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Yao J, Atasheva S, Wagner N, Di Paolo NC, Stewart PL, Shayakhmetov DM. Targeted, safe, and efficient gene delivery to human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in vivo using the engineered AVID adenovirus vector platform. Mol Ther 2024; 32:103-123. [PMID: 37919899 PMCID: PMC10787117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted delivery and cell-type-specific expression of gene-editing proteins in various cell types in vivo represent major challenges for all viral and non-viral delivery platforms developed to date. Here, we describe the development and analysis of artificial vectors for intravascular delivery (AVIDs), an engineered adenovirus-based gene delivery platform that allows for highly targeted, safe, and efficient gene delivery to human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in vivo after intravenous vector administration. Due to a set of refined structural modifications, intravenous administration of AVIDs did not trigger cytokine storm, hepatotoxicity, or thrombocytopenia. Single intravenous administration of AVIDs to humanized mice, grafted with human CD34+ cells, led to up to 20% transduction of CD34+CD38-CD45RA- HSPC subsets in the bone marrow. Importantly, targeted in vivo transduction of CD34+CD38-CD45RA-CD90-CD49f+ subsets, highly enriched for human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), reached up to 19%, which represented a 1,900-fold selectivity in gene delivery to HSC-enriched over lineage-committed CD34-negative cell populations. Because the AVID platform allows for regulated, cell-type-specific expression of gene-editing technologies as well as expression of immunomodulatory proteins to ensure persistence of corrected HSCs in vivo, the HSC-targeted AVID platform may enable development of curative therapies through in vivo gene correction in human HSCs after a single intravenous administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yao
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Svetlana Atasheva
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nicole Wagner
- Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nelson C Di Paolo
- AdCure Bio, LLC, Century Spring West, 6000 Lake Forrest Drive, Atlanta, GA 30328, USA
| | - Phoebe L Stewart
- Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Dmitry M Shayakhmetov
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Discovery and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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2
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Ander SE, Li FS, Carpentier KS, Morrison TE. Innate immune surveillance of the circulation: A review on the removal of circulating virions from the bloodstream. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010474. [PMID: 35511797 PMCID: PMC9070959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Many viruses utilize the lymphohematogenous route for dissemination; however, they may not freely use this highway unchecked. The reticuloendothelial system (RES) is an innate defense system that surveys circulating blood, recognizing and capturing viral particles. Examination of the literature shows that the bulk of viral clearance is mediated by the liver; however, the precise mechanism(s) mediating viral vascular clearance vary between viruses and, in many cases, remains poorly defined. Herein, we summarize what is known regarding the recognition and capture of virions from the circulation prior to the generation of a specific antibody response. We also discuss the consequences of viral capture on viral pathogenesis and the fate of the captor cell. Finally, this understudied topic has implications beyond viral pathogenesis, including effects on arbovirus ecology and the application of virus-vectored gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E. Ander
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Frances S. Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kathryn S. Carpentier
- Department of Natural Sciences, Greensboro College, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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3
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Cytokine Responses to Adenovirus and Adenovirus Vectors. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050888. [PMID: 35632630 PMCID: PMC9145601 DOI: 10.3390/v14050888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of cytokines and chemokines in response to adenovirus infection is tightly regulated by the innate immune system. Cytokine-mediated toxicity and cytokine storm are known clinical phenomena observed following naturally disseminated adenovirus infection in immunocompromised hosts as well as when extremely high doses of adenovirus vectors are injected intravenously. This dose-dependent, cytokine-mediated toxicity compromises the safety of adenovirus-based vectors and represents a critical problem, limiting their utility for gene therapy applications and the therapy of disseminated cancer, where intravenous injection of adenovirus vectors may provide therapeutic benefits. The mechanisms triggering severe cytokine response are not sufficiently understood, prompting efforts to further investigate this phenomenon, especially in clinically relevant settings. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on cytokine and chemokine activation in response to adenovirus- and adenovirus-based vectors and discuss the underlying mechanisms that may trigger acute cytokine storm syndrome. First, we review profiles of cytokines and chemokines that are activated in response to adenovirus infection initiated via different routes. Second, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that lead to cytokine and chemokine transcriptional activation. We further highlight how immune cell types in different organs contribute to synthesis and systemic release of cytokines and chemokines in response to adenovirus sensing. Finally, we review host factors that can limit cytokine and chemokine expression and discuss currently available and potential future interventional approaches that allow for the mitigation of the severity of the cytokine storm syndrome. Effective cytokine-targeted interventional approaches may improve the safety of systemic adenovirus delivery and thus broaden the potential clinical utility of adenovirus-based therapeutic vectors.
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Adenovirus Type 6: Subtle Structural Distinctions from Adenovirus Type 5 Result in Essential Differences in Properties and Perspectives for Gene Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101641. [PMID: 34683934 PMCID: PMC8540711 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus vectors are the most frequently used agents for gene therapy, including oncolytic therapy and vaccine development. It’s hard to overestimate the value of adenoviruses during the COVID-19 pandemic as to date four out of four approved viral vector-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are developed on adenovirus platform. The vast majority of adenoviral vectors are based on the most studied human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-C5), however, its immunogenicity often hampers the clinical translation of HAdV-C5 vectors. The search of less seroprevalent adenovirus types led to another species C adenovirus, Adenovirus type 6 (HAdV-C6). HAdV-C6 possesses high oncolytic efficacy against multiple cancer types and remarkable ability to induce the immune response towards carrying antigens. Being genetically very close to HAdV-C5, HAdV-C6 differs from HAdV-C5 in structure of the most abundant capsid protein, hexon. This leads to the ability of HAdV-C6 to evade the uptake by Kupffer cells as well as to distinct opsonization by immunoglobulins and other blood proteins, influencing the overall biodistribution of HAdV-C6 after systemic administration. This review describes the structural features of HAdV-C6, its interaction with liver cells and blood factors, summarizes the previous experiences using HAdV-C6, and provides the rationale behind the use of HAdV-C6 for vaccine and anticancer drugs developments.
