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Peng Y, Hu R, Xue S, He Y, Tian L, Pang Z, He Y, Dong Y, Shi Y, Wang S, Hong B, Liu K, Wang R, Song L, Fan H, Li M, Tong Y. Rapid and highly sensitive colorimetric LAMP assay and integrated device for visual detection of monkeypox virus. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1311:342720. [PMID: 38816155 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a linear double-stranded DNA virus with a large genome that causes tens of thousands of infections and hundreds of deaths in at least 40 countries and regions worldwide. Therefore, timely and accurate diagnostic testing could be an important measure to prevent the ongoing spread of MPXV and widespread epidemics. RESULTS Here, we designed multiple sets of primers for the target region of MPXV for loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) detection and identified the optimal primer set. Then, the specificity in fluorescent LAMP detection was verified using the plasmids containing the target gene, pseudovirus and other DNA/RNA viruses. We also evaluated the sensitivity of the colorimetric LAMP detection system using the plasmid and pseudovirus samples, respectively. Besides, we used monkeypox pseudovirus to simulate real samples for detection. Subsequent to the establishment and introduction of a magnetic beads (MBs)-based nucleic acid extraction technique, an integrated device was developed, characterized by rapidity, high sensitivity, and remarkable specificity. This portable system demonstrated a visual detection limit of 137 copies/mL, achieving sample-to-answer detection within 1 h. SIGNIFICANCE The device has the advantages of integration, simplicity, miniaturization, and visualization, which help promote the realization of accurate, rapid, portable, and low-cost testing. Meanwhile, this platform could facilitate efficient, cost-effective and easy-operable point-of-care testing (POCT) in diverse resource-limited settings in addition to the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadan Peng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ruolan Hu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shuang Xue
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yugan He
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lili Tian
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zehan Pang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yile He
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yuqi Dong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yinghan Shi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bixia Hong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ke Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ruixue Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lihua Song
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Huahao Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China; School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Mengzhe Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yigang Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Rojas JJ, Van Hoecke L, Conesa M, Bueno-Merino C, Del Canizo A, Riederer S, Barcia M, Brosinski K, Lehmann MH, Volz A, Saelens X, Sutter G. A new MVA ancestor-derived oncolytic vaccinia virus induces immunogenic tumor cell death and robust antitumor immune responses. Mol Ther 2024; 32:2406-2422. [PMID: 38734899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia viruses (VACVs) are versatile therapeutic agents and different features of various VACV strains allow for a broad range of therapeutic applications. Modified VACV Ankara (MVA) is a particularly altered VACV strain that is highly immunogenic, incapable of replicating in mammalian hosts, and broadly used as a safe vector for vaccination. Alternatively, Western Reserve (WR) or Copenhagen (Cop) are VACV strains that efficiently replicate in cancer cells and, therefore, are used to develop oncolytic viruses. However, the immune evasion capacity of WR or Cop hinders their ability to elicit antitumor immune responses, which is crucial for efficacy in the clinic. Here, we describe a new VACV strain named Immune-Oncolytic VACV Ankara (IOVA), which combines efficient replication in cancer cells with induction of immunogenic tumor cell death (ICD). IOVA was engineered from an MVA ancestor and shows superior cytotoxicity in tumor cells. In addition, the IOVA genome incorporates mutations that lead to massive fusogenesis of tumor cells, which contributes to improved antitumor effects. In syngeneic mouse tumor models, the induction of ICD results in robust antitumor immunity directed against tumor neo-epitopes and eradication of large established tumors. These data present IOVA as an improved immunotherapeutic oncolytic vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Rojas
- Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapies, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona - UB, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Immunity, Inflammation, and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Division of Virology, Institute for Infection Medicine and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschleiβheim, Germany.
| | - Lien Van Hoecke
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Miquel Conesa
- Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapies, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona - UB, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Immunity, Inflammation, and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Carmen Bueno-Merino
- Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapies, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona - UB, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Immunity, Inflammation, and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Ana Del Canizo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapies, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona - UB, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Immunity, Inflammation, and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Stephanie Riederer
- Division of Virology, Institute for Infection Medicine and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschleiβheim, Germany
| | - Maria Barcia
- Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapies, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona - UB, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Immunity, Inflammation, and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Katrin Brosinski
- Division of Virology, Institute for Infection Medicine and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschleiβheim, Germany
| | - Michael H Lehmann
- Division of Virology, Institute for Infection Medicine and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschleiβheim, Germany
| | - Asisa Volz
- Division of Virology, Institute for Infection Medicine and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschleiβheim, Germany; Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Xavier Saelens
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Division of Virology, Institute for Infection Medicine and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschleiβheim, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
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3
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Vasileiou M, Diamantoudis SC, Tsianava C, Nguyen NP. Immunotherapeutic Strategies Targeting Breast Cancer Stem Cells. Curr Oncol 2024; 31:3040-3063. [PMID: 38920716 PMCID: PMC11203270 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol31060232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women and is a leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Despite the implementation of multiple treatment options, including immunotherapy, breast cancer treatment remains a challenge. In this review, we aim to summarize present challenges in breast cancer immunotherapy and recent advancements in overcoming treatment resistance. We elaborate on the inhibition of signaling cascades, such as the Notch, Hedgehog, Hippo, and WNT signaling pathways, which regulate the self-renewal and differentiation of breast cancer stem cells and, consequently, disease progression and survival. Cancer stem cells represent a rare population of cancer cells, likely originating from non-malignant stem or progenitor cells, with the ability to evade immune surveillance and develop resistance to immunotherapeutic treatments. We also discuss the interactions between breast cancer stem cells and the immune system, including potential agents targeting breast cancer stem cell-associated signaling pathways, and provide an overview of the emerging approaches to breast cancer stem cell-targeted immunotherapy. Finally, we consider the development of breast cancer vaccines and adoptive cellular therapies, which train the immune system to recognize tumor-associated antigens, for eliciting T cell-mediated responses to target breast cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vasileiou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece;
| | | | - Christina Tsianava
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Nam P. Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20060, USA
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Iyer M, Ravichandran N, Karuppusamy PA, Gnanarajan R, Yadav MK, Narayanasamy A, Vellingiri B. Molecular insights and promise of oncolytic virus based immunotherapy. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2024; 140:419-492. [PMID: 38762277 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Discovering a therapeutic that can counteract the aggressiveness of this disease's mechanism is crucial for improving survival rates for cancer patients and for better understanding the most different types of cancer. In recent years, using these viruses as an anticancer therapy has been thought to be successful. They mostly work by directly destroying cancer cells, activating the immune system to fight cancer, and expressing exogenous effector genes. For the treatment of tumors, oncolytic viruses (OVs), which can be modified to reproduce only in tumor tissues and lyse them while preserving the healthy non-neoplastic host cells and reinstating antitumor immunity which present a novel immunotherapeutic strategy. OVs can exist naturally or be created in a lab by altering existing viruses. These changes heralded the beginning of a new era of less harmful virus-based cancer therapy. We discuss three different types of oncolytic viruses that have already received regulatory approval to treat cancer as well as clinical research using oncolytic adenoviruses. The primary therapeutic applications, mechanism of action of oncolytic virus updates, future views of this therapy will be covered in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Nandita Ravichandran
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Roselin Gnanarajan
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Arul Narayanasamy
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
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5
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Mirbahari SN, Da Silva M, Zúñiga AIM, Kooshki Zamani N, St-Laurent G, Totonchi M, Azad T. Recent progress in combination therapy of oncolytic vaccinia virus. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1272351. [PMID: 38558795 PMCID: PMC10979700 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1272351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, oncolytic viruses have emerged as promising agents for treating various cancers. An oncolytic virus is a non-pathogenic virus that, due to genetic manipulation, tends to replicate in and cause lysis of cancerous cells while leaving healthy cells unaffected. Among these viruses, vaccinia virus is an attractive platform for use as an oncolytic platform due to its 190 Kb genome with a high capacity for encoding therapeutic payloads. Combining oncolytic VV therapy with other conventional cancer treatments has been shown to be synergistic and more effective than monotherapies. Additionally, OVV can be used as a vector to deliver therapeutic payloads, alone or in combination with other treatments, to increase overall efficacy. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of preclinical and clinical studies that have evaluated the efficacy of oncolytic vaccinia viruses in cancer immunotherapy. We discuss the outcomes of these studies, including tumor regression rates, overall survival benefits, and long-term responses. Moreover, we provide insights into the challenges and limitations associated with oncolytic vaccinia virus- based therapies, including immune evasion mechanisms, potential toxicities, and the development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Nasim Mirbahari
- Faculty of Sciences and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Miles Da Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Abril Ixchel Muñoz Zúñiga
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Nika Kooshki Zamani
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Gabriel St-Laurent
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Mehdi Totonchi
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Taha Azad
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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6
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Lloy S, Lin M, Franko J, Raman S. The Future of Interventions for Stage IV Colorectal Cancers. Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2024; 37:114-121. [PMID: 38327731 PMCID: PMC10843879 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1761624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Future options for the management of stage IV colorectal cancer are primarily focused on personalized and directed therapies. Interventions include precision cancer medicine, utilizing nanocarrier platforms for directed chemotherapy, palliative pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC), adjunctive oncolytic virotherapy, and radioembolization techniques. Comprehensive genetic profiling provides specific tumor-directed therapy based on individual genetics. Biomimetic magnetic nanoparticles as chemotherapy delivery systems may reduce systemic side effects of traditional chemotherapy by targeting tumor cells and sparing healthy cells. PIPAC is a newly emerging option for patients with peritoneal metastasis from colorectal cancer and is now being used internationally, showing promising results as a palliative therapy for colorectal cancer. Oncolytic virotherapy is another emerging potential treatment option, especially when combined with standard chemotherapy and/or radiation, as well as immunotherapy. And finally, radioembolization with yttrium-90 ( 90 Y) microspheres has shown some success in treating patients with unresectable liver metastasis from colorectal cancer via selective arterial injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Lloy
