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Mehrani Y, Kakish JE, Napoleoni C, Thompson JJ, Knapp JP, Minott JA, Yates JGE, Stuart D, Coomber BL, Foster RA, Bridle BW, Karimi K. Characterisation and Sensitivity of a Canine Mast Cell Tumour Line to Oncolytic Viruses. Vet Comp Oncol 2024. [PMID: 39526468 DOI: 10.1111/vco.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 10/08/2024] [Accepted: 10/17/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Canine mast cell tumours (MCTs) are one of the most common skin cancers of dogs. Surgical removal is the primary treatment, but recurrence and metastasis can occur even with low-grade tumours. As a result, new treatment strategies are being sought. We tested the potential of several oncolytic viruses (OVs) to infect and kill a cell line isolated from a canine MCT. Employing a resazurin-based metabolic assay and flow cytometry technology, we used recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV-Δm51), avian orthoavulavirus-1 (AOaV-1), and Orf viruses in our assessment. Our study aimed to evaluate the potential of oncolytic virotherapy in treating canine cancers. We found that MCT-1 cells showed different sensitivities to the OVs, with rVSV-Δm51 showing the most promising results in vitro. These findings suggest that further investigation into using OVs for treating canine MCTs is needed, although clinical efficacy is yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeganeh Mehrani
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia E Kakish
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christina Napoleoni
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Jane Thompson
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason P Knapp
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica A Minott
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacob G E Yates
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deirdre Stuart
- Companion Animal Tumour Bank, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brenda L Coomber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert A Foster
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Glauß S, Neumeyer V, Hanesch L, Marek J, Hartmann N, Wiedemann GM, Altomonte J. A Novel Chimeric Oncolytic Virus Mediates a Multifaceted Cellular Immune Response in a Syngeneic B16 Melanoma Model. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:3405. [PMID: 39410025 PMCID: PMC11475060 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16193405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2024] [Revised: 09/27/2024] [Accepted: 10/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Oncolytic virotherapy is a promising approach in cancer immunotherapy. We have previously described a recombinant hybrid oncolytic virus (OV), VSV-NDV, which has a favorable safety profile and therapeutic immunogenicity, leading to direct oncolysis, abscopal effects, and prolonged survival in syngeneic in vivo tumor models. While OVs are known to mediate systemic anti-tumor immune responses, the detailed characterization of local and systemic immune responses to fusogenic oncolytic virotherapy remains unexplored. METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed immune cell compartments in the spleen, blood, tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs), and tumors over the course of VSV-NDV therapy in a bilateral syngeneic melanoma mouse model. Our results revealed significant local infiltration and activation of T lymphocytes in tumors and globally in the blood and spleen. Notably, in vivo CD8+ T cell depletion led to complete abrogation of the tumor response, highlighting the crucial role of T cells in promoting the therapeutic effects of oncolytic VSV-NDV. In vitro co-culture experiments enabled the interrogation of human immune cell responses to VSV-NDV-mediated oncolysis. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were efficiently stimulated by exposure to VSV-NDV-infected cancer cells, which recapitulates the in vivo murine findings. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data characterize a broad anti-tumor immune cell response to oncolytic VSV-NDV therapy and suggest that CD8+ T cells play a decisive role in therapeutic outcome, which supports the further development of this chimeric vector as a multimechanistic immunotherapy for solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer Altomonte
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Rechts der Isar Hospital, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.G.); (V.N.); (L.H.); (J.M.); (N.H.); (G.M.W.)
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3
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Gujar S, Pol JG, Kumar V, Lizarralde-Guerrero M, Konda P, Kroemer G, Bell JC. Tutorial: design, production and testing of oncolytic viruses for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Protoc 2024; 19:2540-2570. [PMID: 38769145 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-024-00985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent a novel class of cancer immunotherapy agents that preferentially infect and kill cancer cells and promote protective antitumor immunity. Furthermore, OVs can be used in combination with established or upcoming immunotherapeutic agents, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors, to efficiently target a wide range of malignancies. The development of OV-based therapy involves three major steps before clinical evaluation: design, production and preclinical testing. OVs can be designed as natural or engineered strains and subsequently selected for their ability to kill a broad spectrum of cancer cells rather than normal, healthy cells. OV selection is further influenced by multiple factors, such as the availability of a specific viral platform, cancer cell permissivity, the need for genetic engineering to render the virus non-pathogenic and/or more effective and logistical considerations around the use of OVs within the laboratory or clinical setting. Selected OVs are then produced and tested for their anticancer potential by using syngeneic, xenograft or humanized preclinical models wherein immunocompromised and immunocompetent setups are used to elucidate their direct oncolytic ability as well as indirect immunotherapeutic potential in vivo. Finally, OVs demonstrating the desired anticancer potential progress toward translation in patients with cancer. This tutorial provides guidelines for the design, production and preclinical testing of OVs, emphasizing considerations specific to OV technology that determine their clinical utility as cancer immunotherapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Gujar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jonathan G Pol
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, UMS AMICCa, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Vishnupriyan Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Manuela Lizarralde-Guerrero
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, UMS AMICCa, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Prathyusha Konda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France.
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, UMS AMICCa, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - John C Bell
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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4
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Sun J, Ma J, Chen L, Xiao S, Xiao X, Fang L. Orf virus as an adjuvant enhances the immune response to a PCV2 subunit vaccine. Vet Microbiol 2024; 293:110088. [PMID: 38640639 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV), a member of the genus Parapoxvirus, possesses an excellent immune activation capability, which makes it a promising immunomodulation agent. In this study, we evaluated ORFV as a novel adjuvant to enhance the immune response of mice to a subunit vaccine using porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) capsid (Cap) protein as a model. Our results showed that both inactivated and live attenuated ORFV activated mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and increased expression of immune-related cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Enhanced humoral and cellular immune responses were induced in mice immunized with PCV2 Cap protein combined with inactivated or live attenuated ORFV adjuvant compared with the aluminum adjuvant. Increased secretion of Th1 and Th2 cytokines by splenic lymphocytes in immunized mice further indicated that the ORFV adjuvant promoted a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response. Moreover, addition of the ORFV adjuvant to the PCV2 subunit vaccine significantly reduced the viral load in the spleen and lungs of PCV2-challenged mice and prevented pathological changes in lungs. This study demonstrates that ORFV enhances the immunogenicity of a PCV2 subunit vaccine by improving the adaptive immune response, suggesting the potential application of ORFV as a novel adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jun Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Longfei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xun Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Liurong Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
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5
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Pagallies F, Labisch JJ, Wronska M, Pflanz K, Amann R. Efficient and scalable clarification of Orf virus from HEK suspension for vaccine development. Vaccine X 2024; 18:100474. [PMID: 38523620 PMCID: PMC10958475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The Orf virus (ORFV) is a promising vector platform for the generation of vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer, highlighted by its progression to clinical testing phases. One of the critical steps during GMP manufacturing is the clarification of crude harvest because of the enveloped nature and large size of ORFV. This study presents the first description of ORFV clarification process from a HEK suspension batch process. We examined various filter materials, membrane pore sizes, harvest timings, and nuclease treatments. Employing the Ambr® crossflow system for high-throughput, small-volume experiments, we identified polypropylene-based Sartopure® PP3 filters as ideal. These filters, used in two consecutive stages with reducing pore sizes, significantly enhanced ORFV recovery and addressed scalability challenges. Moreover, we demonstrated that the time of harvest and the use of a nuclease play a decisive role to increase ORFV yields. With these findings, we were able to establish an efficient and scalable clarification process of ORFV derived from a suspension production process, essential for advancing ORFV vaccine manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Pagallies
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jennifer J. Labisch
- Lab Essentials Applications Development, Sartorius, Otto-Brenner-Straße 20, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wronska
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- PRiME Vector Technologies, Herrenberger Straße 24, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karl Pflanz
- Lab Essentials Applications Development, Sartorius, Otto-Brenner-Straße 20, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Amann
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- PRiME Vector Technologies, Herrenberger Straße 24, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
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6
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Sakhi H, Arabi M, Ghaemi A, Movafagh A, Sheikhpour M. Oncolytic viruses in lung cancer treatment: a review article. Immunotherapy 2024; 16:75-97. [PMID: 38112057 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2023-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer has a high morbidity rate worldwide due to its resistance to therapy. So new treatment options are needed to improve the outcomes of lung cancer treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of oncolytic viruses (OVs) as a new type of cancer treatment. In this study, 158 articles from PubMed and Scopus from 1994 to 2022 were reviewed on the effectiveness of OVs in the treatment of lung cancer. The oncolytic properties of eight categories of OVs and their interactions with treatment options were investigated. OVs can be applied as a promising immunotherapy option, as they are reproduced selectively in different types of cancer cells, cause tumor cell lysis and trigger efficient immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanie Sakhi
- Department of Mycobacteriology & Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Arabi
- Department of Mycobacteriology & Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Movafagh
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1983969411, Iran
| | - Mojgan Sheikhpour
- Department of Mycobacteriology & Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
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7
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Chakraborty P, Kumar R, Karn S, Raviya DD, Mondal P. Application of Oncolytic Poxviruses: An Emerging Paradigm in Cancer Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:369-381. [PMID: 38801591 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Despite the significant advancement of new tools and technology in the field of medical biology and molecular biology, the challenges in the treatment of most cancer types remain constant with the problem of developing resistance toward drugs and no substantial enhancement in the overall survival rate of cancer patients. Immunotherapy has shown the most promising results in different clinical and preclinical trials in the treatment of various cancer due to its higher efficacy and minimum collateral damage in many cancer patients as compared to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. An oncolytic virus is a new class of immunotherapy that can selectively replicate in tumor cells and destroy them by the process of cell lysis while exerting minimum or no effect on a normal cell. Besides this, it can also activate the host's innate immune system, which generates an anti-tumor immune response to eliminate the tumor cells. Several wild types and genetically modified viruses have been investigated to show oncolytic behavior. Vaccinia virus has been studied extensively and tested for its promising oncolytic nature on various model systems and clinical trials. Recently, several engineered vaccinia viruses have been developed that express the desired genes encoded for selective penetration in tumor cells and enhanced activation of the immune system for generating anti-tumor immunity. However, further investigation is required to prove their potential and enhance their therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Chakraborty
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur-Kadi, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382740, India.
