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Akhter A, Moliva JI, Azad AK, Olmo-Fontánez A, Garcia-Vilanova A, Scordo JM, Gavrilin MA, Diaz PT, Endsley JJ, Weintraub ST, Schlesinger LS, Wewers MD, Torrelles JB. HIV infection impairs the host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by altering surfactant protein D function in the human lung alveolar mucosa. Mucosal Immunol 2024; 17:461-475. [PMID: 38184074 PMCID: PMC11253242 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death for people living with HIV (PLWH). We hypothesized that altered functions of innate immune components in the human alveolar lining fluid of PLWH (HIV-ALF) drive susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection. Our results indicate a significant increase in oxidation of innate proteins and chemokine levels and significantly lower levels and function of complement components and Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines in HIV-ALF versus control-ALF (non-HIV-infected people). We further found a deficiency of surfactant protein D (SP-D) and reduced binding of SP-D to M.tb that had been exposed to HIV-ALF. Primary human macrophages infected with M.tb exposed to HIV-ALF were significantly less capable of controlling the infection, which was reversed by SP-D replenishment in HIV-ALF. Thus, based on the limited number of participants in this study, our data suggest that PLWH without antiretroviral therapy (ART) have declining host innate defense function in their lung mucosa, thereby favoring M.tb and potentially other pulmonary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwari Akhter
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Juan I Moliva
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Abul K Azad
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Angélica Olmo-Fontánez
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Julia M Scordo
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Mikhail A Gavrilin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Phillip T Diaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Janice J Endsley
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch Health, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Susan T Weintraub
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Mark D Wewers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA; International Center for the Advancement of Research and Education (I•CARE), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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2
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Olmo-Fontánez AM, Scordo JM, Schami A, Garcia-Vilanova A, Pino PA, Hicks A, Mishra R, Jose Maselli D, Peters JI, Restrepo BI, Nargan K, Naidoo T, Clemens DL, Steyn AJC, Thacker VV, Turner J, Schlesinger LS, Torrelles JB. Human alveolar lining fluid from the elderly promotes Mycobacterium tuberculosis intracellular growth and translocation into the cytosol of alveolar epithelial cells. Mucosal Immunol 2024; 17:155-168. [PMID: 38185331 PMCID: PMC11034793 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The elderly population is highly susceptible to developing respiratory diseases, including tuberculosis, a devastating disease caused by the airborne pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) that kills one person every 18 seconds. Once M.tb reaches the alveolar space, it contacts alveolar lining fluid (ALF), which dictates host-cell interactions. We previously determined that age-associated dysfunction of soluble innate components in human ALF leads to accelerated M.tb growth within human alveolar macrophages. Here we determined the impact of human ALF on M.tb infection of alveolar epithelial type cells (ATs), another critical lung cellular determinant of infection. We observed that elderly ALF (E-ALF)-exposed M.tb had significantly increased intracellular growth with rapid replication in ATs compared to adult ALF (A-ALF)-exposed bacteria, as well as a dampened inflammatory response. A potential mechanism underlying this accelerated growth in ATs was our observation of increased bacterial translocation into the cytosol, a compartment that favors bacterial replication. These findings in the context of our previous studies highlight how the oxidative and dysfunctional status of the elderly lung mucosa determines susceptibility to M.tb infection, including dampening immune responses and favoring bacterial replication within alveolar resident cell populations, including ATs, the most abundant resident cell type within the alveoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica M Olmo-Fontánez
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA.
| | - Julia M Scordo
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA; Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Alyssa Schami
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Andreu Garcia-Vilanova
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Paula A Pino
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Amberlee Hicks
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Richa Mishra
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Diego Jose Maselli
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jay I Peters
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Blanca I Restrepo
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Brownsville campus, Brownsville, Texas, USA; South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas, USA
| | - Kievershen Nargan
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Threnesan Naidoo
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - Daniel L Clemens
- University of California, Los Angeles Health Sciences, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Vivek V Thacker
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joanne Turner
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA; International Center for the Advancement of Research and Education (I●CARE), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, US.
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3
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Allué-Guardia A, Garcia-Vilanova A, Schami AM, Olmo-Fontánez AM, Hicks A, Peters J, Maselli DJ, Wewers MD, Wang Y, Torrelles JB. Exposure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to human alveolar lining fluid shows temporal and strain-specific adaptation to the lung environment. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.27.559381. [PMID: 37808780 PMCID: PMC10557635 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.27.559381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Upon infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M.tb ) reaches the alveolar space and comes in close contact with human alveolar lining fluid (ALF) for an uncertain period of time prior to its encounter with alveolar cells. We showed that homeostatic ALF hydrolytic enzymes modify the M.tb cell envelope, driving M.tb -host cell interactions. Still, the contribution of ALF during M.tb infection is poorly understood. Here, we exposed 4 M.tb strains with different levels of virulence, transmissibility, and drug resistance (DR) to physiological concentrations of human ALF for 15-min and 12-h, and performed RNA sequencing. Gene expression analysis showed a temporal and strain-specific adaptation to human ALF. Differential expression (DE) of ALF-exposed vs. unexposed M.tb revealed a total of 397 DE genes associated with lipid metabolism, cell envelope and processes, intermediary metabolism and respiration, and regulatory proteins, among others. Most DE genes were detected at 12-h post-ALF exposure, with DR- M.tb strain W-7642 having the highest number of DE genes. Interestingly, genes from the KstR2 regulon, which controls the degradation of cholesterol C and D rings, were significantly upregulated in all strains post-ALF exposure. These results indicate that M.tb -ALF contact drives initial metabolic and physiologic changes in M.tb , with potential implications in infection outcome. IMPORTANCE Tuberculosis, caused by airborne pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M.tb ), is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Upon infection, M.tb reaches the alveoli and gets in contact with human alveolar lining fluid (ALF), where ALF hydrolases modify the M.tb cell envelope driving subsequent M.tb -host cell interactions. Still, the contributions of ALF during infection are poorly understood. We exposed 4 M.tb strains to ALF for 15-min and 12-h and performed RNA sequencing, demonstrating a temporal and strain-specific adaptation of M.tb to ALF. Interestingly, genes associated with cholesterol degradation were highly upregulated in all strains. This study shows for the first time that ALF drives global metabolic changes in M.tb during the initial stages of the infection, with potential implications in disease outcome. Biologically relevant networks and common and strain-specific bacterial determinants derived from this study could be further investigated as potential therapeutic candidates.