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Rojas JM, Sevilla N, Martín V. A New Look at Vaccine Strategies Against PPRV Focused on Adenoviral Candidates. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:729879. [PMID: 34568477 PMCID: PMC8455998 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.729879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a virus that mainly infects goats and sheep causing significant economic loss in Africa and Asia, but also posing a serious threat to Europe, as recent outbreaks in Georgia (2016) and Bulgaria (2018) have been reported. In order to carry out the eradication of PPRV, an objective set for 2030 by the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), close collaboration between governments, pharmaceutical companies, farmers and researchers, among others, is needed. Today, more than ever, as seen in the response to the SARS-CoV2 pandemic that we are currently experiencing, these goals are feasible. We summarize in this review the current vaccination approaches against PPRV in the field, discussing their advantages and shortfalls, as well as the development and generation of new vaccination strategies, focusing on the potential use of adenovirus as vaccine platform against PPRV and more broadly against other ruminant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Verónica Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Shahryari A, Burtscher I, Nazari Z, Lickert H. Engineering Gene Therapy: Advances and Barriers. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Shahryari
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research Helmholtz Zentrum München 85764 Neuherberg Germany
- School of Medicine Department of Human Genetics Technical University of Munich Klinikum Rechts der Isar 81675 München Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research Helmholtz Zentrum München 85764 Neuherberg Germany
- Stem Cell Research Center Golestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan 49341‐74515 Iran
| | - Ingo Burtscher
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research Helmholtz Zentrum München 85764 Neuherberg Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research Helmholtz Zentrum München 85764 Neuherberg Germany
| | - Zahra Nazari
- Department of Biology School of Basic Sciences Golestan University Gorgan 49361‐79142 Iran
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research Helmholtz Zentrum München 85764 Neuherberg Germany
- School of Medicine Department of Human Genetics Technical University of Munich Klinikum Rechts der Isar 81675 München Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research Helmholtz Zentrum München 85764 Neuherberg Germany
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Abstract
Therapeutic viral gene delivery is an emerging technology which aims to correct genetic mutations by introducing new genetic information to cells either to correct a faulty gene or to initiate cell death in oncolytic treatments. In recent years, significant scientific progress has led to several clinical trials resulting in the approval of gene therapies for human treatment. However, successful therapies remain limited due to a number of challenges such as inefficient cell uptake, low transduction efficiency (TE), limited tropism, liver toxicity and immune response. To adress these issues and increase the number of available therapies, additives from a broad range of materials like polymers, peptides, lipids, nanoparticles, and small molecules have been applied so far. The scope of this review is to highlight these selected delivery systems from a materials perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kübra Kaygisiz
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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8
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Barry MA, Rubin JD, Lu SC. Retargeting adenoviruses for therapeutic applications and vaccines. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:1918-1946. [PMID: 31944286 PMCID: PMC7311308 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ads) are robust vectors for therapeutic applications and vaccines, but their use can be limited by differences in their in vitro and in vivo pharmacologies. This review emphasizes that there is not just one Ad, but a whole virome of diverse viruses that can be used as therapeutics. It discusses that true vector targeting involves not only retargeting viruses, but importantly also detargeting the viruses from off-target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Barry
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Immunology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Rubin
- Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shao-Chia Lu
- Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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A New Gorilla Adenoviral Vector with Natural Lung Tropism Avoids Liver Toxicity and Is Amenable to Capsid Engineering and Vector Retargeting. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00265-20. [PMID: 32102889 PMCID: PMC7199421 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00265-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the aggregate, our mouse studies suggest that GAd is a promising gene therapy vector that utilizes lung ECs as a source of therapeutic payload production and a highly desirable toxicity profile. Further genetic engineering of the GAd capsid holds the promise of in vivo vector tropism modification and targeting. Human adenoviruses have many attractive features for gene therapy applications. However, the high prevalence of preexisting immunity against these viruses in general populations worldwide has greatly limited their clinical utility. In addition, the most commonly used human adenovirus, human adenovirus subgroup C serotype 5 (HAd5), when systemically administered, triggers systemic inflammation and toxicity, with the liver being the most severely affected organ. Here, we evaluated the utility and safety of a new low-seroprevalence gorilla adenovirus (GAd; GC46) as a gene transfer vector in mice. Biodistribution studies revealed that systemically administered GAd had a selective and robust lung endothelial cell (EC) tropism with minimal vector expression throughout many other organs and tissues. Administration of a high dose of GAd accomplished extensive transgene expression in the lung yet elicited no detectable inflammatory histopathology in this organ. Furthermore, GAd, unlike HAd5, did not exhibit hepatotropism or induce liver inflammatory toxicity in mice, demonstrating the exceptional safety profile of the vector vis-à-vis systemic utility. We further demonstrated that the GAd capsid fiber shared the flexibility of the HAd5 equivalent for permitting genetic modification; GAd with the pan-EC-targeting ligand myeloid cell-binding peptide (MBP) incorporated in the capsid displayed a reduced lung tropism and efficiently retargeted gene expression to vascular beds in other organs. IMPORTANCE In the aggregate, our mouse studies suggest that GAd is a promising gene therapy vector that utilizes lung ECs as a source of therapeutic payload production and a highly desirable toxicity profile. Further genetic engineering of the GAd capsid holds the promise of in vivo vector tropism modification and targeting.
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10
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Atasheva S, Yao J, Shayakhmetov DM. Innate immunity to adenovirus: lessons from mice. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:3461-3483. [PMID: 31769012 PMCID: PMC6928416 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Adenovirus is a highly evolutionary successful pathogen, as it is widely prevalent across the animal kingdom, infecting hosts ranging from lizards and frogs to dolphins, birds, and humans. Although natural adenovirus infections in humans rarely cause severe pathology, intravenous injection of high doses of adenovirus-based vectors triggers rapid activation of the innate immune system, leading to cytokine storm syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombocytopenia, and hepatotoxicity, which individually or in combination may cause morbidity and mortality. Much of the information on exactly how adenovirus activates the innate immune system has been gathered from mouse experimental systems. Intravenous administration of adenovirus to mice revealed mechanistic insights into cellular and molecular components of the innate immunity that detect adenovirus particles, activate pro-inflammatory signaling pathways and cytokine production, sequester adenovirus particles from the bloodstream, and eliminate adenovirus-infected cells. Collectively, this information greatly improved our understanding of mechanisms of activation of innate immunity to adenovirus and may pave the way for designing safer adenovirus-based vectors for therapy of genetic and acquired human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Atasheva
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jia Yao
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dmitry M. Shayakhmetov
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Emory Children’s Center for Transplantation and Immuno-mediated Disorders, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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11
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Jenniskens M, Weckx R, Dufour T, Vander Perre S, Pauwels L, Derde S, Téblick A, Güiza F, Van den Berghe G, Langouche L. The Hepatic Glucocorticoid Receptor Is Crucial for Cortisol Homeostasis and Sepsis Survival in Humans and Male Mice. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2790-2802. [PMID: 29788135 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is hallmarked by hypercortisolemia, a stress response essential for survival. This elevation in plasma cortisol is partially brought about by suppressed hepatic cortisol breakdown. We demonstrate that a controlled downregulation of the hepatic glucocorticoid receptor (hepatic GR) is crucial. In a mouse model of fluid-resuscitated, antibiotic-treated abdominal sepsis and in human intensive care unit patients, sepsis reduced hepatic GR expression and signaling but increased (free) plasma cortisol/corticosterone, explained by suppressed cortisol/corticosterone-binding proteins and A-ring reductases. However, further experimental inhibition of hepatic GR with short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in septic mice increased mortality fivefold. Acutely, this further hepatic GR suppression prevented the rise in total corticosterone but further reduced binding proteins, resulting in elevated free corticosterone. After 3 days of shRNA-GR inhibition in sepsis, both total and free corticosterone levels were elevated, now explained by an additional reduction in A-ring reductase expression. Hepatic GR inhibition blunted the hyperglycemic stress response without causing hypoglycemia but also markedly increased circulating and hepatic inflammation markers and caused liver destruction, the severity of which explained increased mortality. In human sepsis, glucocorticoid treatment further suppressed hepatic GR expression, which could directly predispose to worse outcomes. In conclusion, sepsis partially suppressed hepatic GR expression, which appeared crucial to upregulate free cortisol/corticosterone availability. However, further sustained hepatic GR suppression evoked lethal excessive liver and systemic inflammation, independent of systemic cortisol/corticosterone availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Jenniskens
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruben Weckx
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Dufour
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Vander Perre
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies Pauwels
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Derde
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arno Téblick
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fabian Güiza
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Van den Berghe
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies Langouche
