1
|
Wang F, Huang Y, Li J, Zhou W, Wang W. Targeted gene delivery systems for T-cell engineering. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024:10.1007/s13402-024-00954-6. [PMID: 38753155 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-024-00954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes are indispensable for the host systems of defense against pathogens, tumors, and environmental threats. The therapeutic potential of harnessing the cytotoxic properties of T lymphocytes for antigen-specific cell elimination is both evident and efficacious. Genetically engineered T-cells, such as those employed in CAR-T and TCR-T cell therapies, have demonstrated significant clinical benefits in treating cancer and autoimmune disorders. However, the current landscape of T-cell genetic engineering is dominated by strategies that necessitate in vitro T-cell isolation and modification, which introduce complexity and prolong the development timeline of T-cell based immunotherapies. This review explores the complexities of gene delivery systems designed for T cells, covering both viral and nonviral vectors. Viral vectors are known for their high transduction efficiency, yet they face significant limitations, such as potential immunogenicity and the complexities involved in large-scale production. Nonviral vectors, conversely, offer a safer profile and the potential for scalable manufacturing, yet they often struggle with lower transduction efficiency. The pursuit of gene delivery systems that can achieve targeted gene transfer to T cell without the need for isolation represents a significant advancement in the field. This review assesses the design principles and current research progress of such systems, highlighting the potential for in vivo gene modification therapies that could revolutionize T-cell based treatments. By providing a comprehensive analysis of these systems, we aim to contribute valuable insights into the future development of T-cell immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengling Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - JiaQian Li
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Weilin Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liang Z, Tong J, Wu X, Liu S, Wu J, Yu Y, Zhang L, Zhao C, Lu Q, Nie J, Huang W, Wang Y. Development of a SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assay based on a pseudotyped virus using a HIV system. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e517. [PMID: 38525106 PMCID: PMC10959455 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Regarding the extensive global attention to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that constitutes an international public health emergency, pseudovirus neutralization assays have been widely applied due to their advantages of being able to be conducted in biosafety level 2 laboratories and having a high safety factor. In this study, by adding a blue fluorescent protein (AmCyan) gene to the HIV system pSG3-△env backbone plasmid HpaI and truncating the C-terminal 21 amino acids of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S), high-titer SARS-CoV-2-Sdel21-AmCyan fluorescent pseudovirus was successfully packaged. The fluorescent pseudovirus was used to establish a neutralization assay in a 96-well plate using 293T cells stably transfected with the AF cells. Then, parameters such as the ratio of backbone and membrane plasmid, sensitive cells, inoculation of cells and virus, as well as incubation and detection time were optimized. The pseudovirus neutralization assay demonstrated high accuracy, sensitivity, repeatability, and a strong correlation with the luminescent pseudovirus neutralization assay. Additionally, we scaled up the neutralizing antibody determination method by increasing the plate size from 96 wells to 384 wells. We have established a robust fluorescent pseudotyped virus neutralization assay for SARS-CoV-2 using the HIV system, providing a foundation for serum neutralization antibody detection, monoclonal antibody screening, and vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziteng Liang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeDongcheng District, BeijingChina
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex‐transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of BiologicalsNHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products and NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological ProductsBeijingChina
| | - Jincheng Tong
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex‐transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of BiologicalsNHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products and NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological ProductsBeijingChina
| | - Xi Wu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex‐transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of BiologicalsNHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products and NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological ProductsBeijingChina
| | - Shuo Liu
- Changping LaboratoryChangping District, BeijingChina
| | - Jiajing Wu
- Beijing Yunling Biotechnology Co., Ltd.BeijingChina
| | - Yuanling Yu
- Changping LaboratoryChangping District, BeijingChina
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex‐transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of BiologicalsNHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products and NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological ProductsBeijingChina
| | - Chenyan Zhao
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex‐transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of BiologicalsNHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products and NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological ProductsBeijingChina
| | - Qiong Lu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex‐transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of BiologicalsNHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products and NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological ProductsBeijingChina
| | - Jianhui Nie
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex‐transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of BiologicalsNHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products and NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological ProductsBeijingChina
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex‐transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of BiologicalsNHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products and NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological ProductsBeijingChina
| | - Youchun Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeDongcheng District, BeijingChina
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex‐transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of BiologicalsNHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products and NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological ProductsBeijingChina
- Changping LaboratoryChangping District, BeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Berckmueller K, Thomas J, Taha EA, Choo S, Madhu R, Kanestrom G, Rupert PB, Strong R, Kiem HP, Radtke S. CD90-targeted lentiviral vectors for HSC gene therapy. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2901-2913. [PMID: 37550965 PMCID: PMC10556220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy is currently performed on CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells containing less than 1% true HSCs and requiring a highly specialized infrastructure for cell manufacturing and transplantation. We have previously identified the CD34+CD90+ subset to be exclusively responsible for short- and long-term engraftment. However, purification and enrichment of this subset is laborious and expensive. HSC-specific delivery agents for the direct modification of rare HSCs are currently lacking. Here, we developed novel targeted viral vectors to specifically transduce CD90-expressing HSCs. Anti-CD90 single chain variable fragments (scFvs) were engineered onto measles- and VSV-G-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors that were knocked out for native targeting. We further developed a custom hydrodynamic titration methodology to assess the loading of surface-engineered capsids, measure antigen recognition of the scFv, and predict the performance on cells. Engineered vectors formed with minimal impairment in the functional titer, maintained their ability to fuse with the target cells, and showed highly specific recognition of CD90 on cells ex vivo. Most important, targeted vectors selectively transduced human HSCs with secondary colony-forming potential. Our novel HSC-targeted viral vectors have the potential to significantly enhance the feasibility of ex vivo gene therapy and pave the way for future in vivo applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Berckmueller
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Justin Thomas
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Eman A Taha
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Ain Shams University Faculty of Science, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Seunga Choo
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ravishankar Madhu
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Greta Kanestrom
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Peter B Rupert
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Roland Strong
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Stefan Radtke
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lentiviral Vectors as a Vaccine Platform against Infectious Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030846. [PMID: 36986707 PMCID: PMC10053212 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors are among the most effective viral vectors for vaccination. In clear contrast to the reference adenoviral vectors, lentiviral vectors have a high potential for transducing dendritic cells in vivo. Within these cells, which are the most efficient at activating naive T cells, lentiviral vectors induce endogenous expression of transgenic antigens that directly access antigen presentation pathways without the need for external antigen capture or cross-presentation. Lentiviral vectors induce strong, robust, and long-lasting humoral, CD8+ T-cell immunity and effective protection against several infectious diseases. There is no pre-existing immunity to lentiviral vectors in the human population and the very low pro-inflammatory properties of these vectors pave the way for their use in mucosal vaccination. In this review, we have mainly summarized the immunological aspects of lentiviral vectors, their recent optimization to induce CD4+ T cells, and our recent data on lentiviral vector-based vaccination in preclinical models, including prophylaxis against flaviviruses, SARS-CoV-2, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Collapse
|
5
|
Braun AH, Frank AM, Ho N, Buchholz CJ. Dasatinib is a potent enhancer for CAR T cell generation by CD3-targeted lentiviral vectors. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 28:90-98. [PMID: 36620073 PMCID: PMC9801082 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD3-targeted lentiviral vectors (CD3-LVs) mediate selective transduction of human T lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo while simultaneously activating the targeted cells. Previously, we have demonstrated that CD3-LV leads to downmodulation of the CD3:T cell receptor (TCR) complex. We therefore hypothesized that inhibition of CD3 phosphorylation by Src/Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as dasatinib results in enhancement of gene delivery by T cell-targeted LVs. Indeed, dasatinib treatment of T cells prior to incubation with CD3-LV increased reporter gene delivery by 3- to 10-fold. Moreover, the presence of dasatinib enhanced selective transduction into non-activated target cells present in whole blood. When combined with delivery of the CD19-chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) gene, dasatinib increased CAR T cell numbers by close to 10-fold. Importantly, the short-term exposure of T cells to dasatinib during vector incubation did not interfere with tumor cell killing by the resulting CAR T cells and rather came along with less upregulated exhaustion markers and a more naive phenotype. Our data suggest that dasatinib prevents CD3-LV-induced phosphorylation and CD3:TCR intake, thereby increasing the amount of CD3-LV bound to the cell surface. This is the first description of dasatinib as transduction enhancer, an activity particularly relevant for CAR T cell generation with CD3-LV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela H. Braun
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annika M. Frank
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Naphang Ho
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Christian J. Buchholz
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany,Corresponding author Christian J. Buchholz, Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Edelstein J, Fritz M, Lai SK. Challenges and opportunities in gene editing of B cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115285. [PMID: 36241097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
B cells have long been an underutilized target in immune cell engineering, despite a number of unique attributes that could address longstanding challenges in medicine. Notably, B cells evolved to secrete large quantities of antibodies for prolonged periods, making them suitable platforms for long-term protein delivery. Recent advances in gene editing technologies, such as CRISPR-Cas, have improved the precision and efficiency of engineering and expanded potential applications of engineered B cells. While most work on B cell editing has focused on ex vivo modification, a body of recent work has also advanced the possibility of in vivo editing applications. In this review, we will discuss both past and current approaches to B cell engineering, and its promising applications in immunology research and therapeutic gene editing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Edelstein
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Marshall Fritz
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Samuel K Lai
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Auste A, Mühlebach MD. Concentrating all helper protein functions on a single entity allows rescue of recombinant measles virus by transfection of just two plasmids. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 36748683 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of recombinant measles virus (MeV) from manipulated genomes on plasmid DNA is quite a complex and inefficient process. As a member of the order Mononegavirales its single-stranded ssRNA genome in negative sense orientation is not infectious, but requires co-availability of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase L, the polymerase co-factor phosphoprotein P, and the nucleocapsid protein N in defined relative amounts to establish infectious centres in transfected cell cultures that release replication-competent recombinant MeV particles. For this so-called rescue, different rescue systems were developed that rely on at least four different components. In this work, we establish a functional MeV rescue system just being composed of two components: the plasmid encoding the (modified) viral genome, and a one-helper-plasmid bundling all helper functions. In contrast to a rescue-system for Newcastle Disease Virus, another paramyxovirus, co-expression of all helper proteins by the same promoter failed. Instead, adaptation of the strength of the respective promoters to drive each helper gene´s expression to the relative expression found in MeV-infected cells or other rescue systems, which indeed adjusted respective mRNA and protein expression, yielded success, albeit not yet to the same efficacy as the four-component system. Thereby, our study paves the way for the development of easier and, after further optimization, more efficient rescue systems to generate recombinant MeV for e.g. the application as a vaccine platform or oncolytic virus, for example.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Auste
- Section Product Testing of IVMPs, Div. Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Michael D Mühlebach
- Section Product Testing of IVMPs, Div. Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Adapter-Mediated Transduction with Lentiviral Vectors: A Novel Tool for Cell-Type-Specific Gene Transfer. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102157. [PMID: 36298713 PMCID: PMC9607492 DOI: 10.3390/v14102157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective gene delivery to a cell type of interest utilizing targeted lentiviral vectors (LVs) is an efficient and safe strategy for cell and gene therapy applications, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy. LVs pseudotyped with measles virus envelope proteins (MV-LVs) have been retargeted by ablating binding to natural receptors while fusing to a single-chain antibody specific for the antigen of choice. However, the broad application of MV-LVs is hampered by the laborious LV engineering required for every new target. Here, we report the first versatile targeting system for MV-LVs that solely requires mixing with biotinylated adapter molecules to enable selective gene transfer. The analysis of the selectivity in mixed cell populations revealed transduction efficiencies below the detection limit in the absence of an adapter and up to 5000-fold on-to-off-target ratios. Flexibility was confirmed by transducing cell lines and primary cells applying seven different adapter specificities in total. Furthermore, adapter mixtures were applied to generate CAR-T cells with varying CD4/CD8-ratios in a single transduction step. In summary, a selective and flexible targeting system was established that may serve to improve the safety and efficacy of cellular therapies. Compatibility with a wide range of readily available biotinylated molecules provides an ideal technology for a variety of applications.