| | - Randhir Kumar
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur-Kadi, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382740, India
| | - Sanjay Karn
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur-Kadi, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382740, India
| | - Dharmiben D Raviya
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur-Kadi, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382740, India
| | - Priya Mondal
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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8
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Enow JA, Sheikh HI, Rahman MM. Tumor Tropism of DNA Viruses for Oncolytic Virotherapy. Viruses 2023; 15:2262. [PMID: 38005938 PMCID: PMC10675630 DOI: 10.3390/v15112262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have emerged as one of the most promising cancer immunotherapy agents that selectively target and kill cancer cells while sparing normal cells. OVs are from diverse families of viruses and can possess either a DNA or an RNA genome. These viruses also have either a natural or engineered tropism for cancer cells. Oncolytic DNA viruses have the additional advantage of a stable genome and multiple-transgene insertion capability without compromising infection or replication. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), a member of the oncolytic DNA viruses, has been approved for the treatment of cancers. This success with HSV-1 was achievable by introducing multiple genetic modifications within the virus to enhance cancer selectivity and reduce the toxicity to healthy cells. Here, we review the natural characteristics of and genetically engineered changes in selected DNA viruses that enhance the tumor tropism of these oncolytic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junior A. Enow
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Hummad I. Sheikh
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Masmudur M. Rahman
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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9
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Portillo AL, Monteiro JK, Rojas EA, Ritchie TM, Gillgrass A, Ashkar AA. Charting a killer course to the solid tumor: strategies to recruit and activate NK cells in the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1286750. [PMID: 38022679 PMCID: PMC10663242 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1286750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to expand and activate natural Killer (NK) cells ex vivo has dramatically changed the landscape in the development of novel adoptive cell therapies for treating cancer over the last decade. NK cells have become a key player for cancer immunotherapy due to their innate ability to kill malignant cells while not harming healthy cells, allowing their potential use as an "off-the-shelf" product. Furthermore, recent advancements in NK cell genetic engineering methods have enabled the efficient generation of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-expressing NK cells that can exert both CAR-dependent and antigen-independent killing. Clinically, CAR-NK cells have shown promising efficacy and safety for treating CD19-expressing hematologic malignancies. While the number of pre-clinical studies using CAR-NK cells continues to expand, it is evident that solid tumors pose a unique challenge to NK cell-based adoptive cell therapies. Major barriers for efficacy include low NK cell trafficking and infiltration into solid tumor sites, low persistence, and immunosuppression by the harsh solid tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review we discuss the barriers posed by the solid tumor that prevent immune cell trafficking and NK cell effector functions. We then discuss promising strategies to enhance NK cell infiltration into solid tumor sites and activation within the TME. This includes NK cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms such as NK cell engineering to resist TME-mediated inhibition and use of tumor-targeted agents such as oncolytic viruses expressing chemoattracting and activating payloads. We then discuss opportunities and challenges for using combination therapies to extend NK cell therapies for the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. Portillo
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan K. Monteiro
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Eduardo A. Rojas
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Tyrah M. Ritchie
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Amy Gillgrass
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ali A. Ashkar
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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10
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Eilts F, Harsy YMJ, Lothert K, Pagallies F, Amann R, Wolff MW. An investigation of excipients for a stable Orf viral vector formulation. Virus Res 2023; 336:199213. [PMID: 37657509 PMCID: PMC10495626 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The Orf virus (ORFV) is a promising candidate for vector vaccines as well as for immunomodulatory and oncolytic therapies. However, few publications are available on its infectivity degradation or on suitable additives for prolonging its viral stability. In this study, the non-supplemented ORFV itself showed a very high stability at storage temperatures up to 28 °C, with a linear titer loss of 0.10 log infectious particles per day at 4 °C over a period of five weeks. To prolong this inherent stability, thirty additives, i.e., detergents, sugars, proteins, salts, and buffers as well as amino acids, were tested for their time- and temperature-dependent influence on the ORFV infectivity. A stabilizing effect on the infectivity was identified for the addition of all tested proteins, i.e., gelatine, bovine serum albumin, and recombinant human serum albumin (rHSA), of several sugars, i.e., mannitol, galactose, sucrose, and trehalose, of amino acids, i.e., arginine and proline, of the detergent Pluronic F68, and of the salt Na2SO4. The infectivity preservation was especially pronounced for proteins in liquid and frozen formulations, sugars in frozen state, and arginine und Pluronic in liquid formulations at high storage temperatures (37 °C). The addition of 1% rHSA with and without 5% sucrose was evaluated as a very stable formulation with a high safety profile and economic validity at storage temperatures up to 28 °C. At increased temperatures, the supplementation with 200 mM arginine performed better than with rHSA. In summary, this comprehensive data provides different options for a stable ORFV formulation, considering temperature, storage time, economic aspects, and downstream processing integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Eilts
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Wiesenstr.14, Giessen 35390, Germany
| | - Yasmina M J Harsy
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Wiesenstr.14, Giessen 35390, Germany
| | - Keven Lothert
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Wiesenstr.14, Giessen 35390, Germany
| | - Felix Pagallies
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Ralf Amann
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, Tuebingen 72076, Germany; PRiME Vector Technologies, Herrenberger Straße 24, Tuebingen 72070, Germany
| | - Michael W Wolff
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Wiesenstr.14, Giessen 35390, Germany.
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11
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Eilts F, Labisch JJ, Orbay S, Harsy YMJ, Steger M, Pagallies F, Amann R, Pflanz K, Wolff MW. Stability studies for the identification of critical process parameters for a pharmaceutical production of the Orf virus. Vaccine 2023:S0264-410X(23)00722-3. [PMID: 37353451 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
A promising new vaccine platform is based on the Orf virus, a viral vector of the genus Parapoxvirus, which is currently being tested in phase I clinical trials. The application as a vaccine platform mandates a well-characterised, robust, and efficient production process. To identify critical process parameters in the production process affecting the virus' infectivity, the Orf virus was subjected to forced degradation studies, including thermal, pH, chemical, and mechanical stress conditions. The tests indicated a robust virus infectivity within a pH range of 5-7.4 and in the presence of the tested buffering substances (TRIS, HEPES, PBS). The ionic strength up to 0.5 M had no influence on the Orf virus' infectivity stability for NaCl and MgCl2, while NH4Cl destabilized significantly. Furthermore, short-term thermal stress of 2d up to 37 °C and repeated freeze-thaw cycles (20cycles) did not affect the virus' infectivity. The addition of recombinant human serum albumin was found to reduce virus inactivation. Last, the Orf virus showed a low shear sensitivity induced by peristaltic pumps and mixing, but was sensitive to ultrasonication. The isoelectric point of the applied Orf virus genotype D1707-V was determined at pH3.5. The broad picture of the Orf virus' infectivity stability against environmental parameters is an important contribution for the identification of critical process parameters for the production process, and supports the development of a stable pharmaceutical formulation. The work is specifically relevant for enveloped (large DNA) viruses, like the Orf virus and like most vectored vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Eilts
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Wiesenstr.14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jennifer J Labisch
- Lab Essentials Applications Development, Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August-Spindler-Straße 11, 37079 Goettingen, Germany; Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 3-9, 30167 Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Sabri Orbay
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Wiesenstr.14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Yasmina M J Harsy
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Wiesenstr.14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Marleen Steger
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Wiesenstr.14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Felix Pagallies
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15/3.008, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Amann
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15/3.008, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Prime Vector Technologies, Herrenberger Straße 24, 72070 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Karl Pflanz
- Lab Essentials Applications Development, Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August-Spindler-Straße 11, 37079 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael W Wolff
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Wiesenstr.14, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
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12
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Chaurasiya S, Valencia H, Zhang Z, Kim SI, Yang A, Lu J, Woo Y, Warner SG, Ede NJ, Fong Y. An oncolytic poxvirus encoding hNIS, shows anti-tumor efficacy and allows tumor imaging in a liver cancer model. Mol Cancer Ther 2023; 22:MCT-22-0635. [PMID: 37196156 PMCID: PMC10320468 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-22-0635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are live viruses that can selectively replicate in cancer cells. We have engineered an OV (CF33) to make it cancer-selective through the deletion of its J2R (thymidine kinase) gene. Additionally, this virus has been armed with a reporter gene, human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS), to facilitate non-invasive imaging of tumors using positron emission tomography (PET). In this study we evaluated the oncolytic properties of the virus (CF33-hNIS) in liver cancer model, and its usefulness in tumor imaging. The virus was found to efficiently kill liver cancer cells and the virus-mediated cell death exhibited characteristics of immunogenic death based on the analysis of 3 damage associate molecular patterns (DAMPs): calreticulin, ATP and HMGB1. Furthermore, local or systemic administration of a single dose of the virus showed anti-tumor efficacy against a liver cancer xenograft model in mice and significantly increased survival of treated mice. Lastly, PET scanning was performed following injection of the radioisotope I-124, for imaging of tumors, and a single dose of virus as low as 1E03 pfu, administered intratumorally (I.T.) or intravenously (I.V.), allowed for PET imaging of tumors. In conclusion, CF33-hNIS is safe and effective in controlling human tumor xenografts in nude mice, and it also facilitates non-invasive imaging of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Valencia
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Zhifang Zhang
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Sang-In Kim
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Annie Yang
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Jianming Lu
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Yanghee Woo
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | | | | | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
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13
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Lizana-Vasquez GD, Torres-Lugo M, Dixon R, Powderly JD, Warin RF. The application of autologous cancer immunotherapies in the age of memory-NK cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1167666. [PMID: 37205105 PMCID: PMC10185894 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1167666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular immunotherapy has revolutionized the oncology field, yielding improved results against hematological and solid malignancies. NK cells have become an attractive alternative due to their capacity to activate upon recognition of "stress" or "danger" signals independently of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) engagement, thus making tumor cells a perfect target for NK cell-mediated cancer immunotherapy even as an allogeneic solution. While this allogeneic use is currently favored, the existence of a characterized memory function for NK cells ("memory-like" NK cells) advocates for an autologous approach, that would benefit from the allogeneic setting discoveries, but with added persistence and specificity. Still, both approaches struggle to exert a sustained and high anticancer effect in-vivo due to the immunosuppressive tumor micro-environment and the logistical challenges of cGMP production or clinical deployment. Novel approaches focused on the quality enhancement and the consistent large-scale production of highly activated therapeutic memory-like NK cells have yielded encouraging but still unconclusive results. This review provides an overview of NK biology as it relates to cancer immunotherapy and the challenge presented by solid tumors for therapeutic NKs. After contrasting the autologous and allogeneic NK approaches for solid cancer immunotherapy, this work will present the current scientific focus for the production of highly persistent and cytotoxic memory-like NK cells as well as the current issues with production methods as they apply to stress-sensitive immune cells. In conclusion, autologous NK cells for cancer immunotherapy appears to be a prime alternative for front line therapeutics but to be successful, it will be critical to establish comprehensives infrastructures allowing the production of extremely potent NK cells while constraining costs of production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby D. Lizana-Vasquez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