- General Surgery Residency Program, MercyOne Des Moines Medical Center, Des Moines, Iowa
| | - Mayin Lin
- General Surgery Residency Program, MercyOne Des Moines Medical Center, Des Moines, Iowa
| | - Jan Franko
- General Surgery Residency Program, MercyOne Des Moines Medical Center, Des Moines, Iowa
| | - Shankar Raman
- General Surgery Residency Program, MercyOne Des Moines Medical Center, Des Moines, Iowa
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Ye J, Chen L, Waltermire J, Zhao J, Ren J, Guo Z, Bartlett DL, Liu Z. Intratumoral Delivery of Interleukin 9 via Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Elicits Potent Antitumor Effects in Tumor Models. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1021. [PMID: 38473379 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16051021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The success of cancer immunotherapy is largely associated with immunologically hot tumors. Approaches that promote the infiltration of immune cells into tumor beds are urgently needed to transform cold tumors into hot tumors. Oncolytic viruses can transform the tumor microenvironment (TME), resulting in immunologically hot tumors. Cytokines are good candidates for arming oncolytic viruses to enhance their function in this transformation. Here, we used the oncolytic vaccinia virus (oVV) to deliver interleukin-9 (IL-9) into the tumor bed and explored its antitumor effects in colon and lung tumor models. Our data show that IL-9 prolongs viral persistence, which is probably mediated by the up-regulation of IL-10. The vvDD-IL-9 treatment elevated the expression of Th1 chemokines and antitumor factors such as IFN-γ, granzyme B, and perforin. IL-9 expression increased the percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the TME and decreased the percentage of oVV-induced immune suppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), leading to potent antitumor effects compared with parental virus treatment. The vvDD-IL-9 treatment also increased the percentage of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the TME and elevated the expression of immune checkpoint molecules such as PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, but not GITR. The combination therapy of vvDD-IL-9 and the anti-CTLA-4 antibody, but not the anti-GITR antibody, induced systemic tumor-specific antitumor immunity and significantly extended the overall survival of mice, indicating a potential translation of the IL-9-expressing oncolytic virus into a clinical trial to enhance the antitumor effects elicited by an immune checkpoint blockade for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Ye
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Lingjuan Chen
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Julia Waltermire
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
| | - Jinshun Zhao
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
| | - Jinghua Ren
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zongsheng Guo
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - David L Bartlett
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zuqiang Liu
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Li Y, Duan HY, Yang KD, Ye JF. Advancements and challenges in oncolytic virus therapy for gastrointestinal tumors. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115627. [PMID: 37812894 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumors of the gastrointestinal tract impose a substantial healthcare burden due to their prevalence and challenging prognosis. METHODS We conducted a review of peer-reviewed scientific literature using reputable databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) with a focus on oncolytic virus therapy within the context of gastrointestinal tumors. Our search covered the period up to the study's completion in June 2023. INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA This study includes articles from peer-reviewed scientific journals, written in English, that specifically address oncolytic virus therapy for gastrointestinal tumors, encompassing genetic engineering advances, combined therapeutic strategies, and safety and efficacy concerns. Excluded are articles not meeting these criteria or focusing on non-primary gastrointestinal metastatic tumors. RESULTS Our review revealed the remarkable specificity of oncolytic viruses in targeting tumor cells and their potential to enhance anti-tumor immune responses. However, challenges related to safety and efficacy persist, underscoring the need for ongoing research and improvement. CONCLUSION This study highlights the promising role of oncolytic virus therapy in enhancing gastrointestinal tumor treatments. Continued investigation and innovative combination therapies hold the key to reducing the burden of these tumors on patients and healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hao-Yu Duan
- General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Kai-di Yang
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun-Feng Ye
- General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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Yuan Y, Egelston C, Colunga Flores O, Chaurasiya S, Lin D, Chang H, Chong LMO, Seiz A, Shah M, Meisen WH, Tang A, Martinez N, Pickett W, Murga M, Yost SE, Stewart D, Zhang J, Ede N, Modi B, Kessler J, Rand J, Fong Y. CF33-hNIS-anti-PD-L1 oncolytic virus followed by trastuzumab-deruxtecan in a patient with metastatic triple negative breast cancer: a case study. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2023; 15:17588359231210675. [PMID: 38028143 PMCID: PMC10640805 DOI: 10.1177/17588359231210675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prognosis of metastatic triple negative breast cancer (mTNBC) remains poor despite recent advances in therapeutic options. Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) has shown promising efficacy in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-low breast cancer, which is defined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) 1+ or 2+ and lack of HER2 amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) testing. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the safety and initial evidence of efficacy of intratumoral administration of CF33-hNIS-anti-PD-L1 (CHECKvacc) against mTNBC. Oncolytic virus CHECKvacc intratumoral injection is currently undergoing investigation in patients with mTNBC as a single agent (NCT05081492). The patient was enrolled on the clinical trial CHECKvacc for the Treatment of Metastatic Triple Negative Breast Cancer, received a single dose of CHECKvacc, and discontinued the study due to lack of immediate response. We report a case of a patient with mTNBC who was heavily pretreated and presented with extensive dermal metastasis. Two dermal metastasis biopsies in 2021 showed HER2 0 by IHC. The patient received a single dose of CHECKvacc and discontinued the study due to lack of immediate response. Twenty-five days later, the patient received treatment with T-DXd, and her tumor regressed significantly. The patient's disease-free survival was 10 months (December 2021-October 2022). The sequential treatment with intratumoral injection of CHECKvacc followed by T-DXd may have significant clinical activity in select patients with heavily pretreated mTNBC. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05081492.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S San Vicente Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Colt Egelston
- Department of Immune-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Oscar Colunga Flores
- Department of Immune-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | | | - David Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Helen Chang
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - W. Hans Meisen
- Department of Translational Development, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Aileen Tang
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Norma Martinez
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Wichanee Pickett
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Mireya Murga
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Susan E. Yost
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Daphne Stewart
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Department of Statistics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | | | - Badri Modi
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Kessler
- Department of Radiology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jamie Rand
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer, Duarte, CA, USA
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10
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Lichtor T, Tang B, Roy EJ. Cytokine Gene Vaccine Therapy for Treatment of a Brain Tumor. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1505. [PMID: 38002466 PMCID: PMC10669932 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13111505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A glioma is a malignant brain tumor with a poor prognosis. Attempts at the surgical removal of the tumor are the first approach, but additional treatment strategies, including radiation therapy and systemic or local chemotherapy, are necessary. Furthermore, the treatments are often associated with significant adverse side effects. Normal and malignant cells generally have antigenic differences, and this is the rationale for clinical immunotherapeutic strategies. Cytokines such as IL-15 or IL-2, which stimulate an anti-tumor immune response, have been shown to have a particularly high potential for use in immunotherapy against various tumors. In this review, treatments with either a poxvirus, genetically engineered to secrete IL-15, or allogeneic fibroblasts, transfected with tumor DNA and engineered to secrete IL-2, are shown to be effective strategies in extending the survival of mice with malignant brain tumors upon intracerebral injection of the treatment cells. Future studies with these treatment strategies in patients with intracerebral tumors are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Lichtor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Bingtao Tang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (B.T.); (E.J.R.)
| | - Edward J. Roy
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (B.T.); (E.J.R.)
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11
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Buntval K, Dobrovolny HM. Modeling of oncolytic viruses in a heterogeneous cell population to predict spread into non-cancerous cells. Comput Biol Med 2023; 165:107362. [PMID: 37633084 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
New cancer treatment modalities that limit patient discomfort need to be developed. One possible new therapy is the use of oncolytic (cancer-killing) viruses. It is only recently that our ability to manipulate viral genomes has allowed us to consider deliberately infecting cancer patients with viruses. One key consideration is to ensure that the virus exclusively targets cancer cells and does not harm nearby non-cancerous cells. Here, we use a mathematical model of viral infection to determine the characteristics a virus would need to have in order to eradicate a tumor, but leave non-cancerous cells untouched. We conclude that the virus must differ in its ability to infect the two different cell types, with the infection rate of non-cancerous cells needing to be less than one hundredth of the infection rate of cancer cells. Differences in viral production rate or infectious cell death rate alone are not sufficient to protect non-cancerous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Buntval
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Hana M Dobrovolny
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America.
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12
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Zhang Z, Yang A, Chaurasiya S, Park AK, Kim SI, Lu J, Valencia H, Fong Y, Woo Y. Anti-Tumor Immunogenicity of the Oncolytic Virus CF33-hNIS-antiPDL1 against Ex Vivo Peritoneal Cells from Gastric Cancer Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14189. [PMID: 37762490 PMCID: PMC10532045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the immunotherapeutic potential of CF33-hNIS-antiPDL1 oncolytic virus (OV) against gastric cancer with peritoneal metastasis (GCPM). We collected fresh malignant ascites (MA) or peritoneal washings (PW) during routine paracenteses and diagnostic laparoscopies from GC patients (n = 27). Cells were analyzed for cancer cell markers and T cells, or treated with PBS, CF33-GFP, or CF33-hNIS-antiPDL1 (MOI = 3). We analyzed infectivity, replication, cytotoxicity, CD107α upregulation of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, CD274 (PD-L1) blockade of cancer cells by virus-encoded anti-PD-L1 scFv, and the release of growth factors and cytokines. We observed higher CD45-/large-size cells and lower CD8+ T cell percentages in MA than PW. CD45-/large-size cells were morphologically malignant and expressed CD274 (PD-L1), CD252 (OX40L), and EGFR. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells did not express cell surface exhaustion markers. Virus infection and replication increased cancer cell death at 15 h and 48 h. CF33-hNIS-antiPDL1 treatment produced functional anti-PD-L1 scFv, which blocked surface PD-L1 binding of live cancer cells and increased CD8+CD107α+ and CD4+CD107α+ T cell percentages while decreasing EGF, PDGF, soluble anti-PD-L1, and IL-10. CF33-OVs infect, replicate in, express functional proteins, and kill ex vivo GCPM cells with immune-activating effects. CF33-hNIS-antiPDL1 displays real potential for intraperitoneal GCPM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Zhang
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (Z.Z.); (A.Y.); (S.C.); (S.-I.K.); (J.L.); (H.V.); (Y.F.)
| | - Annie Yang
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (Z.Z.); (A.Y.); (S.C.); (S.-I.K.); (J.L.); (H.V.); (Y.F.)
| | - Shyambabu Chaurasiya
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (Z.Z.); (A.Y.); (S.C.); (S.-I.K.); (J.L.); (H.V.); (Y.F.)
| | - Anthony K. Park
- Cancer Immunotherapeutics Program, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
| | - Sang-In Kim
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (Z.Z.); (A.Y.); (S.C.); (S.-I.K.); (J.L.); (H.V.); (Y.F.)
| | - Jianming Lu
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (Z.Z.); (A.Y.); (S.C.); (S.-I.K.); (J.L.); (H.V.); (Y.F.)
| | - Hannah Valencia
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (Z.Z.); (A.Y.); (S.C.); (S.-I.K.); (J.L.); (H.V.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (Z.Z.); (A.Y.); (S.C.); (S.-I.K.); (J.L.); (H.V.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yanghee Woo
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (Z.Z.); (A.Y.); (S.C.); (S.-I.K.); (J.L.); (H.V.); (Y.F.)
