche. However, the regulatory mechanisms controlling DCS cell numbers and function are not well understood. Sprouty2 is an inflammation-responsive regulator of intracellular signaling that influences colonic secretory cell numbers in colitis via an epithelial-stromal interleukin (IL)33/IL13 signaling loop. Here, we tested the hypothesis that IL13, induced by epithelial Sprouty2 down-regulation, promotes DCS cell differentiation and function. METHODS Distal colons from mice with an intestinal epithelial-specific Sprouty2 deletion (Spry2ΔIE) and littermate controls were analyzed by in situ hybridization for Reg4+ DCS cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing and immunostaining were used to identify DCS cell-derived host defense peptides (HDPs) and localization of IL13 and IL13 receptor; bulk RNA sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to quantify changes in expression of identified HDPs. Cytokine-treated colonoids were assessed for DCS cells. A requirement for an IL33/IL13 signaling loop in the regulation of DCS cells was assessed in vivo using IL13 null mice. RESULTS Reg4+ DCS cell numbers were increased 2-fold in distal colons of Spry2ΔIE mice with a concomitant overall increase in DCS cell marker expression (Reg4, Spink4, and Agr2). Single-cell transcriptomics showed the HDP Retnlb/Resistin Like Beta (RELMβ) is highly enriched in DCS cells. Retnlb/RELMβ expression was increased in Spry2ΔIE colons. IL13, but not IL33, induced Reg4 and Retnlb expression in colonic epithelial organoids, and IL33-mediated expansion of the DCS cell population in vivo was dependent on IL13, which was expressed predominantly by type II innate lymphoid cells in the colonic mucosa. CONCLUSIONS Sprouty2 limits colonic DCS cell differentiation through suppression of IL13 signaling. At homeostasis, DCS cells are marked by high levels of the HDP RELMβ. Loss of epithelial Sprouty2 activates type II innate lymphoid cells to release IL13, promoting expansion of the DCS cell population and increased colonic RELMβ levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Schumacher
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Cambrian Y Liu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kay Katada
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Megan H Thai
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jonathan J Hsieh
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Britany J Hansten
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amanda Waddell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Michael J Rosen
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Mark R Frey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.
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Chen W, Zhao Y, Dai Y, Nie K. Gastrointestinal inflammation plays a critical role in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 936:175379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Barra NG, Kwon YH, Morrison KM, Steinberg GR, Wade MG, Khan WI, Vijayan MM, Schertzer JD, Holloway AC. Increased gut serotonin production in response to bisphenol A structural analogs may contribute to their obesogenic effects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E80-E091. [PMID: 35575233 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00049.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesogens are synthetic, environmental chemicals that can disrupt endocrine control of metabolism and contribute to the risk of obesity and metabolic disease. Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most studied obesogens. There is considerable evidence that BPA exposure is associated with weight gain, increased adiposity, poor blood glucose control, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in animal models and human populations. Increased usage of structural analogs of BPA has occurred in response to legislation banning their use in some commercial products. However, BPA analogs may also cause some of the same metabolic impairments because of common mechanisms of action. One key effector that is altered by BPA and its analogs is serotonin, however, it is unknown if BPA-induced changes in peripheral serotonin pathways underlie metabolic perturbations seen with BPA exposure. Upon ingestion, BPA and its analogs act as endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the gastrointestinal tract to influence serotonin production by the gut, where over 95% of serotonin is produced. The purpose of this review is to evaluate how BPA and its analogs alter gut serotonin regulation and then discuss how disruption of serotonergic networks influences host metabolism. We also provide evidence that BPA and its analogs enhance serotonin production in gut enterochromaffin cells. Taken together, we propose that BPA and many BPA analogs represent endocrine-disrupting chemicals that can influence host metabolism through the endogenous production of gut-derived factors, such as serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole G Barra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yun Han Kwon
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine M Morrison
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G Wade
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jonathan D Schertzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alison C Holloway
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Wei L, Singh R, Ghoshal UC. Enterochromaffin Cells-Gut Microbiota Crosstalk: Underpinning the Symptoms, Pathogenesis, and Pharmacotherapy in Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 28:357-375. [PMID: 35719046 PMCID: PMC9274469 DOI: 10.5056/jnm22008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBIs) are common conditions in community and clinical practice. As specialized enteroendocrine cells, enterochromaffin (EC) cells produce up to 95% of total body serotonin and coordinate luminal and basolateral communication in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. EC cells affect a broad range of gut physiological processes, such as motility, absorption, secretion, chemo/mechanosensation, and pathologies, including visceral hypersensitivity, immune dysfunction, and impaired gastrointestinal barrier function. We aim to review EC cell and serotonin-mediated physiology and pathophysiology with particular emphasis on DGBIs. We explored the knowledge gap and attempted to suggest new perspectives of physiological and pathophysiological insights of DGBIs, such as (1) functional heterogeneity of regionally distributed EC cells throughout the entire GI tract; (2) potential pathophysiological mechanisms mediated by EC cell defect in DGBIs; (3) cellular and molecular mechanisms characterizing EC cells and gut microbiota bidirectional communication; (4) differential modulation of EC cells through GI segment-specific gut microbiota; (5) uncover whether crosstalk between EC cells and (i) luminal contents; (ii) enteric nervous system; and (iii) central nervous system are core mechanisms modulating gut-brain homeostasis; and (6) explore the therapeutic modalities for physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms mediated through EC cells. Insights discussed in this review will fuel the conception and realization of pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic clues to improve the management and clinical care of DGBIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Wei
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rajan Singh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, NV, USA