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Harmon AW, Moitra R, Xu Z, Byrnes AP. Hexons from adenovirus serotypes 5 and 48 differentially protect adenovirus vectors from neutralization by mouse and human serum. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192353. [PMID: 29401488 PMCID: PMC5798830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus vectors are widely used in gene therapy clinical trials, and preclinical studies with these vectors are often conducted in mice. It is therefore critical to understand whether mouse studies adequately predict the behavior of adenovirus vectors in humans. The most commonly-used adenovirus vectors are derived from adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5). The Ad5 hexon protein can bind coagulation factor X (FX), and binding of FX has a major impact on vector interactions with other blood proteins. In mouse serum, FX protects Ad5 vectors from neutralization by natural antibodies and complement. In the current study, we similarly find that human FX inhibits neutralization of Ad5 vectors by human serum, and this finding is consistent among individual human sera. We show that human IgM and human IgG can each induce complement-mediated neutralization when Ad5 vectors are not protected by FX. Although mouse and human serum had similar effects on Ad5 vectors, we found that this was not true for a chimeric Ad5 vector that incorporated hexon regions from adenovirus serotype 48. Interestingly, this hexon-chimeric vector was neutralized by human serum, but not by mouse serum. These findings indicate that studies in mouse serum accurately predict the behavior of Ad5 vectors in human serum, but mouse serum is not an accurate model system for all adenovirus vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Harmon
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rituparna Moitra
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhili Xu
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Byrnes
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Ying B, Spencer JF, Tollefson AE, Wold WSM, Toth K. Male Syrian hamsters are more susceptible to intravenous infection with species C human adenoviruses than are females. Virology 2017; 514:66-78. [PMID: 29132049 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, increasing attention has been focused on the influence of sex on the course of infectious diseases. Thus far, the best-documented examples point toward an immune-mediated mechanism: the generally stronger immune response in females can result in a faster clearance of the pathogen or, conversely, a more severe immune-mediated pathology. Here, we report that human species C adenoviruses replicate more and cause more pathology in male Syrian hamsters than in females. We also show that this sex disparity is not caused by a stronger immune response to the infection by the female hamsters. Rather, the liver of male hamsters is more susceptible to adenovirus infection: after intravenous injection, more hepatocytes become infected in male animals than in females. We hypothesize that Kupffer cells (hepatic tissue macrophages) of female animals are more active in sequestering circulating virions, and thus protect hepatocytes more efficiently than those of males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoling Ying
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jacqueline F Spencer
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ann E Tollefson
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William S M Wold
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Karoly Toth
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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14
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Nguyen TV, Barry ME, Turner MA, Crosby CM, Trujillo MA, Morris JC, Barry MA. Comparison of Liver Detargeting Strategies for Systemic Therapy with Oncolytic Adenovirus Serotype 5. Biomedicines 2017; 5:E46. [PMID: 28796161 PMCID: PMC5618304 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses would ideally be of use for systemic therapy to treat disseminated cancer. To do this safely, this may require multiple layers of cancer specificity. The pharmacology and specificity of oncolytic adenoviruses can be modified by (1) physical retargeting, (2) physical detargeting, (3) chemical shielding, or (4) by modifying the ability of viral early gene products to selectively activate in cancer versus normal cells. We explored the utility of these approaches with oncolytic adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) in immunocompetent Syrian hamsters bearing subcutaneous HaK tumors. After a single intravenous injection to reach the distant tumors, the physically hepatocyte-detargeted virus Ad5-hexon-BAP was more effective than conditionally replicating Ad5-dl1101/07 with mutations in its E1A protein. When these control or Ad5 treated animals were treated a second time by intratumoral injection, prior exposure to Ad5 did not affect tumor growth, suggesting that anti-Ad immunity neither prevented treatment nor amplified anti-tumor immune responses. Ad5-dl1101/07 was next chemically shielded with polyethylene glycol (PEG). While 5 kDa of PEG blunted pro-inflammatory IL-6 production induced by Ad5-dl1101/07, this shielding reduced Ad oncolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien V Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| | - Mary E Barry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| | - Mallory A Turner
- Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| | - Catherine M Crosby
- Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| | | | - John C Morris
- Department of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| | - Michael A Barry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
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Yu X, Veesler D, Campbell MG, Barry ME, Asturias FJ, Barry MA, Reddy VS. Cryo-EM structure of human adenovirus D26 reveals the conservation of structural organization among human adenoviruses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602670. [PMID: 28508067 PMCID: PMC5425241 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) cause acute respiratory, ocular, and gastroenteric diseases and are also frequently used as gene and vaccine delivery vectors. Unlike the archetype human adenovirus C5 (HAdV-C5), human adenovirus D26 (HAdV-D26) belongs to species-D HAdVs, which target different cellular receptors, and is differentially recognized by immune surveillance mechanisms. HAdV-D26 is being championed as a lower seroprevalent vaccine and oncolytic vector in preclinical and human clinical studies. To understand the molecular basis for their distinct biological properties and independently validate the structures of minor proteins, we determined the first structure of species-D HAdV at 3.7 Å resolution by cryo-electron microscopy. All the hexon hypervariable regions (HVRs), including HVR1, have been identified and exhibit a distinct organization compared to those of HAdV-C5. Despite the differences in the arrangement of helices in the coiled-coil structures, protein IX molecules form a continuous hexagonal network on the capsid exterior. In addition to the structurally conserved region (3 to 300) of IIIa, we identified an extra helical domain comprising residues 314 to 390 that further stabilizes the vertex region. Multiple (two to three) copies of the cleaved amino-terminal fragment of protein VI (pVIn) are observed in each hexon cavity, suggesting that there could be ≥480 copies of VI present in HAdV-D26. In addition, a localized asymmetric reconstruction of the vertex region provides new details of the three-pronged "claw hold" of the trimeric fiber and its interactions with the penton base. These observations resolve the previous conflicting assignments of the minor proteins and suggest the likely conservation of their organization across different HAdVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Yu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Melody G. Campbell
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mary E. Barry
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Francisco J. Asturias
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael A. Barry
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Vijay S. Reddy
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Krueger PD, Kim TS, Sung SSJ, Braciale TJ, Hahn YS. Liver-resident CD103+ dendritic cells prime antiviral CD8+ T cells in situ. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3213-22. [PMID: 25712214 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The liver maintains a tolerogenic environment to avoid unwarranted activation of its resident immune cells upon continuous exposure to food and bacterially derived Ags. However, in response to hepatotropic viral infection, the liver's ability to switch from a hyporesponsive to a proinflammatory environment is mediated by select sentinels within the parenchyma. To determine the contribution of hepatic dendritic cells (DCs) in the activation of naive CD8(+) T cells, we first characterized resident DC subsets in the murine liver. Liver DCs exhibit unique properties, including the expression of CD8α (traditionally lymphoid tissue specific), CD11b, and CD103 markers. In both the steady-state and following viral infection, liver CD103(+) DCs express high levels of MHC class II, CD80, and CD86 and contribute to the high number of activated CD8(+) T cells. Importantly, viral infection in the Batf3(-/-) mouse, which lacks CD8α(+) and CD103(+) DCs in the liver, results in a 3-fold reduction in the proliferative response of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells. Limiting DC migration out of the liver does not significantly alter CD8(+) T cell responsiveness, indicating that CD103(+) DCs initiate the induction of CD8(+) T cell responses in situ. Collectively, these data suggest that liver-resident CD103(+) DCs are highly immunogenic in response to hepatotropic viral infection and serve as a major APC to support the local CD8(+) T cell response. It also implies that CD103(+) DCs present a promising cellular target for vaccination strategies to resolve chronic liver infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Krueger
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Taeg S Kim
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - Sun-Sang J Sung
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Thomas J Braciale
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - Young S Hahn
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908;
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Retargeted oncolytic adenovirus displaying a single variable domain of camelid heavy-chain-only antibody in a fiber protein. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2015; 2:15001. [PMID: 27119101 PMCID: PMC4782946 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2015.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Conditionally replicative adenoviruses are promising agents for oncolytic virotherapy. Various approaches have been attempted to retarget adenoviruses to tumor-specific antigens to circumvent deficiency of receptor for adenoviral binding and to provide an additional level of tumor specificity. Functional incorporation of highly specific targeting molecules into the viral capsid can potentially retarget adenoviral infection. However, conventional antibodies are not compatible with the cytoplasmic adenovirus capsid synthesis. The goal of this study was to evaluate the utility of single variable domains derived from heavy chain camelid antibodies for retargeting of adenovirus infection. We have combined transcriptional targeting using a tumor-specific promoter with transductional targeting through viral capsid incorporation of antihuman carcinoembryonic antigen single variable domains. Obtained data demonstrated that employment of a single variable domain genetically incorporated into an adenovirus fiber increased specificity of infection and efficacy of replication of single variable domain-targeted oncolytic adenovirus. The double targeting, both transcriptional through the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 promoter and transductional using the single variable domain, is a promising means to improve the therapeutic index for these advanced generation conditionally replicative adenoviruses. A successful strategy to transductional retargeting of oncolytic adenovirus infection has not been shown before and therefore we believe this is the first employment of transductional targeting using single variable domains derived from heavy chain camelid antibodies to enhance specificity of conditionally replicative adenoviruses.