Collapse
|
9
|
Arsenijevic Y, Berger A, Udry F, Kostic C. Lentiviral Vectors for Ocular Gene Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081605. [PMID: 36015231 PMCID: PMC9414879 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This review offers the basics of lentiviral vector technologies, their advantages and pitfalls, and an overview of their use in the field of ophthalmology. First, the description of the global challenges encountered to develop safe and efficient lentiviral recombinant vectors for clinical application is provided. The risks and the measures taken to minimize secondary effects as well as new strategies using these vectors are also discussed. This review then focuses on lentiviral vectors specifically designed for ocular therapy and goes over preclinical and clinical studies describing their safety and efficacy. A therapeutic approach using lentiviral vector-mediated gene therapy is currently being developed for many ocular diseases, e.g., aged-related macular degeneration, retinopathy of prematurity, inherited retinal dystrophies (Leber congenital amaurosis type 2, Stargardt disease, Usher syndrome), glaucoma, and corneal fibrosis or engraftment rejection. In summary, this review shows how lentiviral vectors offer an interesting alternative for gene therapy in all ocular compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Arsenijevic
- Unit Retinal Degeneration and Regeneration, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: (Y.A.); (C.K.)
| | - Adeline Berger
- Group Epigenetics of ocular diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Florian Udry
- Unit Retinal Degeneration and Regeneration, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Corinne Kostic
- Group for Retinal Disorder Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (Y.A.); (C.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dobson CS, Reich AN, Gaglione S, Smith BE, Kim EJ, Dong J, Ronsard L, Okonkwo V, Lingwood D, Dougan M, Dougan SK, Birnbaum ME. Antigen identification and high-throughput interaction mapping by reprogramming viral entry. Nat Methods 2022; 19:449-460. [PMID: 35396484 PMCID: PMC9012700 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-022-01436-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering immune recognition is critical for understanding a broad range of diseases and for the development of effective vaccines and immunotherapies. Efforts to do so are limited by a lack of technologies capable of simultaneously capturing the complexity of adaptive immunoreceptor repertoires and the landscape of potential antigens. To address this, we present receptor-antigen pairing by targeted retroviruses, which combines viral pseudotyping and molecular engineering approaches to enable one-pot library-on-library interaction screens by displaying antigens on the surface of lentiviruses and encoding their identity in the viral genome. Antigen-specific viral infection of cell lines expressing human T or B cell receptors allows readout of both antigen and receptor identities via single-cell sequencing. The resulting system is modular, scalable and compatible with any cell type. These techniques provide a suite of tools for targeted viral entry, molecular engineering and interaction screens with broad potential applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connor S Dobson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anna N Reich
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Gaglione
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Blake E Smith
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellen J Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jiayi Dong
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Vintus Okonkwo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael Dougan
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie K Dougan
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael E Birnbaum
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen HY, Huang C, Tian L, Huang X, Zhang C, Llewellyn GN, Rogers GL, Andresen K, O’Gorman MRG, Chen YW, Cannon PM. Cytoplasmic Tail Truncation of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Enhances Titer of Pseudotyped Vectors but Masks the Effect of the D614G Mutation. J Virol 2021; 95:e0096621. [PMID: 34495700 PMCID: PMC8549521 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00966-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The high pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 requires it to be handled under biosafety level 3 conditions. Consequently, Spike protein-pseudotyped vectors are a useful tool to study viral entry and its inhibition, with retroviral, lentiviral (LV), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vectors the most commonly used systems. Methods to increase the titer of such vectors commonly include concentration by ultracentrifugation and truncation of the Spike protein cytoplasmic tail. However, limited studies have examined whether such a modification also impacts the protein's function. Here, we optimized concentration methods for SARS-CoV-2 Spike-pseudotyped VSV vectors, finding that tangential flow filtration produced vectors with more consistent titers than ultracentrifugation. We also examined the impact of Spike tail truncation on transduction of various cell types and sensitivity to convalescent serum neutralization. We found that tail truncation increased Spike incorporation into both LV and VSV vectors and resulted in enhanced titers but had no impact on sensitivity to convalescent serum. In addition, we analyzed the effect of the D614G mutation, which became a dominant SARS-CoV-2 variant early in the pandemic. Our studies revealed that, similar to the tail truncation, D614G independently increases Spike incorporation and vector titers, but this effect is masked by also including the cytoplasmic tail truncation. Therefore, the use of full-length Spike protein, combined with tangential flow filtration, is recommended as a method to generate high titer pseudotyped vectors that retain native Spike protein functions. IMPORTANCE Pseudotyped viral vectors are useful tools to study the properties of viral fusion proteins, especially those from highly pathogenic viruses. The Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 has been investigated using pseudotyped lentiviral and VSV vector systems, where truncation of its cytoplasmic tail is commonly used to enhance Spike incorporation into vectors and to increase the titers of the resulting vectors. However, our studies have shown that such effects can also mask the phenotype of the D614G mutation in the ectodomain of the protein, which was a dominant variant arising early in the COVID-19 pandemic. To better ensure the authenticity of Spike protein phenotypes when using pseudotyped vectors, we recommend using full-length Spike proteins, combined with tangential flow filtration methods of concentration if higher-titer vectors are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsu-Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chun Huang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lu Tian
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chennan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - George N. Llewellyn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Geoffrey L. Rogers
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kevin Andresen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles/Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Maurice R. G. O’Gorman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles/Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Paula M. Cannon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lentiviral vectors have emerged as powerful vectors for vaccination, due to their high efficiency to transduce dendritic cells and to induce long-lasting humoral immunity, CD8+ T cells, and effective protection in numerous preclinical animal models of infection and oncology. AREAS COVERED Here, we reviewed the literature, highlighting the relevance of lentiviral vectors in vaccinology. We recapitulated both their virological and immunological aspects of lentiviral vectors. We compared lentiviral vectors to the gold standard viral vaccine vectors, i.e. adenoviral vectors, and updated the latest results in lentiviral vector-based vaccination in preclinical models. EXPERT OPINION Lentiviral vectors are non-replicative, negligibly inflammatory, and not targets of preexisting immunity in human populations. These are major characteristics to consider in vaccine development. The potential of lentiviral vectors to transduce non-dividing cells, including dendritic cells, is determinant in their strong immunogenicity. Notably, lentiviral vectors can be engineered to target antigen expression to specific host cells. The very weak inflammatory properties of these vectors allow their use in mucosal vaccination, with particular interest in infectious diseases that affect the lungs or brain, including COVID-19. Recent results in various preclinical models have reinforced the interest of these vectors in prophylaxis against infectious diseases and in onco-immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Wen Ku
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Charneau
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Paris, France
| | - Laleh Majlessi
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tagging and Capturing of Lentiviral Vectors Using Short RNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910263. [PMID: 34638603 PMCID: PMC8508951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral (LV) vectors have emerged as powerful tools for transgene delivery ex vivo but in vivo gene therapy applications involving LV vectors have faced a number of challenges, including the low efficiency of transgene delivery, a lack of tissue specificity, immunogenicity to both the product encoded by the transgene and the vector, and the inactivation of the vector by the human complement cascade. To mitigate these issues, several engineering approaches, involving the covalent modification of vector particles or the incorporation of specific protein domains into the vector’s envelope, have been tested. Short synthetic oligonucleotides, including aptamers bound to the surface of LV vectors, may provide a novel means with which to retarget LV vectors to specific cells and to shield these vectors from neutralization by sera. The purpose of this study was to develop strategies to tether nucleic acid sequences, including short RNA sequences, to LV vector particles in a specific and tight fashion. To bind short RNA sequences to LV vector particles, a bacteriophage lambda N protein-derived RNA binding domain (λN), fused to the measles virus hemagglutinin protein, was used. The λN protein bound RNA sequences bearing a boxB RNA hairpin. To test this approach, we used an RNA aptamer specific to the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which was bound to LV vector particles via an RNA scaffold containing a boxB RNA motif. The results obtained confirmed that the EGFR-specific RNA aptamer bound to cells expressing EGFR and that the boxB containing the RNA scaffold was bound specifically to the λN RNA binding domain attached to the vector. These results show that LV vectors can be equipped with nucleic acid sequences to develop improved LV vectors for in vivo applications.