| | - Uday C Ghoshal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Tao E, Zhu Z, Hu C, Long G, Chen B, Guo R, Fang M, Jiang M. Potential Roles of Enterochromaffin Cells in Early Life Stress-Induced Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:837166. [PMID: 35370559 PMCID: PMC8964523 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.837166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders, also known as disorders of the gut–brain interaction; however, the pathophysiology of IBS remains unclear. Early life stress (ELS) is one of the most common risk factors for IBS development. However, the molecular mechanisms by which ELS induces IBS remain unclear. Enterochromaffin cells (ECs), as a prime source of peripheral serotonin (5-HT), play a pivotal role in intestinal motility, secretion, proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects, and visceral sensation. ECs can sense various stimuli and microbiota metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and secondary bile acids. ECs can sense the luminal environment and transmit signals to the brain via exogenous vagal and spinal nerve afferents. Increasing evidence suggests that an ECs-5-HT signaling imbalance plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of ELS-induced IBS. A recent study using a maternal separation (MS) animal model mimicking ELS showed that MS induced expansion of intestinal stem cells and their differentiation toward secretory lineages, including ECs, leading to ECs hyperplasia, increased 5-HT production, and visceral hyperalgesia. This suggests that ELS-induced IBS may be associated with increased ECs-5-HT signaling. Furthermore, ECs are closely related to corticotropin-releasing hormone, mast cells, neuron growth factor, bile acids, and SCFAs, all of which contribute to the pathogenesis of IBS. Collectively, ECs may play a role in the pathogenesis of ELS-induced IBS. Therefore, this review summarizes the physiological function of ECs and focuses on their potential role in the pathogenesis of IBS based on clinical and pre-clinical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enfu Tao
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Wenling Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Wenling, China
| | - Zhenya Zhu
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenmin Hu
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gao Long
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Marong Fang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mizu Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Mizu Jiang,
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8
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Drurey C, Lindholm HT, Coakley G, Poveda MC, Löser S, Doolan R, Gerbe F, Jay P, Harris N, Oudhoff MJ, Maizels RM. Intestinal epithelial tuft cell induction is negated by a murine helminth and its secreted products. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20211140. [PMID: 34779829 PMCID: PMC8597987 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helminth parasites are adept manipulators of the immune system, using multiple strategies to evade the host type 2 response. In the intestinal niche, the epithelium is crucial for initiating type 2 immunity via tuft cells, which together with goblet cells expand dramatically in response to the type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13. However, it is not known whether helminths modulate these epithelial cell populations. In vitro, using small intestinal organoids, we found that excretory/secretory products (HpES) from Heligmosomoides polygyrus blocked the effects of IL-4/13, inhibiting tuft and goblet cell gene expression and expansion, and inducing spheroid growth characteristic of fetal epithelium and homeostatic repair. Similar outcomes were seen in organoids exposed to parasite larvae. In vivo, H. polygyrus infection inhibited tuft cell responses to heterologous Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection or succinate, and HpES also reduced succinate-stimulated tuft cell expansion. Our results demonstrate that helminth parasites reshape their intestinal environment in a novel strategy for undermining the host protective response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Drurey
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Håvard T. Lindholm
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gillian Coakley
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marta Campillo Poveda
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Stephan Löser
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Rory Doolan
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - François Gerbe
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, University of Montpellier, Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR-5203, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1191, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Jay
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, University of Montpellier, Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR-5203, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1191, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicola Harris
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Menno J. Oudhoff
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rick M. Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
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Haq S, Grondin JA, Khan WI. Tryptophan-derived serotonin-kynurenine balance in immune activation and intestinal inflammation. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21888. [PMID: 34473368 PMCID: PMC9292703 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100702r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous tryptophan metabolism pathways lead to the production of serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine; 5‐HT), kynurenine, and several downstream metabolites which are involved in a multitude of immunological functions in both health and disease states. Ingested tryptophan is largely shunted to the kynurenine pathway (95%) while only minor portions (1%–2%) are sequestered for 5‐HT production. Though often associated with the functioning of the central nervous system, significant production of 5‐HT, kynurenine and their downstream metabolites takes place within the gut. Accumulating evidence suggests that these metabolites have essential roles in regulating immune cell function, intestinal inflammation, as well as in altering the production and suppression of inflammatory cytokines. In addition, both 5‐HT and kynurenine have a considerable influence on gut microbiota suggesting that these metabolites impact host physiology both directly and indirectly via compositional changes. It is also now evident that complex interactions exist between the two pathways to maintain gut homeostasis. Alterations in 5‐HT and kynurenine are implicated in the pathogenesis of many gastrointestinal dysfunctions, including inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, these pathways present numerous potential therapeutic targets, manipulation of which may aid those suffering from gastrointestinal disorders. This review aims to update both the role of 5‐HT and kynurenine in immune regulation and intestinal inflammation, and analyze the current knowledge of the relationship and interactions between 5‐HT and kynurenine pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Haq
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jensine A Grondin
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Yousefi Y, Haq S, Banskota S, Kwon YH, Khan WI. Trichuris muris Model: Role in Understanding Intestinal Immune Response, Inflammation and Host Defense. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080925. [PMID: 34451389 PMCID: PMC8399713 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several parasites have evolved to survive in the human intestinal tract and over 1 billion people around the world, specifically in developing countries, are infected with enteric helminths. Trichuris trichiura is one of the world’s most common intestinal parasites that causes human parasitic infections. Trichuris muris, as an immunologically well-defined mouse model of T. trichiura, is extensively used to study different aspects of the innate and adaptive components of the immune system. Studies on T. muris model offer insights into understanding host immunity, since this parasite generates two distinct immune responses in resistant and susceptible strains of mouse. Apart from the immune cells, T. muris infection also influences various components of the intestinal tract, especially the gut microbiota, mucus layer, epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Here, we reviewed the different immune responses generated by innate and adaptive immune components during acute and chronic T. muris infections. Furthermore, we discussed the importance of studying T. muris model in understanding host–parasite interaction in the context of alteration in the host’s microbiota, intestinal barrier, inflammation, and host defense, and in parasite infection-mediated modulation of other immune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeganeh Yousefi
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre Room 3N7, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (Y.Y.); (S.H.); (S.B.); (Y.H.K.)
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Sabah Haq
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre Room 3N7, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (Y.Y.); (S.H.); (S.B.); (Y.H.K.)