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18
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Appaiahgari MB, Vrati S. Adenoviruses as gene/vaccine delivery vectors: promises and pitfalls. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 15:337-51. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.993374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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19
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Lopez-Gordo E, Denby L, Nicklin SA, Baker AH. The importance of coagulation factors binding to adenovirus: historical perspectives and implications for gene delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:1795-813. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.938637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Estrella Lopez-Gordo
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Laura Denby
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Stuart A Nicklin
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Andrew H Baker
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK ;
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20
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Abstract
Due to its biological characteristics bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) has been considered as an appropriate gene delivery vector. Its genomic clone, modified as a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), is better genetically manipulable and can be used as an efficient gene delivery and vaccine vector. Although a large amount of data have been accumulated in vitro on this specific aspect, the same cannot be asserted for the in vivo condition. Therefore, here we investigated the fate of a recombinant BoHV-4 strain expressing luciferase (BoHV-4-A-CMVlucΔTK) after intraperitoneal or intravenous inoculation in mice, by generating a novel recombinant BoHV-4 expressing luciferase (BoHV-4-A-CMVlucΔTK) and by following the virus replication through in vivo imaging analysis. BoHV-4-A-CMVlucΔTK was first characterized in vitro where it was shown, on one hand that its replication properties are identical to those of the parental virus, and on the other that the transduced/infected cells strongly express luciferase. When BoHV-4-A-CMVlucΔTK was inoculated in mice, either intraperitoneally or intravenously, BoHV-4-A-CMVlucΔTK infection/transduction was exclusively localized to the liver, as detected by in vivo image analysis, and in particular almost exclusively in the hepatocytes, as determined by immuno-histochemistry. These data, that add a new insight on the biology of BoHV-4 in vivo, provide the first indication for the potential use of a BoHV-4-based vector in gene-transfer in the liver.
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Piccolo P, Brunetti-Pierri N. Challenges and Prospects for Helper-Dependent Adenoviral Vector-Mediated Gene Therapy. Biomedicines 2014; 2:132-148. [PMID: 28548064 PMCID: PMC5423471 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines2020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Helper-dependent adenoviral (HDAd) vectors that are devoid of all viral coding sequences are promising non-integrating vectors for gene therapy because they efficiently transduce a variety of cell types in vivo, have a large cloning capacity, and drive long-term transgene expression without chronic toxicity. The main obstacle preventing clinical applications of HDAd vectors is the host innate inflammatory response against the vector capsid proteins that occurs shortly after intravascular vector administration and result in acute toxicity, the severity of which is dose dependent. Intense efforts have been focused on elucidating adenoviral vector-host interactions and the factors involved in the acute toxicity. This review focuses on the recent acquisition of data on such interactions and on strategies investigated to improve the therapeutic index of HDAd vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Piccolo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples 80131, Italy.
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples 80131, Italy.
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22
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23
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Yamasaki S, Miura Y, Davydova J, Vickers SM, Yamamoto M. Intravenous genetic mesothelin vaccine based on human adenovirus 40 inhibits growth and metastasis of pancreatic cancer. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:88-97. [PMID: 23233329 PMCID: PMC3658634 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
High pancreatic cancer mortality and poor prognosis are caused by the difficulty for early diagnosis and extremely low rates of resection because of metastasis. Mesothelin overexpression in pancreatic cancer is a remarkable biomarker for tumor progression, especially for invasion and metastasis. Here, we generated a novel replication-defective recombinant adenovirus 40 (rAd40), whose gene delivery properties are totally different from a conventional rAd5. In this study, we have identified intravenous administration with rAd40 expressing mouse mesothelin (Msln) as an effective prophylactic cancer vaccine against metastatic lesions of pancreatic cancer in mice. Intravenous administration of rAd40 (rAd40 i.v.) achieved transgene delivery in wider range of organs compared to rAd5 i.v., while rAd5 was distributed mainly to the liver, spleen, and lungs. Additionally, rAd40 i.v. showed less transduction of the liver or inflammatory responses, resulted in reduced liver toxicity compared to rAd5 i.v. Also, more robust systemic antigen-specific immune responses were stimulated by rAd40 i.v. Pretreatment with a single ovalbumin-expressing rAd40 i.v. prevented tumor growth in mouse subcutaneous models of ovalbumin-expressing pancreatic cancer. When used with Msln-expressing rAd40 i.v., Msln protein expression and metastases were suppressed in a syngeneic orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic cancer, corresponding to the detection of Msln- and tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL). Our novel methods generated antitumor effects against antigen-expressing tumors through antigen- and tumor-specific CTL-mediated immunity. Thus, our results indicate that a rAd40-based intravenous vaccine provides a new strategy for the effective control of metastatic pancreatic cancer and novel therapy against other cancers and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoshiaki Miura
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Julia Davydova
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Selwyn M. Vickers
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Masato Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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24
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Piccolo P, Vetrini F, Mithbaokar P, Grove NC, Bertin T, Palmer D, Ng P, Brunetti-Pierri N. SR-A and SREC-I are Kupffer and endothelial cell receptors for helper-dependent adenoviral vectors. Mol Ther 2013; 21:767-74. [PMID: 23358188 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Helper-dependent adenoviral (HDAd) vectors can mediate long-term, high-level transgene expression from transduced hepatocytes with no chronic toxicity. However, a toxic acute response with potentially lethal consequences has hindered their clinical applications. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and Kupffer cells are major barriers to efficient hepatocyte transduction. Understanding the mechanisms of adenoviral vector uptake by non-parenchymal cells may allow the development of strategies aimed at overcoming these important barriers and to achieve preferential hepatocyte gene transfer with reduced toxicity. Scavenger receptors on Kupffer cells bind adenoviral particles and remove them from the circulation, thus preventing hepatocyte transduction. In the present study, we show that HDAd particles interact in vitro and in vivo with scavenger receptor-A (SR-A) and with scavenger receptor expressed on endothelial cells-I (SREC-I) and we exploited this knowledge to increase the efficiency of hepatocyte transduction by HDAd vectors in vivo through blocking of SR-A and SREC-I with specific fragments antigen-binding (Fabs).
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25
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Abstract
Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) naturally infects the liver after intravenous injection, making it a candidate for hepatocyte-directed gene transfer. While Ad5 can be efficient, most of the dose is destroyed by liver Kupffer cells before it can reach hepatocytes. In contrast, Ad5 bearing the hexon from Ad6 (Ad5/6) evades Kupffer cells. While Ad5/6 dramatically increases hepatocyte transduction in BALB/c mice, it has surprisingly little effect on C57BL/6 mice. To determine the source of this strain-specific difference, the roles of Kupffer cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), hepatocytes, scavenger receptors, clotting factors, and immunoglobulins were analyzed. The numbers of Kupffer cells and LSECs, the level of clotting factor X, and hepatocyte infectibility did not differ between different strains of mice. In contrast, high levels of immunoglobulins correlated negatively with Ad5 liver transduction in different mouse strains. Removal of immunoglobulins by use of Rag-deficient mice restored Ad5 transduction to maximal levels. Removal of Kupffer cells by predosing or by testing in colony-stimulating factor knockout mice restored Ad5 transduction in the presence of immunoglobulins. Partial reconstitution of IgM in Rag mice resulted in significant reductions in liver transduction by Ad5 but not by Ad5/6. These data suggest a role for IgM-mediated clearance of Ad5 via Kupffer cells and may explain the mechanism by which Ad5/6 evades these cells. These mechanisms may play a vital role in Ad pharmacology in animals and in humans.