Collapse
|
14
|
Huckaby JT, Landoni E, Jacobs TM, Savoldo B, Dotti G, Lai SK. Bispecific binder redirected lentiviral vector enables in vivo engineering of CAR-T cells. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002737. [PMID: 34518288 PMCID: PMC8438880 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have shown considerable promise as a personalized cellular immunotherapy against B cell malignancies. However, the complex and lengthy manufacturing processes involved in generating CAR T cell products ex vivo result in substantial production time delays and high costs. Furthermore, ex vivo expansion of T cells promotes cell differentiation that reduces their in vivo replicative capacity and longevity. Methods Here, to overcome these limitations, CAR-T cells are engineered directly in vivo by administering a lentivirus expressing a mutant Sindbis envelope, coupled with a bispecific antibody binder that redirects the virus to CD3+ human T cells. Results This redirected lentiviral system offers exceptional specificity and efficiency; a single dose of the virus delivered to immunodeficient mice engrafted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells generates CD19-specific CAR-T cells that markedly control the growth of an aggressive pre-established xenograft B cell tumor. Conclusions These findings underscore in vivo engineering of CAR-T cells as a promising approach for personalized cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Huckaby
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elisa Landoni
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Timothy M Jacobs
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barbara Savoldo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Samuel K Lai
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA .,Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Morgan MA, Galla M, Grez M, Fehse B, Schambach A. Retroviral gene therapy in Germany with a view on previous experience and future perspectives. Gene Ther 2021; 28:494-512. [PMID: 33753908 PMCID: PMC8455336 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-021-00237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy can be used to restore cell function in monogenic disorders or to endow cells with new capabilities, such as improved killing of cancer cells, expression of suicide genes for controlled elimination of cell populations, or protection against chemotherapy or viral infection. While gene therapies were originally most often used to treat monogenic diseases and to improve hematopoietic stem cell transplantation outcome, the advent of genetically modified immune cell therapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor modified T cells, has contributed to the increased numbers of patients treated with gene and cell therapies. The advancement of gene therapy with integrating retroviral vectors continues to depend upon world-wide efforts. As the topic of this special issue is "Spotlight on Germany," the goal of this review is to provide an overview of contributions to this field made by German clinical and research institutions. Research groups in Germany made, and continue to make, important contributions to the development of gene therapy, including design of vectors and transduction protocols for improved cell modification, methods to assess gene therapy vector efficacy and safety (e.g., clonal imbalance, insertion sites), as well as in the design and conduction of clinical gene therapy trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Morgan
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Galla
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manuel Grez
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Boris Fehse
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
- REBIRTH Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Anti-CD19 CARs displayed at the surface of lentiviral vector particles promote transduction of target-expressing cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 21:42-53. [PMID: 33768128 PMCID: PMC7966970 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a rare type of relapse was reported upon treating a B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) patient with anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells caused by unintentional transduction of residual malignant B cells (CAR-B cells). We show that anti-CD19 and anti-CD20 CARs are presented on the surface of lentiviral vectors (LVs), inducing specific binding to the respective antigen. Binding of anti-CD19 CAR-encoding LVs containing supernatant was reduced by CD19-specific blocking antibodies in a dose-dependent manner, and binding was absent for unspecific LV containing supernatant. This suggests that LVs bind via displayed CAR molecules to CAR antigen-expressing cells. The relevance for CAR-T cell manufacturing was evaluated when PBMCs and B-ALL malignant B cells were mixed and transduced with anti-CD19 or anti-CD20 CAR-displaying LVs in clinically relevant doses to mimic transduction conditions of unpurified patient leukapheresis samples. Malignant B cells were transduced at higher levels with LVs displaying anti-CD19 CARs compared to LVs displaying non-binding control constructs. Stability of gene transfer was confirmed by applying a potent LV inhibitor and long-term cultures for 10 days. Our findings provide a potential explanation for the emergence of CAR-B cells pointing to safer manufacturing procedures with reduced risk of this rare type of relapse in the future.
Collapse
|
17
|
Hokello J, Sharma AL, Tyagi M. An Update on the HIV DNA Vaccine Strategy. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060605. [PMID: 34198789 PMCID: PMC8226902 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2020, the global prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was estimated to be 38 million, and a total of 690,000 people died from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)–related complications. Notably, around 12.6 million people living with HIIV/AIDS did not have access to life-saving treatment. The advent of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the mid-1990s remarkably enhanced the life expectancy of people living with HIV/AIDS as a result of improved immune functions. However, HAART has several drawbacks, especially when it is not used properly, including a high risk for the development of drug resistance, as well as undesirable side effects such as lipodystrophy and endocrine dysfunctions, which result in HAART intolerability. HAART is also not curative. Furthermore, new HIV infections continue to occur globally at a high rate, with an estimated 1.7 million new infections occurring in 2018 alone. Therefore, there is still an urgent need for an affordable, effective, and readily available preventive vaccine against HIV/AIDS. Despite this urgent need, however, progress toward an effective HIV vaccine has been modest over the last four decades. Reasons for this slow progress are mainly associated with the unique aspects of HIV itself and its ability to rapidly mutate, targeting immune cells and escape host immune responses. Several approaches to an HIV vaccine have been undertaken. However, this review will mainly discuss progress made, including the pre-clinical and clinical trials involving vector-based HIV DNA vaccines and the use of integrating lentiviral vectors in HIV vaccine development. We concluded by recommending particularly the use of integrase-defective lentiviral vectors, owing to their safety profiles, as one of the promising vectors in HIV DNA vaccine strategies both for prophylactic and therapeutic HIV vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hokello
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University-Western Campus, P.O. Box 71, Bushenyi 0256, Uganda;
| | | | - Mudit Tyagi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Argaw T, Marino MP, Timmons A, Eldridge L, Takeda K, Li P, Kwilas A, Ou W, Reiser J. In vivo targeting of lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with the Tupaia paramyxovirus H glycoprotein bearing a cell-specific ligand. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 21:670-680. [PMID: 34141822 PMCID: PMC8166926 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite their exceptional capacity for transgene delivery ex vivo, lentiviral (LV) vectors have been slow to demonstrate clinical utility in the context of in vivo applications. Unresolved safety concerns related to broad LV vector tropism have limited LV vectors to ex vivo applications. Here, we report on a novel LV vector-pseudotyping strategy involving envelope glycoproteins of Tupaia paramyxovirus (TPMV) engineered to specifically target human cell-surface receptors. LV vectors pseudotyped with the TPMV hemagglutinin (H) protein bearing the interleukin (IL)-13 ligand in concert with the TPMV fusion (F) protein allowed efficient transduction of cells expressing the human IL-13 receptor alpha 2 (IL-13Rα2). Immunodeficient mice bearing orthotopically implanted human IL-13Rα2 expressing NCI-H1299 non-small cell lung cancer cells were injected intravenously with a single dose of LV vector pseudotyped with the TPMV H-IL-13 glycoprotein. Vector biodistribution was monitored using bioluminescence imaging of firefly luciferase transgene expression, revealing specific transduction of tumor tissue. A quantitative droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) analysis of lung tissue samples revealed a >15-fold increase in the tumor transduction in mice treated with LV vectors displaying IL-13 relative to those without IL-13. Our results show that TPMV envelope glycoproteins can be equipped with ligands to develop targeted LV vectors for in vivo applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takele Argaw
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Michael P. Marino
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Andrew Timmons
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Lindsey Eldridge
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Kazuyo Takeda
- Microscopy and Imaging Core Facility, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Pingjuan Li
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
- Vedere Bio, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anna Kwilas
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Wu Ou
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Jakob Reiser
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
- Corresponding author: Jakob Reiser, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 52/72, Room 3106, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Highly efficient CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene knockout in primary human B cells for functional genetic studies of Epstein-Barr virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009117. [PMID: 33857265 PMCID: PMC8078793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene editing is now routine in all prokaryotic and metazoan cells but has not received much attention in immune cells when the CRISPR-Cas9 technology was introduced in the field of mammalian cell biology less than ten years ago. This versatile technology has been successfully adapted for gene modifications in human myeloid cells and T cells, among others, but applications to human primary B cells have been scarce and limited to activated B cells. This limitation has precluded conclusive studies into cell activation, differentiation or cell cycle control in this cell type. We report on highly efficient, simple and rapid genome engineering in primary resting human B cells using nucleofection of Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes, followed by EBV infection or culture on CD40 ligand feeder cells to drive in vitro B cell survival. We provide proof-of-principle of gene editing in quiescent human B cells using two model genes: CD46 and CDKN2A. The latter encodes the cell cycle regulator p16INK4a which is an important target of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Infection of B cells carrying a knockout of CDKN2A with wildtype and EBNA3 oncoprotein mutant strains of EBV allowed us to conclude that EBNA3C controls CDKN2A, the only barrier to B cell proliferation in EBV infected cells. Together, this approach enables efficient targeting of specific gene loci in quiescent human B cells supporting basic research as well as immunotherapeutic strategies. Human hematopoietic stem cells and their derivatives of the myeloid and lymphoid lineages are important targets for gene correction or modifications using the CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Among others, this approach can support site-specific insertion of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) or T cell receptors (TCRs) into primary T cells. Their subsequent adoptive transfer to patient donors is a promising immunotherapeutic concept that may control chronic infection or certain types of cancer. Human B cells have a similar potential but, in contrast to T cells, they are very sensitive, difficult to handle, and short-lived ex vivo precluding their genetic modification. Here, we provide efficient means to manipulate primary human B cells genetically using in vitro assembled Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes. Subsequently, we used Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection to ensure the cells’ in vitro survival for long-term investigations. Our study demonstrates near-to-complete loss of a model target gene and provides examples to evaluate a cellular gene with a critical role during viral infection.