- Cancer Research Clinic, Carolina BioOncology Institute (CBOI), Huntersville, NC, United States
| | - Madeline Torres-Lugo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
| | - R. Brent Dixon
- Cancer Research Clinic, Carolina BioOncology Institute (CBOI), Huntersville, NC, United States
- Human Applications Lab (HAL) - BioCytics, Huntersville, NC, United States
| | - John D. Powderly
- Cancer Research Clinic, Carolina BioOncology Institute (CBOI), Huntersville, NC, United States
- Human Applications Lab (HAL) - BioCytics, Huntersville, NC, United States
| | - Renaud F. Warin
- Cancer Research Clinic, Carolina BioOncology Institute (CBOI), Huntersville, NC, United States
- Human Applications Lab (HAL) - BioCytics, Huntersville, NC, United States
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14
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Lin J, Sun S, Zhao K, Gao F, Wang R, Li Q, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Li Y, Wang X, Du L, Wang S, Li Z, Lu H, Lan Y, Song D, Guo W, Chen Y, Gao F, Zhao Y, Fan R, Guan J, He W. Oncolytic Parapoxvirus induces Gasdermin E-mediated pyroptosis and activates antitumor immunity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:224. [PMID: 36641456 PMCID: PMC9840172 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35917-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The advantage of oncolytic viruses (OV) in cancer therapy is their dual effect of directly killing tumours while prompting anti-tumour immune response. Oncolytic parapoxvirus ovis (ORFV) and other OVs are thought to induce apoptosis, but apoptosis, being the immunogenically inert compared to other types of cell death, does not explain the highly inflamed microenvironment in OV-challenged tumors. Here we show that ORFV and its recombinant therapeutic derivatives are able to trigger tumor cell pyroptosis via Gasdermin E (GSDME). This effect is especially prominent in GSDME-low tumor cells, in which ORFV-challenge pre-stabilizes GSDME by decreasing its ubiquitination and subsequently initiates pyroptosis. Consistently, GSDME depletion reduces the proportion of intratumoral cytotoxic T lymphocytes, pyroptotic cell death and the success of tumor ORFV virotherapy. In vivo, the OV preferentially accumulates in the tumour upon systemic delivery and elicits pyroptotic tumor killing. Consequentially, ORFV sensitizes immunologically 'cold' tumors to checkpoint blockade. This study thus highlights the critical role of GSDME-mediated pyroptosis in oncolytic ORFV-based antitumor immunity and identifies combinatorial cancer therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 130062, Changchun, China
| | - Shihui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 130062, Changchun, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 130062, Changchun, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 130062, Changchun, China
| | - Renling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 130062, Changchun, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 130062, Changchun, China
| | - Yanlong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 130062, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 130062, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 130062, Changchun, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 130062, Changchun, China
| | - Le Du
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 130062, Changchun, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 130062, Changchun, China
| | - Zi Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 130062, Changchun, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 130062, Changchun, China
| | - Yungang Lan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 130062, Changchun, China
| | - Deguang Song
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 130062, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Hematology, The first hospital of Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, China
| | - Yujia Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The first hospital of Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 130062, Changchun, China
| | - Yicheng Zhao
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 130017, Changchun, China
| | - Rongrong Fan
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 14183, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jiyu Guan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 130062, Changchun, China.
| | - Wenqi He
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 130062, Changchun, China.
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15
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Deletion of gene OV132 attenuates Orf virus more effectively than gene OV112. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:835-851. [PMID: 36484827 PMCID: PMC9734686 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV), a Parapoxvirus in Poxviridae, infects sheep and goats resulting in contagious pustular dermatitis. ORFV is regarded as a promising viral vector candidate for vaccine development and oncolytic virotherapy. Owing to their potential clinical application, safety concerns have become increasingly important. Deletion of either the OV132 (encoding vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) or OV112 (encoding the chemokine binding protein, CBP) genes reduced ORFV infectivity, which has been independently demonstrated in the NZ2 and NZ7 strains, respectively. This study revealed that the VEGF and CBP gene sequences of the local strain (TW/Hoping) shared a similarity of 47.01% with NZ2 and 90.56% with NZ7. Due to the high sequence divergence of these two immunoregulatory genes among orf viral strains, their contribution to the pathogenicity of Taiwanese ORFV isolates was comparatively characterized. Initially, two ORFV recombinants were generated, in which either the VEGF or CBP gene was deleted and replaced with the reporter gene EGFP. In vitro assays indicated that both the VEGF-deletion mutant ORFV-VEGFΔ-EGFP and the CBP deletion mutant ORFV-CBPΔ-EGFP were attenuated in cells. In particular, ORFV-VEGFΔ-EGFP significantly reduced plaque size and virus yield compared to ORFV-CBPΔ-EGFP and the wild-type control. Similarly, in vivo analysis revealed no virus yield in the goat skin biopsy infected by ORFV-VEGFΔ-EGFP, and significantly reduced the virus yield of ORFV-CBPΔ-EGFP relative to the wild-type control. These results confirmed the loss of virulence of both deletion mutants in the Hoping strain, whereas the VEGF-deletion mutant was more attenuated than the CBP deletion strain in both cell and goat models. KEY POINTS: • VEGF and CBP genes are crucial in ORFV pathogenesis in the TW/Hoping strain • The VEGF-deletion mutant virus was severely attenuated in both cell culture and animal models • Deletion mutant viruses are advantageous vectors for the development of vaccines and therapeutic regimens.
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16
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Eilts F, Steger M, Pagallies F, Rziha HJ, Hardt M, Amann R, Wolff MW. Comparison of sample preparation techniques for the physicochemical characterization of Orf virus particles. J Virol Methods 2022; 310:114614. [PMID: 36084768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The determination of the electrostatic charge of biological nanoparticles requires a purified, mono-disperse, and concentrated sample. Previous studies proofed an impact of the preparation protocol on the stability and electro-hydrodynamics of viruses, whereas commonly used methods are often complex and do not allow the required sample throughput. In the present study, the application of the (I) steric exclusion chromatography (SXC) for the Orf virus (ORFV) purification and subsequent physicochemical characterization was evaluated and compared to (II) SXC followed by centrifugal diafiltration and (III) sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation. The three methods were characterized in terms of protein removal, size distribution, infectious virus recovery, visual appearance, and electrophoretic mobility as a function of pH. All preparation techniques achieved a protein removal of more than 99 %, and (I) an infectious ORFV recovery of more than 85 %. Monodisperse samples were realized by (I) and (III). In summary, ORFV samples prepared by (I) and (III) displayed comparable quality. Additionally, (I) offered the shortest operation time and easy application. Based on the obtained data, the three procedures were ranked according to eight criteria of possible practical relevance, which delineate the potential of SXC as virus preparation method for physicochemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Eilts
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Wiesenstr.14, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Marleen Steger
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Wiesenstr.14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Felix Pagallies
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hanns-Joachim Rziha
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Martin Hardt
- Imaging Unit, Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University, Schubertstraße 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ralf Amann
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; PRiME Vector Technologies, Herrenberger Straße 24, 72070 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael W Wolff
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Wiesenstr.14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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17
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Minott JA, van Vloten JP, Yates JGE, Chan L, Wood GA, Viloria-Petit AM, Karimi K, Petrik JJ, Wootton SK, Bridle BW. Multiplex flow cytometry-based assay for quantifying tumor- and virus-associated antibodies induced by immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1038340. [PMID: 36466867 PMCID: PMC9708883 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1038340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Novel immunotherapies continue to be developed and tested for application against a plethora of diseases. The clinical translation of immunotherapies requires an understanding of their mechanisms. The contributions of antibodies in driving long-term responses following immunotherapies continue to be revealed given their diverse effector functions. Developing an in-depth understanding of the role of antibodies in treatment efficacy is required to optimize immunotherapies and improve the chance of successfully translating them into the clinic. However, analyses of antibody responses can be challenging in the context of antigen-agnostic immunotherapies, particularly in the context of cancers that lack pre-defined target antigens. As such, robust methods are needed to evaluate the capacity of a given immunotherapy to induce beneficial antibody responses, and to identify any therapy-limiting antibodies. We previously developed a comprehensive method for detecting antibody responses induced by antigen-agnostic immunotherapies for application in pre-clinical models of vaccinology and cancer therapy. Here, we extend this method to a high-throughput, flow cytometry-based assay able to identify and quantify isotype-specific virus- and tumor-associated antibody responses induced by immunotherapies using small sample volumes with rapid speed and high sensitivity. This method provides a valuable and flexible protocol for investigating antibody responses induced by immunotherapies, which researchers can use to expand their analyses and optimize their own treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Minott
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jacob G. E. Yates
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Lily Chan
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A. Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - James J. Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah K. Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Byram W. Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- ImmunoCeutica Inc., Cambridge, ON, Canada
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18
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Eilts F, Lothert K, Orbay S, Pagallies F, Amann R, Wolff MW. A Summary of Practical Considerations for the Application of the Steric Exclusion Chromatography for the Purification of the Orf Viral Vector. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1070. [PMID: 36363625 PMCID: PMC9696199 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Steric exclusion chromatography (SXC) is a promising purification method for biological macromolecules such as the Orf virus (ORFV) vector. The method's principle is closely related to conventional polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, repeatedly implementing membranes as porous chromatographic media. In the past decade, several purification tasks with SXC showed exceptionally high yields and a high impurity removal. However, the effect of varying process parameters, on the precipitation success and its limitations to SXC, is not yet well understood. For this reason, the precipitation behavior and SXC adaptation for ORFV were investigated for the PEG/ORFV contact time, the membranes pore size, and the type and concentration of ions. All three parameters influenced the ORFV recoveries significantly. A small pore size and a long contact time induced filtration effects and inhibited a full virus recovery. The application of salts had complex concentration-dependent effects on precipitation and SXC yields, and ranged from a complete prevention of precipitation in the presence of kosmotropic substances to increased efficiencies with Mg2+ ions. The latter finding might be useful to reduce PEG concentrations while maintaining high yields. With this knowledge, we hope to clarify several limitations of SXC operations and improve the tool-set for a successful process adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Eilts