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26
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Jacobs F, Gordts SC, Muthuramu I, De Geest B. The liver as a target organ for gene therapy: state of the art, challenges, and future perspectives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 5:1372-92. [PMID: 24281341 PMCID: PMC3816670 DOI: 10.3390/ph5121372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a target for gene therapy of inborn errors of metabolism, of hemophilia, and of acquired diseases such as liver cancer and hepatitis. The ideal gene transfer strategy should deliver the transgene DNA to parenchymal liver cells with accuracy and precision in the absence of side effects. Liver sinusoids are highly specialized capillaries with a particular endothelial lining: the endothelium contains open fenestrae, whereas a basal lamina is lacking. Fenestrae provide a direct access of gene transfer vectors to the space of Disse, in which numerous microvilli from parenchymal liver cells protrude. The small diameter of fenestrae in humans constitutes an anatomical barrier for most gene transfer vectors with the exception of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors. Recent studies have demonstrated the superiority of novel AAV serotypes for hepatocyte-directed gene transfer applications based on enhanced transduction, reduced prevalence of neutralizing antibodies, and diminished capsid immune responses. In a landmark clinical trial, hemophilia B was successfully treated with an AAV8 human factor IX expressing vector. Notwithstanding significant progress, clinical experience with these technologies remains very limited and many unanswered questions warrant further study. Therefore, the field should continue to progress as it has over the past decade, cautiously and diligently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Jacobs
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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27
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A myeloid cell-binding adenovirus efficiently targets gene transfer to the lung and escapes liver tropism. Gene Ther 2012; 20:733-41. [PMID: 23171918 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2012.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Specific and efficient gene delivery to the lung has been hampered by liver sequestration of adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vectors. The complexity of Ad5 liver tropism has largely been unraveled, permitting improved efficacy of Ad5 gene delivery. However, Kupffer cell (KC) scavenging and elimination of Ad5 still represent major obstacles to lung gene delivery strategies. KC uptake substantially reduces bioavailability of Ad5 for target tissues and compensatory dose escalation leads to acute hepatotoxicity and a potent innate immune response. Here, we report a novel lung-targeting strategy through redirection of Ad5 binding to the concentrated leukocyte pool within the pulmonary microvasculature. We demonstrate that this leukocyte-binding approach retargets Ad5 specifically to lung endothelial cells and prevents KC uptake and hepatocyte transduction, resulting in 165,000-fold enhanced lung targeting, compared with Ad5. In addition, myeloid cell-specific binding is preserved in single-cell lung suspensions and only Ad.MBP-coated myeloid cells achieved efficient endothelial cell transduction ex vivo. These findings demonstrate that KC sequestration of Ad5 can be prevented through more efficient uptake of virions in target tissues and suggest that endothelial transduction is achieved by leukocyte-mediated 'hand-off' of Ad.
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28
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The effect of artificial lipid envelopment of Adenovirus 5 (Ad5) on liver de-targeting and hepatotoxicity. Biomaterials 2012; 34:1354-63. [PMID: 23146432 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) has been extensively explored in clinical gene therapy, but its immunogenicity dramatically affects the kinetics and toxicity profile of the vector. We previously designed a variety of artificial lipid bilayer envelopes around the viral capsid to develop safer hybrid vectors. Here, we studied the interaction of enveloped Ad in cationic (DOTAP:Chol) or anionic (DOPE:CHEMS) lipid bilayers with different blood components. When Ad was enveloped by cationic lipids, significantly high levels of viral uptake in HepG2 cultured cells were achieved, independent of blood coagulation factors present. In vitro experiments also showed that artificial envelopment of Ad completely altered the affinity towards both human and murine red blood cells. After intravenous administration in BALB/c mice, real-time PCR and transgene expression studies indicated that cationic lipid envelopes significantly reduced hepatocyte transduction significantly increasing virus lung accumulation compared to DOPE:CHEMS enveloped or naked Ad. ALT/AST serum levels and liver histology showed that envelopment also improved hepatotoxicity profiles compared to naked Ad. This study suggests that artificial envelopes for Ad significantly alter the interactions with blood components and can divert viral particles from their natural liver tropism resulting in reduced hepatotoxicity.
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29
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Adair RA, Roulstone V, Scott KJ, Morgan R, Nuovo GJ, Fuller M, Beirne D, West EJ, Jennings VA, Rose A, Kyula J, Fraser S, Dave R, Anthoney DA, Merrick A, Prestwich R, Aldouri A, Donnelly O, Pandha H, Coffey M, Selby P, Vile R, Toogood G, Harrington K, Melcher AA. Cell carriage, delivery, and selective replication of an oncolytic virus in tumor in patients. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:138ra77. [PMID: 22700953 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses, which preferentially lyse cancer cells and stimulate an antitumor immune response, represent a promising approach to the treatment of cancer. However, how they evade the antiviral immune response and their selective delivery to, and replication in, tumor over normal tissue has not been investigated in humans. Here, we treated patients with a single cycle of intravenous reovirus before planned surgery to resect colorectal cancer metastases in the liver. Tracking the viral genome in the circulation showed that reovirus could be detected in plasma and blood mononuclear, granulocyte, and platelet cell compartments after infusion. Despite the presence of neutralizing antibodies before viral infusion in all patients, replication-competent reovirus that retained cytotoxicity was recovered from blood cells but not plasma, suggesting that transport by cells could protect virus for potential delivery to tumors. Analysis of surgical specimens demonstrated greater, preferential expression of reovirus protein in malignant cells compared to either tumor stroma or surrounding normal liver tissue. There was evidence of viral factories within tumor, and recovery of replicating virus from tumor (but not normal liver) was achieved in all four patients from whom fresh tissue was available. Hence, reovirus could be protected from neutralizing antibodies after systemic administration by immune cell carriage, which delivered reovirus to tumor. These findings suggest new preclinical and clinical scheduling and treatment combination strategies to enhance in vivo immune evasion and effective intravenous delivery of oncolytic viruses to patients in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Adair
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, and Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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30
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Kurdi M, Cherel G, Lenting PJ, Denis CV, Christophe OD. Coagulation factor X interaction with macrophages through its N-glycans protects it from a rapid clearance. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45111. [PMID: 23049768 PMCID: PMC3458019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor X (FX), a plasma glycoprotein playing a central role in coagulation has a long circulatory half-life compared to closely related coagulation factors. The activation peptide of FX has been shown to influence its clearance with two N-glycans as key determinants of FX’s relatively long survival. To decipher FX clearance mechanism, organ biodistribution and cellular interactions of human plasma FX (pd-FX), recombinant FX (rFX), N-deglycosylated FX (N-degly-FX) and recombinant FX mutated at both N-glycosylation sites (rFXN181A–N191A) were evaluated. Biodistribution analysis of 125I-labelled FX proteins after administration to mice revealed liver as major target organ for all FX variants. Liver tissue sections analysis showed an interaction of pd-FX and N-degly-FX to different cell types. These findings were confirmed in cell binding studies revealing that FX and FX without N-glycans interact with macrophages and hepatocytes, respectively. N-degly-FX appeared to be degraded in hepatocytes while interestingly pd-FX was not by macrophages. Furthermore, the chemical inactivation of macrophages by gadolinium chloride resulted in a significant decrease of circulating pd-FX into mice and not of N-degly-FX. Altogether our data lead to the conclusion that FX interaction with macrophages through its N-glycans protects it from a rapid clearance explaining its relatively long circulatory half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghislaine Cherel
- INSERM Unit 770, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- UMR_S 770, Univ Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Peter J. Lenting
- INSERM Unit 770, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- UMR_S 770, Univ Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Cécile V. Denis
- INSERM Unit 770, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- UMR_S 770, Univ Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Olivier D. Christophe
- INSERM Unit 770, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- UMR_S 770, Univ Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- * E-mail:
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31
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Coughlan L, Vallath S, Gros A, Giménez-Alejandre M, Van Rooijen N, Thomas GJ, Baker AH, Cascalló M, Alemany R, Hart IR. Combined Fiber Modifications Both to Target αvβ6and Detarget the Coxsackievirus–Adenovirus Receptor Improve Virus Toxicity ProfilesIn Vivobut Fail to Improve Antitumoral Efficacy Relative to Adenovirus Serotype 5. Hum Gene Ther 2012; 23:960-79. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2011.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Coughlan
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Sabari Vallath
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alena Gros
- Translational Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| | - Marta Giménez-Alejandre
- Translational Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| | - N. Van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam 1007 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Gareth J. Thomas
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton S016 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew H. Baker
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Manel Cascalló
- Translational Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| | - Ramon Alemany
- Translational Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| | - Ian R. Hart
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
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Ad5:Ad48 hexon hypervariable region substitutions lead to toxicity and increased inflammatory responses following intravenous delivery. Mol Ther 2012; 20:2268-81. [PMID: 22929662 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of adenoviral vectors for intravascular (i.v.) delivery will require improvements to their in vivo safety and efficacy. The hypervariable regions (HVRs) of the Ad5 hexon are a target for neutralizing antibodies, but also interact with factor X (FX), facilitating hepatocyte transduction. Ad48, a species D adenovirus, does not bind FX and has low seroprevalence. Therefore, it has been suggested that Ad5HVR48(1-7), a hexon-chimeric vector featuring the seven HVRs from Ad48, should display advantageous properties for gene therapy, by evading pre-existing Ad5 immunity and blocking FX interactions. We investigated the in vivo biodistribution of Ad5, Ad5HVR48(1-7), and Ad48 following i.v. delivery. Ad5HVR48(1-7) displayed reduced hepatocyte transduction and accumulation in Kupffer cells (KCs), but triggered a robust proinflammatory response, even at relatively low doses of vector. We detected elevated serum transaminases (48 hours) and increased numbers of periportal CD11b(+)/Gr-1(+) cells in the livers of Ad5HVR48(1-7)-treated animals following i.v., but not intramuscular (i.m.), delivery. In contrast, Ad48 did not elevate transaminases or result in the accumulation of CD11b(+)/Gr-1(+) cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that substantial hexon modifications can lead to unexpected properties which cannot be predicted from parental viruses. Therefore, refined mutations may be preferential for the successful development of targeted vector systems which require i.v. administration.