Collapse
|
20
|
Genetic in vivo engineering of human T lymphocytes in mouse models. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:3210-3240. [PMID: 33846629 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00510-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Receptor targeting of vector particles is a key technology to enable cell type-specific in vivo gene delivery. For example, T cells in humanized mouse models can be modified by lentiviral vectors (LVs) targeted to human T-cell markers to enable them to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). Here, we provide detailed protocols for the generation of CD4- and CD8-targeted LVs (which takes ~9 d in total). We also describe how to humanize immunodeficient mice with hematopoietic stem cells (which takes 12-16 weeks) and precondition (over 5 d) and administer the vector stocks. Conversion of the targeted cell type is monitored by PCR and flow cytometry of blood samples. A few weeks after administration, ~10% of the targeted T-cell subtype can be expected to have converted to CAR T cells. By closely following the protocol, sufficient vector stock for the genetic manipulation of 10-15 humanized mice is obtained. We also discuss how the protocol can be easily adapted to use LVs targeted to other types of receptors and/or for delivery of other genes of interest.
Collapse
|
21
|
Quantitative assays reveal cell fusion at minimal levels of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and fusion from without. iScience 2021; 24:102170. [PMID: 33585805 PMCID: PMC7871100 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell entry of the pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is mediated by its spike protein S. As a main antigenic determinant, S protein is in focus of various therapeutic strategies. Besides particle-cell fusion, S mediates fusion between infected and uninfected cells resulting in syncytia formation. Here, we present sensitive assay systems with a high dynamic range and high signal-to-noise ratios covering not only particle-cell and cell-cell fusion but also fusion from without (FFWO). In FFWO, S-containing viral particles induce syncytia independently of de novo synthesis of S. Neutralizing antibodies, as well as sera from convalescent patients, inhibited particle-cell fusion with high efficiency. Cell-cell fusion, in contrast, was only moderately inhibited despite requiring levels of S protein below the detection limit of flow cytometry and Western blot. The data indicate that syncytia formation as pathological consequence during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can proceed at low levels of S protein and may not be effectively prevented by antibodies. Minimal levels of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein can cause cell fusion Spike protein displayed on virus-like particles induces fusion from without Particle-cell fusion is more sensitive toward neutralization than cell-cell fusion Highly sensitive and scalable membrane fusion assays are applicable at BSL-1
Collapse
|
22
|
Pseudotyping Lentiviral Vectors: When the Clothes Make the Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111311. [PMID: 33207797 PMCID: PMC7697029 DOI: 10.3390/v12111311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivering transgenes to human cells through transduction with viral vectors constitutes one of the most encouraging approaches in gene therapy. Lentivirus-derived vectors are among the most promising vectors for these approaches. When the genetic modification of the cell must be performed in vivo, efficient specific transduction of the cell targets of the therapy in the absence of off-targeting constitutes the Holy Grail of gene therapy. For viral therapy, this is largely determined by the characteristics of the surface proteins carried by the vector. In this regard, an important property of lentiviral vectors is the possibility of being pseudotyped by envelopes of other viruses, widening the panel of proteins with which they can be armed. Here, we discuss how this is achieved at the molecular level and what the properties and the potentialities of the different envelope proteins that can be used for pseudotyping these vectors are.
Collapse
|
23
|
Turoňová B, Sikora M, Schürmann C, Hagen WJH, Welsch S, Blanc FEC, von Bülow S, Gecht M, Bagola K, Hörner C, van Zandbergen G, Landry J, de Azevedo NTD, Mosalaganti S, Schwarz A, Covino R, Mühlebach MD, Hummer G, Krijnse Locker J, Beck M. In situ structural analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike reveals flexibility mediated by three hinges. Science 2020; 370:203-208. [PMID: 32817270 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.26.173476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The spike protein (S) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is required for cell entry and is the primary focus for vaccine development. In this study, we combined cryo-electron tomography, subtomogram averaging, and molecular dynamics simulations to structurally analyze S in situ. Compared with the recombinant S, the viral S was more heavily glycosylated and occurred mostly in the closed prefusion conformation. We show that the stalk domain of S contains three hinges, giving the head unexpected orientational freedom. We propose that the hinges allow S to scan the host cell surface, shielded from antibodies by an extensive glycan coat. The structure of native S contributes to our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection and potentially to the development of safe vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beata Turoňová
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Sociology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mateusz Sikora
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christoph Schürmann
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Paul Ehrlich Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Wim J H Hagen
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sonja Welsch
- Central Electron Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Florian E C Blanc
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sören von Bülow
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Gecht
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katrin Bagola
- Division of Immunology, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Paul Ehrlich Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Cindy Hörner
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Paul Ehrlich Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Ger van Zandbergen
- Division of Immunology, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Paul Ehrlich Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jonathan Landry
- Genomics Core Facility, EMBL, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Shyamal Mosalaganti
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Sociology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andre Schwarz
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roberto Covino
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Ruth-Moufang-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael D Mühlebach
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Paul Ehrlich Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hummer
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jacomine Krijnse Locker
- Electron Microscopy of Pathogens Unit, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Paul Ehrlich Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany.
| | - Martin Beck
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Molecular Sociology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Turoňová B, Sikora M, Schürmann C, Hagen WJH, Welsch S, Blanc FEC, von Bülow S, Gecht M, Bagola K, Hörner C, van Zandbergen G, Landry J, de Azevedo NTD, Mosalaganti S, Schwarz A, Covino R, Mühlebach MD, Hummer G, Krijnse Locker J, Beck M. In situ structural analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike reveals flexibility mediated by three hinges. Science 2020; 370:203-208. [PMID: 32817270 PMCID: PMC7665311 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd5223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The spike protein (S) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is required for cell entry and is the primary focus for vaccine development. In this study, we combined cryo-electron tomography, subtomogram averaging, and molecular dynamics simulations to structurally analyze S in situ. Compared with the recombinant S, the viral S was more heavily glycosylated and occurred mostly in the closed prefusion conformation. We show that the stalk domain of S contains three hinges, giving the head unexpected orientational freedom. We propose that the hinges allow S to scan the host cell surface, shielded from antibodies by an extensive glycan coat. The structure of native S contributes to our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection and potentially to the development of safe vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beata Turoňová
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Sociology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mateusz Sikora
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christoph Schürmann
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Paul Ehrlich Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Wim J H Hagen
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sonja Welsch
- Central Electron Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Florian E C Blanc
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sören von Bülow
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Gecht
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katrin Bagola
- Division of Immunology, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Paul Ehrlich Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Cindy Hörner
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Paul Ehrlich Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Ger van Zandbergen
- Division of Immunology, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Paul Ehrlich Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany.,Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jonathan Landry
- Genomics Core Facility, EMBL, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Shyamal Mosalaganti
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Sociology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andre Schwarz
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roberto Covino
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Ruth-Moufang-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael D Mühlebach
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Paul Ehrlich Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hummer
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. .,Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jacomine Krijnse Locker
- Electron Microscopy of Pathogens Unit, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Paul Ehrlich Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany.
| | - Martin Beck
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Molecular Sociology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Str. 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Xue Q, Liu H, Sun M, Zhao W, Chen Y, Chen J, Wei C, Cai X, Xue Q. Peste des petits ruminants virus hemagglutinin (H) induces lysosomal degradation of host cyclophilin A to facilitate viral replication. Virus Res 2019; 277:197844. [PMID: 31866422 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a highly contagious disease that affects sheep and goats. To better understand PPRV replication and virulence, cyclophilin A (CypA), a multifunctional goat host protein, was selected for further studies. CypA has been reported to inhibit or facilitate viral replication. However, the precise roles of CypA during PPRV infection remain unclear. Our data show for the first time that CypA suppressed PPRV replication by its PPIase activity, and PPRV infection decreased CypA protein levels. Detailed analysis revealed that PPRV H protein was responsible for the reduction of CypA, which was dependent on the lysosome pathway. No interaction was identified between H and CypA. Furthermore, the 35-58 region of H was essential for the reduction of CypA. In conclusion, our findings identify the antiviral role of CypA against PPRV and provide key insights into how PPRV H protein antagonizes host antiviral response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Xue
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huaidong Liu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Miao Sun
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanfei Chen
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jian Chen
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chunxia Wei
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xuepeng Cai
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Qinghong Xue
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Radek C, Bernadin O, Drechsel K, Cordes N, Pfeifer R, Sträßer P, Mormin M, Gutierrez-Guerrero A, Cosset FL, Kaiser AD, Schaser T, Galy A, Verhoeyen E, Johnston IC. Vectofusin-1 Improves Transduction of Primary Human Cells with Diverse Retroviral and Lentiviral Pseudotypes, Enabling Robust, Automated Closed-System Manufacturing. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 30:1477-1493. [PMID: 31578886 PMCID: PMC6919281 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell and gene therapies are finally becoming viable patient treatment options, with both T cell- and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-based therapies being approved to market in Europe. However, these therapies, which involve the use of viral vector to modify the target cells, are expensive and there is an urgent need to reduce manufacturing costs. One major cost factor is the viral vector production itself, therefore improving the gene modification efficiency could significantly reduce the amount of vector required per patient. This study describes the use of a transduction enhancing peptide, Vectofusin-1®, to improve the transduction efficiency of primary target cells using lentiviral and gammaretroviral vectors (LV and RV) pseudotyped with a variety of envelope proteins. Using Vectofusin-1 in combination with LV pseudotyped with viral glycoproteins derived from baboon endogenous retrovirus, feline endogenous virus (RD114), and measles virus (MV), a strongly improved transduction of HSCs, B cells and T cells, even when cultivated under low stimulation conditions, could be observed. The formation of Vectofusin-1 complexes with MV-LV retargeted to CD20 did not alter the selectivity in mixed cell culture populations, emphasizing the precision of this targeting technology. Functional, ErbB2-specific chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T cells could be generated using a gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV)-pseudotyped RV. Using a variety of viral vectors and target cells, Vectofusin-1 performed in a comparable manner to the traditionally used surface-bound recombinant fibronectin. As Vectofusin-1 is a soluble peptide, it was possible to easily transfer the T cell transduction method to an automated closed manufacturing platform, where proof of concept studies demonstrated efficient genetic modification of T cells with GALV-RV and RD114-RV and the subsequent expansion of mainly central memory T cells to a clinically relevant dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ornellie Bernadin