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Pelosi U, Pintus R, Savasta S, Fanos V. Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Children: A Forgotten Disease? Microorganisms 2023; 11:1722. [PMID: 37512894 PMCID: PMC10385511 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Even today, tuberculosis in childhood is a disease that is often undiagnosed and undertreated. In the absence of therapy with antituberculosis drugs, children in the first years of life have a high degree of severe forms and mortality. In these children, symptoms are often not very specific and can easily be confused with other diseases of bacterial, viral or fungal etiology, making diagnosis more difficult. Nevertheless, the introduction of new diagnostic techniques has allowed a more rapid identification of the infection. Indeed, Interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) is preferred to the Mantoux, albeit with obvious limitations in children aged <2 years. While the Xpert Mtb/RIF Ultra test is recommended as an initial diagnostic investigation of the gastric aspirate and/or stools in children with signs and symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis. The drugs used in the treatment of susceptible and resistant TB are the same as those used in adults but doses and combinations are different in the pediatric age. In children, brief therapy is preferable in both the latent infection and the active disease, as a significant reduction in side effects is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Pelosi
- Pediatric Unit, Santa Barbara Hospital, 09016 Iglesias, Italy
| | - Roberta Pintus
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, AOU Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Savasta
- Department of Pediatrics and Rare Diseases, Ospedale Microcitemico Antonio Cao, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, AOU Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
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5
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Arredondo-Hernández R, Schcolnik-Cabrera A, Orduña P, Juárez-López D, Varela-Salinas T, López-Vidal Y. Identification of peptides presented through the MHC-II of dendritic cells stimulated with Mycobacterium avium. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152416. [PMID: 37429053 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium (M. avium) represents a species of concern, because of its ability to modulate the host's innate immune response, and therefore influence trajectory of adaptative immunity. Since eradicative response against mycobacteria, and M. tuberculosis/M. avium, relies on peptides actively presented on a Major Histocompatibility complex-II (MHC-II) context, we assessed paradoxical stimulation of Dendritic Cell resulting on immature immunophenotype characterized by membrane minor increase of MHC-II and CD40 despite of high expression of the pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in supernatants. Identification of M. avium leucine rich peptides forming short α-helices shutting down Type 1T helper (Th1), contribute to the understanding of immune evasion of an increasingly prevalent pathogen, and may provide a basis for future immunotherapy to infectious and non-infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Arredondo-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Microbioma, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Schcolnik-Cabrera
- Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Patricia Orduña
- Laboratorio de Microbioma, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Daniel Juárez-López
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, C.P. 04510, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Tania Varela-Salinas
- Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yolanda López-Vidal
- Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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6
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Dallmann-Sauer M, Xu YZ, da Costa ALF, Tao S, Gomes TA, Prata RBDS, Correa-Macedo W, Manry J, Alcaïs A, Abel L, Cobat A, Fava VM, Pinheiro RO, Lara FA, Probst CM, Mira MT, Schurr E. Allele-dependent interaction of LRRK2 and NOD2 in leprosy. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011260. [PMID: 36972292 PMCID: PMC10079233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy, caused by Mycobacterium leprae, rarely affects children younger than 5 years. Here, we studied a multiplex leprosy family that included monozygotic twins aged 22 months suffering from paucibacillary leprosy. Whole genome sequencing identified three amino acid mutations previously associated with Crohn’s disease and Parkinson’s disease as candidate variants for early onset leprosy: LRRK2 N551K, R1398H and NOD2 R702W. In genome-edited macrophages, we demonstrated that cells expressing the LRRK2 mutations displayed reduced apoptosis activity following mycobacterial challenge independently of NOD2. However, employing co-immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy we showed that LRRK2 and NOD2 proteins interacted in RAW cells and monocyte-derived macrophages, and that this interaction was substantially reduced for the NOD2 R702W mutation. Moreover, we observed a joint effect of LRRK2 and NOD2 variants on Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-induced respiratory burst, NF-κB activation and cytokine/chemokine secretion with a strong impact for the genotypes found in the twins consistent with a role of the identified mutations in the development of early onset leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Dallmann-Sauer
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Montreal, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University; Montreal, Canada
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, McGill University; Montreal, Canada
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná; Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Yong Zhong Xu
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Montreal, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University; Montreal, Canada
| | - Ana Lúcia França da Costa
- Department of Specialized Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Piauí; Teresina, Brazil
| | - Shao Tao
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University; Montreal, Canada
- The Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Montreal, Canada
| | - Tiago Araujo Gomes
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Wilian Correa-Macedo
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Montreal, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University; Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, McGill University; Montreal, Canada
| | - Jérémy Manry
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Montreal, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University; Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexandre Alcaïs
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U.1163, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U.1163, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, United States of America
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U.1163, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, United States of America
| | - Vinicius M. Fava
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Montreal, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University; Montreal, Canada
| | - Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flavio Alves Lara
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christian M. Probst
- Laboratory of Systems and Molecular Biology of Trypanosomatids, Instituto Carlos Chagas; FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marcelo T. Mira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná; Curitiba, Brazil
- * E-mail: (M.T.M); (E.S.)
| | - Erwin Schurr
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Montreal, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University; Montreal, Canada
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, McGill University; Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, McGill University; Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail: (M.T.M); (E.S.)
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7
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Simper JD, Perez E, Schlesinger LS, Azad AK. Resistance and Susceptibility Immune Factors at Play during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection of Macrophages. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101153. [PMID: 36297211 PMCID: PMC9611686 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), is responsible for >1.5 million deaths worldwide annually. Innate immune cells, especially macrophages, are the first to encounter M.tb, and their response dictates the course of infection. During infection, macrophages exert a variety of immune factors involved in either controlling or promoting the growth of M.tb. Research on this topic has been performed in both in vitro and in vivo animal models with discrepant results in some cases based on the model of study. Herein, we review macrophage resistance and susceptibility immune factors, focusing primarily on recent advances in the field. We include macrophage cellular pathways, bioeffector proteins and molecules, cytokines and chemokines, associated microbiological factors and bacterial strains, and host genetic factors in innate immune genes. Recent advances in mechanisms underlying macrophage resistance and susceptibility factors will aid in the successful development of host-directed therapeutics, a topic emphasized throughout this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan D. Simper
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UT Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Esteban Perez
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Translational Sciences Program, UT Health San Antonio Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Correspondence: (L.S.S.); (A.K.A.); Tel.: +1-210-258-9578 (L.S.S.); +1-210-258-9467 (A.K.A.)
| | - Abul K. Azad
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Correspondence: (L.S.S.); (A.K.A.); Tel.: +1-210-258-9578 (L.S.S.); +1-210-258-9467 (A.K.A.)