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Zhang Z, Zhang X, Newman K, Liu X. MicroRNA Regulation of Oncolytic Adenovirus 6 for Selective Treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:2410-8. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bradshaw AC, Coughlan L, Miller AM, Alba R, van Rooijen N, Nicklin SA, Baker AH. Biodistribution and inflammatory profiles of novel penton and hexon double-mutant serotype 5 adenoviruses. J Control Release 2012; 164:394-402. [PMID: 22626939 PMCID: PMC3520007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vectors in the clinical setting is severely hampered by the profound liver tropism observed after intravascular delivery coupled with the pronounced inflammatory and innate immune response elicited by these vectors. Liver transduction by circulating Ad5 virions is mediated by a high-affinity interaction between the capsid hexon protein and blood coagulation factor X (FX), whilst penton–αvintegrin interactions are thought to contribute to the induction of anti-Ad5 inflammatory and innate immune responses. To overcome these limitations, we sought to develop and characterise for the first time novel Ad5 vectors possessing mutations ablating both hexon:FX and penton:integrin interactions. As expected, intravascular administration of the FX binding-ablated Ad5HVR5*HVR7*E451Q vector (AdT*) resulted in significantly reduced liver transduction in vivo compared to Ad5. In macrophage-depleted mice, increased spleen uptake of AdT* was accompanied by an elevation in the levels of several inflammatory mediators. However ablation of the penton RGD motif in the AdT* vector background (AdT*RGE) resulted in a significant 5-fold reduction in spleen uptake and attenuated the antiviral inflammatory response. A reduction in spleen uptake and inflammatory activation was also observed in animals after intravascular administration of Ad5RGE compared to the parental Ad5 vector, with reduced co-localisation of the viral beta-galactosidase transgene with MAdCAM-1 + sinus-lining endothelial cells. Our detailed assessment of these novel adenoviruses indicates that penton base RGE mutation in combination with FX binding-ablation may be a viable strategy to attenuate the undesired liver uptake and pro-inflammatory responses to Ad5 vectors after intravascular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Bradshaw
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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Arnberg N. Adenovirus receptors: implications for targeting of viral vectors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:442-8. [PMID: 22621975 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer, cardiovascular disease, and infectious diseases are all global health threats. To combat these diseases with gene therapies, adenovirus-based vectors have been developed. Although certain clinical trials appear successful, there is an obvious need to improve the efficacy of most adenovirus-based vectors. For the most commonly used vector (based on type 5; Ad5), a main problem is its accumulation in the liver, which can be attributed to interactions with specific host factors. The diverse tropism for types other than Ad5 implies that vectors based on alternative types could have advantages. The numerous interactions of different adenoviruses with host molecules - such as the recently identified desmoglein-2 receptor - may cause novel and unexpected obstacles, but also may provide possibilities for vectors based on alternative types. This review provides an update of new and previously known molecules that mediate cellular attachment of human adenoviruses and discusses how these may influence the targeting of adenovirus-based vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Arnberg
- Division of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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Matsui H, Sakurai F, Katayama K, Yamaguchi T, Okamoto S, Takahira K, Tachibana M, Nakagawa S, Mizuguchi H. A hexon-specific PEGylated adenovirus vector utilizing blood coagulation factor X. Biomaterials 2012; 33:3743-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Khare R, Chen CY, Weaver EA, Barry MA. Advances and future challenges in adenoviral vector pharmacology and targeting. Curr Gene Ther 2011; 11:241-58. [PMID: 21453281 PMCID: PMC3267160 DOI: 10.2174/156652311796150363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus is a robust vector for therapeutic applications, but its use is limited by our understanding of its complex in vivo pharmacology. In this review we describe the necessity of identifying its natural, widespread, and multifaceted interactions with the host since this information will be crucial for efficiently redirecting virus into target cells. In the rational design of vectors, the notion of overcoming a sequence of viral "sinks" must be combined with re-targeting to target populations with capsid as well as shielding the vectors from pre-existing or toxic immune responses. It must also be noted that most known adenoviral pharmacology is deduced from the most commonly used serotypes, Ad5 and Ad2. However, these serotypes may not represent all adenoviruses, and may not even represent the most useful vectors for all purposes. Chimeras between Ad serotypes may become useful in engineering vectors that can selectively evade substantial viral traps, such as Kupffer cells, while retaining the robust qualities of Ad5. Similarly, vectorizing other Ad serotypes may become useful in avoiding immunity against Ad5 altogether. Taken together, this research on basic adenovirus biology will be necessary in developing vectors that interact more strategically with the host for the most optimal therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeti Khare
- Virology and Gene Therapy Program, Mayo Graduate School
| | - Christopher Y Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense Program
| | - Eric A Weaver
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense Program
| | - Michael A Barry
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense Program
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Brunetti-Pierri N, Ng P. Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors for liver-directed gene therapy. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:R7-13. [PMID: 21470977 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Helper-dependent adenoviral (HDAd) vectors devoid of all viral-coding sequences are promising non-integrating vectors for liver-directed gene therapy because they have a large cloning capacity, can efficiently transduce a wide variety of cell types from various species independent of the cell cycle and can result in long-term transgene expression without chronic toxicity. The main obstacle preventing clinical applications of HDAd for liver-directed gene therapy is the host innate inflammatory response against the vector capsid proteins that occurs shortly after intravascular vector administration resulting in acute toxicity, the severity of which is dependent on vector dose. Intense efforts have been focused on elucidating the factors involved in this acute response and various strategies have been investigated to improve the therapeutic index of HDAd vectors. These strategies have yielded encouraging results with the potential for clinical translation.