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Wiesenstr.14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Keven Lothert
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Wiesenstr.14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabri Orbay
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Wiesenstr.14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Felix Pagallies
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Amann
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- PRiME Vector Technologies, Herrenberger Straße 24, 72070 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael W. Wolff
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Wiesenstr.14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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19
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Minott JA, van Vloten JP, Chan L, Mehrani Y, Bridle BW, Karimi K. The Role of Neutrophils in Oncolytic Orf Virus-Mediated Cancer Immunotherapy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182858. [PMID: 36139433 PMCID: PMC9496759 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are innate leukocytes with diverse effector functions that allow them to respond to pathogens rapidly. Accumulating evidence has highlighted these cells’ complex roles in the host’s response to viral infections and tumor progression. Oncolytic virotherapy is emerging as a promising treatment modality in the armamentarium of cancer therapeutics. Oncolytic viruses preferentially kill cancer cells and stimulate tumor-associated inflammation, resulting in tumor regression. Assessing the activity of individual effector cell subsets following oncolytic virotherapy is important in identifying their contribution to antitumor immunity. In this study, we investigated the role of neutrophils in oncolytic Orf-virus-mediated immunotherapy in a murine model of pulmonary melanoma metastases. The systemic administration of the Orf virus stimulated a dramatic increase in the number of leukocytes in circulation and within the tumor microenvironment, most of which were neutrophils. Analysis of tumor-burdened lungs shortly after therapy revealed significant numbers of phenotypically immature neutrophils, with the enhanced expression of molecules affiliated with activation, migration, and cytotoxicity. Neutrophils stimulated by Orf virus therapy were directly tumoricidal through tumor necrosis factor-α-mediated effects and were required for optimal antitumor efficacy following Orf virus therapy. Taken together, these data reveal neutrophils as a crucial innate effector to consider when investigating oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Byram W. Bridle
- Correspondence: (B.W.B.); (K.K.); Tel.: +1-(519)-824-4120 (ext. 54657) (B.W.B.); +1-(519)-824-4120 (ext. 54668) (K.K.)
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Correspondence: (B.W.B.); (K.K.); Tel.: +1-(519)-824-4120 (ext. 54657) (B.W.B.); +1-(519)-824-4120 (ext. 54668) (K.K.)
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20
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Wang R, Mo J, Luo X, Zhang G, Liu F, Luo S. ORFV infection enhances CXCL16 secretion and causes oncolysis of lung cancer cells through immunogenic apoptosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:910466. [PMID: 35959371 PMCID: PMC9358046 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.910466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have been emerging as a promising therapeutic option for cancer patients, including lung cancer. Orf virus (ORFV), a DNA parapoxvirus, can infect its natural ungulate hosts and transmit into humans. Moreover, the ORFV has advantages of low toxicity, high targeted, self-amplification and can induce potent Th1-like immunity. This study explored the therapeutic potential of ORFV infection for human lung cancer therapy and investigated the molecular mechanisms. We used a previously described ORFV NA1/11 strain and tested the oncolysis of ORFV NA1/11 in two lines of lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of both cell lines with ORFV NA1/11 resulted in a decrease in cell viability by inducing cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase, suppressing cyclin B1 expression and increasing their apoptosis in a caspase-dependent manner. The ORFV NA1/11-infected lung cancer cells were highly immunogenic. Evidently, ORFV NA1/11 infection of lung cancer cells induced oncolysis of tumor cells to release danger-associated molecular patterns, and promoted dendritic cell maturation, and CD8 T cell infiltration in the tumors by enhancing CXCL16 secretion. These findings may help to understand the molecular mechanisms of ORFV oncolysis and aid in the development of novel therapies for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Jingying Mo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Xiaoshan Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Guixian Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Shuhong Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Shuhong Luo,
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21
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van Vloten JP, Matuszewska K, Minow MAA, Minott JA, Santry LA, Pereira M, Stegelmeier AA, McAusland TM, Klafuric EM, Karimi K, Colasanti J, McFadden DG, Petrik JJ, Bridle BW, Wootton SK. Oncolytic Orf virus licenses NK cells via cDC1 to activate innate and adaptive antitumor mechanisms and extends survival in a murine model of late-stage ovarian cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-004335. [PMID: 35296558 PMCID: PMC8928368 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel therapies are needed to improve outcomes for women diagnosed with ovarian cancer. Oncolytic viruses are multifunctional immunotherapeutic biologics that preferentially infect cancer cells and stimulate inflammation with the potential to generate antitumor immunity. Herein we describe Parapoxvirus ovis (Orf virus (OrfV)), an oncolytic poxvirus, as a viral immunotherapy for ovarian cancer. METHODS The immunotherapeutic potential of OrfV was tested in the ID8 orthotopic mouse model of end-stage epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Immune cell profiling, impact on secondary lesion development and survival were evaluated in OrfV-treated mice as well as in Batf3 knockout, mice depleted of specific immune cell subsets and in mice where the primary tumor was removed. Finally, we interrogated gene expression datasets from primary human ovarian tumors from the International Cancer Genome Consortium database to determine whether the interplay we observed between natural killer (NK) cells, classical type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1s) and T cells exists and influences outcomes in human ovarian cancer. RESULTS OrfV was an effective monotherapy in a murine model of advanced-stage epithelial ovarian cancer. OrfV intervention relied on NK cells, which when depleted abrogated antitumor CD8+ T-cell responses. OrfV therapy was shown to require cDC1s in experiments with BATF3 knockout mice, which do not have mature cDC1s. Furthermore, cDC1s governed antitumor NK and T-cell responses to mediate antitumor efficacy following OrfV. Primary tumor removal, a common treatment option in human patients, was effectively combined with OrfV for optimal therapeutic outcome. Analysis of human RNA sequencing datasets revealed that cDC1s correlate with NK cells in human ovarian cancer and that intratumoral NK cells correlate positively with survival. CONCLUSIONS The data herein support the translational potential of OrfV as an NK stimulating immunotherapeutic for the treatment of advanced-stage ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathy Matuszewska
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark A A Minow
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica A Minott
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa A Santry
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madison Pereira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Thomas M McAusland
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elaine M Klafuric
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Colasanti
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Grant McFadden
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - James J Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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22
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van Vloten JP, Minott JA, McAusland TM, Ingrao JC, Santry LA, McFadden G, Petrik JJ, Bridle BW, Wootton SK. Production and purification of high-titer OrfV for preclinical studies in vaccinology and cancer therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 23:434-447. [PMID: 34786436 PMCID: PMC8579082 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Poxviruses have been used extensively as vaccine vectors for human and veterinary medicine and have recently entered the clinical realm as immunotherapies for cancer. We present a comprehensive method for producing high-quality lots of the poxvirus Parapoxvirus ovis (OrfV) for use in preclinical models of vaccinology and cancer therapy. OrfV is produced using a permissive sheep skin-derived cell line and is released from infected cells by repeated freeze-thaw combined with sonication. We present two methods for isolation and purification of bulk virus. Isolated virus is concentrated to high titer using polyethylene glycol to produce the final in vivo-grade product. We also describe methods for quantifying OrfV infectious virions and determining genomic copy number to evaluate virus stocks. The methods herein will provide researchers with the ability to produce high-quality, high-titer OrfV for use in preclinical studies, and support the translation of OrfV-derived technologies into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jessica A Minott
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Thomas M McAusland
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Joelle C Ingrao
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lisa A Santry
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Grant McFadden
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - James J Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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23
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Warricker F, Khakoo SI, Blunt MD. The role of NK cells in oncolytic viral therapy: a focus on hepatocellular carcinoma. JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL GENETICS AND GENOMICS 2021; 5:304-322. [PMID: 34888493 PMCID: PMC7612080 DOI: 10.20517/jtgg.2021.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have a key role in host anti-tumour immune responses via direct killing of tumour cells and promotion of adaptive immune responses. They are therefore attractive targets to promote the anti-tumour efficacy of oncolytic viral therapies. However, NK cells are also potent components of the host anti-viral immune response, and therefore have the potential for detrimental anti-viral responses, limiting the spread and persistence of oncolytic viruses. Oncolytic viruses are currently being investigated for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a leading cause of cancer-related death with a high unmet clinical need. In this review, we highlight the role of NK cells in oncolytic virus therapy, their potential for improving treatment options for patients with HCC, and discuss current and potential strategies targeting NK cells in combination with oncolytic viral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frazer Warricker
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Salim I Khakoo
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Matthew D Blunt
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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24
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Lothert K, Pagallies F, Eilts F, Sivanesapillai A, Hardt M, Moebus A, Feger T, Amann R, Wolff MW. A scalable downstream process for the purification of the cell culture-derived Orf virus for human or veterinary applications. J Biotechnol 2020; 323:221-230. [PMID: 32860824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The large demand for safe and efficient viral vector-based vaccines and gene therapies against both inherited and acquired diseases accelerates the development of viral vectors. One outstanding example, the Orf virus, has a wide range of applications, a superior efficacy and an excellent safety profile combined with a reduced pathogenicity compared to other viral vectors. However, besides these favorable attributes, an efficient and scalable downstream process still needs to be developed. Recently, we screened potential chromatographic stationary phases for Orf virus purification. Based on these previous accomplishments, we developed a complete downstream process for the cell culture-derived Orf virus. The described process comprises a membrane-based clarification step, a nuclease treatment, steric exclusion chromatography, and a secondary chromatographic purification step using Capto® Core 700 resin. The applicability of this process to a variety of diverse Orf virus vectors was shown, testing two different genotypes. These studies render the possibility to apply the developed downstream scheme for both genotypes, and lead to overall virus yields of about 64 %, with step recoveries of >70 % for the clarification, and >90 % for the chromatography train. Protein concentrations of the final product are below the detection limits, and the final DNA concentration of about 1 ng per 1E + 06 infective virus units resembles a total DNA depletion of 96-98 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keven Lothert
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Giessen, Germany
| | - Felix Pagallies
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Friederike Eilts
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Giessen, Germany
| | - Arabi Sivanesapillai
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Hardt
- Imaging Unit, Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anna Moebus
- Imaging Unit, Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Feger
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Amann
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael W Wolff
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Giessen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Giessen, Germany.