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Suhrid Banskota
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre Room 3N7, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (Y.Y.); (S.H.); (S.B.); (Y.H.K.)
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Yun Han Kwon
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre Room 3N7, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (Y.Y.); (S.H.); (S.B.); (Y.H.K.)
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Waliul I. Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre Room 3N7, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (Y.Y.); (S.H.); (S.B.); (Y.H.K.)
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-905-521-2100 (ext. 22846)
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Shah PA, Park CJ, Shaughnessy MP, Cowles RA. Serotonin as a Mitogen in the Gastrointestinal Tract: Revisiting a Familiar Molecule in a New Role. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:1093-1104. [PMID: 34022423 PMCID: PMC8350061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin signaling is ubiquitous in the gastrointestinal (GI) system, where it acts as a neurotransmitter in the enteric nervous system (ENS) and influences intestinal motility and inflammation. Since its discovery, serotonin has been linked to cellular proliferation in several types of tissues, including vascular smooth muscle, neurons, and hepatocytes. Activation of serotonin receptors on distinct cell types has been shown to induce well-known intracellular proliferation pathways. In the GI tract, potentiation of serotonin signaling results in enhanced intestinal epithelial proliferation, and decreased injury from intestinal inflammation. Furthermore, activation of the type 4 serotonin receptor on enteric neurons leads to neurogenesis and neuroprotection in the setting of intestinal injury. It is not surprising that the mitogenic properties of serotonin are pronounced within the GI tract, where enterochromaffin cells in the intestinal epithelium produce 90% of the body's serotonin; however, these proliferative effects are attributed to increased serotonin signaling within the ENS compartment as opposed to the intestinal mucosa, which are functionally and chemically separate by virtue of the distinct tryptophan hydroxylase enzyme isoforms involved in serotonin synthesis. The exact mechanism by which serotonergic neurons in the ENS lead to intestinal proliferation are not known, but the activation of muscarinic receptors on intestinal crypt cells indicate that cholinergic signaling is essential to this signaling pathway. Further understanding of serotonin's role in mucosal and enteric nervous system mitogenesis may aid in harnessing serotonin signaling for therapeutic benefit in many GI diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, malabsorptive conditions, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja A Shah
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Christine J Park
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Matthew P Shaughnessy
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Robert A Cowles
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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12
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The Intestinal Fatty Acid-Enteroendocrine Interplay, Emerging Roles for Olfactory Signaling and Serotonin Conjugates. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051416. [PMID: 33807994 PMCID: PMC7961910 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal enteroendocrine cells (EECs) respond to fatty acids from dietary and microbial origin by releasing neurotransmitters and hormones with various paracrine and endocrine functions. Much has become known about the underlying signaling mechanisms, including the involvement of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), like free fatty acids receptors (FFARs). This review focusses on two more recently emerging research lines: the roles of odorant receptors (ORs), and those of fatty acid conjugates in gut. Odorant receptors belong to a large family of GPCRs with functional roles that only lately have shown to reach beyond the nasal-oral cavity. In the intestinal tract, ORs are expressed on serotonin (5-HT) and glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) producing enterochromaffin and enteroendocrine L cells, respectively. There, they appear to function as chemosensors of microbiologically produced short-, and branched-chain fatty acids. Another mechanism of fatty acid signaling in the intestine occurs via their conjugates. Among them, conjugates of unsaturated long chain fatty acids and acetate with 5-HT, N-acyl serotonins have recently emerged as mediators with immune-modulatory effects. In this review, novel findings in mechanisms and molecular players involved in intestinal fatty acid biology are highlighted and their potential relevance for EEC-mediated signaling to the pancreas, immune system, and brain is discussed.
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13
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Florsheim EB, Sullivan ZA, Khoury-Hanold W, Medzhitov R. Food allergy as a biological food quality control system. Cell 2021; 184:1440-1454. [PMID: 33450204 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Food is simultaneously a source of essential nutrients and a potential source of lethal toxins and pathogens. Consequently, multiple sensory mechanisms evolved to monitor the quality of food based on the presence and relative abundance of beneficial and harmful food substances. These include the olfactory, gustatory, and gut chemosensory systems. Here we argue that, in addition to these systems, allergic immunity plays a role in food quality control by mounting allergic defenses against food antigens associated with noxious substances. Exaggeration of these defenses can result in pathological food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther B Florsheim
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Zuri A Sullivan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - William Khoury-Hanold
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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14
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Coakley G, Harris NL. The Intestinal Epithelium at the Forefront of Host-Helminth Interactions. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:761-772. [PMID: 32713764 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal helminth infection still constitutes a major public health issue, particularly in the developing world. As these parasites can undergo a large part of their lifecycle within the intestinal tract the host has developed various structural and cellular specializations at the epithelial barrier to contend with infection. Detailed characterization of these cells will provide important insights about their contributions to the protective responses mediated against helminths. Here, we discuss how key components of the intestinal epithelium may function to limit the initial establishment of helminths, and how these cells are altered during an active response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Coakley
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Nicola L Harris
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Diefenbach A, Gnafakis S, Shomrat O. Innate Lymphoid Cell-Epithelial Cell Modules Sustain Intestinal Homeostasis. Immunity 2020; 52:452-463. [PMID: 32187516 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestines have the essential but challenging mission of absorbing nutrients, restricting damage from food-derived toxins, promoting colonization by symbionts, and expelling pathogens. These processes are often incompatible with each other and must therefore be prioritized in view of the most crucial contemporary needs of the host. Recent work has shown that tissue-resident innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) constitute a central sensory module allowing adaptation of intestinal organ function to changing environmental input. Here, we propose a conceptual framework positing that the various types of ILC act in distinct modules with intestinal epithelial cells, collectively safeguarding organ function. Such homeostasis-promoting circuitry has high potential to be plumbed for new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Diefenbach
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch Strasse 2, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Stylianos Gnafakis
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch Strasse 2, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Omer Shomrat
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch Strasse 2, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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16
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Hussain Z, El-Omar E, Lee YY. Dual infective burden of Helicobacter pylori and intestinal parasites: Good or bad news for the host? Indian J Gastroenterol 2020; 39:111-116. [PMID: 32372188 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-020-01045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Hussain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Emad El-Omar
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yeong Yeh Lee
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. .,School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.