- CIRI—International Center for Infectiology Research, Team EVIR, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm, U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | | | - Nicole Cordes
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rita Pfeifer
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Pia Sträßer
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Mirella Mormin
- Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, Genethon, INSERM, University Evry, EPHE, Evry, France
| | - Alejandra Gutierrez-Guerrero
- CIRI—International Center for Infectiology Research, Team EVIR, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm, U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - François-loïc Cosset
- CIRI—International Center for Infectiology Research, Team EVIR, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm, U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | | | - Thomas Schaser
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Anne Galy
- Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, Genethon, INSERM, University Evry, EPHE, Evry, France
| | - Els Verhoeyen
- CIRI—International Center for Infectiology Research, Team EVIR, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm, U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Brendel C, Rio P, Verhoeyen E. Humanized mice are precious tools for evaluation of hematopoietic gene therapies and preclinical modeling to move towards a clinical trial. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 174:113711. [PMID: 31726047 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, incrementally improved xenograft mouse models, which support the engraftment and development of a human hemato-lymphoid system, have been developed and represent an important fundamental and preclinical research tool. Immunodeficient mice can be transplanted with human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and this process is accompanied by HSC homing to the murine bone marrow. This is followed by stem cell expansion, multilineage hematopoiesis, long-term engraftment, and functional human antibody and cellular immune responses. The most significant contributions made by these humanized mice are the identification of normal and leukemic hematopoietic stem cells, the characterization of the human hematopoietic hierarchy, screening of anti-cancer therapies and their use as preclinical models for gene therapy applications. This review article focuses on several gene therapy applications that have benefited from evaluation in humanized mice such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies for cancer, anti-viral therapies and gene therapies for multiple monogenetic diseases. Humanized mouse models have been and still are of great value for the gene therapy field since they provide a more reliable understanding of sometimes complicated therapeutic approaches such as recently developed therapeutic gene editing strategies, which seek to correct a gene at its endogenous genomic locus. Additionally, humanized mouse models, which are of great importance with regard to testing new vector technologies in vivo for assessing safety and efficacy prior toclinical trials, help to expedite the critical translation from basic findings to clinical applications. In this review, innovative gene therapies and preclinical studies to evaluate T- and B-cell and HSC-based therapies in humanized mice are discussed and illustrated by multiple examples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brendel
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paula Rio
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Els Verhoeyen
- CIRI, Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, ENS de Lyon, Université Lyon1, CNRS, UMR 5308, 69007 Lyon, France; Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204 Nice, France.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hanauer JRH, Koch V, Lauer UM, Mühlebach MD. High-Affinity DARPin Allows Targeting of MeV to Glioblastoma Multiforme in Combination with Protease Targeting without Loss of Potency. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2019; 15:186-200. [PMID: 31788553 PMCID: PMC6880102 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) is naturally cytolytic by extensive cell-to-cell fusion. Vaccine-derived MeV is toxic for cancer cells and is clinically tested as oncolytic virus. To combine the potential of MeV with enhanced safety, different targeting strategies have been described. We generated a receptor-targeted MeV by using receptor-blind viral attachment protein genetically fused to designed ankyrin repeat protein (DARPin) binding domains specific for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). To reduce on-target toxicity for EGFR+ healthy cells, we used an engineered viral fusion protein activatable by tumor-associated matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) for additional protease targeting. The dual-targeted virus replicated exclusively on EGFR+/MMP+ tumor cells but was safe on healthy EGFR+ target cells, primary human keratinocytes. Nevertheless, glioblastoma and other tumor cells were efficiently killed by all targeted viruses, although replication and oncolysis were slower for protease-targeted MeV. In vivo, efficacy of EGFR-targeted MeV was virtually unimpaired, whereas also dual-targeted MeV showed significant intra-tumoral spread and efficacy and could be armed with a prodrug convertase. The use of DARPin-domains resulted in potent EGFR-targeted MeV and for the first time effective dual retargeting of an oncolytic virus, further enhancing tumor selectivity. Together with powerful cell-toxic genes, the application as highly tumor-specific platform is promising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan R H Hanauer
- Oncolytic Measles Viruses and Vaccine Vectors, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany.,Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Vivian Koch
- Oncolytic Measles Viruses and Vaccine Vectors, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Lauer
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael D Mühlebach
- Oncolytic Measles Viruses and Vaccine Vectors, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany.,Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hiramoto T, Tahara M, Liao J, Soda Y, Miura Y, Kurita R, Hamana H, Inoue K, Kohara H, Miyamoto S, Hijikata Y, Okano S, Yamaguchi Y, Oda Y, Ichiyanagi K, Toh H, Sasaki H, Kishi H, Ryo A, Muraguchi A, Takeda M, Tani K. Non-transmissible MV Vector with Segmented RNA Genome Establishes Different Types of iPSCs from Hematopoietic Cells. Mol Ther 2019; 28:129-141. [PMID: 31677955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in gene therapy technologies have enabled the treatment of congenital disorders and cancers and facilitated the development of innovative methods, including induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) production and genome editing. We recently developed a novel non-transmissible and non-integrating measles virus (MV) vector capable of transferring multiple genes simultaneously into a wide range of cells through the CD46 and CD150 receptors. The MV vector expresses four genes for iPSC generation and the GFP gene for a period of time sufficient to establish iPSCs from human fibroblasts as well as peripheral blood T cells. The transgenes were expressed differentially depending on their gene order in the vector. Human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells were directly and efficiently reprogrammed to naive-like cells that could proliferate and differentiate into primed iPSCs by the same method used to establish primed iPSCs from other cell types. The novel MV vector has several advantages for establishing iPSCs and potential future applications in gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Hiramoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Maino Tahara
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Jiyuan Liao
- Project Division of ALA Advanced Medical Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yasushi Soda
- Project Division of ALA Advanced Medical Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yoshie Miura
- Project Division of ALA Advanced Medical Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ryo Kurita
- Central Blood Institute (Blood Service Headquarters), Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo 135-8521, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamana
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kota Inoue
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kohara
- Project Division of ALA Advanced Medical Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shohei Miyamoto
- Project Division of ALA Advanced Medical Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yasuki Hijikata
- Project Division of ALA Advanced Medical Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shinji Okano
- Section of Pathology, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | | | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kenji Ichiyanagi
- Laboratory of Genome and Epigenome Dynamics, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Toh
- Division of Epigenetics and Development, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sasaki
- Division of Epigenetics and Development, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Atsushi Muraguchi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Kenzaburo Tani
- Project Division of ALA Advanced Medical Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ozog S, Chen CX, Simpson E, Garijo O, Timberlake ND, Minder P, Verhoeyen E, Torbett BE. CD46 Null Packaging Cell Line Improves Measles Lentiviral Vector Production and Gene Delivery to Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2019; 13:27-39. [PMID: 30603655 PMCID: PMC6310745 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LVs) pseudotyped with the measles virus hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) glycoproteins have been reported to more efficiently transduce hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) compared with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) pseudotyped LVs. However, a limit to H/F LV use is the low titer of produced vector. Here we show that measles receptor (CD46) expression on H/F transfected HEK293T vector-producing cells caused adjacent cell membrane fusion, resulting in multinucleate syncytia formation and death prior to peak vector production, leading to contaminating cell membranes that co-purified with LV. H/F LVs produced in CD46 null HEK293T cells, generated by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of CD46, produced 2-fold higher titer vector compared with LVs produced in CD46+ HEK293T cells. This resulted in approximately 2- to 3-fold higher transduction of HSPCs while significantly reducing target cell cytotoxicity caused by producer cell contaminates. Improved H/F LV entry into HSPCs and distinct entry mechanisms compared with VSV-G LV were also observed by confocal microscopy. Given that vector production is a major source of cost and variability in clinical trials of gene therapy, we propose that the use of CD46 null packaging cells may help to address these challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stosh Ozog
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Craig X. Chen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Bishops School, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Elizabeth Simpson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Olivia Garijo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nina D. Timberlake
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Petra Minder
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Els Verhoeyen
- CIRI–International Center for Infectiology Research, Team EVIR, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm, U1111; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, Nice, France
| | - Bruce E. Torbett
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ebrahimabadi S, Shahbazi M, Akbari M, Golalipour M, Farazmandfar T. Design and construction of a recombinant lentiviral vector with specific tropism to human epidermal growth factor-overexpressed cancer cells: Developing a new retargeting system for lentivirus vectors. J Gene Med 2019; 21:e3095. [PMID: 31050357 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting of specific tissues and cells by viruses is one of the challenges faced by researchers. Lentiviral vectors (LVs) are one of the most promising gene delivery systems in cancer gene therapy. Therefore, we aimed to design a novel lentiviral delivery system that expresses anti- human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) designed anykrin repeat protein (DARPin) on the vector envelope to create a pseudotyped lentivirus for targeting HER2-positive cancer cells. METHODS A helper plasmid producing the viral vector envelope containing anti-HER2 DARPin-G3 was constructed. LV was produced by transfer vector containing green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene and helper plasmids in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. The human breast cancer cell lines SKBR3 (normal and with inhibited endocytosis) (HER2-positive) and MDA-MB-231 (HER2-negative) were transduced by the recombinant viral vector. The GFP-based transduction rate was determined by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS The anti-HER2 DARPin concentration in DARPin-LVs was significantly higher than the envelope G glycoprotein of the vesicular stomatitis virus-LVs (non-anti-HER2 control) (p < 0.0001). In flow cytometry assays, the percentage of transduction by recombinant LV was significantly higher in SKBR3 cells than in SKBR3 cells with inhibited endocytosis (p = 0.0074) and MDA-MB-231 cells (p = 0.0037). In fluorescence microscopy assays, the percentage of transduction by new LV was significantly higher in SKBR3 cells than in SKBR3 cells with inhibited endocytosis (p = 0.0026) and MDA-MB-231 cells (p = 0.0014). CONCLUSIONS We constructed a new recombinant LV with a defect in cell entry directly, containing an anti-HER2 DARPin on the vector envelope with specific tropism to HER2 receptor on HER2-positive cancer cells. We assumed that this viral vector transduces cells via an endocytosis-dependent process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sima Ebrahimabadi
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Majid Shahbazi
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mona Akbari
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Masoud Golalipour
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Touraj Farazmandfar