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25
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Lothert K, Pagallies F, Feger T, Amann R, Wolff MW. Selection of chromatographic methods for the purification of cell culture-derived Orf virus for its application as a vaccine or viral vector. J Biotechnol 2020; 323:62-72. [PMID: 32763261 PMCID: PMC7403136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Estimation of the isoelectric point and size of Vero cell-derived Orf virus. Limited dynamic binding capacity of tested Orf virus to sulfated cellulose. Purification of Orf virus by steric exclusion chromatography lead to 84 % recovery. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography suitable for Orf virus purification. Promising unit operations for a scalable DSP to produce Orf virus viral vectors.
In recent years, the Orf virus has become a promising tool for protective recombinant vaccines and oncolytic therapy. However, suitable methods for an Orf virus production, including up- and downstream, are very limited. The presented study focuses on downstream processing, describing the evaluation of different chromatographic unit operations. In this context, ion exchange-, pseudo-affinity- and steric exclusion chromatography were employed for the purification of the cell culture-derived Orf virus, aiming at a maximum in virus recovery and contaminant depletion. The most promising chromatographic methods for capturing the virus particles were the steric exclusion- or salt-tolerant anion exchange membrane chromatography, recovering 84 % and 86 % of the infectious virus. Combining the steric exclusion chromatography with a subsequent Capto™ Core 700 resin or hydrophobic interaction membrane chromatography as a secondary chromatographic step, overall virus recoveries of up to 76 % were achieved. Furthermore, a complete cellular protein removal and a host cell DNA depletion of up to 82 % was possible for the steric exclusion membranes and the Capto™ Core 700 combination. The study reveals a range of possible unit operations suited for the chromatographic purification of the cell culture-derived Orf virus, depending on the intended application, i.e. a human or veterinary use, and the required purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keven Lothert
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Giessen, Germany
| | - Felix Pagallies
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Feger
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Amann
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael W Wolff
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Giessen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Giessen, Germany.
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26
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Orf Virus-Based Therapeutic Vaccine for Treatment of Papillomavirus-Induced Tumors. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00398-20. [PMID: 32404527 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00398-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) represents a suitable vector for the generation of efficient, prophylactic antiviral vaccines against different pathogens. The present study investigated for the first time the therapeutic application of ORFV vector-based vaccines against tumors induced by cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV). ORFV-CRPV recombinants were constructed expressing the early CRPV gene E1, E2, E7, or LE6. In two independent experiments we used in total 23 rabbits which were immunized with a mixture of the four ORFV-CRPV recombinants or empty ORFV vector as a control 5 weeks after the appearance of skin tumors. For the determination of the therapeutic efficacy, the subsequent growth of the tumors was recorded. In the first experiment, we could demonstrate that three immunizations of rabbits with high tumor burden with the combined four ORFV-CRPV recombinants resulted in significant growth retardation of the tumors compared to the control. A second experiment was performed to test the therapeutic effect of 5 doses of the combined vaccine in rabbits with a lower tumor burden than in nonimmunized rabbits. Tumor growth was significantly reduced after immunization, and one vaccinated rabbit even displayed complete tumor regression until the end of the observation period at 26 weeks. Results of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin tests suggest the induction of a cellular immune response mediated by the ORFV-CRPV vaccine. The data presented show for the first time a therapeutic potential of the ORFV vector platform and encourage further studies for the development of a therapeutic vaccine against virus-induced tumors.IMPORTANCE Viral vectors are widely used for the development of therapeutic vaccines for the treatment of tumors. In our study we have used Orf virus (ORFV) strain D1701-V for the generation of recombinant vaccines expressing cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) early proteins E1, E2, LE6, and E7. The therapeutic efficacy of the ORFV-CRPV vaccines was evaluated in two independent experiments using the outbred CRPV rabbit model. In both experiments the immunization achieved significant suppression of tumor growth. In total, 84.6% of all outbred animals benefited from the ORFV-CRPV vaccination, showing reduction in tumor size and significant tumor growth inhibition, including one animal with complete tumor regression without recurrence.
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27
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Marotel M, Hasim MS, Hagerman A, Ardolino M. The two-faces of NK cells in oncolytic virotherapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 56:59-68. [PMID: 32586674 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are immunotherapeutics capable of directly killing cancer cells and with potent immunostimulatory properties. OVs exert their antitumor effect, at least partially, by activating the antitumor immune response, of which NK cells are an important component. However, if on the one hand increasing evidence revealed that NK cells are important mediators of oncolytic virotherapy, on the other hand, NK cells have evolved to fight viral infections, and therefore they can have a detrimental effect for the efficacy of OVs. In this review, we will discuss the dichotomy between the antitumor and antiviral functions of NK cells related to oncolytic virotherapy. We will also review NK cell-based and OV-based therapies, engineered OVs aimed at enhancing immune stimulation, and combination therapies involving OVs and NK cells currently used in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marotel
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa, Canada; Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - M S Hasim
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa, Canada; Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - A Hagerman
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa, Canada; Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; University of Ottawa, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa, Canada
| | - M Ardolino
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa, Canada; Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; University of Ottawa, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa, Canada.
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28
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Briones JC, Espulgar WV, Koyama S, Yoshikawa H, Park J, Naito Y, Kumanogoh A, Tamiya E, Takamatsu H, Saito M. A Microfluidic Platform for Single Cell Fluorometric Granzyme B Profiling. Theranostics 2020; 10:123-132. [PMID: 31903110 PMCID: PMC6929635 DOI: 10.7150/thno.37728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Granzyme B (GrB) is an essential cytotoxic effector in cancer immunotherapy as it can be a potential biomarker to predict the efficacy of immunotherapies including checkpoint inhibitors. Monitoring the Granzyme B activity in cells would help determine a patient's clinical response to treatment and lead to better treatment strategies by preventing administration of ineffective therapies and avoid adverse events resulting in a delay in subsequent treatment. Methods: A microfluidic device with hydrodynamic traps and pneumatic valving system was fabricated using photo and soft lithography. Single cell Granzyme B (GrB) activity was detected and measured fluorometrically using a commercial assay kit with a peptide substrate containing GrB recognition sequence (Ac-IEPD-AFC) and AFC (7-Amino-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin) label. Fluorescence was observed and measured using a confocal microscope with CSU-W1 scanner unit and CCD camera as well as an inverted microscope with photodetector. Model cells (NK-92, GrB-transduced Jurkat, and THP1 cells) and human PBMCs from healthy donor and lung cancer patients including an anti-PD-1 antibody treated patient were profiled of its GrB activity as proof of concept. Results: GrB expression from the model cells was found to be markedly different. NK-92 cells were found to have higher GrB activity than the GrB-transduced Jurkat cells. THP-1 was found to have relatively no significant activity. A marked increase in GrB expression was also observed in anti-PD-1 treated lung cancer patient sample in comparison to PBMC from a healthy donor. TCR+ Ig-G4+ PBMC cells were found to have high activity which signifies a clear response to PD-1 blockade. Conclusion: As proof of concept, we have shown the capability of a microfluidic platform to measure GrB production through a single cell enzymatic activity assay. Our platform might be a promising tool for evaluating the sensitivity of immunotherapies and identifying specific T cell subset responsible for the anti-tumor response.