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17
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Qin HY, Xavier Wong HL, Zang KH, Li X, Bian ZX. Enterochromaffin cell hyperplasia in the gut: Factors, mechanism and therapeutic clues. Life Sci 2019; 239:116886. [PMID: 31678286 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Enterochromaffin (EC) cell is the main cell type that responsible for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) synthesis, storage and release of the gut. Intestinal 5-HT play a key role in visceral sensation, intestinal motility and permeability, EC cell hyperplasia and increased 5-HT bioavailability in the gut have been found to be involved in the symptoms generation of irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. EC cells originate from intestinal stem cells, the interaction between proliferation and differentiation signals on intestinal stem cells enable EC cell number to be regulated in a normal level. This review focuses on the impact factors, pathogenesis mechanisms, and therapeutic clues for intestinal EC cells hyperplasia, and showed that EC cell hyperplasia was observed under the condition of physiological stress, intestinal infection or intestinal inflammation, the disordered proliferation and/or differentiation of intestinal stem cells as well as their progenitor cells all contribute to the pathogenesis of intestinal EC cell hyperplasia. The altered intestinal niche, i.e. increased corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) signal, elevated nerve growth factor (NGF) signal, and Th2-dominant cytokines production, has been found to have close correlation with intestinal EC cell hyperplasia. Currently, CRF receptor antagonist, nuclear factor-κB inhibitor, and NGF receptor neutralizing antibody have been proved useful to attenuate intestinal EC cell hyperplasia, which may provide a promising clue for the therapeutic strategy in EC cell hyperplasia related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hoi Leong Xavier Wong
- Institute of Brain and Gut Axis (IBAG), Centre of Clinical Research for Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kai-Hong Zang
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xun Li
- Fifth Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, China.
| | - Zhao-Xiang Bian
- Institute of Brain and Gut Axis (IBAG), Centre of Clinical Research for Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
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18
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Shajib MS, Chauhan U, Adeeb S, Chetty Y, Armstrong D, Halder SLS, Marshall JK, Khan WI. Characterization of Serotonin Signaling Components in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2019; 2:132-140. [PMID: 31294376 PMCID: PMC6619411 DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwy039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH)1 catalyzes the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-hydroxytrptamine; 5-HT) in enterochromaffin (EC) cells, the predominant source of gut 5-HT. Secreted 5-HT regulates various gut functions through diverse 5-HT receptor (5-HTR) families, and 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) sequesters its activity via uptake into surrounding cells. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mucosal 5-HT signaling is altered, including upregulated EC cell numbers and 5-HT levels. We examined key mucosal 5-HT signaling components and blood 5-HT levels and, as part of a pilot study, investigated the association between 5-HTT gene-linked polymorphic region (5HTTLPR) and Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS In the context of inflammation, colonic expressions of TPH1, 5-HTT and 5-HTRs were studied in CD patients (n=15) and healthy controls (HC; n=10) using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). We also investigated 5HTTLPR in 40 CD patients and HC utilizing PCR and measured platelet-poor plasma (PPP) and plasma 5-HT concentrations. RESULTS Compared with HC, inflammation in CD patients was associated with elevated TPH1, 5-HTR3, 5-HTR4, 5-HTR7 and downregulated 5-HTT expressions. In our second cohort of participants, significantly higher PPP and plasma 5-HT levels and higher S-genotype (L/S+S/S) than L/L genotype were observed in CD patients compared with HC. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that augmented mucosal 5-HT signaling and specific 5-HTTLPR genotype-associated decreased efficiency in 5-HT reuptake, the latter through increased 5-HT availability, may contribute to inflammation in CD patients. These findings revealed important information on various components of 5-HT signaling in intestinal inflammation which may ultimately lead to effective strategies targeting this pathway in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sharif Shajib
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Usha Chauhan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Hamiltion Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salman Adeeb
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yeshale Chetty
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Armstrong
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Smita L S Halder
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - John K Marshall
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Correspondence: Dr Waliul I. Khan (nominated for communications with the editorial office), Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, HSC 3N7-1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada, e-mail
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19
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Filippone RT, Sahakian L, Apostolopoulos V, Nurgali K. Eosinophils in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:1140-1151. [PMID: 30856253 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical investigations in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients have provided increasing evidence that eosinophils contribute to chronic intestinal inflammation. Accumulation of eosinophils in the gastrointestinal tract correlates with the variations of eosinophil regulatory molecules; however, their role in gastrointestinal dysfunction in IBD has not been fully elucidated. This review will describe the development and characterization of gastrointestinal eosinophils, mechanisms of eosinophil recruitment to the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, the eosinophil-induced changes to the enteric nervous system associated with disease severity and gastrointestinal dysfunction will be analyzed with suggestive molecular pathways for enteric neuronal injury. Current and potential therapeutic interventions targeting eosinophils will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon T Filippone
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lauren Sahakian
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine Western Health, Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, Australia
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20
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Pan Q, Liu Q, Wan R, Kalavagunta PK, Liu L, Lv W, Qiao T, Shang J, Wu H. Selective inhibition of intestinal 5-HT improves neurobehavioral abnormalities caused by high-fat diet mice. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:747-761. [PMID: 30931486 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-0392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent literature reported the adverse effects of high-fat diet (HFD) on animal's emotional and cognitive function. An HFD-induced obesity/hyperlipidemia is accompanied by hormonal and neurochemical changes that can lead to depression. The important roles of gut-derived serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) during this processing have been increasingly focused. Hence, to determine the potential role of gut-derived serotonin, HFD model was established in C57BL/6 mice. At the 4th week of feeding, a pharmacologic inhibitor of gut-derived 5-HT synthesis LP533401 (12.5 mg/kg/day), simvastatin (SIM) (5 mg/kg/day) and benzafibrate (BZ) (75 mg/kg/day) were administered for two weeks by oral gavage. Then, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), open field test (OFT), tail suspension test (TST), forced swim test (FST), sucrose preference test (SPT) were used to evaluate metabolic and neurobehavioral performances. Immunohistochemical staining, real-time quantitative PCR and other methods were to explore possible mechanisms. It was found that HFD feeding and drug treatments had some significant effects on neurobehaviors and brain: (1) All administrations reduced the total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) parametric abnormality caused by HFD. LP533401 and SIM could significantly improve the impaired glucose tolerance, while BZ had no significant effect. (2) LP533401, SIM and BZ alleviated depression-like behavior of HFD mice in OFT, TST, FST and SPT. (3) LP533401 and SIM reversed the inhibition of Tryptophan Hydroxylase 2, Tph2 gene expression and the activation of Indoleamine 2,3-dioxy-Genase, IDO expression in HFD-treated brain, whereas BZ did not. (4) LP533401, SIM and BZ restored the inhibitory expression of 5-HT1A receptor in HFD hippocampus. Conclusions: Selective inhibition of intestinal 5-HT can attenuate depressive-like behavior, reduce 5-HT1AR impairment in hippocampus and correct abnormal 5-HT pathway in brain while ameliorating HFD-induced glucose intolerance. Further experiments are warranted to define the adequate strategy of targeting peripheral 5-HT for the treatment of such co-morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Qiongzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Renling Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Praveen Kumar Kalavagunta
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Wenting Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Tong Qiao
- Vascular Surgery Department, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest, Xining, Qinghai, China.