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Jamali A, Kapitza L, Schaser T, Johnston ICD, Buchholz CJ, Hartmann J. Highly Efficient and Selective CAR-Gene Transfer Using CD4- and CD8-Targeted Lentiviral Vectors. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 13:371-379. [PMID: 30997367 PMCID: PMC6453803 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells have revealed promising results in the treatment of cancer, but they still need to overcome various hurdles, including a complicated manufacturing process. Receptor-targeted lentiviral vectors (LVs) delivering genes selectively to T cell subtypes may facilitate and improve CAR T cell generation, but so far they have resulted in lower gene delivery rates than conventional LVs (vesicular stomatitis virus [VSV]-LV). To overcome this limitation, we studied the effect of the transduction enhancer Vectofusin-1 on gene delivery to human T cells with CD4- and CD8-targeted LVs, respectively, encoding a second-generation CD19-CAR in conjunction with a truncated version of the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (ΔLNGFR) as reporter. Vectofusin-1 significantly enhanced the gene delivery of CD4- and CD8-LVs without a loss in target cell selectivity and killing capability of the generated CAR T cells. Notably, delivery rates mediated by VSV-LV were substantially reduced by Vectofusin-1. Interestingly, a transient off-target signal in samples treated with Vectofusin-1 was observed early after transduction. However, this effect was not caused by uptake and expression of the transgene in off-target cells, but rather it resulted from cell-bound LV particles having ΔLNGFR incorporated into their surface. The data demonstrate that gene transfer rates in the range of those mediated by VSV-LVs can be achieved with receptor-targeted LVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Jamali
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Laura Kapitza
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Christian J Buchholz
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Molecular Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Jessica Hartmann
- Division of Molecular Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Welch JL, Stapleton JT, Okeoma CM. Vehicles of intercellular communication: exosomes and HIV-1. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:350-366. [PMID: 30702421 PMCID: PMC7011712 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The terms extracellular vesicles, microvesicles, oncosomes, or exosomes are often used interchangeably as descriptors of particles that are released from cells and comprise a lipid membrane that encapsulates nucleic acids and proteins. Although these entities are defined based on a specific size range and/or mechanism of release, the terminology is often ambiguous. Nevertheless, these vesicles are increasingly recognized as important modulators of intercellular communication. The generic characterization of extracellular vesicles could also be used as a descriptor of enveloped viruses, highlighting the fact that extracellular vesicles and enveloped viruses are similar in both composition and function. Their high degree of similarity makes differentiating between vesicles and enveloped viruses in biological specimens particularly difficult. Because viral particles and extracellular vesicles are produced simultaneously in infected cells, it is necessary to separate these populations to understand their independent functions. We summarize current understanding of the similarities and differences of extracellular vesicles, which henceforth we will refer to as exosomes, and the enveloped retrovirus, HIV-1. Here, we focus on the presence of these particles in semen, as these are of particular importance during HIV-1 sexual transmission. While there is overlap in the terminology and physical qualities between HIV-1 virions and exosomes, these two types of intercellular vehicles may differ depending on the bio-fluid source. Recent data have demonstrated that exosomes from human semen serve as regulators of HIV-1 infection that may contribute to the remarkably low risk of infection per sexual exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Welch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
- Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Iowa, 604 Highway 6, Iowa City, IA 52246-2208, USA
| | - Jack T. Stapleton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
- Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Iowa, 604 Highway 6, Iowa City, IA 52246-2208, USA
| | - Chioma M. Okeoma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
- Department of Pharmacologic Sciences, Basic Sciences Tower, Rm 8-142, Stony Brook, University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Nürnberger C, Bodmer BS, Fiedler AH, Gabriel G, Mühlebach MD. A Measles Virus-Based Vaccine Candidate Mediates Protection against Zika Virus in an Allogeneic Mouse Pregnancy Model. J Virol 2019; 93:e01485-18. [PMID: 30429338 PMCID: PMC6340036 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01485-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of the Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic highlights the need for vaccines that reduce or prevent infection and reliably prevent teratogenic complications. The live-attenuated measles virus (MV) vaccine strains are a promising vaccine platform, since they induce robust humoral and cellular immune responses against additional antigens and have an excellent safety record. To explore its potential to protect against ZIKV, we compared a recombinant Schwarz strain MV that encodes ZIKV prM and soluble E proteins (MV-Zika-sE) with a prototypic alum-adjuvanted whole inactivated ZIKV particle vaccine. Analysis of MV-Zika-sE-infected cells confirmed antigen expression, and the virus replicated with vaccine strain characteristics. Immunized IFNAR-/--CD46Ge mice developed E protein-specific and neutralizing antibodies, and ZIKV E-specific cellular immune responses were observed by gamma interferon (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) and in vitro T cell proliferation assays. To analyze protective efficacy, vaccinated female mice were challenged with ZIKV after allogeneic mating. In MV-Zika-sE-vaccinated mice, weight gain was similar to that in uninfected mice, while no plasma viremia was detectable in the majority of the animals. In contrast, infected control animals gained less weight and experienced about 100-fold higher viremia over at least 3 days. Moreover, vaccination with MV-Zika-sE reduced the ZIKV load in different organs and the placentas and prevented infection of the fetus. Consequently, no fetal growth retardation, anemia, or death due to ZIKV infection was seen in MV-Zika-sE-vaccinated dams. In contrast, the inactivated ZIKV vaccine had little to no effect in our studies. Therefore, the MV-derived ZIKV vaccine is a promising candidate for further preclinical and clinical development.IMPORTANCE Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes a variety of neurological complications, including congenital birth defects. Despite the urgent need, no ZIKV vaccine has yet been licensed. Recombinant vaccine strain-derived measles viruses (MV) constitute a promising vector platform to induce immunity against foreign pathogens by expressing antigens from additional transcription units while at the same time possessing a remarkable safety profile. This concept has already been validated against different pathogens, including at least 3 other flaviviruses, and our data show that vaccination with MV expressing soluble ZIKV E protein significantly diminishes infection and prevents fetal loss or damage in an allogeneic mouse pregnancy model. It can thus be regarded as a promising emergency vaccine candidate with the potential for inclusion in routine vaccination settings in areas of endemicity to prevent teratogenic effects of circulating ZIKV during pregnancy, comparable to standard rubella virus vaccination.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Genome, Viral
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Immunity, Humoral/immunology
- Measles Vaccine/administration & dosage
- Measles Vaccine/immunology
- Measles virus/immunology
- Membrane Cofactor Protein/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Pregnancy
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/physiology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Zika Virus/genetics
- Zika Virus/immunology
- Zika Virus Infection/immunology
- Zika Virus Infection/prevention & control
- Zika Virus Infection/virology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Nürnberger
- Veterinary Medicine Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Bianca S Bodmer
- Veterinary Medicine Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Anna H Fiedler
- Veterinary Medicine Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Gülsah Gabriel
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael D Mühlebach
- Veterinary Medicine Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kravchenko Y, Gagarinskaya D, Frolova E, Chumakov S. Chimeric antigen receptor expression in natural killer cell line NK-92 by transduction with lentiviral particles pseudotyped with the surface glycoproteins of the measles virus vaccine strain. BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2018.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy with T-cells that carry chimeric antigen receptors is currently on cutting edge of modern oncology. Autotransplantation of T-lymphocytes with chimeric receptor specific for certain tumor antigen proves to be clinically effective, but costly. Linear carriers of chimeric antigen receptors based on natural killer NK-92 cell culture may be an affordable alternative, however, this culture is resistant to lentiviral transduction. Recently, lentiviral vectors, pseudotyped with surface glycoproteins of the measles virus vaccine strain, have recently been successfully applied for transduction of primary immune cells. The aim of the work was to assess the efficiency of transduction of NK-92 cells with lentivirus vectors, pseudotyped with measles F and H surface glycoproteins, as well as to establish optimal conditions for selection of NK-92 transduced with the chimeric receptor against CD20 and to evaluate the culture’s cytotoxic potential. The results showed that the maximum infectious titer is achieved using the H∆18 variant in combination with F∆30, and the use of the TBK1/IKKɛ inhibitor BX795 results in additional 3-fold increase in the infectious titer. CAR-expressing NK-92 were able to suppress the proliferation of CD20+ cell line Raji in lower effector-to-target ratios than unmodified NK-92.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu.E. Kravchenko
- Group of structural Organization of T-cell Immunity, Department of Adaptive Immunity Genomics, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow
| | - D.I. Gagarinskaya
- Group of structural Organization of T-cell Immunity, Department of Adaptive Immunity Genomics, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow
| | - E.I. Frolova
- Group of structural Organization of T-cell Immunity, Department of Adaptive Immunity Genomics, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow
| | - S.P. Chumakov
- Group of structural Organization of T-cell Immunity, Department of Adaptive Immunity Genomics, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bayin NS, Placantonakis DG. Selective Targeting of CD133-Expressing Glioblastoma Stem Cells Using Lentiviral Vectors. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1741:91-101. [PMID: 29392693 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7659-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest a cellular hierarchy in glioblastoma (GBM). In this hierarchy, GBM stem-like cells (GSCs) play critical roles in tumor progression and recurrence, by virtue of their robust tumor-propagating potential and resistance to conventional chemoradiotherapy. Therefore, targeting GSCs holds significant therapeutic promise. Expression of CD133 (PROM1), a cell surface glycoprotein, has been associated with the GSC phenotype and used as a GSC marker. Here, we describe a protocol that allows the selective lentiviral transduction of CD133-expressing GBM cells. This selectivity is conferred by pseudotyping the lentiviral envelope with a single-chain antibody against an extracellular epitope on CD133. We previously demonstrated the efficacy and specificity of this lentiviral vector using patient-derived GBM cultures. This chapter outlines the preparation of the vector and the transduction of human GBM cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Sumru Bayin
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dimitris G Placantonakis
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Brain Tumor Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Frank AM, Buchholz CJ. Surface-Engineered Lentiviral Vectors for Selective Gene Transfer into Subtypes of Lymphocytes. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2018; 12:19-31. [PMID: 30417026 PMCID: PMC6216101 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocytes have always been among the prime targets in gene therapy, even more so since chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have reached the clinic. However, other gene therapeutic approaches hold great promise as well. The first part of this review provides an overview of current strategies in lymphocyte gene therapy. The second part highlights the importance of precise gene delivery into B and T cells as well as distinct subtypes of lymphocytes. This can be achieved with lentiviral vectors (LVs) pseudotyped with engineered glycoproteins recognizing lymphocyte surface markers as entry receptors. Different strategies for envelope glycoprotein engineering and selection of the targeting ligand are discussed. With a CD8-targeted LV that was recently used to achieve proof of principle for the in vivo reprogramming of CAR T cells, these vectors are becoming a key tool to genetically engineer lymphocytes directly in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika M Frank
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Christian J Buchholz
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany.,Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Versatile targeting system for lentiviral vectors involving biotinylated targeting molecules. Virology 2018; 525:170-181. [PMID: 30290312 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Conjugating certain types of lentiviral vectors with targeting ligands can redirect the vectors to specifically transduce desired cell types. However, extensive genetic and/or biochemical manipulations are required for conjugation, which hinders applications for targeting lentiviral vectors for broader research fields. We developed envelope proteins fused with biotin-binding molecules to conjugate the pseudotyped vectors with biotinylated targeting molecules by simply mixing them. The envelope proteins fused with the monomeric, but not tetrameric, biotin-binding molecules can pseudotype lentiviral vectors and be conjugated with biotinylated targeting ligands. The conjugation is stable enough to redirect lentiviral transduction in the presence of serum, indicating their potential in in vivo . When a signaling molecule is conjugated with the vector, the conjugation facilitates transduction and signaling in a receptor-specific manner. This simple method of ligand conjugation and ease of obtaining various types of biotinylated ligands will make targeted lentiviral transduction easily applicable to broad fields of research.