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29
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Yamada Y, Liao GR, Tseng CY, Tseng YY, Hsu WL. Establishment and characterization of transformed goat primary cells by expression of simian virus 40 large T antigen for orf virus propagations. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226105. [PMID: 31805146 PMCID: PMC6894772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the limited host range of orf virus (ORFV), primary cells derived from its natural hosts, such as goats and sheep, are recommended for isolation and propagation of wild type ORFV. This situation limits the option for the study of virus-host interaction during ORFV infection since primary cells only support a few numbers of passages. SV40 T antigen is a viral oncoprotein that can abrogate replicative senescence, leading to an extended life span of cells. In this study, the transformation of two goat primary cells, fibroblast (FB) and testis (GT) cells, were achieved by stably expressing SV40 T antigen using the lentiviral technique. The presence of the gene encoding SV40 T antigen was validated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot analyses. As evidenced by immunofluorescent microscopy, the two types of cells expressing SV40 T antigen (namely, FBT and GTT) were purified to homogeneity. Moreover, faster growth kinetics and a lower serum dependency were noticed in FBT and GTT, as compared with their counterpart parental cells. FBT and GTT remain permissive and can form plaque of ORFV, despite with different profiles; generally speaking, with SV40 T expression, ORFV forms plaques with smaller size and distinct margin. Most importantly, the prolonged life span of goat FBT and GTT serves as an ideal cell culture resource for ORFV isolation from the field, studies of ORFV pathogenesis and efficient vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Yamada
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ru Liao
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yeu-Yang Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Wei-Li Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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30
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van Vloten JP, Klafuric EM, Karimi K, McFadden G, Petrik JJ, Wootton SK, Bridle BW. Quantifying Antibody Responses Induced by Antigen-Agnostic Immunotherapies. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 14:189-196. [PMID: 31388514 PMCID: PMC6677899 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As the development and clinical application of cancer immunotherapies continue to expand, so does the need for novel methods to dissect their mechanisms of action. Antibodies are important effector molecules in cancer therapies due to their potential to bind directly to surface-expressed antigens and facilitate Fc receptor-mediated uptake of antigens by antigen-presenting cells. Quantifying antibodies that are specific for defined antigens is straightforward. However, we describe herein a preclinical method to evaluate tumor-associated and virus-specific antibody responses to antigen-agnostic immunotherapies. This method uses autologous tumor cells as reservoirs of bulk tumor antigens, which can be bound by antibodies from the serum or plasma of tumor-bearing mice. These antibodies can then be detected and quantified using isotype-specific secondary antibodies conjugated to a fluorochrome. Alternatively, virus-infected cells can be used as a source of viral antigens. This method will enable researchers to assess antibody responses following immunotherapies without requiring pre-defined antigens. Alternatively, total virus-specific antibody responses could be studied as an alternative to more limited virus-neutralizing antibody assays. Therefore, this method can facilitate studying the role of humoral responses in the context of immunotherapies, including those that rely on the use of viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Elaine M Klafuric
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Grant McFadden
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - James J Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Treatment of Metastatic Disease through Natural Killer Cell Modulation by Infected Cell Vaccines. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050434. [PMID: 31083491 PMCID: PMC6563237 DOI: 10.3390/v11050434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are a form of immunotherapy that release tumor antigens in the context of highly immunogenic viral signals following tumor-targeted infection and destruction. Emerging preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that this in situ vaccine effect is critical for successful viro-immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the application of OV as an infected cell vaccine (ICV) as one method of enhancing the potency and breadth of anti-tumoral immunity. We focus on understanding and manipulating the critical role of natural killer (NK) cells and their interactions with other immune cells to promote a clinical outcome. With a synergistic tumor killing and immune activating mechanism, ICVs represent a valuable new addition to the cancer fighting toolbox with the potential to treat malignant disease.
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32
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Ricordel M, Foloppe J, Pichon C, Findeli A, Tosch C, Cordier P, Cochin S, Quémeneur E, Camus-Bouclainville C, Bertagnoli S, Erbs P. Oncolytic properties of non-vaccinia poxviruses. Oncotarget 2018; 9:35891-35906. [PMID: 30542506 PMCID: PMC6267605 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus, a member of the Poxviridae family, has been extensively used as an oncolytic agent and has entered late stage clinical development. In this study, we evaluated the potential oncolytic properties of other members of the Poxviridae family. Numerous tumor cell lines were infected with ten non-vaccinia poxviruses to identify which virus displayed the most potential as an oncolytic agent. Cell viability indicated that tumor cell lines were differentially susceptible to each virus. Raccoonpox virus was the most potent of the tested poxviruses and was highly effective in controlling cell growth in all tumor cell lines. To investigate further the oncolytic capacity of the Raccoonpox virus, we have generated a thymidine kinase (TK)-deleted recombinant Raccoonpox virus expressing the suicide gene FCU1. This TK-deleted Raccoonpox virus was notably attenuated in normal primary cells but replicated efficiently in numerous tumor cell lines. In human colon cancer xenograft model, a single intratumoral inoculation of the recombinant Raccoonpox virus, in combination with 5-fluorocytosine administration, produced relevant tumor growth control. The results demonstrated significant antitumoral activity of this new modified Raccoonpox virus armed with FCU1 and this virus could be considered to be included into the growing armamentarium of oncolytic virotherapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Ricordel
- Transgene SA, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67405, France.,Current address: Polyplus-transfection SA, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67400, France
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33
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Wang R, Wang Y, Liu F, Luo S. Orf virus: A promising new therapeutic agent. Rev Med Virol 2018; 29:e2013. [PMID: 30370570 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The orf virus (ORFV) is a zoonotic, epitheliotropic, DNA parapoxvirus that infects principally sheep and goats. Exposure of animals to the virus or immunization by an ORFV preparation can accentuate the severity of disease, which has provoked an interest in the underlying cellular, virological, and molecular mechanisms. The identified ORFV virulence genes and the fact that the virus can repeatedly infect a host, owing to its evasive mechanisms, contribute to the development of potent immune modulators in various animal species. ORFV has been developed as a vaccine in veterinary medicine. The unique host immune-evasion ability of ORFV has made it an important candidate for vaccine vectors and biological agents (as an oncolytic virus). Genetic modifications using ORFV to obtain safe and efficient preparations and mechanistic studies are improvements to the currently available methods for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shuhong Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
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34
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Chaurasiya S, Chen NG, Fong Y. Oncolytic viruses and immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 51:83-90. [PMID: 29550660 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Initially, direct oncolysis was thought to be the sole mechanism through which oncolytic viruses (OVs) exert their anti-tumor effect, and the immune system was perceived as the major obstacle in oncolytic virotherapy. Over the last decade, there has been a lot of debate on whether the immune system is a friend or foe of OVs. However, we are now at a stage where the initial thinking has been reversed as a result of compelling evidence that the immune system plays a critical role in the success of oncolytic virotherapy. In this review we discuss the importance of the involvement of innate and adaptive immunity for therapeutic efficacy of OVs, and the rational combination of OVs with other immunotherapies for further enhancement of overall therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nanhai G Chen
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA; Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA; Gene Editing and Viral Vector Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA; Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
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35
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Danziger O, Shai B, Sabo Y, Bacharach E, Ehrlich M. Combined genetic and epigenetic interferences with interferon signaling expose prostate cancer cells to viral infection. Oncotarget 2018; 7:52115-52134. [PMID: 27366948 PMCID: PMC5239539 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) induce anti-viral programs, regulate immune responses, and exert anti-proliferative effects. To escape anti-tumorigenic effects of IFNs, malignant cells attenuate JAK/STAT signaling and expression of IFN stimulated genes (ISGs). Such attenuation may enhance the susceptibility of tumor cells to oncolytic virotherapy. Here we studied genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of interference with JAK/STAT signaling and their contribution to susceptibility of prostate cancer cells to viral infection. Bioinformatics analysis of gene-expression in cohorts of prostate cancer patients revealed genetic and epigenetic interference with the IFN program. To correlate lack of IFN signaling and susceptibility to viral infection and oncolysis; we employed LNCaP prostate cancer cells as cellular model, and the human metapneumovirus and the epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus as infectious agents. In LNCaP cells, JAK1 is silenced by bi-allelic inactivating mutations and epigenetic silencing, which also silences ISGs. Chemical inhibition of epigenetic silencing partially restored IFN-sensitivity, induced low levels of expression of selected ISGs and attenuated, but failed to block, viral infection and oncolysis. Since viral infection was not blocked by epigenetic modifiers, and these compounds may independently-induce anti-tumor effects, we propose that epigenetic modifiers and virotherapy are compatible in treatment of prostate tumors defective in JAK1 expression and IFN signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oded Danziger
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ben Shai
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yosef Sabo
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Bacharach
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marcelo Ehrlich
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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36
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Handler N, Handler M, Rubins A, Rubins S, Septe M, Janniger C, Schwartz R. Milker's nodule: an occupational infection and threat to the immunocompromised. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2018; 32:537-541. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N.S. Handler
- Dermatology Department; New Jersey Medical School; Rutgers University School of Public Affairs and Administration; Newark NJ USA
| | - M.Z. Handler
- Dermatology Department; New Jersey Medical School; Rutgers University School of Public Affairs and Administration; Newark NJ USA
| | - A. Rubins
- Department of Dermatovenerology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Latvia; Riga Latvia
| | - S. Rubins
- Department of Dermatovenerology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Latvia; Riga Latvia
| | - M. Septe
- Department of Dermatovenerology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Latvia; Riga Latvia
| | - C.K. Janniger
- Dermatology Department; New Jersey Medical School; Rutgers University School of Public Affairs and Administration; Newark NJ USA
| | - R.A. Schwartz
- Dermatology Department; New Jersey Medical School; Rutgers University School of Public Affairs and Administration; Newark NJ USA
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37
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Choi AH, O'Leary MP, Chaurasiya S, Lu J, Kim SI, Fong Y, Chen NG. Novel chimeric parapoxvirus CF189 as an oncolytic immunotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer. Surgery 2017; 163:336-342. [PMID: 29174433 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer with high recurrence rate and poor prognosis. Here we describe a novel, genetically engineered parapoxvirus that efficiently kills triple-negative breast cancer. METHODS A novel chimeric parapoxvirus (CF189) was generated via homologous recombination and identified through high-throughput screening. Cytotoxicity was assayed in vitro in 4 triple-negative breast cancer cell lines. Viral replication was examined through standard plaque assay. Orthotopic triple-negative breast cancer xenografts were generated by MDA-MB-468 implantation into the 2nd and 4th mammary fat pads of athymic nude mice and treated with the virus. RESULTS Chimeric parapoxvirus (CF189) demonstrated dose-dependent cytotoxicity at low multiplicity of infection, with > 80% cell death 6 days after treatment. Significant reductions in tumor size were observed 2 weeks after intratumoral injection at doses as low as 103 plaque-forming units (PFU) compared with control (P < 0.01). In addition, abscopal effect (shrinkage of noninjected remote tumors) was clearly demonstrated. CONCLUSION Chimeric parapoxvirus (CF189) demonstrated efficient cytotoxicity in vitro and potent antitumor effect in vivo at doses as low as 103 PFU. These are data encouraging of clinical development for this highly potent agent against triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey H Choi
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Michael P O'Leary
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | | | - Jianming Lu
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Sang-In Kim
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA; Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Nanhai G Chen
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA; Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA.