- Cancer Immunotherapeutics Program, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
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13
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Li M, Zhang M, Ye Q, Liu Y, Qian W. Preclinical and clinical trials of oncolytic vaccinia virus in cancer immunotherapy: a comprehensive review. Cancer Biol Med 2023; 20:j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0202. [PMID: 37615308 PMCID: PMC10546091 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy has emerged as a promising treatment for human cancers owing to an ability to elicit curative effects via systemic administration. Tumor cells often create an unfavorable immunosuppressive microenvironment that degrade viral structures and impede viral replication; however, recent studies have established that viruses altered via genetic modifications can serve as effective oncolytic agents to combat hostile tumor environments. Specifically, oncolytic vaccinia virus (OVV) has gained popularity owing to its safety, potential for systemic delivery, and large gene insertion capacity. This review highlights current research on the use of engineered mutated viruses and gene-armed OVVs to reverse the tumor microenvironment and enhance antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo, and provides an overview of ongoing clinical trials and combination therapies. In addition, we discuss the potential benefits and drawbacks of OVV as a cancer therapy, and explore different perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Li
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Minghuan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Qian Ye
- Hangzhou Rong-Gu Biotechnology Limited Company, Hangzhou 310056, China
| | - Yunhua Liu
- Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology and Department of Surgical Oncology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenbin Qian
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
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14
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Muthukutty P, Yoo SY. Oncolytic Virus Engineering and Utilizations: Cancer Immunotherapy Perspective. Viruses 2023; 15:1645. [PMID: 37631987 PMCID: PMC10459766 DOI: 10.3390/v15081645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have positively impacted cancer immunotherapy over the past 20 years. Both natural and genetically modified viruses have shown promising results in treating various cancers. Various regulatory authorities worldwide have approved four commercial oncolytic viruses, and more are being developed to overcome this limitation and obtain better anti-tumor responses in clinical trials at various stages. Faster advancements in translating research into the commercialization of cancer immunotherapy and a comprehensive understanding of the modification strategies will widen the current knowledge of future technologies related to the development of oncolytic viruses. In this review, we discuss the strategies of virus engineering and the progress of clinical trials to achieve virotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - So Young Yoo
- BIO-IT Foundry Technology Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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15
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Ottolino-Perry K, Mealiea D, Sellers C, Acuna SA, Angarita FA, Okamoto L, Scollard D, Ginj M, Reilly R, McCart JA. Vaccinia virus and peptide-receptor radiotherapy synergize to improve treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 29:44-58. [PMID: 37180034 PMCID: PMC10173076 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-specific overexpression of receptors enables a variety of targeted cancer therapies, exemplified by peptide-receptor radiotherapy (PRRT) for somatostatin receptor (SSTR)-positive neuroendocrine tumors. While effective, PRRT is restricted to tumors with SSTR overexpression. To overcome this limitation, we propose using oncolytic vaccinia virus (vvDD)-mediated receptor gene transfer to permit molecular imaging and PRRT in tumors without endogenous SSTR overexpression, a strategy termed radiovirotherapy. We hypothesized that vvDD-SSTR combined with a radiolabeled somatostatin analog could be deployed as radiovirotherapy in a colorectal cancer peritoneal carcinomatosis model, producing tumor-specific radiopeptide accumulation. Following vvDD-SSTR and 177Lu-DOTATOC treatment, viral replication and cytotoxicity, as well as biodistribution, tumor uptake, and survival, were evaluated. Radiovirotherapy did not alter virus replication or biodistribution, but synergistically improved vvDD-SSTR-induced cell killing in a receptor-dependent manner and significantly increased the tumor-specific accumulation and tumor-to-blood ratio of 177Lu-DOTATOC, making tumors imageable by microSPECT/CT and causing no significant toxicity. 177Lu-DOTATOC significantly improved survival over virus alone when combined with vvDD-SSTR but not control virus. We have therefore demonstrated that vvDD-SSTR can convert receptor-negative tumors into receptor-positive tumors and facilitate molecular imaging and PRRT using radiolabeled somatostatin analogs. Radiovirotherapy represents a promising treatment strategy with potential applications in a wide range of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Ottolino-Perry
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, M5G 2C4 Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, M5S 1A8 Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Mealiea
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, M5G 2C4 Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, M5S 1A8 Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Clara Sellers
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, M5G 2C4 Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sergio A. Acuna
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, M5G 2C4 Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fernando A. Angarita
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, M5G 2C4 Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, M5S 1A8 Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lili Okamoto
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, M5S 1A8 Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Deborah Scollard
- STTARR, Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Hospital, UHN, 610 University Avenue, M5G 2C1 Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mihaela Ginj
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, M5S 1A8 Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Raymond Reilly
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, M5S 3M2 Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J. Andrea McCart
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, M5G 2C4 Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, M5S 1A8 Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, M5G 1X5 Toronto, ON, Canada
- Corresponding author: Dave Mealiea, Room 1225, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
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16
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Kumar A, Gautam V, Sandhu A, Rawat K, Sharma A, Saha L. Current and emerging therapeutic approaches for colorectal cancer: A comprehensive review. World J Gastrointest Surg 2023; 15:495-519. [PMID: 37206081 PMCID: PMC10190721 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v15.i4.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) affects 1 in 23 males and 1 in 25 females, making it the third most common cancer. With roughly 608000 deaths worldwide, CRC accounts for 8% of all cancer-related deaths, making it the second most common cause of death due to cancer. Standard and conventional CRC treatments include surgical expurgation for resectable CRC and radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and their combinational regimen for non-resectable CRC. Despite these tactics, nearly half of patients develop incurable recurring CRC. Cancer cells resist the effects of chemotherapeutic drugs in a variety of ways, including drug inactivation, drug influx and efflux modifications, and ATP-binding cassette transporter overexpression. These constraints necessitate the development of new target-specific therapeutic strategies. Emerging therapeutic approaches, such as targeted immune boosting therapies, non-coding RNA-based therapies, probiotics, natural products, oncolytic viral therapies, and biomarker-driven therapies, have shown promising results in preclinical and clinical studies. We tethered the entire evolutionary trends in the development of CRC treatments in this review and discussed the potential of new therapies and how they might be used in conjunction with conventional treatments as well as their advantages and drawbacks as future medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Vipasha Gautam
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Arushi Sandhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Kajal Rawat
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Antika Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Lekha Saha
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
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17
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Huang Z, Guo H, Lin L, Li S, Yang Y, Han Y, Huang W, Yang J. Application of oncolytic virus in tumor therapy. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28729. [PMID: 37185868 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) can selectively kill tumor cells without affecting normal cells, as well as activate the innate and adaptive immune systems in patients. Thus, they have been considered as a promising measure for safe and effective cancer treatment. Recently, a few genetically engineered OVs have been developed to further improve the effect of tumor elimination by expressing specific immune regulatory factors and thus enhance the body's antitumor immunity. In addition, the combined therapies of OVs and other immunotherapies have been applied in clinical. Although there are many studies on this hot topic, a comprehensive review is missing on illustrating the mechanisms of tumor clearance by OVs and how to modify engineered OVs to further enhance their antitumor effects. In this study, we provided a review on the mechanisms of immune regulatory factors in OVs. In addition, we reviewed the combined therapies of OVs with other therapies including radiotherapy and CAR-T or TCR-T cell therapy. The review is useful in further generalize the usage of OV in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Huang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongen Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Hospital of Fuzhou, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shixiong Li
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Liver Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Han
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Weiwei Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jialiang Yang
- Geneis Beijing Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
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18
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Fang C, Xiao G, Wang T, Song L, Peng B, Xu B, Zhang K. Emerging Nano-/Biotechnology Drives Oncolytic Virus-Activated and Combined Cancer Immunotherapy. RESEARCH 2023; 6:0108. [PMID: 37040283 PMCID: PMC10079287 DOI: 10.34133/research.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) as one promising antitumor methods have made important contributions to tumor immunotherapy, which arouse increasing attention. They provide the dual mechanisms including direct killing effect toward tumor cells and immune activation for elevating antitumor responses, which have been proved in many preclinical studies. Especially, natural or genetically modified viruses as clinical immune preparations have emerged as a new promising approach objective to oncology treatment. The approval of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the therapy of advanced melanoma could be considered as a milestone achievement in the clinical translation of OV. In this review, we first discussed the antitumor mechanisms of OVs with an emphasis on targeting, replication, and propagation. We further outlined the state of the art of current OVs in tumor and underlined the activated biological effects especially including immunity. More significantly, the enhanced immune responses based on OVs were systematically discussed from different perspectives such as combination with immunotherapy, genetic engineering of OVs, integration with nanobiotechnology or nanoparticles, and antiviral response counteraction, where their principles were shed light on. The development of OVs in the clinics was also highlighted to analyze the actuality and concerns of different OV applications in clinical trials. At last, the future perspectives and challenges of OVs as an already widely accepted treatment means were discussed. This review will provide a systematic review and deep insight into OV development and also offer new opportunities and guidance pathways to drive the further clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fang
- Central Laboratory and Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine,
Tongji University, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Gaozhe Xiao
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics,
Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road 22, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Taixia Wang
- Central Laboratory and Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine,
Tongji University, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Li Song
- Central Laboratory and Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine,
Tongji University, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Central Laboratory and Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine,
Tongji University, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital,
Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Huangpu, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Central Laboratory and Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine,
Tongji University, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, Shanghai 200072, China
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics,
Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road 22, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
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19
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Li SJ, Sun ZJ. Fueling immune checkpoint blockade with oncolytic viruses: Current paradigms and challenges ahead. Cancer Lett 2022; 550:215937. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Ling Q, Zheng B, Chen X, Ye S, Cheng Q. The employment of vaccinia virus for colorectal cancer treatment: A review of preclinical and clinical studies. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2143698. [PMID: 36369829 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2143698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading malignancies that causes death worldwide. Cancer vaccines and oncolytic immunotherapy bring new hope for patients with advanced CRC. The capability of vaccinia virus (VV) in carrying foreign genes as antigens or immunostimulatory factors has been demonstrated in animal models. VV of Wyeth, Western Reserve, Lister, Tian Tan, and Copenhagen strains have been engineered for the induction of antitumor response in multiple cancers. This paper summarized the preclinical and clinical application and development of VV serving as cancer vaccines and oncolytic vectors in CRC treatment. Additionally, the remaining challenges and future direction are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyun Ling
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Bichun Zheng