| | - Huali Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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21
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Wang H, Kwon YH, Dewan V, Vahedi F, Syed S, Fontes ME, Ashkar AA, Surette MG, Khan WI. TLR2 Plays a Pivotal Role in Mediating Mucosal Serotonin Production in the Gut. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:3041-3052. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Modulation of Gut Microbiota Composition by Serotonin Signaling Influences Intestinal Immune Response and Susceptibility to Colitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 7:709-728. [PMID: 30716420 PMCID: PMC6462823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) is synthesized mainly within enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the gut, and tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1) is the rate-limiting enzyme for 5-HT synthesis in EC cells. Accumulating evidence suggests the importance of gut microbiota in intestinal inflammation. Considering the close proximity of EC cells and the microbes, we investigated the influence of gut-derived 5-HT on the microbiota and the susceptibility to colitis. METHODS Gut microbiota of Tph1-/- and Tph1+/- mice were investigated by deep sequencing. Direct influence of 5-HT on bacteria was assessed by using in vitro system of isolated commensals. The indirect influence of 5-HT on microbiota was assessed by measuring antimicrobial peptides, specifically β-defensins, in the colon of mice and HT-29 colonic epithelial cells. The impact of gut microbiota on the development of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis was assessed by transferring gut microbiota from Tph1-/- mice to Tph1+/- littermates and vice versa, as well as in germ-free mice. RESULTS A significant difference in microbial composition between Tph1-/- and Tph1+/- littermates was observed. 5-HT directly stimulated and inhibited the growth of commensal bacteria in vitro, exhibiting a concentration-dependent and species-specific effect. 5-HT also inhibited β-defensin production by HT-29 cells. Microbial transfer from Tph1-/- to Tph1+/- littermates and vice versa altered colitis severity, with microbiota from Tph1-/- mice mediating the protective effects. Furthermore, germ-free mice colonized with microbiota from Tph1-/- mice exhibited less severe dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate a novel role of gut-derived 5-HT in shaping gut microbiota composition in relation to susceptibility to colitis, identifying 5-HT-microbiota axis as a potential new therapeutic target in intestinal inflammatory disorders.
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23
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Sharkey KA, Beck PL, McKay DM. Neuroimmunophysiology of the gut: advances and emerging concepts focusing on the epithelium. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15:765-784. [PMID: 30069036 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract serves as the interface for digestion and absorption of nutrients and water and as a defensive barrier. The defensive functions of the intestinal epithelium are remarkable considering that the gut lumen is home to trillions of resident bacteria, fungi and protozoa (collectively, the intestinal microbiota) that must be prevented from translocation across the epithelial barrier. Imbalances in the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and the host lead to the manifestation of diseases that range from disorders of motility and sensation (IBS) and intestinal inflammation (IBD) to behavioural and metabolic disorders, including autism and obesity. The latest discoveries shed light on the sophisticated intracellular, intercellular and interkingdom signalling mechanisms of host defence that involve epithelial and enteroendocrine cells, the enteric nervous system and the immune system. Together, they maintain homeostasis by integrating luminal signals, including those derived from the microbiota, to regulate the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract in health and disease. Therapeutic strategies are being developed that target these signalling systems to improve the resilience of the gut and treat the symptoms of gastrointestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Paul L Beck
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Derek M McKay
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Kannen V, Sakita JY, Carneiro ZA, Bader M, Alenina N, Teixeira RR, de Oliveira EC, Brunaldi MO, Gasparotto B, Sartori DC, Fernandes CR, Silva JS, Andrade MV, Silva WA, Uyemura SA, Garcia SB. Mast Cells and Serotonin Synthesis Modulate Chagas Disease in the Colon: Clinical and Experimental Evidence. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63:1473-1484. [PMID: 29569002 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-5015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) infects millions of Latin Americans each year and can induce chagasic megacolon. Little is known about how serotonin (5-HT) modulates this condition. Aim We investigated whether 5-HT synthesis alters T. cruzi infection in the colon. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-eight paraffin-embedded samples from normal colon and chagasic megacolon were histopathologically analyzed (173/2009). Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1) knockout (KO) mice and c-KitW-sh mice underwent T. cruzi infection together with their wild-type counterparts. Also, mice underwent different drug treatments (16.1.1064.60.3). RESULTS In both humans and experimental mouse models, the serotonergic system was activated by T. cruzi infection (p < 0.05). While treating Tph1KO mice with 5-HT did not significantly increase parasitemia in the colon (p > 0.05), rescuing its synthesis promoted trypanosomiasis (p < 0.01). T. cruzi-related 5-HT release (p < 0.05) seemed not only to increase inflammatory signaling, but also to enlarge the pericryptal macrophage and mast cell populations (p < 0.01). Knocking out mast cells reduced trypanosomiasis (p < 0.01), although it did not further alter the neuroendocrine cell number and Tph1 expression (p > 0.05). Further experimentation revealed that pharmacologically inhibiting mast cell activity reduced colonic infection (p < 0.01). A similar finding was achieved when 5-HT synthesis was blocked in c-KitW-sh mice (p > 0.05). However, inhibiting mast cell activity in Tph1KO mice increased colonic trypanosomiasis (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION We show that mast cells may modulate the T. cruzi-related increase of 5-HT synthesis in the intestinal colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Kannen
- Department of Toxicology, Bromatology, and Clinical Analysis, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil.
- Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Y Sakita
- Department of Toxicology, Bromatology, and Clinical Analysis, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Zumira A Carneiro
- Department of Toxicology, Bromatology, and Clinical Analysis, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Michael Bader
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Regina R Teixeira
- Department of Toxicology, Bromatology, and Clinical Analysis, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil
| | | | | | - Bianca Gasparotto
- Department of Toxicology, Bromatology, and Clinical Analysis, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Daniela C Sartori
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - João S Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcus V Andrade
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Wilson A Silva
- Department of Genetics, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Sergio A Uyemura
- Department of Toxicology, Bromatology, and Clinical Analysis, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Sérgio B Garcia
- Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Abstract
Approximately one-sixth of the worlds' population is infected with helminths and this class of parasite takes a major toll on domestic livestock. The majority of species of parasitic helminth that infect mammals live in the gut (the only niche for tapeworms) where they contact the hosts' epithelial cells. Here, the helminth-intestinal epithelial interface is reviewed in terms of the impact on, and regulation of epithelial barrier function, both intrinsic (epithelial permeability) and extrinsic (mucin, bacterial peptides, commensal bacteria) elements of the barrier. The data available on direct effects of helminths on epithelial permeability are scant, fragmentary and pales in comparison with knowledge of mobilization of immune reactions and effector cells in response to helminth parasites and how these impact intestinal barrier function. The interaction of helminth-host and helminth-host-bacteria is an important determinant of gut form and function and precisely defining these interactions will radically alter our understanding of normal gut physiology and pathophysiological reactions, revealing new approaches to infection with parasitic helminths, bacterial pathogens and idiopathic auto-inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M McKay
- a Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Snyder Institute of Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
| | - Adam Shute
- a Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Snyder Institute of Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
| | - Fernando Lopes
- a Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Snyder Institute of Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
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26
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Petersen CP, Meyer AR, DeSalvo C, Choi E, Schlegel C, Petersen A, Engevik AC, Prasad N, Levy SE, Peebles RS, Pizarro TT, Goldenring JR. A signalling cascade of IL-33 to IL-13 regulates metaplasia in the mouse stomach. Gut 2018; 67:805-817. [PMID: 28196875 PMCID: PMC5681443 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alternatively activated macrophages (M2) are associated with the progression of spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) in the stomach. However, the precise mechanism(s) and critical mediators that induce SPEM are unknown. DESIGN To determine candidate genes important in these processes, macrophages from the stomach corpus of mice with SPEM (DMP-777-treated) or advanced SPEM (L635-treated) were isolated and RNA sequenced. Effects on metaplasia development after acute parietal cell loss induced by L635 were evaluated in interleukin (IL)-33, IL-33 receptor (ST2) and IL-13 knockout (KO) mice. RESULTS Profiling of metaplasia-associated macrophages in the stomach identified an M2a-polarised macrophage population. Expression of IL-33 was significantly upregulated in macrophages associated with advanced SPEM. L635 induced metaplasia in the stomachs of wild-type mice, but not in the stomachs of IL-33 and ST2 KO mice. While IL-5 and IL-9 were not required for metaplasia induction, IL-13 KO mice did not develop metaplasia in response to L635. Administration of IL-13 to ST2 KO mice re-established the induction of metaplasia following acute parietal cell loss. CONCLUSIONS Metaplasia induction and macrophage polarisation after parietal cell loss is coordinated through a cytokine signalling network of IL-33 and IL-13, linking a combined response to injury by both intrinsic mucosal mechanisms and infiltrating M2 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine P. Petersen
- Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN,Department of Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Anne R. Meyer
- Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN,Department of Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Carlo DeSalvo
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Eunyoung Choi
- Department of Nashville VA Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN,Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN,Department of Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Cameron Schlegel
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN,Department of Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Alec Petersen
- Department of Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Amy C. Engevik
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN,Department of Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Nripesh Prasad
- Department of HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL
| | - Shawn E. Levy
- Department of HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL
| | | | - Theresa T. Pizarro
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - James R. Goldenring
- Department of Nashville VA Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN,Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN,Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN,Department of Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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27
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Shajib MS, Baranov A, Khan WI. Diverse Effects of Gut-Derived Serotonin in Intestinal Inflammation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:920-931. [PMID: 28288510 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut is the largest producer of serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the human body, and 5-HT has been recognized as an important signaling molecule in the gut for decades. There are two distinct sources of enteric 5-HT. Mucosal 5-HT is predominantly produced by enterochromaffin (EC) cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and neuronal 5-HT in the gut is produced by serotonergic neurons of the enteric nervous system (ENS). The quantity of mucosal 5-HT produced vastly eclipses the amount of neuronal 5-HT in the gut. Though it is difficult to separate the functions of neuronal and mucosal 5-HT, in the normal gut both types of enteric 5-HT work synergistically playing a prominent role in the maintenance of GI functions. In inflammatory conditions of the gut, like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) recent studies have revealed new diverse functions of enteric 5-HT. Mucosal 5-HT plays an important role in the production of pro-inflammatory mediators from immune cells, and neuronal 5-HT provides neuroprotection in the ENS. Based on searches for terms such as "5-HT", "EC cell", "ENS", and "inflammation" in pubmed.gov as well as by utilizing pertinent reviews, the current review aims to provide an update on the role of enteric 5-HT and its immune mediators in the context of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sharif Shajib
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario L8S
4K1, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Adriana Baranov
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario L8S
4K1, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Waliul I. Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario L8S
4K1, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
- Hamilton
Regional Laboratory Medicine Program, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
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28