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38
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Ricordel M, Foloppe J, Pichon C, Sfrontato N, Antoine D, Tosch C, Cochin S, Cordier P, Quemeneur E, Camus-Bouclainville C, Bertagnoli S, Erbs P. Cowpox Virus: A New and Armed Oncolytic Poxvirus. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2017; 7:1-11. [PMID: 28951885 PMCID: PMC5607123 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virus therapy has recently been recognized as a promising new therapeutic approach for cancer treatment. In this study, we are proposing for the first time to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo oncolytic capacities of the Cowpox virus (CPXV). To improve the tumor selectivity and oncolytic activity, we developed a thymidine kinase (TK)-deleted CPXV expressing the suicide gene FCU1, which converts the non-toxic prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) into cytotoxic 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and 5-fluorouridine-5′-monophosphate (5-FUMP). This TK-deleted virus replicated efficiently in human tumor cell lines; however, it was notably attenuated in normal primary cells, thus displaying a good therapeutic index. Furthermore, this new recombinant poxvirus rendered cells sensitive to 5-FC. In vivo, after systemic injection in mice, the TK-deleted variant caused significantly less mortality than the wild-type strain. A biodistribution study demonstrated high tumor selectivity and low accumulation in normal tissues. In human xenograft models of solid tumors, the recombinant CPXV also displayed high replication, inducing relevant tumor growth inhibition. This anti-tumor effect was improved by 5-FC co-administration. These results demonstrated that CPXV is a promising oncolytic vector capable of expressing functional therapeutic transgenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Ricordel
- TRANSGENE S.A, 400 Boulevard Gonthier d'Andernach, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Johann Foloppe
- TRANSGENE S.A, 400 Boulevard Gonthier d'Andernach, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Christelle Pichon
- TRANSGENE S.A, 400 Boulevard Gonthier d'Andernach, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Nathalie Sfrontato
- TRANSGENE S.A, 400 Boulevard Gonthier d'Andernach, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Delphine Antoine
- TRANSGENE S.A, 400 Boulevard Gonthier d'Andernach, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Caroline Tosch
- TRANSGENE S.A, 400 Boulevard Gonthier d'Andernach, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Sandrine Cochin
- TRANSGENE S.A, 400 Boulevard Gonthier d'Andernach, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Pascale Cordier
- TRANSGENE S.A, 400 Boulevard Gonthier d'Andernach, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Eric Quemeneur
- TRANSGENE S.A, 400 Boulevard Gonthier d'Andernach, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Erbs
- TRANSGENE S.A, 400 Boulevard Gonthier d'Andernach, 67400 Illkirch, France
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Rubins A, Rubins S, Handler NS, Janniger CK, Schwartz RA, Septe M. MILKER’S NODULE. A PERPLEXING FARMYARD INFECTION AND THREAT TO THE IMMUNOCOMPROMISED. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2017. [DOI: 10.25208/0042-4609-2017-93-3-42-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Milker’s nodules, also called paravaccinia, is a DNA virus transmitted from infected cows to humans. It results from contact with cattle, cattle byproducts, or fomites. Classified as an occupational disorder, those at risk of exposure include farmers, butchers, and agricultural tourists. The viral infection begins 5—15 days after inoculation as an erythematous-purple, round nodule with a clear depressed center, and a surrounding erythematous ring. While familiar to those in farming communities, the presence of the nodule may be concerning to others, particularly the immunosuppressed. Milker’s nodules are selflimited in immunocompetent individuals and heal without scarring within 8 weeks. Another member of the Parapoxvirus genus, the orf virus, is also transmitted from animals to humans by direct-contact. While complications are rare, hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients are at risk of graft-versus-host disease, as the parapoxvirus may trigger these complications in immunocompromised individuals. In addition, paravaccinia may serve as the antigen source for the development of erythema multiforme. The unique structure and replication process of viruses in the Poxvirus family, while includes the Parapoxvirus genus, have been a focus for treatment of infections and cancer. Manipulation of these viruses has demonstrated promising therapeutic possibilities as vectors for vaccines and oncologic therapy.
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40
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Chen D, Long M, Xiao B, Xiong Y, Chen H, Chen Y, Kuang Z, Li M, Wu Y, Rock DL, Gong D, Wang Y, He H, Liu F, Luo S, Hao W. Transcriptomic profiles of human foreskin fibroblast cells in response to orf virus. Oncotarget 2017; 8:58668-58685. [PMID: 28938587 PMCID: PMC5601683 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus has been utilized as a safe and efficient viral vector against not only diverse infectious diseases, but also against tumors. However, the nature of the genes triggered by the vector in human cells is poorly characterized. Using RNA sequencing technology, we compared specific changes in the transcriptomic profiles in human foreskin fibroblast cells following infection by the orf virus. The results indicated that orf virus upregulates or downregulates expression of a variety of genes, including genes involved in antiviral immune response, apoptosis, cell cycle and a series of signaling pathways, such as the IFN and p53-signaling pathways. The orf virus stimulates or inhibits immune gene expression such as chemokines, chemokine receptors, cytokines, cytokine receptors, and molecules involved in antigen uptake and processing after infection. Expression of pro-apoptotic genes increased at 8 hours post-infection. The p53 signaling pathway was activated to induce apoptosis at the same time. However, the cell cycle program was promoted after infection, which may be due to the immunomodulatory genes of the orf virus. This presents the first description of transcription profile changes in human foreskin fibroblast cells after orf virus infection and provides an in-depth analysis of the interaction between the host and orf virus. These data offer new insights into the understanding of the mechanisms of infection by orf virus and identify potential targets for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxiang Chen
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P.R. China
| | - Mingjian Long
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P.R. China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA, Guangzhou, 510010, P.R. China
| | - Yufeng Xiong
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P.R. China
| | - Huiqin Chen
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhan Kuang
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P.R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P.R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yingsong Wu
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P.R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P.R. China
| | - Daniel L Rock
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL 61802 USA
| | - Daoyuan Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Chancheng District, Foshan, Guangdong Province, 528000 P.R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Chancheng District, Foshan, Guangdong Province, 528000 P.R. China
| | - Haijian He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Chancheng District, Foshan, Guangdong Province, 528000 P.R. China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Chancheng District, Foshan, Guangdong Province, 528000 P.R. China
| | - Shuhong Luo
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P.R. China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Chancheng District, Foshan, Guangdong Province, 528000 P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Hao
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P.R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P.R. China
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Replication and Oncolytic Activity of an Avian Orthoreovirus in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Viruses 2017; 9:v9040090. [PMID: 28441762 PMCID: PMC5408696 DOI: 10.3390/v9040090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are cancer therapeutics with promising outcomes in pre-clinical and clinical settings. Animal viruses have the possibility to avoid pre-existing immunity in humans, while being safe and immunostimulatory. We isolated an avian orthoreovirus (ARV-PB1), and tested it against a panel of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. We found that ARV-PB1 replicated well and induced strong cytopathic effects. It was determined that one mechanism of cell death was through syncytia formation, resulting in apoptosis and induction of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs). As hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide, we investigated the effect of ARV-PB1 against cells already infected with this virus. Both HCV replicon-containing and infected cells supported ARV-PB1 replication and underwent cytolysis. Finally, we generated in silico models to compare the structures of human reovirus- and ARV-PB1-derived S1 proteins, which are the primary targets of neutralizing antibodies. Tertiary alignments confirmed that ARV-PB1 differs from its human homolog, suggesting that immunity to human reoviruses would not be a barrier to its use. Therefore, ARV-PB1 can potentially expand the repertoire of oncolytic viruses for treatment of human hepatocellular carcinoma and other malignancies.
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42
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Falls T, Roy DG, Bell JC, Bourgeois-Daigneault MC. Murine Tumor Models for Oncolytic Rhabdo-Virotherapy. ILAR J 2017; 57:73-85. [PMID: 27034397 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilv048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The preclinical optimization and validation of novel treatments for cancer therapy requires the use of laboratory animals. Although in vitro experiments using tumor cell lines and ex vivo treatment of patient tumor samples provide a remarkable first-line tool for the initial study of tumoricidal potential, tumor-bearing animals remain the primary option to study delivery, efficacy, and safety of therapies in the context of a complete tumor microenvironment and functional immune system. In this review, we will describe the use of murine tumor models for oncolytic virotherapy using vesicular stomatitis virus. We will discuss studies using immunocompetent and immunodeficient models with respect to toxicity and therapeutic treatments, as well as the various techniques and tools available to study cancer therapy with Rhabdoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Falls
- Theresa Falls is a research technician at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada. Dominic Guy Roy is a Ph.D candidate at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada, and a Ph.D candidate in the Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Department at the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Canada. John Cameron Bell is a senior researcher at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada, and professor in the Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Department at the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Canada. Marie-Claude Bourgeois-Daigneault is a postdoctoral fellow at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada, and a postdoctoral fellow in the Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Department at the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Canada
| | - Dominic Guy Roy
- Theresa Falls is a research technician at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada. Dominic Guy Roy is a Ph.D candidate at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada, and a Ph.D candidate in the Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Department at the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Canada. John Cameron Bell is a senior researcher at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada, and professor in the Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Department at the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Canada. Marie-Claude Bourgeois-Daigneault is a postdoctoral fellow at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada, and a postdoctoral fellow in the Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Department at the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Canada
| | - John Cameron Bell
- Theresa Falls is a research technician at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada. Dominic Guy Roy is a Ph.D candidate at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada, and a Ph.D candidate in the Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Department at the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Canada. John Cameron Bell is a senior researcher at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada, and professor in the Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Department at the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Canada. Marie-Claude Bourgeois-Daigneault is a postdoctoral fellow at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada, and a postdoctoral fellow in the Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Department at the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Bourgeois-Daigneault
- Theresa Falls is a research technician at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada. Dominic Guy Roy is a Ph.D candidate at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada, and a Ph.D candidate in the Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Department at the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Canada. John Cameron Bell is a senior researcher at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada, and professor in the Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Department at the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Canada. Marie-Claude Bourgeois-Daigneault is a postdoctoral fellow at the Centre for Innovative Cancer Research at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Ottawa, Canada, and a postdoctoral fellow in the Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology Department at the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Canada
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Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are being extensively studied for their potential roles in the development of cancer therapy regimens. In addition to their direct lytic effects, OVs can initiate and drive systemic antitumor immunity indirectly via release of tumor antigen, as well as by encoding and delivering immunostimulatory molecules. This combination makes them an effective platform for the development of immunotherapeutic strategies beyond their primary lytic function. Engineering the viruses to also express tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) allows them to simultaneously serve as therapeutic vaccines, targeting and amplifying an immune response to TAAs. Our group and others have shown that vaccinating intratumorally with a poxvirus that encodes TAAs, in addition to immune stimulatory molecules, can modulate the tumor microenvironment, overcome immune inhibitory pathways, and drive both local and systemic tumor specific immune responses.