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xudong Chen
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shaoshun Ye
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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21
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Viker KB, Steele MB, Iankov ID, Concilio SC, Ammayappan A, Bolon B, Jenks NJ, Goetz MP, Panagioti E, Federspiel MJ, Liu MC, Peng KW, Galanis E. Preclinical safety assessment of MV-s-NAP, a novel oncolytic measles virus strain armed with an H . pylori immunostimulatory bacterial transgene. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 26:532-546. [PMID: 36092362 PMCID: PMC9437807 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent therapeutic advances, metastatic breast cancer (MBC) remains incurable. Engineered measles virus (MV) constructs based on the attenuated MV Edmonston vaccine platform have demonstrated significant oncolytic activity against solid tumors. The Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein (NAP) is responsible for the robust inflammatory reaction in gastroduodenal mucosa during bacterial infection. NAP attracts and activates immune cells at the site of infection, inducing expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. We engineered an MV strain to express the secretory form of NAP (MV-s-NAP) and showed that it exhibits anti-tumor and immunostimulatory activity in human breast cancer xenograft models. In this study, we utilized a measles-infection-permissive mouse model (transgenic IFNAR KO-CD46Ge) to evaluate the biodistribution and safety of MV-s-NAP. The primary objective was to identify potential toxic side effects and confirm the safety of the proposed clinical doses of MV-s-NAP prior to a phase I clinical trial of intratumoral administration of MV-s-NAP in patients with MBC. Both subcutaneous delivery (corresponding to the clinical trial intratumoral administration route) and intravenous (worst case scenario) delivery of MV-s-NAP were well tolerated: no significant clinical, laboratory or histologic toxicity was observed. This outcome supports the safety of MV-s-NAP for oncolytic virotherapy of MBC. The first-in-human clinical trial of MV-s-NAP in patients with MBC (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04521764) was subsequently activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly B. Viker
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michael B. Steele
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ianko D. Iankov
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Arun Ammayappan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Nathan J. Jenks
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Eleni Panagioti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Minetta C. Liu
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kah Whye Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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22
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Yun CO, Hong J, Yoon AR. Current clinical landscape of oncolytic viruses as novel cancer immunotherapeutic and recent preclinical advancements. Front Immunol 2022; 13:953410. [PMID: 36091031 PMCID: PMC9458317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.953410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have been gaining attention in the pharmaceutical industry as a novel immunotherapeutic and therapeutic adjuvant due to their ability to induce and boost antitumor immunity through multiple mechanisms. First, intrinsic mechanisms of OVs that enable exploitation of the host immune system (e.g., evading immune detection) can nullify the immune escape mechanism of tumors. Second, many types of OVs have been shown to cause direct lysis of tumor cells, resulting in an induction of tumor-specific T cell response mediated by release of tumor-associated antigens and danger signal molecules. Third, armed OV-expressing immune stimulatory therapeutic genes could be highly expressed in tumor tissues to further improve antitumor immunity. Last, these OVs can inflame cold tumors and their microenvironment to be more immunologically favorable for other immunotherapeutics. Due to these unique characteristics, OVs have been tested as an adjuvant of choice in a variety of therapeutics. In light of these promising attributes of OVs in the immune-oncology field, the present review will examine OVs in clinical development and discuss various strategies that are being explored in preclinical stages for the next generation of OVs that are optimized for immunotherapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (HY-IBB), Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- GeneMedicine CO., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - A-Rum Yoon
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (HY-IBB), Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: A-Rum Yoon,
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23
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Luo C, Wang P, He S, Zhu J, Shi Y, Wang J. Progress and Prospect of Immunotherapy for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:919072. [PMID: 35795050 PMCID: PMC9251310 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.919072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (estimated 2.3 million new cases in 2020) and the leading cause of cancer death (estimated 685,000 deaths in 2020) in women globally. Breast cancers have been categorized into four major molecular subtypes based on the immunohistochemistry (IHC) expression of classic hormone and growth factor receptors including the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), as well as a proliferation marker Ki-67 protein expression. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a breast cancer subtype lacking ER, PR, and HER2 expression, is associated with a high metastatic potential and poor prognosis. TNBC accounts for approximately only 15%–20% of new breast cancer diagnoses; it is responsible for most breast cancer–related deaths due to the lack of targeted treatment options for this patient population, and currently, systemic chemotherapy, radiation, and surgical excision remain the major treatment modalities for these patients with TNBC. Although breast cancer patients in general do not have a robust response to the immunotherapy, a subset of TNBC has been demonstrated to have high tumor mutation burden and high tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, resembling the features observed on melanoma or lung cancers, which can benefit from the treatment of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Therefore, the immunogenic nature of this aggressive disease has presented an opportunity for the development of TNBC-targeting immunotherapies. The recent US Food and Drug Administration approval of atezolizumab in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent nab-paclitaxel for the treatment of PD-L1-positive unresectable, locally advanced, or metastatic TNBC has led to a new era of immunotherapy in TNBC treatment. In addition, immunotherapy becomes an active research area, both in the cancer biology field and in the oncology field. In this review, we will extend our coverage on recent discoveries in preclinical research and early results in clinical trials from immune molecule-based therapy including cytokines, monoclonal antibodies, antibody–drug conjugates, bi-specific or tri-specific antibodies, ICIs, and neoantigen cancer vaccines; oncolytic virus-based therapies and adoptive immune cell transfer–based therapies including TIL, chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T), CAR-NK, CAR-M, and T-cell receptor-T. In the end, we will list a series of the challenges and opportunities in immunotherapy prospectively and reveal novel technologies such as high-throughput single-cell sequencing and CRISPR gene editing-based screening to generate new knowledges of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyi Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peipei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Siqi He
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Yuanyuan Shi, ; Jianxun Wang,
| | - Jianxun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Yuanyuan Shi, ; Jianxun Wang,
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24
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Nisar M, Paracha RZ, Adil S, Qureshi SN, Janjua HA. An Extensive Review on Preclinical and Clinical Trials of Oncolytic Viruses Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:875188. [PMID: 35686109 PMCID: PMC9171400 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.875188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance and peculiar tumor microenvironment, which diminish or mitigate the effects of therapies, make pancreatic cancer one of the deadliest malignancies to manage and treat. Advanced immunotherapies are under consideration intending to ameliorate the overall patient survival rate in pancreatic cancer. Oncolytic viruses therapy is a new type of immunotherapy in which a virus after infecting and lysis the cancer cell induces/activates patients’ immune response by releasing tumor antigen in the blood. The current review covers the pathways and molecular ablation that take place in pancreatic cancer cells. It also unfolds the extensive preclinical and clinical trial studies of oncolytic viruses performed and/or undergoing to design an efficacious therapy against pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryum Nisar
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering & Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rehan Zafar Paracha
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering & Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Adil
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering & Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Hussnain Ahmed Janjua
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
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25
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Kimura Y, Ghosn M, Cheema W, Adusumilli PS, Solomon SB, Srimathveeralli G. Expanding the role of interventional oncology for advancing precision immunotherapy of solid tumors. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:194-204. [PMID: 35036524 PMCID: PMC8752905 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) T cells has proven effective for hematologic malignancies, but success in solid tumors has been impeded by poor intratumoral infiltration, exhaustion of effector cells from antigen burden, and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Results from recent clinical trials and preclinical studies lend promising evidence of locoregional approaches for CAR T cell delivery, priming the tumor microenvironment, and performing adjuvant therapies that sustain T cell activity. Interventional oncology is a subspeciality of interventional radiology where imaging guidance is used to perform percutaneous and catheter-directed procedures for localized, non-surgical therapy or interrogation of solid tumors. Interventional oncology provides unique synergies with immunotherapy, which has been well-studied to improve treatment efficacy while reducing toxicities associated with systemic treatment. Besides aiding in CAR T cell delivery, priming, or the stimulation of the tumor microenvironment to promote effector survival and function, interventional oncology can also aid in the monitoring of treatment response through selective, multiplex tumor sampling and catheter-based venous sampling. This review presents an overview of interventional oncology, its various procedures, and its potential for advancing CAR T cell immunotherapy of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kimura
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Mario Ghosn
- Interventional Radiology Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Waseem Cheema
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prasad S. Adusumilli
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen B. Solomon
- Interventional Radiology Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Govindarajan Srimathveeralli
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
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26
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Carter ME, Koch A, Lauer UM, Hartkopf AD. Clinical Trials of Oncolytic Viruses in Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:803050. [PMID: 35004328 PMCID: PMC8733599 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.803050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second most common kind of cancer worldwide and oncolytic viruses may offer a new treatment approach. There are three different types of oncolytic viruses used in clinical trials; (i) oncolytic viruses with natural anti-neoplastic properties; (ii) oncolytic viruses designed for tumor-selective replication; (iii) oncolytic viruses modified to activate the immune system. Currently, fourteen different oncolytic viruses have been investigated in eighteen published clinical trials. These trials demonstrate that oncolytic viruses are well tolerated and safe for use in patients and display clinical activity. However, these trials mainly studied a small number of patients with different advanced tumors including some with breast cancer. Future trials should focus on breast cancer and investigate optimal routes of administration, occurrence of neutralizing antibodies, viral gene expression, combinations with other antineoplastic therapies, and identify subtypes that are particularly suitable for oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Carter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - André Koch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Lauer
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, Medical Oncology & Pneumology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas D Hartkopf
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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27
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Oncolytic viruses: A novel treatment strategy for breast cancer. Genes Dis 2021; 10:430-446. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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28
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The Evolution and Future of Targeted Cancer Therapy: From Nanoparticles, Oncolytic Viruses, and Oncolytic Bacteria to the Treatment of Solid Tumors. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11113018. [PMID: 34835785 PMCID: PMC8623458 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While many classes of chemotherapeutic agents exist to treat solid tumors, few can generate a lasting response without substantial off-target toxicity despite significant scientific advancements and investments. In this review, the paths of development for nanoparticles, oncolytic viruses, and oncolytic bacteria over the last 20 years of research towards clinical translation and acceptance as novel cancer therapeutics are compared. Novel nanoparticle, oncolytic virus, and oncolytic bacteria therapies all start with a common goal of accomplishing therapeutic drug activity or delivery to a specific site while avoiding off-target effects, with overlapping methodology between all three modalities. Indeed, the degree of overlap is substantial enough that breakthroughs in one therapeutic could have considerable implications on the progression of the other two. Each oncotherapeutic modality has accomplished clinical translation, successfully overcoming the potential pitfalls promising therapeutics face. However, once studies enter clinical trials, the data all but disappears, leaving pre-clinical researchers largely in the dark. Overall, the creativity, flexibility, and innovation of these modalities for solid tumor treatments are greatly encouraging, and usher in a new age of pharmaceutical development.