Collapse
|
39
|
Hartmann J, Münch RC, Freiling RT, Schneider IC, Dreier B, Samukange W, Koch J, Seeger MA, Plückthun A, Buchholz CJ. A Library-Based Screening Strategy for the Identification of DARPins as Ligands for Receptor-Targeted AAV and Lentiviral Vectors. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2018; 10:128-143. [PMID: 30101151 PMCID: PMC6077149 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Delivering genes selectively to the therapeutically relevant cell type is among the prime goals of vector development. Here, we present a high-throughput selection and screening process that identifies designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) optimally suited for receptor-targeted gene delivery using adeno-associated viral (AAV) and lentiviral (LV) vectors. In particular, the process includes expression, purification, and in situ biotinylation of the extracellular domains of target receptors as Fc fusion proteins in mammalian cells and the selection of high-affinity binders by ribosome display from DARPin libraries each covering more than 1012 variants. This way, DARPins specific for the glutamate receptor subunit GluA4, the endothelial surface marker CD105, and the natural killer cell marker NKp46 were generated. The identification of DARPins best suited for gene delivery was achieved by screening small-scale vector productions. Both LV and AAV particles displaying the selected DARPins transduced only cells expressing the corresponding target receptor. The data confirm that a straightforward process for the generation of receptor-targeted viral vectors has been established. Moreover, biochemical analysis of a panel of DARPins revealed that their functional cell-surface expression as fusion proteins is more relevant for efficient gene delivery by LV particles than functional binding affinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hartmann
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Robert C. Münch
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Ruth-Therese Freiling
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Irene C. Schneider
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Birgit Dreier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Washington Samukange
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Joachim Koch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus A. Seeger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian J. Buchholz
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kasaraneni N, Chamoun-Emanuelli AM, Wright GA, Chen Z. A simple strategy for retargeting lentiviral vectors to desired cell types via a disulfide-bond-forming protein-peptide pair. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10990. [PMID: 30030466 PMCID: PMC6054614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent improvements in the engineering of viral envelope proteins, it remains a significant challenge to create lentiviral vectors that allow targeted transduction to specific cell populations of interest. In this study, we developed a simple ‘plug and play’ strategy to retarget lentiviral vectors to any desired cell types through in vitro covalent modification of the virions with specific cell-targeting proteins (CTPs). This strategy exploits a disulfide bond-forming protein-peptide pair PDZ1 and its pentapeptide ligand (ThrGluPheCysAla, TEFCA). PDZ1 was incorporated into an engineered Sindbis virus envelope protein (Sind-PDZ1) and displayed on lentiviral particles while the TEFCA pentapeptide ligand was genetically linked to the CTP. Her2/neu-binding designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPin) were used as our model CTPs. DARPin-functionalized unconcentrated lentiviral vectors harboring Sind-PDZ1 envelope protein (Sind-PDZ1-pp) exhibited >800-fold higher infectious titer in HER2+ cells than the unfunctionalized virions (8.5 × 106 vs. <104 IU/mL). Moreover, by virtue of the covalent disulfide bond interaction between PDZ1 and TEFCA, the association of the CTP with the virions is nonreversible under non-reducing conditions (e.g. serum), making these functionalized virions potentially stable in an in vivo setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagarjun Kasaraneni
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Ana M Chamoun-Emanuelli
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Gus A Wright
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Zhilei Chen
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bodmer BS, Fiedler AH, Hanauer JRH, Prüfer S, Mühlebach MD. Live-attenuated bivalent measles virus-derived vaccines targeting Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus induce robust and multifunctional T cell responses against both viruses in an appropriate mouse model. Virology 2018; 521:99-107. [PMID: 29902727 PMCID: PMC7118890 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) continue to occur, making it one of the WHO´s targets for accelerated vaccine development. One vaccine candidate is based on live-attenuated measles virus (MV) vaccine encoding the MERS-CoV spike glycoprotein (MERS-S). MVvac2-MERS-S(H) induces robust humoral and cellular immunity against MERS-S mediating protection. Here, the induction and nature of immunity after vaccination with MVvac2-MERS-S(H) or novel MVvac2-MERS-N were further characterized. We focused on the necessity for vector replication and the nature of induced T cells, since functional CD8+ T cells contribute importantly to clearance of MERS-CoV. While no immunity against MERS-CoV or MV was detected in MV-susceptible mice after immunization with UV-inactivated virus, replication-competent MVvac2-MERS-S(H) triggered robust neutralizing antibody titers also in adult mice. Furthermore, a significant fraction of MERS CoV-specific CD8+ T cells and MV-specific CD4+ T cells simultaneously expressing IFN-γ and TNF-α were induced, revealing that MVvac2-MERS-S(H) induces multifunctional cellular immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca S Bodmer
- Product Testing of IVMPs, Div. of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Langen, Germany
| | - Anna H Fiedler
- Product Testing of IVMPs, Div. of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Langen, Germany
| | - Jan R H Hanauer
- Product Testing of IVMPs, Div. of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Steffen Prüfer
- Product Testing of IVMPs, Div. of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Michael D Mühlebach
- Product Testing of IVMPs, Div. of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Langen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Toward Engineered Cells as Transformational and Broadly Available Medicines for the Treatment of Cancer. Oncoimmunology 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-62431-0_42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
43
|
Abstract
We report a simple strategy for the creation of lentiviral vectors specific to any desired target cells. SpyTag is inserted into an engineered Sindbis virus envelope protein and displayed on the lentivirus surface to create Sindbis virus-SpyTag pseudoparticles (Sind-SpyTag-pp). The SpyTag serves as the covalent anchoring site for a target-cell-specific cell-binding protein (CBP) that is fused to a truncated SpyCatcher (SpyCatcherΔ). Target-cell-specific lentiviruses are created by mixing the Sind-SpyTag-pp and CBP-SpyCatcherΔ in vitro. We first used a HER2-binding designed ankyrin repeat protein (DARPin.9.26) as the model CBP. The DARPin-conjugated lentivirus transduced HER2+ SKOV3 cells with an infectious titer of 5.2 × 106 IU/ml, >500-fold higher than the unfunctionalized “naked” virions (<104 IU/ml). The ability of the DARPin-conjugated lentivirus to transduce HER2+ cells correlated with the surface expression level of HER2. Furthermore, these lentiviruses preferentially transduced HER2+ cells in cocultures containing HER2+ and HER2− cells. To enable the use of commercially available monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) as the CBP, we developed a convenient click chemistry-based approach to conjugate MAb-derived Fab fragments to a variant SpyCatcherΔ protein containing a nonnatural amino acid, 4-azido-l-phenylalanine (AzF). Using the HER2-binding trastuzumab as a model cell-specific MAb, we created Fab-conjugated lentiviral vectors that transduced HER2+ SKOV3 cells with an infectious titer of 2.8 × 106 IU/ml, on par with the result achieved using the DARPin-SpyCatcherΔ fusion protein. The ability to create cell-specific lentiviral vectors through chemical conjugation of a CBP should make this approach generalizable to any antibody, giving it broad utility for a wide range of research and clinical applications. Lentiviral vectors hold great potential in gene therapy. However, it remains a major hurdle to robustly engineer cell-specific lentiviral vectors. This article reports a simple and effective strategy to functionalize lentiviral vectors with cell-binding proteins, thus retargeting these viruses to cells expressing the binding partner of the CBP. The CBP is genetically or chemically linked to the SpyCatcher. The SpyTag is displayed on the virion surface as a fusion to an engineered Sindbis virus envelope protein and is used as the anchorage site for SpyCatcher-linked CBP. Using this strategy, we created lentiviral vectors highly infectious toward HER2+ cancer cells. The ability to rapidly create cell-specific lentiviral vectors targeting a wide range of cell types should accelerate the development of custom lentiviral vectors for many research and clinical applications.
Collapse
|
44
|
Antigen-specific oncolytic MV-based tumor vaccines through presentation of selected tumor-associated antigens on infected cells or virus-like particles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16892. [PMID: 29203786 PMCID: PMC5715114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16928-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant vaccine strain-derived measles virus (MV) is clinically tested both as vaccine platform to protect against other pathogens and as oncolytic virus for tumor treatment. To investigate the potential synergism in anti-tumoral efficacy of oncolytic and vaccine properties, we chose Ovalbumin and an ideal tumor antigen, claudin-6, for pre-clinical proof of concept. To enhance immunogenicity, both antigens were presented by retroviral virus-like particle produced in situ during MV-infection. All recombinant MV revealed normal growths, genetic stability, and proper expression and presentation of both antigens. Potent antigen-specific humoral and cellular immunity were found in immunized MV-susceptible IFNAR-/--CD46Ge mice. These immune responses significantly inhibited metastasis formation or increased therapeutic efficacy compared to control MV in respective novel in vivo tumor models using syngeneic B16-hCD46/mCLDN6 murine melanoma cells. These data indicate the potential of MV to trigger selected tumor antigen-specific immune responses on top of direct tumor lysis for enhanced efficacy.