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8
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Garcia-Vilanova A, Olmo-Fontánez AM, Moliva JI, Allué-Guardia A, Singh H, Merritt RE, Maselli DJ, Peters JI, Restrepo BI, Wang Y, Schlesinger LS, Turner J, Weintraub ST, Torrelles JB. The Aging Human Lung Mucosa: A Proteomics Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2022; 77:1969-1974. [PMID: 35460553 PMCID: PMC9536443 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glac091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The older adult population, estimated to double by 2050, is at increased risk of respiratory infections and other pulmonary diseases. Biochemical changes in the lung alveolar lining fluid (ALF) and in alveolar compartment cells can alter local immune responses as we age, generating opportunities for invading pathogens to establish successful infections. Indeed, the lung alveolar space of older adults is a pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidative, dysregulated environment that remains understudied. We performed an exploratory, quantitative proteomic profiling of the soluble proteins present in ALF, developing insight into molecular fingerprints, pathways, and regulatory networks that characterize the alveolar space in old age, comparing it to that of younger individuals. We identified 457 proteins that were significantly differentially expressed in older adult ALF, including increased production of matrix metalloproteinases, markers of cellular senescence, antimicrobials, and proteins of neutrophilic granule origin, among others, suggesting that neutrophils in the lungs of older adults could be potential contributors to the dysregulated alveolar environment with increasing age. Finally, we describe a hypothetical regulatory network mediated by the serum response factor that could explain the neutrophilic profile observed in the older adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Garcia-Vilanova
- Population Health and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Angélica M Olmo-Fontánez
- Population Health and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Juan I Moliva
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna Allué-Guardia
- Population Health and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Harjinder Singh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Robert E Merritt
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Diego J Maselli
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jay I Peters
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, UTSA, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Population Health and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Joanne Turner
- Population Health and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Susan T Weintraub
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Population Health and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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9
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Olmo-Fontánez AM, Turner J. Tuberculosis in an Aging World. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101101. [PMID: 36297158 PMCID: PMC9611089 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death due to its being an infectious disease, caused by the airborne pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). Approximately one-fourth of the world’s population is infected with latent M.tb, and TB is considered a global threat killing over 4000 people every day. The risk of TB susceptibility and mortality is significantly increased in individuals aged 65 and older, confirming that the elderly represent one of the largest reservoirs for M.tb infection. The elderly population faces many challenges that increase their risk of developing respiratory diseases, including TB. The challenges the elderly face in this regard include the following: decreased lung function, immuno-senescence, inflammaging, adverse drug effects, low tolerance to anti-TB drugs, lack of suitable diagnoses/interventions, and age-associated comorbidities. In order to find new therapeutic strategies to maintain lung homeostasis and resistance to respiratory infections as we age, it is necessary to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind natural lung aging. This review focuses primarily on why the elderly are more susceptible to TB disease and death, with a focus on pulmonary function and comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica M. Olmo-Fontánez
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Joanne Turner
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Correspondence:
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10
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Jackson S, McShane H. Challenges in Developing a Controlled Human Tuberculosis Challenge Model. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022. [PMID: 35332386 DOI: 10.1007/82_2022_252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Controlled human infection models (CHIMs) have provided pivotal scientific advancements, contributing to the licensure of new vaccines for many pathogens. Despite being one of the world's oldest known pathogens, there are still significant gaps in our knowledge surrounding the immunobiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb). Furthermore, the only licensed vaccine, BCG, is a century old and demonstrates limited efficacy in adults from endemic areas. Despite good global uptake of BCG, tuberculosis (TB) remains a silent epidemic killing 1.4 million in 2019 (WHO, Global tuberculosis report 2020). A mycobacterial CHIM could expedite the development pipeline of novel TB vaccines and provide critical understanding on the immune response to TB. However, developing a CHIM for such a complex organism is a challenging process. The first hurdle to address is which challenge agent to use, as it would not be ethical to use virulent M. tb. This chapter describes the current progress and outstanding issues in the development of a TB CHIM. Previous and current human studies include both aerosol and intradermal models using either BCG or purified protein derivative (PPD) as a surrogate agent. Future work investigating the use of attenuated M. tb is underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Jackson
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen McShane
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
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11
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Zheng J, Long X, Chen H, Ji Z, Shu B, Yue R, Liao Y, Ma S, Qiao K, Liu Y, Liao Y. Photoclick Reaction Constructs Glutathione-Responsive Theranostic System for Anti-Tuberculosis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:845179. [PMID: 35237665 PMCID: PMC8883117 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.845179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a virulent form of an infectious disease that causes a global burden due to its high infectivity and fatality rate, especially the irrepressible threats of latent infection. Constructing an efficient strategy for the prevention and control of TB is of great significance. Fortunately, we found that granulomas are endowed with higher reducibility levels possibly caused by internal inflammation and a relatively enclosed microenvironment. Therefore, we developed the first targeted glutathione- (GSH-) responsive theranostic system (RIF@Cy5.5-HA-NG) for tuberculosis with a rifampicin- (RIF-) loaded near-infrared emission carrier, which was constructed by photoclick reaction-actuated hydrophobic-hydrophobic interaction, enabling the early diagnosis of tuberculosis through granulomas-tracking. Furthermore, the loaded rifampicin was released through the dissociation of disulfide bond by the localized GSH in granulomas, realizing the targeted tuberculosis therapy and providing an especially accurate treatment mapping for tuberculosis. Thus, this targeted theranostic strategy for tuberculosis exhibits the potential to realize both granulomas-tracking and anti-infection of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judun Zheng
- Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Infectious Diseases, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xun Long
- Department of Science and Education, The Third People’s Hospital of Bijie City, Bijie, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhisheng Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bowen Shu
- Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Infectious Diseases, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Yue
- Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Infectious Diseases, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yechun Liao
- Department of Science and Education, The Third People’s Hospital of Bijie City, Bijie, China
| | - Shengchao Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Kun Qiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Science and Education, The Third People’s Hospital of Bijie City, Bijie, China
| | - Yuhui Liao
- Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Infectious Diseases, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Hussain MS, Vashist A, Kumar M, Taneja NK, Gautam US, Dwivedi S, Tyagi JS, Gupta RK. Anti-mycobacterial activity of heat and pH stable high molecular weight protein(s) secreted by a bacterial laboratory contaminant. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:15. [PMID: 35093096 PMCID: PMC8799974 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01743-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis currently stands as the second leading cause of deaths worldwide due to single infectious agent after Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The current challenges of drug resistance in tuberculosis highlight an urgent need to develop newer anti-mycobacterial compounds. In the present study, we report the serendipitous discovery of a bacterial laboratory contaminant (LC-1) exhibiting a zone of growth inhibition on an agar plate seeded with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. RESULTS We utilized microbiological, biochemical and biophysical approaches to characterize LC-1 and anti-mycobacterial compound(s) in its secretome. Based on 16S rRNA sequencing and BIOLOG analysis, LC-1 was identified as Staphylococcus hominis, a human bacterial commensal. Anti-mycobacterial activity was initially found in 30 kDa retentate that was obtained by ultrafiltration of culture filtrate (CF). SDS-PAGE analysis of peak fractions obtained by size exclusion chromatography of 30 kDa retentate confirmed the presence of high molecular weight (≥ 30 kDa) proteins. Peak fraction-1 (F-1) exhibited inhibitory activity against M. bovis BCG, but not against M. smegmatis, E. coli and S. aureus. The active fraction F-1 was inactivated by treatment with Proteinase K and α-chymotrypsin. However, it retained its anti-mycobacterial activity over a wide range of heat and pH treatment. The anti-mycobacterial activity of F-1 was found to be maintained even after a long storage (~12 months) at - 20 °C. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the identified peptide masses do not match with any previously known bacteriocins. CONCLUSIONS The present study highlights the anti-mycobacterial activity of high molecular weight protein(s) present in culture filtrate of LC-1, which may be tested further to target M. tuberculosis. The heat and pH stability of these proteins add to their characteristics as therapeutic proteins and may contribute to their long shelf life. LC-1 being a human commensal can be tested in future for its potential as a probiotic to treat tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sajid Hussain
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201306, India
- School of Vocational Studies and Applied Sciences, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201306, India
| | - Atul Vashist
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
- Department of Infection & Immunology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India.
| | - Mahadevan Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
- Department of Microbiology, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Medical College, Pune, 411043, India
| | - Neetu Kumra Taneja
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, NIFTEM, Sonipat, Haryana, 131028, India
| | - Uma Shankar Gautam
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Seema Dwivedi
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201306, India
| | - Jaya Sivaswami Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Gupta
- School of Vocational Studies and Applied Sciences, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201306, India.