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Linan-Rico A, Ochoa-Cortes F, Beyder A, Soghomonyan S, Zuleta-Alarcon A, Coppola V, Christofi FL. Mechanosensory Signaling in Enterochromaffin Cells and 5-HT Release: Potential Implications for Gut Inflammation. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:564. [PMID: 28066160 PMCID: PMC5165017 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterochromaffin (EC) cells synthesize 95% of the body 5-HT and release 5-HT in response to mechanical or chemical stimulation. EC cell 5-HT has physiological effects on gut motility, secretion and visceral sensation. Abnormal regulation of 5-HT occurs in gastrointestinal disorders and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) where 5-HT may represent a key player in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation. The focus of this review is on mechanism(s) involved in EC cell "mechanosensation" and critical gaps in our knowledge for future research. Much of our knowledge and concepts are from a human BON cell model of EC, although more recent work has included other cell lines, native EC cells from mouse and human and intact mucosa. EC cells are "mechanosensors" that respond to physical forces generated during peristaltic activity by translating the mechanical stimulus (MS) into an intracellular biochemical response leading to 5-HT and ATP release. The emerging picture of mechanosensation includes Piezo 2 channels, caveolin-rich microdomains, and tight regulation of 5-HT release by purines. The "purinergic hypothesis" is that MS releases purines to act in an autocrine/paracrine manner to activate excitatory (P2Y1, P2Y4, P2Y6, and A2A/A2B) or inhibitory (P2Y12, A1, and A3) receptors to regulate 5-HT release. MS activates a P2Y1/Gαq/PLC/IP3-IP3R/SERCA Ca2+signaling pathway, an A2A/A2B-Gs/AC/cAMP-PKA signaling pathway, an ATP-gated P2X3 channel, and an inhibitory P2Y12-Gi/o/AC-cAMP pathway. In human IBD, P2X3 is down regulated and A2B is up regulated in EC cells, but the pathophysiological consequences of abnormal mechanosensory or purinergic 5-HT signaling remain unknown. EC cell mechanosensation remains poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andromeda Linan-Rico
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center at Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA; CONACYT-Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomedicas, University of ColimaColima, Mexico
| | - Fernando Ochoa-Cortes
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center at Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Arthur Beyder
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Suren Soghomonyan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center at Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alix Zuleta-Alarcon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center at Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vincenzo Coppola
- SBS-Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Fievos L Christofi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center at Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
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29
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Kim JJ, Wang H, Terc JD, Zambrowicz B, Yang QM, Khan WI. Blocking peripheral serotonin synthesis by telotristat etiprate (LX1032/LX1606) reduces severity of both chemical- and infection-induced intestinal inflammation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015. [PMID: 26206858 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00299.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal inflammation is accompanied by an alteration in 5-HT. Intestinal 5-HT synthesis is catalyzed by tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1) and we have shown that mice deficient in this rate-limiting enzyme have reduced severity of intestinal inflammation in models of chemical-induced experimental colitis. Here, we investigated the effect of blocking peripheral 5-HT synthesis in generation of intestinal inflammation by a using peripheral Tph inhibitor, telotristat etiprate (LX1606), in models of intestinal inflammation. LX1606 was given orally either prophylactically or therapeutically to mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis or with infection with Trichuris muris. Severity of intestinal inflammation was measured by assessment of disease activity scores, histological damage, and MPO and inflammatory cytokine levels. LX1606 significantly reduced intestinal 5-HT levels and delayed onset and severity of DSS-induced acute and chronic colitis. This was associated with decreased MPO and proinflammatory cytokine levels compared with vehicle-treated controls. In the infection-induced inflammation model, treatment with LX1606 enhanced worm expulsion as well as increased IL-10 production and goblet cell numbers. LX1606-treated mice had significantly lower MPO and IL-1β levels compared with controls postinfection. Our results demonstrate that peripheral 5-HT plays an important role in intestinal inflammation and in the generation of immune responses. Pharmacological reduction of peripheral 5-HT may serve as a potential strategy for modulating various intestinal inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice J Kim
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Huaqing Wang
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Joshua D Terc
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | | | - Qi M Yang
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc., The Woodlands, Texas
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
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30
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Shajib MS, Khan WI. The role of serotonin and its receptors in activation of immune responses and inflammation. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:561-74. [PMID: 25439045 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a neurotransmitter and hormone that contributes to the regulation of various physiological functions by its actions in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the respective organ systems. Peripheral 5-HT is predominantly produced by enterochromaffin (EC) cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These gut-resident cells produce much more 5-HT than all neuronal and other sources combined, establishing EC cells as the main source of this biogenic amine in the human body. Peripheral 5-HT is also a potent immune modulator and affects various immune cells through its receptors and via the recently identified process of serotonylation. Alterations in 5-HT signalling have been described in inflammatory conditions of the gut, such as inflammatory bowel disease. The association between 5-HT and inflammation, however, is not limited to the gut, as changes in 5-HT levels have also been reported in patients with allergic airway inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis. Based on searches for terms such as '5-HT', 'EC cell', 'immune cells' and 'inflammation' in pubmed.gov as well as by utilizing pertinent reviews, the current review aims to provide an update on the role of 5-HT in biological functions with a particular focus on immune activation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Shajib
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute; Hamilton ON Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
| | - W. I. Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute; Hamilton ON Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
- Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program; Hamilton Health Sciences; Hamilton ON Canada
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31
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Al-Tikriti MS, Khamas W, Chebolu S, Darmani NA. Histomorphology and immunohistochemistry of the lower esophageal sphincter of the least shrew (Cryptotis parva). Cells Tissues Organs 2014; 198:390-7. [PMID: 24662490 DOI: 10.1159/000359999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The biochemical and histopathological changes in the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) in the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease have gained interest. The least shrew is able to vomit in response to emetogens and provides a good model to study the histology of this phenomenon relative to the published reports in the commonly used but vomit-incompetent laboratory species. The LES is located at the junction of the esophagus and stomach. It typically closes at rest and opens in response to swallowing. Our findings demonstrate that the least shrew does not have a well-defined LES, lacks esophageal glands and has a mucosal valve-like projection from the terminal end of the esophagus before joining the gastric epithelium at the lesser curvature. In addition, the least shrew has thoracic and abdominal components prior to joining the gastric epithelium. The mucosal lining of the esophagus is folded, becoming clearly convoluted and forming a bucket-like structure at the level of the esophageocardiac junction (ECJ). No significant differences are to be found between the structure and thickness of the wall before and after the ECJ. Thus, the ECJ forming the LES is relatively less complex than those of other mammals including man. The distribution of enterochromaffin (EC) cells is confined to the lamina propria of the junction and is not associated with the cardiac glands, suggesting its functional involvement with the smooth muscle in and around the ECJ. In conclusion, the least shrew's anatomical sphincter appears ill-defined and is replaced by a less sturdy valve-like mucosal flap.