Collapse
|
45
|
Winiarska M, Nowis D, Firczuk M, Zagozdzon A, Gabrysiak M, Sadowski R, Barankiewicz J, Dwojak M, Golab J. Selection of an optimal promoter for gene transfer in normal B cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3041-3048. [PMID: 28713922 PMCID: PMC5548056 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene transfer into normal quiescent human B cells is a challenging procedure. The present study aimed to investigate whether it is possible to increase the levels of transgene expression by using various types of promoters to drive the expression of selected genes‑of‑interest. To produce lentiviral particles, the present study used the 2nd generation psPAX2 packaging vector and the vesicular stomatitis virus ‑expressing envelope vector pMD2.G. Subsequently, lentiviral vectors were generated containing various promoters, including cytomegalovirus (CMV), elongation factor‑1 alpha (EF1α) and spleen focus‑forming virus (SFFV). The present study was unable to induce satisfactory transduction efficiency in quiescent normal B cells; however, infection of normal B cells with Epstein‑Barr virus resulted in increased susceptibility to lentiviral transduction. In addition, the SFFV promoter resulted in a higher level of transgene expression compared with CMV or EF1α promoters. As a proof‑of concept that this approach allows for stable gene expression in normal B cells, the present study used bicistronic lentiviral vectors with genes encoding fluorescent reporter proteins, as well as X‑box binding protein‑1 and binding immunoglobulin protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Winiarska
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02‑097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Nowis
- Genomic Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02‑097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Firczuk
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02‑097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zagozdzon
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02‑097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gabrysiak
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02‑097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Radoslaw Sadowski
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02‑097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Barankiewicz
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02‑097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Dwojak
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02‑097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02‑097 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wang X, Herzog RW, Byrne BJ, Kumar SRP, Zhou Q, Buchholz CJ, Biswas M. Immune Modulatory Cell Therapy for Hemophilia B Based on CD20-Targeted Lentiviral Gene Transfer to Primary B Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 5:76-82. [PMID: 28480307 PMCID: PMC5415320 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Gene-modified B cells expressing immunoglobulin G (IgG) fusion proteins have been shown to induce tolerance in several autoimmune and other disease models. However, lack of a vector suitable for gene transfer to human B cells has been an obstacle for translation of this approach. To overcome this hurdle, we developed an IgG-human factor IX (hFIX) lentiviral fusion construct that was targeted to specifically transduce cells expressing human CD20 (hCD20). Receptor-specific retargeting by mutating envelope glycoproteins of measles virus (MV)-lentiviral vector (LV) and addition of a single-chain variable fragment specific for hCD20 resulted in gene delivery into primary human and transgenic hCD20 mouse B cells with high specificity. Notably, this protocol neither required nor induced activation of the B cells, as confirmed by minimal activation of inflammatory cytokines. Using this strategy, we were able to demonstrate induction of humoral tolerance, resulting in suppression of antibody formation against hFIX in a mouse model of hemophilia B (HB). In conclusion, transduction of receptor-specific retargeted LV into resting B cells is a promising method to develop B cell therapies for antigen-specific tolerance induction in human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Wang
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Roland W Herzog
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Barry J Byrne
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Sandeep R P Kumar
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Qi Zhou
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Christian J Buchholz
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Moanaro Biswas
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Walsh SR, de Jong JG, van Vloten JP, Gerpe MCR, Santry LA, Wootton SK. Truncation of the enzootic nasal tumor virus envelope protein cytoplasmic tail increases Env-mediated fusion and infectivity. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:108-120. [PMID: 27902399 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzootic nasal tumor virus (ENTV) and Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) are highly related ovine betaretroviruses that induce nasal and lung tumours in small ruminants, respectively. While the ENTV and JSRV envelope (Env) glycoproteins mediate virus entry using the same cellular receptor, the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked protein hyaluronoglucosaminidase, ENTV Env pseudovirions mediate entry into cells from a much more restricted range of species than do JSRV Env pseudovirions. Unlike JSRV Env, ENTV Env does not induce cell fusion at pH 5.0 or above, but rather requires a much lower pH (4.0-4.5) for fusion to occur. The cytoplasmic tail of retroviral envelope proteins is a key modulator of envelope-mediated fusion and pseudotype efficiency, especially in the context of virions composed of heterologous Gag proteins. Here we report that progressive truncation of the ENTV Env cytoplasmic tail improves transduction efficiency of pseudotyped retroviral vectors and that complete truncation of the ENTV Env cytoplasmic tail increases transduction efficiency to wild-type JSRV Env levels by increasing fusogenicity without affecting sensitivity to inhibition by lysosomotropic agents, subcellular localization or efficiency of inclusion into virions. Truncation of the cytoplasmic domain of ENTV Env resulted in a significant advantage in viral entry into all cell types tested, including foetal ovine lung and nasal cells. Taken together, we demonstrate that the cytoplasmic tail modulates the fusion activity of the ENTV Env protein and that truncation of this region enhances Eenv-mediated entry into target cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Walsh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jondavid G de Jong
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob P van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Lisa A Santry
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Present address: McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Le Heron A, Patterson S, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Dickson G. Chimeric Trojan Protein Insertion in Lentiviral Membranes Makes Lentiviruses Susceptible to Neutralization by Anti-Tetanus Serum Antibodies. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 28:242-254. [PMID: 27889981 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the initial testing of a novel strategy for neutralization of lentiviruses using the fundamental biology of enveloped viruses' assembly and budding. In the field of gene therapy, viral vector surface proteins have been manipulated in order to redirect host cell specificity by alteration of pseudo-types. This study tested whether known viral pseudo-typing proteins or surface proteins known to be recruited to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope could be engineered to carry neutralizing epitopes from another microorganism onto the lentiviral surface. The results identify ICAM1 as a novel vehicle for lentiviral pseudo-typing. Importantly, the study shows that in a model lentiviral system, ICAM1 can be engineered in chimeric form to result in expression of a fragment of the tetanus toxoid on the viral membrane and that these viruses can then be neutralized by human serum antibodies protective against tetanus. This raises the possibility of delivering chimeric antigens as a gene therapy in HIV-infected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Le Heron
- 1 Centre of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London , Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Patterson
- 2 Department of Immunology, Imperial College London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael J Yáñez-Muñoz
- 1 Centre of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London , Egham, United Kingdom
| | - George Dickson
- 1 Centre of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London , Egham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ciré S, Da Rocha S, Ferrand M, Collins MK, Galy A. In Vivo Gene Delivery to Lymph Node Stromal Cells Leads to Transgene-specific CD8+ T Cell Anergy in Mice. Mol Ther 2016; 24:1965-1973. [PMID: 27562586 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph node stromal cells play a role in self-tolerance by presenting tissue antigens to T cells. Yet, immunomodulatory properties of lymphoid tissue stroma, particularly toward CD4+ T cells, remain insufficiently characterized by lack of tools to target antigens for presentation by stromal cells. A lentiviral vector was therefore designed for antigen delivery to MHC class II+ cells of nonhematopoietic origin. Following intravenous vector delivery, the transgene was detected in lymph node gp38+ stromal cells which were CD45- MHCII+ and partly positive for CD86 and CTLA4 or B7-H4. The transgene was not detected in classical dendritic cells of lymph nodes or spleen. Transgene-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses were primed and regulatory T cells were also induced but effector T cell response did not develop, even after a peptide boost. Antigen-specific CD8+ T cells were not cytolytic in vivo. Thus, expressing a neo-antigen in MHC-II+ lymph node stroma seems to trigger blunt CD4 T cell responses leading to antigen-specific CD8+ T cell anergy. These results open up new perspectives to further characterize lymph node stromal cell functional properties and to develop gene transfer protocols targeting lymph node stroma to induce peripheral tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Ciré
- Research unit UMR_S951, Genethon, Inserm, Univ Evry, EPHE, Evry, France
| | - Sylvie Da Rocha
- Research unit UMR_S951, Genethon, Inserm, Univ Evry, EPHE, Evry, France
| | - Maxime Ferrand
- Research unit UMR_S951, Genethon, Inserm, Univ Evry, EPHE, Evry, France
| | - Mary K Collins
- Infection and Immunity Department, University College London, London, UK; National Institute of Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Anne Galy
- Research unit UMR_S951, Genethon, Inserm, Univ Evry, EPHE, Evry, France.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Norton TD, Miller EA. Recent Advances in Lentiviral Vaccines for HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2016; 7:243. [PMID: 27446074 PMCID: PMC4914507 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of an effective HIV vaccine to prevent and/or cure HIV remains a global health priority. Given their central role in the initiation of adaptive immune responses, dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines are being increasingly explored as immunotherapeutic strategies to enhance HIV-specific T cells in infected individuals and, thus, promote immune responses that may help facilitate a functional cure. HIV-1-based lentiviral (LV) vectors have inherent advantages as DC vaccine vectors due to their ability to transduce non-dividing cells and integrate into the target cell genomic DNA, allowing for expression of encoded antigens over the lifespan of the cell. Moreover, LV vectors may express additional immunostimulatory and immunoregulatory proteins that enhance DC function and direct antigen-specific T cells responses. Recent basic and clinical research efforts have broadened our understanding of LV vectors as DC-based vaccines. In this review, we provide an overview of the pre-clinical and clinical LV vector vaccine studies for treating HIV to date. We also discuss advances in LV vector designs that have enhanced DC transduction efficiency, target cell specificity, and immunogenicity, and address potential safety concerns regarding LV vector-based vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Norton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU School of Medicine , New York, NY , USA
| | - Elizabeth A Miller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
| |
Collapse
|