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Torrelles JB, Restrepo BI, Bai Y, Ross C, Schlesinger LS, Turner J. The Impact of Aging on the Lung Alveolar Environment, Predetermining Susceptibility to Respiratory Infections. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:818700. [PMID: 35821836 PMCID: PMC9261427 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.818700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infections are one of the top causes of death in the elderly population, displaying susceptibility factors with increasing age that are potentially amenable to interventions. We posit that with increasing age there are predictable tissue-specific changes that prevent the immune system from working effectively in the lung. This mini-review highlights recent evidence for altered local tissue environment factors as we age focusing on increased tissue oxidative stress with associated immune cell changes, likely driven by the byproducts of age-associated inflammatory disease. Potential intervention points are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi B. Torrelles
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Blanca I. Restrepo
- School of Public Health in Brownsville, University of Texas Health Houston, Brownsville, TX, United States
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
| | - Yidong Bai
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT-Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Corinna Ross
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Soutwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Joanne Turner
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
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14
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Allué-Guardia A, Garcia-Vilanova A, Olmo-Fontánez AM, Peters J, Maselli DJ, Wang Y, Turner J, Schlesinger LS, Torrelles JB. Host- and Age-Dependent Transcriptional Changes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cell Envelope Biosynthesis Genes after Exposure to Human Alveolar Lining Fluid. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020983. [PMID: 35055170 PMCID: PMC8780516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) infection, caused by the airborne pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), resulted in almost 1.4 million deaths in 2019, and the number of deaths is predicted to increase by 20% over the next 5 years due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Upon reaching the alveolar space, M.tb comes into close contact with the lung mucosa before and after its encounter with host alveolar compartment cells. Our previous studies show that homeostatic, innate soluble components of the alveolar lining fluid (ALF) can quickly alter the cell envelope surface of M.tb upon contact, defining subsequent M.tb-host cell interactions and infection outcomes in vitro and in vivo. We also demonstrated that ALF from 60+ year old elders (E-ALF) vs. healthy 18- to 45-year-old adults (A-ALF) is dysfunctional, with loss of homeostatic capacity and impaired innate soluble responses linked to high local oxidative stress. In this study, a targeted transcriptional assay shows that M.tb exposure to human ALF alters the expression of its cell envelope genes. Specifically, our results indicate that A-ALF-exposed M.tb upregulates cell envelope genes associated with lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acid metabolism, as well as genes associated with redox homeostasis and transcriptional regulators. Conversely, M.tb exposure to E-ALF shows a lesser transcriptional response, with most of the M.tb genes unchanged or downregulated. Overall, this study indicates that M.tb responds and adapts to the lung alveolar environment upon contact, and that the host ALF status, determined by factors such as age, might play an important role in determining infection outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Allué-Guardia
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (A.G.-V.); (A.M.O.-F.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.-G.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Andreu Garcia-Vilanova
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (A.G.-V.); (A.M.O.-F.)
| | - Angélica M. Olmo-Fontánez
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (A.G.-V.); (A.M.O.-F.)
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jay Peters
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (J.P.); (D.J.M.)
| | - Diego J. Maselli
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (J.P.); (D.J.M.)
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA;
| | - Joanne Turner
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (J.T.); (L.S.S.)
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (J.T.); (L.S.S.)
| | - Jordi B. Torrelles
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (A.G.-V.); (A.M.O.-F.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.-G.); (J.B.T.)
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15
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Liang S, Huang G, Wu T, Peng Y, Liu X, Ji X, Sha W, Wang F, Shen L, Shen H. MIR337-3p Enhances Mycobacterial Pathogenicity Involving TLR4/MYD88 and STAT3 Signals, Impairing VDR Antimicrobial Response and Fast-Acting Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:739219. [PMID: 34912331 PMCID: PMC8666424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.739219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Active form of vitamin D (VitD) enhances human innate immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Our previous studies showed that MIR337-3p was highly expressed in lymphocytes of tuberculosis (TB) patients. Here, we identified the mechanism of MIR337-3p in the regulation of fast-acting anti-TB immunity by inhibiting VitD-dependent antimicrobial response pathways. While high-level MIR337-3p expression was induced by mycobacterial infection in cellular models and mice, TB patients exhibited significantly increased MIR337-3p in CD14+ monocytes/macrophages, innate-like Vγ2+ T cells, and CD8+ lymphocytes containing natural killer (NK)/innate lymphoid cells. MIR337-3p promoted the mycobacterial entry/infection and replication/growth in host target cells: macrophages and lung epithelial cells. Such MIR337-3p-enhanced pathogenicity coincided with the MIR337-3p depression of VitD-dependent antimicrobial response of cytochrome P450, family 27, subfamily b, polypeptide 1 (CYP27B1)/Beta-defensin 4 (DEFB4A)/ cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide CAMP pathways. Surprisingly, single MIR337-3p species could specifically target both the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) 3′-untranslated regions (UTRs) to depress the TLR4/MYD88 and STAT3 signals and impair either of the two signals inhibiting the VitD-dependent antimicrobial pathways in macrophages. Concurrently, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) expressing high-level MIR337-3p exhibited a reduced ability of innate cell populations to mount fast-acting cellular immunity against intracellular mycobacterial infection. Furthermore, a higher expression of Mir337-3p after mycobacterial infection of mice coincided with much greater colony-forming unit (CFU) counts in lungs and even the death of infected animals, whereas Mir337-3p inhibitor treatment of infected mice reduced Mir337-3p levels and reversed Mir337-3p-mediated increases in CFU counts. Thus, TB-driven single MIR337-3p species could specifically target/impair both TLR4/MYD88 and STAT3 activation signals, inhibiting VitD-dependent antimicrobial response and fast-acting anti-TB immunity, leading to enhanced pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liang
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guixian Huang
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Wu
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuejiao Ji
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Sha
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education of the people's Republic of China (MOE)/National Health Commission of the people's Republic of China (NHC)/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)), Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Shen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hongbo Shen
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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16
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Allué-Guardia A, Garcia-Vilanova A, M Olmo-Fontánez A, Peters J, Maselli DJ, Wang Y, Turner J, Schlesinger LS, Torrelles JB. Host- and age-dependent transcriptional changes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell envelope biosynthesis genes after exposure to human alveolar lining fluid. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34580670 DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.08.459334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) infection, caused by the airborne pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M . tb ), resulted in almost 1.4 million deaths in 2019 and the number of deaths is predicted to increase by 20% over the next 5 years due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Upon reaching the alveolar space, M . tb comes in close contact with the lung mucosa before and after its encounter with host alveolar compartment cells. Our previous studies show that homeostatic innate soluble components of the alveolar lining fluid (ALF) can quickly alter the cell envelope surface of M . tb upon contact, defining subsequent M . tb -host cell interactions and infection outcomes in vitro and in vivo . We also demonstrated that ALF from 60+ year old elders (E-ALF) vs . healthy 18- to 45-year-old adults (A-ALF) is dysfunctional with loss of homeostatic capacity and impaired innate soluble responses linked to high local oxidative stress. In this study, a targeted transcriptional assay demonstrates that M . tb exposure to human ALF alters the expression of its cell envelope genes. Specifically, our results indicate that A-ALF-exposed M . tb upregulates cell envelope genes associated with lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acid metabolism, as well as genes associated with redox homeostasis and transcriptional regulators. Conversely, M . tb exposure to E-ALF shows lesser transcriptional response, with most of the M . tb genes unchanged or downregulated. Overall, this study indicates that M . tb responds and adapts to the lung alveolar environment upon contact, and that the host ALF status determined by factors such as age might play an important role in determining infection outcome.