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29
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Wang W, Liu S, Dai P, Yang N, Wang Y, Giese RA, Merghoub T, Wolchok J, Deng L. Elucidating mechanisms of antitumor immunity mediated by live oncolytic vaccinia and heat-inactivated vaccinia. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002569. [PMID: 34593618 PMCID: PMC8487208 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viral-based immunotherapy can overcome resistance to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and fill the unmet needs of many patients with cancer. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are defined as engineered or naturally occurring viruses that selectively replicate in and kill cancer cells. OVs also induce antitumor immunity. The purpose of this study was to compare the antitumor effects of live oncolytic vaccinia viruses versus the inactivated versions and elucidate their underlying immunological mechanisms. Methods We engineered a replication-competent, oncolytic vaccinia virus (OV-GM) by inserting a murine GM-CSF gene into the thymidine kinase locus of a mutant vaccinia E3L∆83N, which lacks the Z-DNA-binding domain of vaccinia virulence factor E3. We compared the antitumor effects of intratumoral (IT) delivery of live OV-GM versus heat-inactivated OV-GM (heat-iOV-GM) in a murine B16-F10 melanoma bilateral implantation model. We also generated vvDD, a well-studied oncolytic vaccinia virus, and compared the antitumor effects of live vvDD vs heat-inactivated vvDD (heat-ivvDD) in a murine A20 B-cell lymphoma bilateral tumor implantation model. Results Heat-iOV-GM infection of dendritic cells (DCs) and tumor cells in vitro induced type I interferon and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, whereas live OV-GM did not. IT live OV-GM was less effective in generating systemic antitumor immunity compared with heat-iOV-GM. Similar to heat-iOV-GM, the antitumor effects of live OV-GM also require Batf3-dependent CD103+ dendritic cells. When combined with systemic delivery of ICB, IT heat-iOV-GM was more effective in eradicating tumors, compared with live OV-GM. IT heat-ivvDD was also more effective in treating murine A20 B-cell lymphoma, compared with live vvDD. Conclusions Tumor lysis induced by the replication of oncolytic vaccinia virus has a limited effect on the generation of systemic antitumor immunity. The activation of Batf3-dependent CD103+ DCs is critical for antitumor effects induced by both live OV-GM and heat-iOV-GM, with the latter being more potent than live OV-GM in inducing innate and adaptive immunity in both locally injected and distant, non-injected tumors. We propose that evaluations of both innate and adaptive immunity, induced by IT oncolytic viral immunotherapy at injected and non-injected tumors, should be included as potential biomarkers for host responses to viral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Wang
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shuaitong Liu
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peihong Dai
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ning Yang
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rachel A Giese
- Immuno-oncology service, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Immuno-oncology service, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.,Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jedd Wolchok
- Immuno-oncology service, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.,Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Liang Deng
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA .,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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30
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Ho TY, Mealiea D, Okamoto L, Stojdl DF, McCart JA. Deletion of immunomodulatory genes as a novel approach to oncolytic vaccinia virus development. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 22:85-97. [PMID: 34514091 PMCID: PMC8411212 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VV) has emerged as a promising platform for oncolytic virotherapy. Many clinical VV candidates, such as the double-deleted VV, vvDD, are engineered with deletions that enhance viral tumor selectivity based on cellular proliferation rates. An alternative approach is to exploit the dampened interferon-based innate immune responses of tumor cells by deleting one of the many VV immunomodulatory genes expressed to dismantle the antiviral response. We hypothesized that such a VV mutant would be attenuated in non-tumor cells but retain the ability to effectively propagate in and kill tumor cells, yielding a tumor-selective oncolytic VV with significant anti-tumor potency. In this study, we demonstrated that VVs with a deletion in one of several VV immunomodulatory genes (N1L, K1L, K3L, A46R, or A52R) have similar or improved in vitro replication, spread, and cytotoxicity in colon and ovarian cancer cells compared to vvDD. These deletion mutants are tumor selective, and the best performing candidates (ΔK1L, ΔA46R, and ΔA52R VV) are associated with significant improvement in survival, as well as immunomodulation, within the tumor environment. Overall, we show that exploiting the diminished antiviral responses in tumors serves as an effective strategy for generating tumor-selective and potent oncolytic VVs, with important implications in future oncolytic virus (OV) design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Y Ho
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 280 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - David Mealiea
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 280 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Stewart Building, 149 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
| | - Lili Okamoto
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 280 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - David F Stojdl
- Department of Biology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa ON K1H 5B2, Canada
| | - J Andrea McCart
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 280 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Stewart Building, 149 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
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31
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Kulkarni R, Chen WC, Lee Y, Kao CF, Hu SL, Ma HH, Jan JT, Liao CC, Liang JJ, Ko HY, Sun CP, Lin YS, Wang YC, Wei SC, Lin YL, Ma C, Chao YC, Chou YC, Chang W. Vaccinia virus-based vaccines confer protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 virus in Syrian hamsters. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257191. [PMID: 34499677 PMCID: PMC8428573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 in humans is caused by Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that belongs to the beta family of coronaviruses. SARS-CoV-2 causes severe respiratory illness in 10-15% of infected individuals and mortality in 2-3%. Vaccines are urgently needed to prevent infection and to contain viral spread. Although several mRNA- and adenovirus-based vaccines are highly effective, their dependence on the "cold chain" transportation makes global vaccination a difficult task. In this context, a stable lyophilized vaccine may present certain advantages. Accordingly, establishing additional vaccine platforms remains vital to tackle SARS-CoV-2 and any future variants that may arise. Vaccinia virus (VACV) has been used to eradicate smallpox disease, and several attenuated viral strains with enhanced safety for human applications have been developed. We have generated two candidate SARS-CoV-2 vaccines based on two vaccinia viral strains, MVA and v-NY, that express full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Whereas MVA is growth-restricted in mammalian cells, the v-NY strain is replication-competent. We demonstrate that both candidate recombinant vaccines induce high titers of neutralizing antibodies in C57BL/6 mice vaccinated according to prime-boost regimens. Furthermore, our vaccination regimens generated TH1-biased immune responses in mice. Most importantly, prime-boost vaccination of a Syrian hamster infection model with MVA-S and v-NY-S protected the hamsters against SARS-CoV-2 infection, supporting that these two vaccines are promising candidates for future development. Finally, our vaccination regimens generated neutralizing antibodies that partially cross-neutralized SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kulkarni
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Defense Medical Center, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Science, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ching Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Fei Kao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Lok Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hsiu-Hua Ma
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Tsrong Jan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Che Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Jong Liang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ying Ko
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Pu Sun
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Shoiou Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chiuan Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Academi Sinica SPF Animal Facility, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Chan Wei
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Che Ma
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chan Chao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Chou
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen Chang
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Defense Medical Center, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Science, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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32
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Ge Y, Wang H, Ren J, Liu W, Chen L, Chen H, Ye J, Dai E, Ma C, Ju S, Guo ZS, Liu Z, Bartlett DL. Oncolytic vaccinia virus delivering tethered IL-12 enhances antitumor effects with improved safety. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-000710. [PMID: 32209602 PMCID: PMC7103801 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade is arguably the most effective current cancer therapy approach; however, its efficacy is limited to patients with "hot" tumors, warranting an effective approach to transform "cold" tumors. Oncolytic viruses (especially properly armed ones) have positive effects on almost every aspect of the cancer-immunity cycle and can change the cancer-immune set point of a tumor. Here, we tested whether oncolytic vaccinia virus delivering tethered interleukin 12 (IL-12) could turn a "cold" tumor into a "hot" tumor while avoiding IL-12's systemic toxicity. Our data demonstrated that tethered IL-12 could be maintained in the tumor without treatment-induced toxic side effects. Moreover, the treatment facilitated tumor infiltration of more activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and less Tregs, granulocytic myeloid-derivedsuppressor cells, and exhausted CD8+ T cells, with increased interferon γ and decreased transforming growth factor β, cyclooxygenase-2, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression, leading to transformed, immunogenic tumors and improved survival. Combined with programmed cell death 1 blockade, vaccinia virus expressing tethered IL-12 cured all mice with late-stage colon cancer, suggesting immediate translatability to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ge
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinghua Ren
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Weilin Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lingjuan Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hongqi Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Ye
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Enyong Dai
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Oncology and Hematology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Congrong Ma
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Songguang Ju
- Department of Immunology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zong Sheng Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zuqiang Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA .,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David L Bartlett
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA .,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Li F, Sheng Y, Hou W, Sampath P, Byrd D, Thorne S, Zhang Y. CCL5-armed oncolytic virus augments CCR5-engineered NK cell infiltration and antitumor efficiency. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2019-000131. [PMID: 32098828 PMCID: PMC7057442 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells have potent antitumor activities. Nevertheless, adoptive transfer therapy of NK cells has gained very limited success in patients with solid tumors as most infused NK cells remain circulating in the peripheral blood instead of entering tumor sites. Chemokines and their receptors play important roles in NK cell distribution. Enhancing chemokine receptors on immune cells to match and be driven to tumor-specific chemokines may improve the therapeutic efficacy of NK cells. METHODS The CCR5-CCL5 axis is critical in NK cell homing to tumor sites. Thus, we analyzed CCR5 expression on NK cells from patients with cancer and healthy donors. We then upregulated CCR5 and CCL5 with lentiviruses and oncolytic viruses in NK and tumor cells, respectively. Animal experiments were also carried out to test the efficacy of the combination of oncolytic virus with NK cells. RESULTS In NK cells from patients with various solid tumors or healthy subjects, CCR5 was expressed at low levels before and after expansion in vitro. CCR5-engineered NK cells showed enhanced tumor infiltration and antitumor effects, but no complete regressions were noted in the in vivo tumor models. To further improve therapeutic efficacy, we constructed CCL5-expressing oncolytic vaccinia virus. In vitro data demonstrated that vaccinia virus can produce CCL5 in tumor cells while infectivity remained unaffected. Supernatants from tumor cells infected by CCL5-modified vaccinia virus enhanced the directional movement of CCR5-overexpressed NK cells but not green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing cells. More importantly, NK cells were resistant to the vaccinia virus and their functions were not affected after being in contact. In vivo assays demonstrated that CCL5-expressing vaccinia virus induced a greater accumulation of NK cells within tumor lesions compared with that of the prototype virus. CONCLUSION Enhancement of matched chemokines and chemokine receptors is a promising method of increasing NK cell homing and therapeutic effects. Oncolytic vaccinia viruses that express specific chemokines can synergistically augment the efficacies of NK cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China .,Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yuqiao Sheng