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Fillat C, Jose A, Bofill-Deros X, Mato-Berciano A, Maliandi MV, Sobrevals L. Pancreatic cancer gene therapy: from molecular targets to delivery systems. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:368-95. [PMID: 24212620 PMCID: PMC3756366 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3010368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous identification of molecular changes deregulating critical pathways in pancreatic tumor cells provides us with a large number of novel candidates to engineer gene-targeted approaches for pancreatic cancer treatment. Targets—both protein coding and non-coding—are being exploited in gene therapy to influence the deregulated pathways to facilitate cytotoxicity, enhance the immune response or sensitize to current treatments. Delivery vehicles based on viral or non-viral systems as well as cellular vectors with tumor homing characteristics are a critical part of the design of gene therapy strategies. The different behavior of tumoral versus non-tumoral cells inspires vector engineering with the generation of tumor selective products that can prevent potential toxic-associated effects. In the current review, a detailed analysis of the different targets, the delivery vectors, the preclinical approaches and a descriptive update on the conducted clinical trials are presented. Moreover, future possibilities in pancreatic cancer treatment by gene therapy strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Fillat
- Programa Gens i Malaltia, Centre de Regulació Genòmica-CRG, UPF, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona-PRBB and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors are devoid of all viral coding sequences, possess a large cloning capacity, and can efficiently transduce a wide variety of cell types from various species independent of the cell cycle to mediate long-term transgene expression without chronic toxicity. These non-integrating vectors hold tremendous potential for a variety of gene transfer and gene therapy applications. Here, we review the production technologies, applications, obstacles to clinical translation and their potential resolutions, and the future challenges and unanswered questions regarding this promising gene transfer technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Rosewell
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030 USA
| | - Francesco Vetrini
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030 USA
| | - Philip Ng
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030 USA
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41
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Haisma HJ, Bellu AR. Pharmacological interventions for improving adenovirus usage in gene therapy. Mol Pharm 2010; 8:50-5. [PMID: 20979428 DOI: 10.1021/mp100310h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy may be an innovative and promising new treatment strategy for cancer but is limited due to a low efficiency and specificity of gene delivery to the target cells. Adenovirus is the preferred gene therapy vector for systemic delivery because of its unparalleled in vivo transduction efficiency. Intravenous administration of low doses of adenovirus results in adenovirus sequestration in the liver due to binding to the scavenger receptor present on Kupffer cells. When the amount of adenovirus surpasses the binding capacity of Kupffer cells, hepatocytes absorb adenovirus particles in a blood factor-dependent manner. Increasing the Ad dose even more will saturate both the Kupffer cells and hepatocytes. Then sinusoid endothelial cells bind adenovirus particles in an RGD motif-dependent manner. Strategies to eradicate the binding to liver cells include drugs to interfere or eliminate binding to specific cell types, adenovirus capsid protein mutations and chemical modifications of adenovirus to shield the capsid proteins from cellular receptors. The combined use of these approaches should ultimately lead to successful systemic application of adenovirus in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidde J Haisma
- Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Groningen University, Groningen, The Netherlands
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42
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de Vrij J, Willemsen RA, Lindholm L, Hoeben RC, Bangma CH, Barber C, Behr JP, Briggs S, Carlisle R, Cheng WS, Dautzenberg IJC, de Ridder C, Dzojic H, Erbacher P, Essand M, Fisher K, Frazier A, Georgopoulos LJ, Jennings I, Kochanek S, Koppers-Lalic D, Kraaij R, Kreppel F, Magnusson M, Maitland N, Neuberg P, Nugent R, Ogris M, Remy JS, Scaife M, Schenk-Braat E, Schooten E, Seymour L, Slade M, Szyjanowicz P, Totterman T, Uil TG, Ulbrich K, van der Weel L, van Weerden W, Wagner E, Zuber G. Adenovirus-derived vectors for prostate cancer gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2010; 21:795-805. [PMID: 19947826 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of death among men in Western countries. Whereas the survival rate approaches 100% for patients with localized cancer, the results of treatment in patients with metastasized prostate cancer at diagnosis are much less successful. The patients are usually presented with a variety of treatment options, but therapeutic interventions in prostate cancer are associated with frequent adverse side effects. Gene therapy and oncolytic virus therapy may constitute new strategies. Already a wide variety of preclinical studies has demonstrated the therapeutic potential of such approaches, with oncolytic prostate-specific adenoviruses as the most prominent vector. The state of the art and future prospects of gene therapy in prostate cancer are reviewed, with a focus on adenoviral vectors. We summarize advances in adenovirus technology for prostate cancer treatment and highlight areas where further developments are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen de Vrij
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center , 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Tropism-modification strategies for targeted gene delivery using adenoviral vectors. Viruses 2010; 2:2290-2355. [PMID: 21994621 PMCID: PMC3185574 DOI: 10.3390/v2102290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Achieving high efficiency, targeted gene delivery with adenoviral vectors is a long-standing goal in the field of clinical gene therapy. To achieve this, platform vectors must combine efficient retargeting strategies with detargeting modifications to ablate native receptor binding (i.e. CAR/integrins/heparan sulfate proteoglycans) and “bridging” interactions. “Bridging” interactions refer to coagulation factor binding, namely coagulation factor X (FX), which bridges hepatocyte transduction in vivo through engagement with surface expressed heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). These interactions can contribute to the off-target sequestration of Ad5 in the liver and its characteristic dose-limiting hepatotoxicity, thereby significantly limiting the in vivo targeting efficiency and clinical potential of Ad5-based therapeutics. To date, various approaches to retargeting adenoviruses (Ad) have been described. These include genetic modification strategies to incorporate peptide ligands (within fiber knob domain, fiber shaft, penton base, pIX or hexon), pseudotyping of capsid proteins to include whole fiber substitutions or fiber knob chimeras, pseudotyping with non-human Ad species or with capsid proteins derived from other viral families, hexon hypervariable region (HVR) substitutions and adapter-based conjugation/crosslinking of scFv, growth factors or monoclonal antibodies directed against surface-expressed target antigens. In order to maximize retargeting, strategies which permit detargeting from undesirable interactions between the Ad capsid and components of the circulatory system (e.g. coagulation factors, erythrocytes, pre-existing neutralizing antibodies), can be employed simultaneously. Detargeting can be achieved by genetic ablation of native receptor-binding determinants, ablation of “bridging interactions” such as those which occur between the hexon of Ad5 and coagulation factor X (FX), or alternatively, through the use of polymer-coated “stealth” vectors which avoid these interactions. Simultaneous retargeting and detargeting can be achieved by combining multiple genetic and/or chemical modifications.