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17
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Hachim IY, Hachim MY, Talaat IM, López-Ozuna VM, Saheb Sharif-Askari N, Al Heialy S, Halwani R, Hamid Q. The Molecular Basis of Gender Variations in Mortality Rates Associated With the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:728409. [PMID: 34604307 PMCID: PMC8484873 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.728409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) at the end of 2019, the clinical presentation of the disease showed a great heterogeneity with a diverse impact among different subpopulations. Emerging evidence from different parts of the world showed that male patients usually had a longer disease course as well as worse outcome compared to female patients. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind this difference might be a fundamental step for more effective and personalized response to this disease outbreak. For that reason, here we investigate the molecular basis of gender variations in mortality rates related to COVID-19 infection. To achieve this, we used publicly available lung transcriptomic data from 141 females and compare it to 286 male lung tissues. After excluding Y specific genes, our results showed a shortlist of 73 genes that are differentially expressed between the two groups. Further analysis using pathway enrichment analysis revealed downregulation of a group of genes that are involved in the regulation of hydrolase activity including (CHM, DDX3X, FGFR3, SFRP2, and NLRP2) in males lungs compared to females. This pathway is believed to be essential for immune response and antimicrobial activity in the lung tissues. In contrast, our results showed an increased upregulation of angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AGTR1), a member of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that plays a role in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activity modulation in male lungs compared to females. Finally, our results showed a differential expression of genes involved in the immune response including the NLRP2 and PTGDR2 in lung tissues of both genders, further supporting the notion of the sex-based immunological differences. Taken together, our results provide an initial evidence of the molecular mechanisms that might be involved in the differential outcomes observed in both genders during the COVID-19 outbreak. This maybe essential for the discovery of new targets and more precise therapeutic options to treat COVID-19 patients from different clinical and epidemiological characteristics with the aim of improving their outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Y. Hachim
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mahmood Y. Hachim
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Iman Mamdouh Talaat
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | | | - Saba Al Heialy
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Prince Abdullah Ben Khaled Celiac Disease Research Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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18
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Wang F, Huang G, Shen L, Peng Y, Sha W, Chen ZW, Shen H. Genetics and Functional Mechanisms of STAT3 Polymorphisms in Human Tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:669394. [PMID: 34307193 PMCID: PMC8294188 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.669394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) plays an important role in biological balance. Our and others previous studies implied that STAT3 had a great effect on fast-acting innate immunity against tuberculosis (TB). We hypothesized that stat3 SNP down-regulation of STAT3 leads to a change in susceptibility to TB in humans. To test this hypothesis, we investigated STAT3 SNPs using SNP scan™ technique in a case-control study of TB patients (n = 470) and HC subjects (n = 356), and then conducted functional studies of them using cellular models. We found that SNPs in STAT3 3`-UTR of rs1053004 TT and rs1053005 AA genotypes or T-A haplotype were associated with susceptibility to TB or TB severity. While the TT/AA genotype correlated with the low constitutive expression of stat3 and IL-17A in PBMC, the variant stat3 of rs1053004-rs1053005 T-A haplotype indeed reduced stat3 expression in reporter assays. Interestingly, host PBMC expressing the rs1053005 AA genotype and low constitutive stat3 exhibited the reduced ability to mount fast-acting innate immunity against mycobacterial infection in cellular models. Finally, mechanistic experiments showed that the STAT3 down-regulation broadly depressed STAT3 downstream anti-mycobacterial activities involving VDR-related CAMP pathway as well as IL-32, iNOS and autophagy mechanisms, leading to an enhanced mycobacterial infection. The findings of this study suggest that low constitutive stat3 derived from the TT/AA genotype/T-A haplotype acts to down-regulate STAT3, depressing multiple anti-mycobacterial pathways/mechanisms downstream, which leads to an enhanced mycobacterial infection or TB in high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guixian Huang
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Shen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ying Peng
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Sha
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng W Chen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hongbo Shen
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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19
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Allué-Guardia A, García JI, Torrelles JB. Evolution of Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains and Their Adaptation to the Human Lung Environment. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:612675. [PMID: 33613483 PMCID: PMC7889510 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.612675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, multi (MDR), extensively (XDR), extremely (XXDR) and total (TDR) drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) strains have emerged as a threat to public health worldwide, stressing the need to develop new tuberculosis (TB) prevention and treatment strategies. It is estimated that in the next 35 years, drug-resistant TB will kill around 75 million people and cost the global economy $16.7 trillion. Indeed, the COVID-19 pandemic alone may contribute with the development of 6.3 million new TB cases due to lack of resources and enforced confinement in TB endemic areas. Evolution of drug-resistant M.tb depends on numerous factors, such as bacterial fitness, strain's genetic background and its capacity to adapt to the surrounding environment, as well as host-specific and environmental factors. Whole-genome transcriptomics and genome-wide association studies in recent years have shed some insights into the complexity of M.tb drug resistance and have provided a better understanding of its underlying molecular mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss M.tb phenotypic and genotypic changes driving resistance, including changes in cell envelope components, as well as recently described intrinsic and extrinsic factors promoting resistance emergence and transmission. We will further explore how drug-resistant M.tb adapts differently than drug-susceptible strains to the lung environment at the cellular level, modulating M.tb-host interactions and disease outcome, and novel next generation sequencing (NGS) strategies to study drug-resistant TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Allué-Guardia
- Population Health Program, Tuberculosis Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | | | - Jordi B. Torrelles
- Population Health Program, Tuberculosis Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
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20
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Allué-Guardia A, Saranathan R, Chan J, Torrelles JB. Mycobacteriophages as Potential Therapeutic Agents against Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020735. [PMID: 33450990 PMCID: PMC7828454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The current emergence of multi-, extensively-, extremely-, and total-drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis poses a major health, social, and economic threat, and stresses the need to develop new therapeutic strategies. The notion of phage therapy against bacteria has been around for more than a century and, although its implementation was abandoned after the introduction of drugs, it is now making a comeback and gaining renewed interest in Western medicine as an alternative to treat drug-resistant pathogens. Mycobacteriophages are genetically diverse viruses that specifically infect mycobacterial hosts, including members of the M. tuberculosis complex. This review describes general features of mycobacteriophages and their mechanisms of killing M. tuberculosis, as well as their advantages and limitations as therapeutic and prophylactic agents against drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains. This review also discusses the role of human lung micro-environments in shaping the availability of mycobacteriophage receptors on the M. tuberculosis cell envelope surface, the risk of potential development of bacterial resistance to mycobacteriophages, and the interactions with the mammalian host immune system. Finally, it summarizes the knowledge gaps and defines key questions to be addressed regarding the clinical application of phage therapy for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Allué-Guardia
- Population Health Program, Tuberculosis Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Correspondence: (A.A.-G.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Rajagopalan Saranathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (R.S.); (J.C.)
| | - John Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (R.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Jordi B. Torrelles
- Population Health Program, Tuberculosis Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Correspondence: (A.A.-G.); (J.B.T.)