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Weizhou Hou
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Padma Sampath
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Daniel Byrd
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Stephen Thorne
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China .,Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
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Monga V, Miller BJ, Tanas M, Boukhar S, Allen B, Anderson C, Stephens L, Hartwig S, Varga S, Houtman J, Wang L, Zhang W, Jaber O, Thomason J, Kuehn D, Rajput M, Metz C, Zamba KD, Mott S, Abanonu C, Bhatia S, Milhem M. Intratumoral talimogene laherparepvec injection with concurrent preoperative radiation in patients with locally advanced soft-tissue sarcoma of the trunk and extremities: phase IB/II trial. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003119. [PMID: 34330766 PMCID: PMC8327848 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) in the extremities and trunk treated with standard-of-care preoperative external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) followed by surgical resection are associated with local and distant relapses. In preclinical studies, oncolytic virotherapy in sarcoma has demonstrated antitumor effects via direct intratumoral oncolysis and cytotoxic T-cell–mediated immune responses. Talimogene laherparepvec (TVEC) is a replication-competent, immune-enhanced, oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 engineered for intratumoral injection; it has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of locally advanced and metastatic melanoma. Methods We explored a novel combination of TVEC with standard-of-care EBRT administered preoperatively in patients with locally advanced STS of the extremities and trunk in a phase IB/II clinical trial. Thirty patients with primary STS >5 cm for which EBRT was indicated to achieve negative margins were enrolled. FDA-approved TVEC doses were used. Immune correlative studies in peripheral blood, biopsy and resected tumor tissues were performed. Results No dose-limiting toxicity was observed. Adverse events were similar to those reported in prior studies with TVEC. One patient with myxoid liposarcoma exhibited a partial response. Seven of the 29 (24%) evaluable patients achieved 95% pathological necrosis. None of the patients developed a herpes infection due to the treatment. Eight of the 29 (27%) patients developed postoperative wound complications, which is consistent with previous studies. None of the patients developed local recurrence after surgical resection of the primary sarcoma. 2-year progression-free and overall survival were 57% and 88%, respectively. Caspase-3 demonstrated increased expression of both in TVEC-treated tissue samples as compared with control samples treated with radiation alone. Conclusion Preoperative intratumoral TVEC with concurrent EBRT for locally advanced STS is safe and well-tolerated. This combination treatment may enhance immune responses in some cases but did not increase the proposed rate of pathological necrosis. The Caspase-3 biomarker may be associated with a positive effect of TVEC in sarcoma tumor tissue and should be explored in future studies. Trial registration number NCT02453191.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Monga
- Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Benjamin J Miller
- Orthopedic Surgery, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Munir Tanas
- Pathology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Sarag Boukhar
- Pathology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Bryan Allen
- Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Carryn Anderson
- Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Laura Stephens
- Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Stacey Hartwig
- Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Steven Varga
- Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jon Houtman
- Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Weizhou Zhang
- Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Omar Jaber
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Jon Thomason
- Pathology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - David Kuehn
- Radiology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Maheen Rajput
- Radiology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Catherine Metz
- Radiology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - K D Zamba
- Biostatistics, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Sarah Mott
- The University of Iowa Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Chinemerem Abanonu
- HealthCare Partners Hematology/Oncology Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Sudershan Bhatia
- Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Mohammed Milhem
- Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Malogolovkin A, Gasanov N, Egorov A, Weener M, Ivanov R, Karabelsky A. Combinatorial Approaches for Cancer Treatment Using Oncolytic Viruses: Projecting the Perspectives through Clinical Trials Outcomes. Viruses 2021; 13:1271. [PMID: 34209981 PMCID: PMC8309967 DOI: 10.3390/v13071271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent cancer immunotherapy breakthroughs have fundamentally changed oncology and revived the fading hope for a cancer cure. The immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) became an indispensable tool for the treatment of many malignant tumors. Alongside ICI, the application of oncolytic viruses in clinical trials is demonstrating encouraging outcomes. Dozens of combinations of oncolytic viruses with conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy are widely used or studied, but it seems quite complicated to highlight the most effective combinations. Our review summarizes the results of clinical trials evaluating oncolytic viruses with or without genetic alterations in combination with immune checkpoint blockade, cytokines, antigens and other oncolytic viruses as well. This review is focused on the efficacy and safety of virotherapy and the most promising combinations based on the published clinical data, rather than presenting all oncolytic virus variations, which are discussed in comprehensive literature reviews. We briefly revise the research landscape of oncolytic viruses and discuss future perspectives in virus immunotherapy, in order to provide an insight for novel strategies of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Malogolovkin
- Gene Therapy Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (N.G.); (A.E.); (M.W.); (R.I.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexander Karabelsky
- Gene Therapy Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (N.G.); (A.E.); (M.W.); (R.I.)
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Ma J, Jin C, Čančer M, Wang H, Ramachandran M, Yu D. Concurrent expression of HP-NAP enhances antitumor efficacy of oncolytic vaccinia virus but not for Semliki Forest virus. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 21:356-366. [PMID: 34141872 PMCID: PMC8182386 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent promising therapeutic agents for cancer therapy by selective oncolysis and induction of anti-tumor immunity. OVs can be engineered to express tumor-associated antigens and immune-modulating agents to provoke stronger antitumor immunity. Here, we engineered vaccinia virus (VV) and Semliki Forest virus (SFV) to express neuroblastoma-associated antigen disialoganglioside (GD2) and the immune modulator Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein (NAP) and compared their therapeutic potency. Oncolytic VV did not exhibit any antitumor benefits, whereas SFV was able to delay subcutaneous neuroblastoma (NXS2) tumor growth. Additional expression of the GD2 mimotope (GD2m) by VV-GD2m or SFV-GD2m did not improve their anti-tumor capacity compared to the parent viruses. Further arming these OVs with NAP resulted in contrasting anti-tumor efficacy. VV (VV-GD2m-NAP) significantly improved therapeutic efficacy compared to VV-GD2m, which was also associated with a significantly elevated anti-GD2 antibody, whereas there was no additive antitumor efficacy for SFV-GD2m-NAP compared to SFV-GD2m, nor was the anti-GD2 antibody response improved. Instead, NAP induced higher neutralizing antibodies against SFV. These observations suggest that distinct immune stimulation profiles are elicited when the same immunostimulatory factor is expressed by different OVs. Therefore, careful consideration and detailed characterization are needed when engineering OVs with immune-modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chuan Jin
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matko Čančer
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hai Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mohanraj Ramachandran
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Di Yu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
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Sun F, Guo ZS, Gregory AD, Shapiro SD, Xiao G, Qu Z. Dual but not single PD-1 or TIM-3 blockade enhances oncolytic virotherapy in refractory lung cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2019-000294. [PMID: 32461344 PMCID: PMC7254155 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade therapy fails in the majority of patients with cancer. Oncolytic viruses represent a new class of therapeutic agents, yet the therapeutic efficacy is still disappointing. Moreover, intratumoral injection of viruses is the main approach and preclinical studies mainly employ syngeneic or xenograft models. Methods Use an endogenous mouse lung cancer model that faithfully recapitulates human lung cancer, and various in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro assays, to investigate the efficacy, mechanism of action and resistance of systemically administered oncolytic vaccinia virus (oVV), immunotherapy and their combination, to find an effective therapy for refractory lung cancer. Results Resembling human lung cancers, the majority of which are largely resistant to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and with decreased PD-L1 expression and T-cell activation by our analysis, urethane-induced endogenous lung tumors in mice show reduced PD-L1 expression, low tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and innate resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Intravenous administration of oVV has efficacy and synergizes with simultaneous but not single blockade of PD-1 and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) in this cancer model. Besides direct tumor cell killing, oVV induces T-cell lung recruitment, tumor infiltration, along with expression of PD-1 and TIM-3 on T cells and PD-1 and TIM-3 ligands on tumor cells and tumor-associated immune cells. Blockade of PD-1 or TIM-3 also causes their mutual induction on T cells. Conclusions While systemic administration of oVV shows efficacy in lung cancer by killing tumor cells directly and recruiting and activating T cells for indirect tumor killing, its induction of PD-1 and TIM-3 on T cells and PD-1 and TIM-3 ligands on tumors and tumor-associated immune cells as well as mutual induction of PD-1 or TIM-3 on T cells by their blockade restricts the efficacy of oVV or its combination with single PD-1 or TIM-3 blockade. The triple combination therapy is more effective for refractory lung cancer, and possibly other cold cancers as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Sun
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zong Sheng Guo
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alyssa D Gregory
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven D Shapiro
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gutian Xiao
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA .,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhaoxia Qu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA .,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Chen L, Chen H, Ye J, Ge Y, Wang H, Dai E, Ren J, Liu W, Ma C, Ju S, Guo ZS, Liu Z, Bartlett DL. Intratumoral expression of interleukin 23 variants using oncolytic vaccinia virus elicit potent antitumor effects on multiple tumor models via tumor microenvironment modulation. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:6668-6681. [PMID: 34093846 PMCID: PMC8171085 DOI: 10.7150/thno.56494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Newly emerging cancer immunotherapy has led to significant progress in cancer treatment; however, its efficacy is limited in solid tumors since the majority of them are “cold” tumors. Oncolytic viruses, especially when properly armed, can directly target tumor cells and indirectly modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME), resulting in “hot” tumors. These viruses can be applied as a cancer immunotherapy approach either alone or in combination with other cancer immunotherapies. Cytokines are good candidates to arm oncolytic viruses. IL-23, an IL-12 cytokine family member, plays many roles in cancer immunity. Here, we used oncolytic vaccinia viruses to deliver IL-23 variants into the tumor bed and explored their activity in cancer treatment on multiple tumor models. Methods: Oncolytic vaccinia viruses expressing IL-23 variants were generated by homologue recombination. The characteristics of these viruses were in vitro evaluated by RT-qPCR, ELISA, flow cytometry and cytotoxicity assay. The antitumor effects of these viruses were evaluated on multiple tumor models in vivo and the mechanisms were investigated by RT-qPCR and flow cytometry. Results: IL-23 prolonged viral persistence, probably mediated by up-regulated IL-10. The sustainable IL-23 expression and viral oncolysis elevated the expression of Th1 chemokines and antitumor factors such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, Perforin, IL-2, Granzyme B and activated T cells in the TME, transforming the TME to be more conducive to antitumor immunity. This leads to a systemic antitumor effect which is dependent on CD8+ and CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ. Oncolytic vaccinia viruses could not deliver stable IL-23A to the tumor, attributed to the elevated tristetraprolin which can destabilize the IL-23A mRNA after the viral treatment; whereas vaccinia viruses could deliver membrane-bound IL-23 to elicit a potent antitumor effect which might avoid the possible toxicity normally associated with systemic cytokine exposure. Conclusion: Either secreted or membrane-bound IL-23-armed vaccinia virus can induce potent antitumor effects and IL-23 is a candidate cytokine to arm oncolytic viruses for cancer immunotherapy.