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32
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Shajib MS, Wang H, Kim JJ, Sunjic I, Ghia JE, Denou E, Collins M, Denburg JA, Khan WI. Interleukin 13 and serotonin: linking the immune and endocrine systems in murine models of intestinal inflammation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72774. [PMID: 24015275 PMCID: PMC3755966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Infiltration of activated immune cells and increased cytokine production define the immunophenotype of gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation. In addition, intestinal inflammation is accompanied by alteration in the numbers of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) synthesizing enterochromaffin (EC) cells and in 5-HT amount. It has been established that EC cells express interleukin (IL)-13 receptor, additionally IL-13 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. In this study, we investigated the role of IL-13 mediated 5-HT signaling in pathogenesis of colitis. Methodology Colitis was induced in IL-13 deficient (IL-13−/−) and wild-type (WT) mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS), as well as in IL-13−/− mice given recombinant mouse IL-13 (rmIL-13) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HTP), the direct precursor of 5-HT. Principal Findings and Conclusion Elevated colonic IL-13 levels were observed in WT mice receiving DSS in comparison to control. IL-13−/− mice administered DSS exhibited significantly reduced severity of colitis compared to WT mice as reflected by macroscopic and histological damage assessments. Following DSS administration, significantly lower pro-inflammatory cytokine production and fewer infiltrating macrophages were observed in IL-13−/− mice compared to WT. The reduced severity of colitis observed in IL-13−/− mice was also accompanied by down-regulation of EC cell numbers and colonic 5-HT content. In addition, increasing colonic 5-HT content by administration of rmIL-13 or 5-HTP exacerbated severity of DSS colitis in IL-13−/− mice. IL-13−/− mice also exhibited reduced severity of DNBS-induced colitis. These results demonstrate that IL-13 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of experimental colitis and 5-HT is an important mediator of IL-13 driven intestinal inflammation. This study revealed important information on immune-endocrine axis in gut in relation to inflammation which may ultimately lead to better strategy in managing various intestinal inflammatory conditions including inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sharif Shajib
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Huaqing Wang
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janice J. Kim
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ivana Sunjic
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Eric Ghia
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Denou
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Collins
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Judah A. Denburg
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Waliul I. Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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33
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Vogel KR, Arning E, Wasek BL, Bottiglieri T, Gibson KM. Characterization of 2-(methylamino)alkanoic acid capacity to restrict blood-brain phenylalanine transport in Pah enu2 mice: preliminary findings. Mol Genet Metab 2013; 110 Suppl:S71-8. [PMID: 23999161 PMCID: PMC4077276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our laboratory seeks a pharmacotherapeutic intervention for PKU that utilizes non-physiological amino acids (NPAAs) to block the accumulation of phenylalanine (Phe) in the brain. In previous studies (Vogel et al. 2013), methylation of the amino group of 2-aminoisobutyrate (AIB) provided an enhanced degree of selectivity for Phe restriction into the brain of Pah(enu2) mice in comparison to unmethylated AIB, leading to the hypothesis that 2-(methylamino)alkanoic acid analogs of AIB might represent targeted inhibitors of Phe accretion into the brain. METHODS Pah(enu2) and control mice were intraperitoneally administered (500-750 mg/kg body weight, once daily; standard 19% protein diet) AIB, methyl AIB (MAIB), isovaline, and two MAIB analogs, 2-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanoic (MeVal) and 3-methyl-2-(methylamino)pentanoic (MePent) acids for one week, followed by brain and blood isolation for amino acid analyses using UPLC. RESULTS In the brain, AIB significantly reduced Phe accretion in Pah(enu2) mice, while MeVal significantly improved glutamine and aspartic acids. Four of five test compounds improved brain threonine and arginine levels. AIB, MAIB and IsoVal significantly reduced blood Phe, with no effect of any drug intervention on other sera amino acids. CONCLUSIONS Further evaluation of AIB and the 2-(methylamino)alkanoic acids as inhibitors of brain Phe accumulation in Pah(enu2) mice is warranted, with more detailed evaluations of route of administration, combinatorial intervention, and detailed toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara R. Vogel
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Erland Arning
- Institute for Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute and Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Brandi L. Wasek
- Institute for Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute and Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Teodoro Bottiglieri
- Institute for Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute and Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - K. Michael Gibson
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
- Corresponding author at: Section of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, SAC 525M, P.O. Box 1495, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd, Spokane, WA 99210-1495, USA. Fax: +1 509 358 6673. (K.M. Gibson)
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