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21
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Dunlap MD, Prince OA, Rangel-Moreno J, Thomas KA, Scordo JM, Torrelles JB, Cox J, Steyn AJC, Zúñiga J, Kaushal D, Khader SA. Formation of Lung Inducible Bronchus Associated Lymphoid Tissue Is Regulated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Expressed Determinants. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1325. [PMID: 32695111 PMCID: PMC7338767 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of the infectious disease tuberculosis (TB), which is a leading cause of death worldwide. Approximately one fourth of the world's population is infected with Mtb. A major unresolved question is delineating the inducers of protective long-lasting immune response without inducing overt, lung inflammation. Previous studies have shown that the presence of inducible Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (iBALT) correlate with protection from Mtb infection. In this study, we hypothesized that specific Mtb factors could influence the formation of iBALT, thus skewing the outcome of TB disease. We infected non-human primates (NHPs) with a transposon mutant library of Mtb, and identified specific Mtb mutants that were over-represented within iBALT-containing granulomas. A major pathway reflected in these mutants was Mtb cell wall lipid transport and metabolism. We mechanistically addressed the function of one such Mtb mutant lacking mycobacteria membrane protein large 7 (MmpL7), which transports phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM) to the mycobacterial outer membrane (MOM). Accordingly, murine aerosol infection with the Mtb mutant Δmmpl7 correlated with increased iBALT-containing granulomas. Our studies showed that the Δmmpl7 mutant lacking PDIMs on the surface overexpressed diacyl trehaloses (DATs) in the cell wall, which altered the cytokine/chemokine production of epithelial and myeloid cells, thus leading to a dampened inflammatory response. Thus, this study describes an Mtb specific factor that participates in the induction of iBALT formation during TB by directly modulating cytokine and chemokine production in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah D Dunlap
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Oliver A Prince
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | | | - Kimberly A Thomas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Julia M Scordo
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | | | - Jeffery Cox
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Department of Microbiology, Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States.,African Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Joaquín Zúñiga
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Division of Bacteriology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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22
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Garcia-Vilanova A, Chan J, Torrelles JB. Underestimated Manipulative Roles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cell Envelope Glycolipids During Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2909. [PMID: 31921168 PMCID: PMC6930167 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell envelope has been evolving over time to make the bacterium transmissible and adaptable to the human host. In this context, the M. tuberculosis cell envelope contains a peripheral barrier full of lipids, some of them unique, which confer M. tuberculosis with a unique shield against the different host environments that the bacterium will encounter at the different stages of infection. This lipid barrier is mainly composed of glycolipids that can be characterized by three different subsets: trehalose-containing, mannose-containing, and 6-deoxy-pyranose-containing glycolipids. In this review, we explore the roles of these cell envelope glycolipids in M. tuberculosis virulence and pathogenesis, drug resistance, and further, how these glycolipids may dictate the M. tuberculosis cell envelope evolution from ancient to modern strains. Finally, we address how these M. tuberculosis cell envelope glycolipids are impacted by the host lung alveolar environment, their role in vaccination and masking host immunity, and subsequently the impact of these glycolipids in shaping how M. tuberculosis interacts with host cells, manipulating their immune response to favor the establishment of an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Garcia-Vilanova
- Population Health Program, TB Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - John Chan
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Population Health Program, TB Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
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23
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Kaipilyawar V, Salgame P. Infection resisters: targets of new research for uncovering natural protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31602294 PMCID: PMC6774050 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.19805.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
“Infection resisters” are broadly defined as individuals who despite significant exposure to
Mycobacterium tuberculosis remain persistently unreactive to conventional detection assays, suggesting that they remain uninfected or rapidly clear their infection early on following exposure. In this review, we highlight recent studies that point to underlying host immune mechanisms that could mediate this natural resistance. We also illustrate some additional avenues that are likely to be differently modulated in resisters and possess the potential to be targeted, ranging from early mycobacterial sensing leading up to subsequent killing. Emerging research in this area can be harnessed to provide valuable insights into the development of novel therapeutic and vaccine strategies against
M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Kaipilyawar
- Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, 225 Warren St, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Padmini Salgame
- Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, 225 Warren St, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
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24
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Moliva JI, Duncan MA, Olmo-Fontánez A, Akhter A, Arnett E, Scordo JM, Ault R, Sasindran SJ, Azad AK, Montoya MJ, Reinhold-Larsson N, Rajaram MVS, Merrit RE, Lafuse WP, Zhang L, Wang SH, Beamer G, Wang Y, Proud K, Maselli DJ, Peters J, Weintraub ST, Turner J, Schlesinger LS, Torrelles JB. The Lung Mucosa Environment in the Elderly Increases Host Susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. J Infect Dis 2019; 220:514-523. [PMID: 30923818 PMCID: PMC6603975 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As we age, there is an increased risk for the development of tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Few studies consider that age-associated changes in the alveolar lining fluid (ALF) may increase susceptibility by altering soluble mediators of innate immunity. We assessed the impact of adult or elderly human ALF during Mtb infection in vitro and in vivo. We identified amplification of pro-oxidative and proinflammatory pathways in elderly ALF and decreased binding capability of surfactant-associated surfactant protein A (SP-A) and surfactant protein D (SP-D) to Mtb. Human macrophages infected with elderly ALF-exposed Mtb had reduced control and fewer phagosome-lysosome fusion events, which was reversed when elderly ALF was replenished with functional SP-A/SP-D. In vivo, exposure to elderly ALF exacerbated Mtb infection in young mice. Our studies demonstrate how the pulmonary environment changes as we age and suggest that Mtb may benefit from declining host defenses in the lung mucosa of the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael A Duncan
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | | | | | | | | | - Russell Ault
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Smitha J Sasindran
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Abul K Azad
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | | | | | | | | | - William P Lafuse
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Campus Chemical Instrument Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Shu-Hua Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Gillian Beamer
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Kevin Proud
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine
| | | | - Jay Peters
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Susan T Weintraub
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Joanne Turner
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus
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25
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The human lung mucosa drives differential Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection outcome in the alveolar epithelium. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:795-804. [PMID: 30846830 PMCID: PMC6462240 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is deposited into the alveolus where it first encounters the alveolar lining fluid (ALF) prior contacts host cells. We demonstrated that M.tb-exposure to human ALF alters its cell surface, driving better M.tb infection control by professional phagocytes. Contrary to these findings, our results with non-professional phagocytes alveolar epithelial cells (ATs) define two distinct subsets of human ALFs; where M.tb exposure to Low (L)-ALF or High(H)-ALF results in low or high intracellular bacterial growth rates in ATs, respectively. H-ALF exposed-M.tb growth within ATs was independent of M.tb-uptake, M.tb-trafficking, and M.tb-infection induced cytotoxicity; however, it was associated with enhanced bacterial replication within LAMP-1+/ABCA1+ compartments. H-ALF exposed-M.tb infection of ATs decreased AT immune mediator production, decreased AT surface adhesion expression, and downregulated macrophage inflammatory responses. Composition analysis of H-ALF vs. L-ALF showed H-ALF with higher protein tyrosine nitration and less functional ALF-innate proteins important in M.tb pathogenesis. Replenishment of H-ALF with functional ALF-innate proteins reversed the H-ALF-M.tb growth rate to the levels observed for L-ALF-M.tb. These results indicate that dysfunctionality of innate proteins in the H-ALF phenotype promotes M.tb replication within ATs, while limiting inflammation and phagocyte activation, thus potentiating ATs as a reservoir for M.tb replication and survival.