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Oncolytic Virotherapy for Cancer: Clinical Experience. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040419. [PMID: 33924556 PMCID: PMC8069290 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are a new class of therapeutics which are largely in the experimental stage, with just one virus approved by the FDA thus far. While the concept of oncolytic virotherapy is not new, advancements in the fields of molecular biology and virology have renewed the interest in using viruses as oncolytic agents. Backed by robust preclinical data, many oncolytic viruses have entered clinical trials. Oncolytic viruses that have completed some levels of clinical trials or are currently undergoing clinical trials are mostly genetically engineered viruses, with the exception of some RNA viruses. Reolysin, an unmodified RNA virus is clinically the most advanced oncolytic RNA virus that has completed different phases of clinical trials. Other oncolytic viruses that have been studied in clinical trials are mostly DNA viruses that belong to one of the three families: herpesviridae, poxviridae or adenoviridae. In this review work we discuss recent clinical studies with oncolytic viruses, especially herpesvirus, poxvirus, adenovirus and reovirus. In summary, the oncolytic viruses tested so far are well tolerated, even in immune-suppressed patients. For most oncolytic viruses, mild and acceptable toxicities are seen at the currently defined highest feasible doses. However, anti-tumor efficacies of oncolytic viruses have been modest, especially when used as monotherapy. Therefore, the potency of oncolytic viruses needs to be enhanced for more oncolytic viruses to hit the clinic. Aiming to achieve higher therapeutic benefits, oncolytic viruses are currently being studied in combination with other therapies. Here we discuss the currently available clinical data on oncolytic viruses, either as monotherapy or in combination with other treatments.
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40
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Kana SI, Essani K. Immuno-Oncolytic Viruses: Emerging Options in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. Mol Diagn Ther 2021; 25:301-313. [PMID: 33713031 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-021-00517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common neoplasm in the world and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the USA. A safer and more effective therapeutic intervention against this malignant carcinoma is called for given the limitations and toxicities associated with the currently available treatment modalities. Immuno-oncolytic or oncolytic virotherapy, the use of viruses to selectively or preferentially kill cancer cells, has emerged as a potential anticancer treatment modality. Oncolytic viruses act as double-edged swords against the tumors through the direct cytolysis of cancer cells and the induction of antitumor immunity. A number of such viruses have been tested against colorectal cancer, in both preclinical and clinical settings, and many have produced promising results. Oncolytic virotherapy has also shown synergistic antitumor efficacy in combination with conventional treatment regimens. In this review, we describe the status of this therapeutic approach against colorectal cancer at both preclinical and clinical levels. Successes with and the challenges of using oncolytic viruses, both as monotherapy and in combination therapy, are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Islam Kana
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008-5410, USA
| | - Karim Essani
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008-5410, USA.
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Jenner AL, Cassidy T, Belaid K, Bourgeois-Daigneault MC, Craig M. In silico trials predict that combination strategies for enhancing vesicular stomatitis oncolytic virus are determined by tumor aggressivity. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-001387. [PMID: 33608375 PMCID: PMC7898884 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunotherapies, driven by immune-mediated antitumorigenicity, offer the potential for significant improvements to the treatment of multiple cancer types. Identifying therapeutic strategies that bolster antitumor immunity while limiting immune suppression is critical to selecting treatment combinations and schedules that offer durable therapeutic benefits. Combination oncolytic virus (OV) therapy, wherein complementary OVs are administered in succession, offer such promise, yet their translation from preclinical studies to clinical implementation is a major challenge. Overcoming this obstacle requires answering fundamental questions about how to effectively design and tailor schedules to provide the most benefit to patients. Methods We developed a computational biology model of combined oncolytic vaccinia (an enhancer virus) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) calibrated to and validated against multiple data sources. We then optimized protocols in a cohort of heterogeneous virtual individuals by leveraging this model and our previously established in silico clinical trial platform. Results Enhancer multiplicity was shown to have little to no impact on the average response to therapy. However, the duration of the VSV injection lag was found to be determinant for survival outcomes. Importantly, through treatment individualization, we found that optimal combination schedules are closely linked to tumor aggressivity. We predicted that patients with aggressively growing tumors required a single enhancer followed by a VSV injection 1 day later, whereas a small subset of patients with the slowest growing tumors needed multiple enhancers followed by a longer VSV delay of 15 days, suggesting that intrinsic tumor growth rates could inform the segregation of patients into clinical trials and ultimately determine patient survival. These results were validated in entirely new cohorts of virtual individuals with aggressive or non-aggressive subtypes. Conclusions Based on our results, improved therapeutic schedules for combinations with enhancer OVs can be studied and implemented. Our results further underline the impact of interdisciplinary approaches to preclinical planning and the importance of computational approaches to drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianne L Jenner
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tyler Cassidy
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Katia Belaid
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Statistique et Informatique Décisionnelle, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, Occitanie, France
| | - Marie-Claude Bourgeois-Daigneault
- Institut du Cancer de Montréal, CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectious diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Morgan Craig
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Zhang Z, Dong L, Zhao C, Zheng P, Zhang X, Xu J. Vaccinia virus-based vector against infectious diseases and tumors. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:1578-1585. [PMID: 33606578 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1840887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus was used to prevent smallpox. After the World Health Organization declared smallpox extinct, vaccinia virus has been explored for the development of vaccines against a variety of infectious diseases. It also finds a new place in oncolytic therapy. Here we provide a brief review of the history, current status, and future prospect of vaccinia virus-based vaccine and oncolytic virus. New advancements, including a single vaccine targeting multiple viruses, strategies of arming vaccinia viruses to enhance anti-tumor activity, the promise and challenge of combining vaccinia-based virotherapy with immunotherapy, are discussed as special focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziling Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health ClinicalCenter& Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lanlan Dong
- Shanghai Public Health ClinicalCenter& Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Shanghai Public Health ClinicalCenter& Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiyong Zheng
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, LongHua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health ClinicalCenter& Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health ClinicalCenter& Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Giehl E, Kosaka H, Liu Z, Feist M, Kammula US, Lotze MT, Ma C, Guo ZS, Bartlett DL. In Vivo Priming of Peritoneal Tumor-Reactive Lymphocytes With a Potent Oncolytic Virus for Adoptive Cell Therapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:610042. [PMID: 33679747 PMCID: PMC7930493 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.610042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) using autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) achieves durable clinical benefit for patients from whom these cells can be derived in advanced metastatic melanoma but is limited in most solid tumors as a result of immune escape and exclusion. A tumor microenvironment (TME) priming strategy to improve the quantity and quality of TIL represents an important tactic to explore. Oncolytic viruses expressing immune stimulatory cytokines induce a potent inflammatory response that may enhance infiltration and activation of T cells. In this study, we examined the ability of an attenuated oncolytic vaccinia virus expressing IL15/IL15Rα (vvDD-IL15/Rα) to enhance recovery of lavage T cells in peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC). We found that intraperitoneal (IP) vvDD-IL15/Rα treatment of animals bearing PC resulted in a significant increase in cytotoxic function and memory formation in CD8+ T cells in peritoneal fluid. Using tetramers for vaccinia virus B8R antigen and tumor rejection antigen p15E, we found that the expanded population of peritoneal CD8+ T cells are specific for vaccinia or tumor with increased tumor-specificity over time, reinforced with viral clearance. Application of these vvDD-IL15/Rα induced CD8+ T cells in ACT of a lethal model of PC significantly increased survival. In addition, we found in patients with peritoneal metastases from various primary solid tumors that peritoneal T cells could be recovered but were exhausted with infrequent tumor-reactivity. If clinically translatable, vvDD-IL15/Rα in vivo priming would greatly expand the number of patients with advanced metastatic cancers responsive to T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Giehl
- Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hiromichi Kosaka
- Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Oncology Research Laboratories Oncology R&D Unit, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Zuqiang Liu
- Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mathilde Feist
- Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Surgery, CCM/CVK, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Udai S Kammula
- Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Congrong Ma
- Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Zong Sheng Guo
- Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - David L Bartlett
- Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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44
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Yang M, Giehl E, Feng C, Feist M, Chen H, Dai E, Liu Z, Ma C, Ravindranathan R, Bartlett DL, Lu B, Guo ZS. IL-36γ-armed oncolytic virus exerts superior efficacy through induction of potent adaptive antitumor immunity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:2467-2481. [PMID: 33538860 PMCID: PMC8360872 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02860-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to apply the cytokine IL-36γ to cancer immunotherapy by constructing new oncolytic vaccinia viruses (OV) expressing interleukin-36γ (IL-36γ-OVs), leveraging unique synergism between OV and IL-36γ’s ability to promote antitumor adaptive immunity and modulate tumor microenvironment (TME). IL-36γ-OV had dramatic therapeutic efficacies in multiple murine tumor models, frequently leading to complete cancer eradication in large fractions of mice. Mechanistically, IL-36-γ-armed OV induced infiltration of lymphocytes and dendritic cells, decreased myeloid-derived suppressor cells and M2-like tumor-associated macrophages, and T cell differentiation into effector cells. Further study showed that IL-36γ-OV increased the number of tumor antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and the therapeutic efficacy depended on both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. These results demonstrate that these IL36γ-armed OVs exert potent therapeutic efficacy mainly though antitumor immunity and they may hold great potential to advance treatment in human cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Esther Giehl
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Chao Feng
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mathilde Feist
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, CCM/CVK, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hongqi Chen
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Enyong Dai
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zuqiang Liu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Congrong Ma
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Roshni Ravindranathan
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David L Bartlett
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,AHN-Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Binfeng Lu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Zong Sheng Guo
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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45
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Jin KT, Du WL, Liu YY, Lan HR, Si JX, Mou XZ. Oncolytic Virotherapy in Solid Tumors: The Challenges and Achievements. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040588. [PMID: 33546172 PMCID: PMC7913179 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is a promising approach in cancer immunotherapy. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) could be applied in cancer immunotherapy without in-depth knowledge of tumor antigens. The capability of genetic modification makes OVs exciting therapeutic tools with a high potential for manipulation. Improving efficacy, employing immunostimulatory elements, changing the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) to inflammatory TME, optimizing their delivery system, and increasing the safety are the main areas of OVs manipulations. Recently, the reciprocal interaction of OVs and TME has become a hot topic for investigators to enhance the efficacy of OVT with less off-target adverse events. Current investigations suggest that the main application of OVT is to provoke the antitumor immune response in the TME, which synergize the effects of other immunotherapies such as immune-checkpoint blockers and adoptive cell therapy. In this review, we focused on the effects of OVs on the TME and antitumor immune responses. Furthermore, OVT challenges, including its moderate efficiency, safety concerns, and delivery strategies, along with recent achievements to overcome challenges, are thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Tao Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China; (K.-T.J.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Wen-Lin Du
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China;
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yu-Yao Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China; (K.-T.J.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Huan-Rong Lan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China;
| | - Jing-Xing Si
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Correspondence: (J.-X.S.); (X.-Z.M.); Tel./Fax: +86-571-85893781 (J.-X.S.); +86-571-85893985 (X.-Z.M.)