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44
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vanVloten JP, Santry LA, de Jong J, Bridle BW, Wootton SK. 422. Harnessing Immunogenic Cell Death to Potentiate the Oncolytic Effect of ORFV Infection in Murine Cancer Cells. Mol Ther 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1525-0016(16)33231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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45
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Cantoni C, Grauwet K, Pietra G, Parodi M, Mingari MC, Maria AD, Favoreel H, Vitale M. Role of NK cells in immunotherapy and virotherapy of solid tumors. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:861-82. [PMID: 26314197 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although natural killer (NK) cells are endowed with powerful cytolytic activity against cancer cells, their role in different therapies against solid tumors has not yet been fully elucidated. Their interactions with various elements of the tumor microenvironment as well as their possible effects in contributing to and/or limiting oncolytic virotherapy render this potential immunotherapeutic tool still difficult to exploit at the bedside. Here, we will review the current literature with the aim of providing new hints to manage this powerful cell type in future innovative therapies, such as the use of NK cells in combination with new cytokines, specific mAbs (inducing ADCC), Tyr-Kinase inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs and/or the design of oncolytic viruses aimed at optimizing the effect of NK cells in virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cantoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Korneel Grauwet
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Gabriella Pietra
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Monica Parodi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Mingari
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea De Maria
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST Genova, Genova, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Herman Favoreel
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
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46
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Arulanandam R, Batenchuk C, Angarita FA, Ottolino-Perry K, Cousineau S, Mottashed A, Burgess E, Falls TJ, De Silva N, Tsang J, Howe GA, Bourgeois-Daigneault MC, Conrad DP, Daneshmand M, Breitbach CJ, Kirn DH, Raptis L, Sad S, Atkins H, Huh MS, Diallo JS, Lichty BD, Ilkow CS, Le Boeuf F, Addison CL, McCart JA, Bell JC. VEGF-Mediated Induction of PRD1-BF1/Blimp1 Expression Sensitizes Tumor Vasculature to Oncolytic Virus Infection. Cancer Cell 2015. [PMID: 26212250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses designed to attack malignant cells can in addition infect and destroy tumor vascular endothelial cells. We show here that this expanded tropism of oncolytic vaccinia virus to the endothelial compartment is a consequence of VEGF-mediated suppression of the intrinsic antiviral response. VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling through Erk1/2 and Stat3 leads to upregulation, nuclear localization, and activation of the transcription repressor PRD1-BF1/Blimp1. PRD1-BF1 does not contribute to the mitogenic effects of VEGF, but directly represses genes involved in type I interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral signaling. In vivo suppression of VEGF signaling diminishes PRD1-BF1/Blimp1 expression in tumor vasculature and inhibits intravenously administered oncolytic vaccinia delivery to and consequent spread within the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozanne Arulanandam
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Cory Batenchuk
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Fernando A Angarita
- Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Kathryn Ottolino-Perry
- Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Sophie Cousineau
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Amelia Mottashed
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Emma Burgess
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Theresa J Falls
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Naomi De Silva
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Jovian Tsang
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Grant A Howe
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | | | - David P Conrad
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Manijeh Daneshmand
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | | | - David H Kirn
- SillaJen Biotherapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94111-3380, USA
| | - Leda Raptis
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Subash Sad
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Harold Atkins
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Michael S Huh
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Brian D Lichty
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Carolina S Ilkow
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Fabrice Le Boeuf
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Christina L Addison
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - J Andrea McCart
- Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
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47
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Sánchez-Sampedro L, Perdiguero B, Mejías-Pérez E, García-Arriaza J, Di Pilato M, Esteban M. The evolution of poxvirus vaccines. Viruses 2015; 7:1726-803. [PMID: 25853483 PMCID: PMC4411676 DOI: 10.3390/v7041726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
After Edward Jenner established human vaccination over 200 years ago, attenuated poxviruses became key players to contain the deadliest virus of its own family: Variola virus (VARV), the causative agent of smallpox. Cowpox virus (CPXV) and horsepox virus (HSPV) were extensively used to this end, passaged in cattle and humans until the appearance of vaccinia virus (VACV), which was used in the final campaigns aimed to eradicate the disease, an endeavor that was accomplished by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1980. Ever since, naturally evolved strains used for vaccination were introduced into research laboratories where VACV and other poxviruses with improved safety profiles were generated. Recombinant DNA technology along with the DNA genome features of this virus family allowed the generation of vaccines against heterologous diseases, and the specific insertion and deletion of poxvirus genes generated an even broader spectrum of modified viruses with new properties that increase their immunogenicity and safety profile as vaccine vectors. In this review, we highlight the evolution of poxvirus vaccines, from first generation to the current status, pointing out how different vaccines have emerged and approaches that are being followed up in the development of more rational vaccines against a wide range of diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Poxviridae/immunology
- Poxviridae/isolation & purification
- Smallpox/prevention & control
- Smallpox Vaccine/history
- Smallpox Vaccine/immunology
- Smallpox Vaccine/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Attenuated/history
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Synthetic/history
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Sánchez-Sampedro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Perdiguero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Ernesto Mejías-Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain
| | - Mauro Di Pilato
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
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48
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Alvarez-Breckenridge CA, Choi BD, Suryadevara CM, Chiocca EA. Potentiating oncolytic viral therapy through an understanding of the initial immune responses to oncolytic viral infection. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 13:25-32. [PMID: 25846988 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite the challenge of implementing oncolytic viral therapy into mainstream clinical use, the obstacles of early clinical trials have outlined numerous areas requiring additional investigation. In particular, the role of innate and adaptive immunity has received significant attention in this context. It is increasingly clear that a one-sided approach of either immune suppression or robust immune cell activation is not the answer for clinical success. Rather, recent studies are increasingly demonstrating the delicate balance between both anti-viral immune suppression and immune mediated tumor killing. In this review we focus on aspects of innate immune cell activation following oncolytic viral infection and how this response has the potential of bridging to the broader goal of viral mediated immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan D Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carter M Suryadevara
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - E Antonio Chiocca
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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49
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells constitute a subtype of lymphocytes that initiate innate immune responses against tumors and virus-infected cells. The ability of NK cells to kill target cells or to produce cytokines depends on the balance between signals from activating and inhibitory cell-surface receptors. Therapies with NK cells involve activation of endogenous NK cells and/or exogenous transfer by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation/adoptive cell therapy. To exploit the diverse functional abilities of NK cells for cancer immunotherapy, it is important to understand NK cell biology and the underlying regulatory mechanisms. The state of immune suppression prevalent in malignancies creates the need for innovative therapies. Oncolytic viruses are novel anticancer agents showing selective tropism for tumor cells and lacking pathogenicity in humans, but the use of oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) presents multiple challenges. An increasing body of evidence suggests that the host immune response may critically influence the outcome of OVT. Classically, the immune system is thought to limit the efficacy of therapy through virus clearance mediated by innate immune effectors or through adaptive antiviral immune responses eliminating infected cells. Effective strategies do need to be designed in OVT to circumvent the early antiviral activity of NK cells and to augment late NK-cell-mediated antitumor responses. The intrinsic immunostimulating capacity of oncolytic viruses and the possibility of engineering them to express heterologous immunostimulatory molecules (eg, cytokines) support the use of these agents to enhance antitumor immune responses besides inducing direct oncolytic effects. OVT has indeed shown promising therapeutic outcomes in various clinical trials. Here, we review the biology of NK cells, strategies involving NK cells for achieving cancer therapy, and, more particularly, the emerging role of NK cells in OVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rauf Bhat
- Division of Tumor Virology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean Rommelaere
- Division of Tumor Virology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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50
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Tai LH, Auer R. Attacking Postoperative Metastases using Perioperative Oncolytic Viruses and Viral Vaccines. Front Oncol 2014; 4:217. [PMID: 25161958 PMCID: PMC4130104 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgical resection of solid primary malignancies is a mainstay of therapy for cancer patients. Despite being the most effective treatment for these tumors, cancer surgery has been associated with impaired metastatic clearance due to immunosuppression. In preclinical surgery models and human cancer patients, we and others have demonstrated a profound suppression of both natural killer (NK) and T cell function in the postoperative period and this plays a major role in the enhanced development of metastases following surgery. Oncolytic viruses (OV) were originally designed to selectively infect and replicate in tumors, with the primary objective of directly lysing cancer cells. It is becoming increasingly clear, however, that OV infection results in a profound inflammatory reaction within the tumor, initiating innate and adaptive immune responses against it that is critical for its therapeutic benefit. This anti-tumor immunity appears to be mediated predominantly by NK and cytotoxic T cells. In preclinical models, we found that preoperative OV prevents postoperative NK cell dysfunction and attenuates tumor dissemination. Due to theoretical safety concerns of administering live virus prior to surgery in cancer patients, we characterized safe, attenuated versions of OV, and viral vaccines that could stimulate NK cells and reduce metastases when administered in the perioperative period. In cancer patients, we observed that in vivo infusion with oncolytic vaccinia virus and ex vivo stimulation with viral vaccines promote NK cell activation. These preclinical studies provide a novel and clinically relevant setting for OV therapy. Our challenge is to identify safe and promising OV therapies that will activate NK and T cells in the perioperative period preventing the establishment of micrometastatic disease in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Hwa Tai
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca Auer
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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