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26
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Wang X, Tang X, Zhou Z, Huang Q. Histone deacetylase 6 inhibitor enhances resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection through innate and adaptive immunity in mice. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:5062792. [PMID: 30085165 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wang
- Department of Lab Medicine, Shandong Provincial Chest Hospital, 46# Lishan Road, Jinan 250013, China
- Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, 105# Jiefang Road, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Xiaowei Tang
- Shandong Provincial Chest Hospital, 46# Lishan Road, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Chest Hospital, 46# Lishan Road, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Shandong Provincial Chest Hospital, 46# Lishan Road, Jinan 250013, China
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27
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Turner J, Torrelles JB. Mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan in Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4953419. [PMID: 29722821 PMCID: PMC5930247 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM), present in all members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and in other pathogenic Mycobacterium spp, is a high molecular mass amphipathic lipoglycan with a defined critical role in mycobacterial survival during infection. In particular, ManLAM is well-characterized for its importance in providing M. tuberculosis a safe portal of entry to phagocytes, regulating the intracellular trafficking network, as well as immune responses of infected host cells. These ManLAM immunological characteristics are thought to be linked to the subtle but unique and well-defined structural characteristics of this molecule, including but not limited to the degree of acylation, the length of the D-mannan and D-arabinan cores, the length of the mannose caps, as well as the presence of other acidic constituents such as succinates, lactates and/or malates, and also the presence of 5-methylthioxylosyl. The impact of all these structural features on ManLAM spatial conformation and biological functions during M. tuberculosis infection is still uncertain. In this review, we dissect the relationship between ManLAM structure and biological function addressing how this relationship determines M. tuberculosis interactions with host cells, and how it aids this exceptional pathogen during the course of infection.
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MESH Headings
- Acylation
- Carbohydrate Sequence
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lipopolysaccharides/chemistry
- Lipopolysaccharides/immunology
- Mannose/chemistry
- Mannose/immunology
- Mannose Receptor
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/genetics
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/immunology
- Microbial Viability
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/chemistry
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/pathogenicity
- Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/genetics
- Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/immunology
- Phagocytes/immunology
- Phagocytes/microbiology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Complement/genetics
- Receptors, Complement/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptors/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptors/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/genetics
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Turner
- Tuberculosis Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227-5301, USA
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Tuberculosis Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227-5301, USA
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28
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Moliva JI, Hossfeld AP, Canan CH, Dwivedi V, Wewers MD, Beamer G, Turner J, Torrelles JB. Exposure to human alveolar lining fluid enhances Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a CD8 + T-cell-dependent manner. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:968-978. [PMID: 28930287 PMCID: PMC5860920 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Current tuberculosis (TB) treatments include chemotherapy and preventative vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). In humans, however, BCG vaccination fails to fully protect against pulmonary TB. Few studies have considered the impact of the human lung mucosa (alveolar lining fluid (ALF)), which modifies the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) cell wall, revealing alternate antigenic epitopes on the bacterium surface that alter its pathogenicity. We hypothesized that ALF-induced modification of BCG would induce better protection against aerosol infection with M.tb. Here we vaccinated mice with ALF-exposed BCG, mimicking the mycobacterial cell surface properties that would be present in the lung during M.tb infection. ALF-exposed BCG-vaccinated mice were more effective at reducing M.tb bacterial burden in the lung and spleen, and had reduced lung inflammation at late stages of M.tb infection. Improved BCG efficacy was associated with increased numbers of memory CD8+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells with the potential to produce interferon-γ in the lung in response to M.tb challenge. Depletion studies confirmed an essential role for CD8+ T cells in controlling M.tb bacterial burden. We conclude that ALF modifications to the M.tb cell wall in vivo are relevant in the context of vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I. Moliva
- Dept. Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine (COM), The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, COM, OSU, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Austin P. Hossfeld
- Dept. Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine (COM), The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Cynthia H. Canan
- Dept. Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine (COM), The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Varun Dwivedi
- Dept. Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine (COM), The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark D. Wewers
- Dept. Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, COM, OSU, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gillian Beamer
- Dept. Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Joanne Turner
- Dept. Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine (COM), The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jordi B. Torrelles
- Dept. Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine (COM), The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, Ohio, USA
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29
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Piergallini TJ, Turner J. Tuberculosis in the elderly: Why inflammation matters. Exp Gerontol 2018; 105:32-39. [PMID: 29287772 PMCID: PMC5967410 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Growing old is associated with an increase in the basal inflammatory state of an individual and susceptibility to many diseases, including infectious diseases. Evidence is growing to support the concept that inflammation and disease susceptibility in the elderly is linked. Our studies focus on the infectious disease tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), a pathogen that infects approximately one fourth of the world's population. Aging is a major risk factor for developing TB, and inflammation has been strongly implicated. In this review we will discuss the relationship between inflammation in the lung and susceptibility to develop and succumb to TB in old age. Further understanding of the relationship between inflammation, age, and M.tb will lead to informed decisions about TB prevention and treatment strategies that are uniquely designed for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tucker J Piergallini
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, United States; College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Joanne Turner
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, United States.
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30
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Wang X, Wu Y, Jiao J, Huang Q. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection induces IL-10 gene expression by disturbing histone deacetylase 6 and histonedeacetylase 11 equilibrium in macrophages. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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31
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The crucial roles of Th17-related cytokines/signal pathways in M. tuberculosis infection. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 15:216-225. [PMID: 29176747 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17), IL-21, IL-22 and IL-23 can be grouped as T helper 17 (Th17)-related cytokines because they are either produced by Th17/Th22 cells or involved in their development. Here, we review Th17-related cytokines/Th17-like cells, networks/signals and their roles in immune responses or immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Published studies suggest that Th17-related cytokine pathways may be manipulated by Mtb microorganisms for their survival benefits in primary tuberculosis (TB). In addition, there is evidence that immune responses of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signal pathway and Th17-like T-cell subsets are dysregulated or destroyed in patients with TB. Furthermore, Mtb infection can impact upstream cytokines in the STAT3 pathway of Th17-like responses. Based on these findings, we discuss the need for future studies and the rationale for targeting Th17-related cytokines/signals as a potential adjunctive treatment.