| | - Xiao-Zhou Mou
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Correspondence: (J.-X.S.); (X.-Z.M.); Tel./Fax: +86-571-85893781 (J.-X.S.); +86-571-85893985 (X.-Z.M.)
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46
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Béguin J, Gantzer M, Farine I, Foloppe J, Klonjkowski B, Maurey C, Quéméneur É, Erbs P. Safety, biodistribution and viral shedding of oncolytic vaccinia virus TG6002 administered intravenously in healthy beagle dogs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2209. [PMID: 33500518 PMCID: PMC7838210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81831-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is an emerging strategy that uses replication-competent viruses to kill tumor cells. We have reported the oncolytic effects of TG6002, a recombinant oncolytic vaccinia virus, in preclinical human xenograft models and canine tumor explants. To assess the safety, biodistribution and shedding of TG6002 administered by the intravenous route, we conducted a study in immune-competent healthy dogs. Three dogs each received a single intravenous injection of TG6002 at 105 PFU/kg, 106 PFU/kg or 107 PFU/kg, and one dog received three intravenous injections at 107 PFU/kg. The injections were well tolerated without any clinical, hematological or biochemical adverse events. Viral genomes were only detected in blood at the earliest sampling time point of one-hour post-injection at 107 PFU/kg. Post mortem analyses at day 35 allowed detection of viral DNA in the spleen of the dog which received three injections at 107 PFU/kg. Viral genomes were not detected in the urine, saliva or feces of any dogs. Seven days after the injections, a dose-dependent antibody mediated immune response was identified. In conclusion, intravenous administration of TG6002 shows a good safety profile, supporting the initiation of clinical trials in canine cancer patients as well as further development as a human cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Béguin
- Transgene, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- UMR Virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | | | - Bernard Klonjkowski
- UMR Virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Christelle Maurey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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47
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Zhang S, Rabkin SD. The discovery and development of oncolytic viruses: are they the future of cancer immunotherapy? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 16:391-410. [PMID: 33232188 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1850689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite diverse treatment modalities and novel therapies, many cancers and patients are not effectively treated. Cancer immunotherapy has recently achieved breakthrough status yet is not effective in all cancer types or patients and can generate serious adverse effects. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are a promising new therapeutic modality that harnesses virus biology and host interactions to treat cancer. OVs, genetically engineered or natural, preferentially replicate in and kill cancer cells, sparing normal cells/tissues, and mediating anti-tumor immunity.Areas covered: This review focuses on OVs as cancer therapeutic agents from a historical perspective, especially strategies to boost their immunotherapeutic activities. OVs offer a multifaceted platform, whose activities are modulated based on the parental virus and genetic alterations. In addition to direct viral effects, many OVs can be armed with therapeutic transgenes to also act as gene therapy vectors, and/or combined with other drugs or therapies.Expert opinion: OVs are an amazingly versatile and malleable class of cancer therapies. They tend to target cellular and host physiology as opposed to specific genetic alterations, which potentially enables broad responsiveness. The biological complexity of OVs have hindered their translation; however, the recent approval of talimogene laherparepvec (T-Vec) has invigorated the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunchuan Zhang
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory and the Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel D Rabkin
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory and the Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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48
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Martini V, D'Avanzo F, Maggiora PM, Varughese FM, Sica A, Gennari A. Oncolytic virotherapy: new weapon for breast cancer treatment. Ecancermedicalscience 2020; 14:1149. [PMID: 33574894 PMCID: PMC7864690 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2020.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent introduction of viruses as a weapon against cancer can be regarded as one of the most intriguing approaches in the context of precision medicine. The role of immune checkpoint inhibitors has been extensively studied in early and advanced cancer stages, with extraordinary results. Although there is a good tolerability profile, especially when compared with conventional chemotherapy, severe immune-related adverse events have emerged as a potential limitation. Moreover, there are still treatment-resistant cases and thus further treatment options need to be implemented. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have been conducted and are ongoing to develop oncolytic viruses (OVs) as a tool to modulate the immune system response. OVs are attenuated viruses that can kill cancer cells after having infected them, producing microenvironment remodelling and antitumour immune response. The potential of oncolytic virotherapy is to contrast the absence of T cell infiltrates, converting ‘cold’ tumours into ‘hot’ ones, thus improving the performance of the immune system. Breast cancer, the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths among women, is considered a ‘cold’ tumour. In this context, oncolytic virotherapy might well be considered as a promising strategy. This review summarises the current status, clinical applications and future development of OVs, focusing on breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Martini
- Division of Oncology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara 13100, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune & Allergic Diseases - CAAD, Novara 28100, Italy.,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0887-4082
| | - Francesca D'Avanzo
- Division of Oncology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara 13100, Italy
| | - Paola Maria Maggiora
- Division of Oncology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara 13100, Italy
| | - Feba Maria Varughese
- Division of Oncology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara 13100, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune & Allergic Diseases - CAAD, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Antonio Sica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, A Avogadro 28100, Italy.,Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano (MI) 20089, Italy.,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8342-7442
| | - Alessandra Gennari
- Division of Oncology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara 13100, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune & Allergic Diseases - CAAD, Novara 28100, Italy.,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0928-2281
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49
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Song K, Viskovska M. Design and Engineering of Deimmunized Vaccinia Viral Vectors. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E491. [PMID: 33187060 PMCID: PMC7697509 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia viral (VV) vectors are increasingly used in oncolytic virus therapy and vaccine development for cancer and infectious diseases. However, their effectiveness is hindered by the strong anti-viral immune response induced by the viral vector. In this review, we discuss the strategies to deimmunize vaccinia viral vector. One approach is to mask the virus from the neutralization antibody responses by mapping and eliminating of B-cell epitopes on the viral membrane proteins. The recombinant VVs contain one or more viral glycoproteins with mutations in the neutralizing antibody epitopes, resulting in viral escape from neutralization. In addition, a regulator of complement activation (e.g., CD55) can be expressed on the surface of the virus particle, leading to increased resistance to complement-mediated neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariya Viskovska
- Icell Kealex Therapeutics, 2450 Holcombe Blvd Suite J, JALBS@TMC, Houston, TX 77021, USA;
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50
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Watanabe N, McKenna MK, Rosewell Shaw A, Suzuki M. Clinical CAR-T Cell and Oncolytic Virotherapy for Cancer Treatment. Mol Ther 2020; 29:505-520. [PMID: 33130314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has recently garnered success with the induction of clinical responses in tumors, which are traditionally associated with poor outcomes. Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells and oncolytic viruses (OVs) have emerged as promising cancer immunotherapy agents. Herein, we provide an overview of the current clinical status of CAR-T cell and OV therapies. While preclinical studies have demonstrated curative potential, the benefit of CAR-T cells and OVs as single-agent treatments remains limited to a subset of patients. Combinations of different targeted therapies may be required to achieve efficient, durable responses against heterogeneous tumors, as well as the microenvironment. Using a combinatorial approach to take advantage of the unique features of CAR-T cells and OVs with other treatments can produce additive therapeutic effects. This review also discusses ongoing clinical evaluations of these combination strategies for improved outcomes in treatment of resistant malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Watanabe
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mary Kathryn McKenna
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amanda Rosewell Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Masataka Suzuki
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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