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44
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Bradshaw AC, Parker AL, Duffy MR, Coughlan L, van Rooijen N, Kähäri VM, Nicklin SA, Baker AH. Requirements for receptor engagement during infection by adenovirus complexed with blood coagulation factor X. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001142. [PMID: 20949078 PMCID: PMC2951380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses from multiple species bind to coagulation factor X (FX), yet the importance of this interaction in adenovirus dissemination is unknown. Upon contact with blood, vectors based on adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) binds to FX via the hexon protein with nanomolar affinity, leading to selective uptake of the complex into the liver and spleen. The Ad5:FX complex putatively targets heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). The aim of this study was to elucidate the specific requirements for Ad5:FX-mediated cellular uptake in this high-affinity pathway, specifically the HSPG receptor requirements as well as the role of penton base-mediated integrin engagement in subsequent internalisation. Removal of HS sidechains by enzymatic digestion or competition with highly-sulfated heparins/heparan sulfates significantly decreased FX-mediated Ad5 cell binding in vitro and ex vivo. Removal of N-linked and, in particular, O-linked sulfate groups significantly attenuated the inhibitory capabilities of heparin, while the chemical inhibition of endogenous HSPG sulfation dose-dependently reduced FX-mediated Ad5 cellular uptake. Unlike native heparin, modified heparins lacking O- or N-linked sulfate groups were unable to inhibit Ad5 accumulation in the liver 1h after intravascular administration of adenovirus. Similar results were observed in vitro using Ad5 vectors possessing mutations ablating CAR- and/or α(v) integrin binding, demonstrating that attachment of the Ad5:FX complex to the cell surface involves HSPG sulfation. Interestingly, Ad5 vectors ablated for α(v) integrin binding showed markedly delayed cell entry, highlighting the need for an efficient post-attachment internalisation signal for optimal Ad5 uptake and transport following surface binding mediated through FX. This study therefore integrates the established model of α(v) integrin-dependent adenoviral infection with the high-affinity FX-mediated pathway. This has important implications for mechanisms that define organ targeting following contact of human adenoviruses with blood.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae Infections/metabolism
- Adenoviridae Infections/virology
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/metabolism
- Adenoviruses, Human/physiology
- Factor X/metabolism
- Hep G2 Cells
- Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans/metabolism
- Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans/physiology
- Heparin/pharmacology
- Humans
- Multiprotein Complexes/metabolism
- Multiprotein Complexes/physiology
- Oligopeptides/chemistry
- Oligopeptides/physiology
- Organisms, Genetically Modified
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/physiology
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/physiology
- Sulfates/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Virus Internalization/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Bradshaw
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Vetrini F, Ng P. Gene therapy with helper-dependent adenoviral vectors: current advances and future perspectives. Viruses 2010; 2:1886-1917. [PMID: 21994713 PMCID: PMC3186006 DOI: 10.3390/v2091886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant Adenoviral vectors represent one of the best gene transfer platforms due to their ability to efficiently transduce a wide range of quiescent and proliferating cell types from various tissues and species. The activation of an adaptive immune response against the transduced cells is one of the major drawbacks of first generation Adenovirus vectors and has been overcome by the latest generation of recombinant Adenovirus, the Helper-Dependent Adenoviral (HDAd) vectors. HDAds have innovative features including the complete absence of viral coding sequences and the ability to mediate high level transgene expression with negligible chronic toxicity. This review summarizes the many aspects of HDAd biology and structure with a major focus on in vivo gene therapy application and with an emphasis on the unsolved issues that these vectors still presents toward clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip Ng
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; Tel.: +1 7137984158; E-Mail:
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46
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Short JJ, Rivera AA, Wu H, Walter MR, Yamamoto M, Mathis JM, Curiel DT. Substitution of adenovirus serotype 3 hexon onto a serotype 5 oncolytic adenovirus reduces factor X binding, decreases liver tropism, and improves antitumor efficacy. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:2536-44. [PMID: 20736345 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Following intravascular delivery, an important route of administration for many clinical applications, the liver is the predominant site of adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) sequestration, thereby posing a risk of toxicity. In this regard, it has recently been shown that the Ad5 capsid binds to the blood coagulation factor X (FX) via the Ad5 hexon protein. This interaction mediates the majority of Ad5 liver transduction. Patient FX levels can be diminished by the administration of warfarin, a vitamin K inhibitor in the liver that decreases FX production; however, warfarin is a potent anticoagulant and can have a number of undesired side effects. Therefore, genetic modification of the virus to ablate FX binding is the preferred approach. Modifications of the hexon protein, specifically within the hypervariable 5 (HVR5) and 7 (HVR7) regions, have produced Ad5 vectors that show minimal liver sequestration. Our laboratory has pioneered adenovirus hexon modifications, including insertion of peptide ligands into the hypervariable regions and substitution of the adenovirus hexon with hexon proteins from alternate serotypes. Substitution of the adenovirus serotype 3 (Ad3) hexon protein onto the Ad5 capsid has been further characterized with regard to its interaction with FX and incorporated into an infectivity-enhanced conditionally replicative adenovirus (CRAd). In vitro evaluation of these hexon-modified vectors showed decreased binding to FX and decreased cell transduction via FX-mediated pathways. Furthermore, in vivo biodistribution studies in mice exhibited a decrease in liver sequestration. With the use of xenograft tumor models, the antitumor efficacy of the hexon-modified CRAds was enhanced over nonmodified controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Short
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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47
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Wu P, Kudrolli TA, Chowdhury WH, Liu MM, Rodriguez R, Lupold SE. Adenovirus targeting to prostate-specific membrane antigen through virus-displayed, semirandom peptide library screening. Cancer Res 2010; 70:9549-53. [PMID: 20670952 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The convergence of phage-displayed peptide libraries and recombinant viral vectors launched a promising new direction in targeted viral gene therapeutics, but the translation of targeting peptides to functional cancer therapeutic agents has been challenging. Here, we report progress in developing a successful strategy to optimize targeted viral infection through adenovirus-displayed, semirandom peptide libraries. A phage-derived peptide targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) was genetically incorporated into the adenoviral capsid Fiber protein and flanked by random peptide cassettes. The resulting adenovirus library was biopanned against PSMA-expressing cells and tumors to identify a PSMA-retargeted adenovirus. While the initial peptide alone could not target viral infection, the selected virus preferentially infects PSMA-expressing cells through the targeting peptide and infects LNCaP tumors after intravenous injection. Our results indicate that virus-displayed, semirandom peptide libraries can be used to optimize targeting infection. This approach represents a novel principle for developing targeted agents in a variety of disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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48
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Asokan A. Reengineered AAV vectors: old dog, new tricks. DISCOVERY MEDICINE 2010; 9:399-403. [PMID: 20515607 PMCID: PMC2900186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors have emerged in recent years as powerful tools for therapeutic gene transfer. Successes in clinical trials and the discovery of several hundreds of naturally occurring AAV isolates have triggered efforts to understand and manipulate this deceptively simple parvovirus for a myriad of gene therapy applications. Exciting breakthroughs based on directed evolution of novel tissue-specific variants from combinatorial AAV libraries have been reported. Recent approaches driven by the availability of structural information have yielded a new generation of reengineered AAV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Asokan
- Gene Therapy Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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49
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Zaiss AK, Machado HB, Herschman HR. The influence of innate and pre-existing immunity on adenovirus therapy. J Cell Biochem 2010; 108:778-90. [PMID: 19711370 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vectors have been studied extensively in preclinical gene therapy models and in a range of clinical trials. However, innate immune responses to adenovirus vectors limit effectiveness of Ad5 based therapies. Moreover, extensive pre-existing Ad5 immunity in human populations will likely limit the clinical utility of adenovirus vectors, unless methods to circumvent neutralizing antibodies that bind virus and block target cell transduction can be developed. Furthermore, memory T cell and humoral responses to Ad5 are associated with increased toxicity, raising safety concerns for therapeutic adenovirus vectors in immunized hosts. Most preclinical studies have been performed in naïve animals; although pre-existing immunity is among the greatest hurdles for adenovirus therapies, it is also one of the most neglected experimentally. Here we summarize findings using adenovirus vectors in naïve animals, in Ad-immunized animals and in clinical trials, and review strategies proposed to overcome innate immune responses and pre-existing immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K Zaiss
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Jacobs F, Wisse E, De Geest B. The role of liver sinusoidal cells in hepatocyte-directed gene transfer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 176:14-21. [PMID: 19948827 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocytes are a key target for gene therapy of inborn errors of metabolism as well as of acquired diseases such as liver cancer and hepatitis. Gene transfer efficiency into hepatocytes is significantly determined by histological and functional aspects of liver sinusoidal cells. On the one hand, uptake of vectors by Kupffer cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells may limit hepatocyte transduction. On the other hand, the presence of fenestrae in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells provides direct access to the space of Disse and allows vectors to bind to receptors on the microvillous surface of hepatocytes. Nevertheless, the diameter of fenestrae may restrict the passage of vectors according to their size. On the basis of lege artis measurements of the diameter of fenestrae in different species, we show that the diameter of fenestrae affects the distribution of transgene DNA between sinusoidal and parenchymal liver cells after adenoviral transfer. The small diameter of fenestrae in humans may underlie low efficiency of adenoviral transfer into hepatocytes in men. The disappearance of the unique morphological features of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in pathological conditions like liver cirrhosis and liver cancer may further affect gene transfer efficiency. Preclinical gene transfer studies should consider species differences in the structure and function of liver sinusoidal cells as important determinants of gene transfer efficiency into hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Jacobs
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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