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Seveau S, Turner J, Gavrilin MA, Torrelles JB, Hall-Stoodley L, Yount JS, Amer AO. Checks and Balances between Autophagy and Inflammasomes during Infection. J Mol Biol 2017; 430:174-192. [PMID: 29162504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy and inflammasome complex assembly are physiological processes that control homeostasis, inflammation, and immunity. Autophagy is a ubiquitous pathway that degrades cytosolic macromolecules or organelles, as well as intracellular pathogens. Inflammasomes are multi-protein complexes that assemble in the cytosol of cells upon detection of pathogen- or danger-associated molecular patterns. A critical outcome of inflammasome assembly is the activation of the cysteine protease caspase-1, which activates the pro-inflammatory cytokine precursors pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18. Studies on chronic inflammatory diseases, heart diseases, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis revealed that autophagy and inflammasomes intersect and regulate each other. In the context of infectious diseases, however, less is known about the interplay between autophagy and inflammasome assembly, although it is becoming evident that pathogens have evolved multiple strategies to inhibit and/or subvert these pathways and to take advantage of their intricate crosstalk. An improved appreciation of these pathways and their subversion by diverse pathogens is expected to help in the design of anti-infective therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Seveau
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Joanne Turner
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Mikhail A Gavrilin
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Luanne Hall-Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amal O Amer
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Elemental Ingredients in the Macrophage Cocktail: Role of ZIP8 in Host Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112375. [PMID: 29120360 PMCID: PMC5713344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global epidemic caused by the infection of human macrophages with the world’s most deadly single bacterial pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). M.tb resides in a phagosomal niche within macrophages, where trace element concentrations impact the immune response, bacterial metal metabolism, and bacterial survival. The manipulation of micronutrients is a critical mechanism of host defense against infection. In particular, the human zinc transporter Zrt-/Irt-like protein 8 (ZIP8), one of 14 ZIP family members, is important in the flux of divalent cations, including zinc, into the cytoplasm of macrophages. It also has been observed to exist on the membrane of cellular organelles, where it can serve as an efflux pump that transports zinc into the cytosol. ZIP8 is highly inducible in response to M.tb infection of macrophages, and we have observed its localization to the M.tb phagosome. The expression, localization, and function of ZIP8 and other divalent cation transporters within macrophages have important implications for TB prevention and dissemination and warrant further study. In particular, given the importance of zinc as an essential nutrient required for humans and M.tb, it is not yet clear whether ZIP-guided zinc transport serves as a host protective factor or, rather, is targeted by M.tb to enable its phagosomal survival.
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Torrelles JB, Schlesinger LS. Integrating Lung Physiology, Immunology, and Tuberculosis. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:688-697. [PMID: 28366292 PMCID: PMC5522344 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lungs are directly exposed to the air, have enormous surface area, and enable gas exchange in air-breathing animals. They are constantly 'attacked' by microbes from both outside and inside and thus possess a unique, highly regulated local immune defense system which efficiently allows for microbial clearance while minimizing damaging inflammatory responses. As a prototypic host-adapted airborne pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis traverses the lung and has several 'interaction points' (IPs) which it must overcome to cause infection. These interactions are critical, not only from a pathogenesis perspective but also in considering the effectiveness of therapies and vaccines in the lungs. Here we discuss emerging views on immunologic interactions occurring in the lungs for M. tuberculosis and their impact on infection and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi B Torrelles
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, and the Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, and the Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Hill PJ, Scordo JM, Arcos J, Kirkby SE, Wewers MD, Wozniak DJ, Torrelles JB. Modifications of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cell envelope in the cystic fibrosis airway alters interactions with immune cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4761. [PMID: 28684799 PMCID: PMC5500645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05253-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous environmental organism and an opportunistic pathogen that causes chronic lung infections in the airways of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients as well as other immune-compromised individuals. During infection, P. aeruginosa enters the terminal bronchioles and alveoli and comes into contact with alveolar lining fluid (ALF), which contains homeostatic and antimicrobial hydrolytic activities, termed hydrolases. These hydrolases comprise an array of lipases, glycosidases, and proteases and thus, they have the potential to modify lipids, carbohydrates and proteins on the surface of invading microbes. Here we show that hydrolase levels between human ALF from healthy and CF patients differ. CF-ALF influences the P. aeruginosa cell wall by reducing the content of one of its major polysaccharides, Psl. This CF-ALF induced Psl reduction does not alter initial bacterial attachment to surfaces but reduces biofilm formation. Importantly, exposure of P. aeruginosa to CF-ALF drives the activation of neutrophils and triggers their oxidative response; thus, defining human CF-ALF as a new innate defense mechanism to control P. aeruginosa infection, but at the same time potentially adding to the chronic inflammatory state of the lung in CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preston J Hill
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Julia M Scordo
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jesús Arcos
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Stephen E Kirkby
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Section of Pulmonary Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Mark D Wewers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Daniel J Wozniak
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Moliva JI, Turner J, Torrelles JB. Immune Responses to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination: Why Do They Fail to Protect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis? Front Immunol 2017; 8:407. [PMID: 28424703 PMCID: PMC5380737 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is the current leading cause of death due to a single infectious organism. Although curable, the broad emergence of multi-, extensive-, extreme-, and total-drug resistant strains of M.tb has hindered eradication efforts of this pathogen. Furthermore, computational models predict a quarter of the world’s population is infected with M.tb in a latent state, effectively serving as the largest reservoir for any human pathogen with the ability to cause significant morbidity and mortality. The World Health Organization has prioritized new strategies for improved vaccination programs; however, the lack of understanding of mycobacterial immunity has made it difficult to develop new successful vaccines. Currently, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) is the only vaccine approved for use to prevent TB. BCG is highly efficacious at preventing meningeal and miliary TB, but is at best 60% effective against the development of pulmonary TB in adults and wanes as we age. In this review, we provide a detailed summary on the innate immune response of macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils in response to BCG vaccination. Additionally, we discuss adaptive immune responses generated by BCG vaccination, emphasizing their specific contributions to mycobacterial immunity. The success of future vaccines against TB will directly depend on our understanding of mycobacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I Moliva
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joanne Turner
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Scordo JM, Arcos J, Kelley HV, Diangelo L, Sasindran SJ, Youngmin E, Wewers MD, Wang SH, Balada-Llasat JM, Torrelles JB. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cell Wall Fragments Released upon Bacterial Contact with the Human Lung Mucosa Alter the Neutrophil Response to Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:307. [PMID: 28373877 PMCID: PMC5357626 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, the World Health Organization reported that one person dies of tuberculosis (TB) every 21 s. A host environment that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) finds during its route of infection is the lung mucosa bathing the alveolar space located in the deepest regions of the lungs. We published that human lung mucosa, or alveolar lining fluid (ALF), contains an array of hydrolytic enzymes that can significantly alter the M.tb surface during infection by cleaving off parts of its cell wall. This interaction results in two different outcomes: modifications on the M.tb cell wall surface and release of M.tb cell wall fragments into the environment. Typically, one of the first host immune cells at the site of M.tb infection is the neutrophil. Neutrophils can mount an extracellular and intracellular innate immune response to M.tb during infection. We hypothesized that exposure of neutrophils to ALF-induced M.tb released cell wall fragments would prime neutrophils to control M.tb infection better. Our results show that ALF fragments activate neutrophils leading to an increased production of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative radicals. However, neutrophil exposure to these fragments reduces production of chemoattractants (i.e., interleukin-8), and degranulation, with the subsequent reduction of myeloperoxidase release, and does not induce cytotoxicity. Unexpectedly, these ALF fragment-derived modulations in neutrophil activity do not further, either positively or negatively, contribute to the intracellular control of M.tb growth during infection. However, secreted products from neutrophils primed with ALF fragments are capable of regulating the activity of resting macrophages. These results indicate that ALF-induced M.tb fragments could further contribute to the control of M.tb growth and local killing by resident neutrophils by switching on the total oxidative response and limiting migration of neutrophils to the infection site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Scordo
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Jesús Arcos
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Holden V Kelley
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Lauren Diangelo
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Smitha J Sasindran
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Ellie Youngmin
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Mark D Wewers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine Division, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Shu-Hua Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | | | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
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