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Tájmel D, Cruz-Paredes C, Rousk J. Heat wave-induced microbial thermal trait adaptation and its reversal in the Subarctic. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17032. [PMID: 37997641 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Climate change predictions suggest that arctic and subarctic ecosystems will be particularly affected by rising temperatures and extreme weather events, including severe heat waves. Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors controlling and regulating microbial decomposition in soils; therefore, it is critical to understand its impact on soil microorganisms and their feedback to climate warming. We conducted a warming experiment in a subarctic birch forest in North Sweden to test the effects of summer heat waves on the thermal trait distributions that define the temperature dependences for microbial growth and respiration. We also determined the microbial temperature dependences 10 and 12 months after the heat wave simulation had ended to investigate the persistence of the thermal trait shifts. As a result of warming, the bacterial growth temperature dependence shifted to become warm-adapted, with a similar trend for fungal growth. For respiration, there was no shift in the temperature dependence. The shifts in thermal traits were not accompanied by changes in α- or β-diversity of the microbial community. Warming increased the fungal-to-bacterial growth ratio by 33% and decreased the microbial carbon use efficiency by 35%, and both these effects were caused by the reduction in moisture the warming treatments caused, while there was no evidence that substrate depletion had altered microbial processes. The warm-shifted bacterial thermal traits were partially restored within one winter but only fully recovered to match ambient conditions after 1 year. To conclude, a summer heat wave in the Subarctic resulted in (i) shifts in microbial thermal trait distributions; (ii) lower microbial process rates caused by decreased moisture, not substrate depletion; and (iii) no detectable link between the microbial thermal trait shifts and community composition changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Tájmel
- Microbial Ecology, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Microbial Biochemistry in Lund (MBLU), Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carla Cruz-Paredes
- Microbial Ecology, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Microbial Biochemistry in Lund (MBLU), Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johannes Rousk
- Microbial Ecology, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Microbial Biochemistry in Lund (MBLU), Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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2
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Li QQ, Khasbagan, Zhang ZP, Wen J, Yu Y. Plastid phylogenomics of the tribe potentilleae (Rosaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2024; 190:107961. [PMID: 37918684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The tribe Potentilleae comprises approximately 1700 species in 13 genera, making it one of the largest of the 16 tribes in Rosaceae. Our understanding of the composition and relationships among members of Potentilleae has advanced dramatically with the application of molecular markers in the last two decades. Yet there is still much work remaining toward a robust phylogenetic framework for the entire Potentilleae and a comprehensive genus-level dating framework for the tribe. The goals of the present study were to establish a phylogenetic framework for Potentilleae, infer the origin and diversification of the tribe using a temporal framework, and explore the taxonomic implications in light of the updated phylogenetic framework. We used the plastome sequences from 158 accessions representing 139 taxa covering all 13 recognized genera of the tribe to reconstruct the Potentilleae phylogeny. High phylogenetic resolution was recovered along the Potentilleae backbone. Two major clades were recovered within Potentilleae, corresponding to the two subtribes Fragariinae and Potentillinae. Within Fragariinae, two subclades were recovered. In one subclade, Sibbaldia sensu stricto is sister to a clade containing Sibbaldianthe, Comarum, Farinopsis, and Alchemilla sensu lato. In the other subclade, Fragaria is sister to a clade comprising Chamaerhodos, Chamaecallis, Drymocallis, Dasiphora, and Potaninia. Within Potentillinae, Argentina is sister to Potentilla sensu stricto. Within Potentilla sensu stricto, clade Himalaya is sister to Alba, and the Himalaya-Alba clade together is sister to a clade comprising Reptans, Potentilla ancistrifolia Bunge, Fragarioides, Ivesioid, and Argentea. Divergence time estimates indicated that tribe Potentilleae originated during the middle Eocene, and subtribes Fragariinae and Potentillinae diverged around the Eocene-Oligocene transition, and divergence times dated for Potentilleae genera ranged from the early Miocene to the late Pleistocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Qin Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, Inner Mongolia, China; Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Khasbagan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Zhang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jun Wen
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA.
| | - Yan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
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3
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Jamieson SSR, Ross N, Paxman GJG, Clubb FJ, Young DA, Yan S, Greenbaum J, Blankenship DD, Siegert MJ. An ancient river landscape preserved beneath the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6507. [PMID: 37875503 PMCID: PMC10597991 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) has its origins ca. 34 million years ago. Since then, the impact of climate change and past fluctuations in the EAIS margin has been reflected in periods of extensive vs. restricted ice cover and the modification of much of the Antarctic landscape. Resolving processes of landscape evolution is therefore critical for establishing ice sheet history, but it is rare to find unmodified landscapes that record past ice conditions. Here, we discover an extensive relic pre-glacial landscape preserved beneath the central EAIS despite millions of years of ice cover. The landscape was formed by rivers prior to ice sheet build-up but later modified by local glaciation before being dissected by outlet glaciers at the margin of a restricted ice sheet. Preservation of the relic surfaces indicates an absence of significant warm-based ice throughout their history, suggesting any transitions between restricted and expanded ice were rapid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil Ross
- School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Guy J G Paxman
- Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Fiona J Clubb
- Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Duncan A Young
- University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| | - Shuai Yan
- University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
- Department of Geosciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| | - Jamin Greenbaum
- Scripps Institute for Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Donald D Blankenship
- University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| | - Martin J Siegert
- Tremough House, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
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4
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De Lira Mota MA, Dunkley Jones T, Sulaiman N, Edgar KM, Yamaguchi T, Leng MJ, Adloff M, Greene SE, Norris R, Warren B, Duffy G, Farrant J, Murayama M, Hall J, Bendle J. Multi-proxy evidence for sea level fall at the onset of the Eocene-Oligocene transition. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4748. [PMID: 37553323 PMCID: PMC10409788 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39806-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Continental-scale expansion of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet during the Eocene-Oligocene Transition (EOT) is one of the largest non-linear events in Earth's climate history. Declining atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and orbital variability triggered glacial expansion and strong feedbacks in the climate system. Prominent among these feedbacks was the repartitioning of biogeochemical cycles between the continental shelves and the deep ocean with falling sea level. Here we present multiple proxies from a shallow shelf location that identify a marked regression and an elevated flux of continental-derived organic matter at the earliest stage of the EOT, a time of deep ocean carbonate dissolution and the extinction of oligotrophic phytoplankton groups. We link these observations using an Earth System model, whereby this first regression delivers a pulse of organic carbon to the oceans that could drive the observed patterns of deep ocean dissolution and acts as a transient negative feedback to climate cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo A De Lira Mota
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
- Institute of Geosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Lago, 562 - Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-080, Brazil.
| | - Tom Dunkley Jones
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nursufiah Sulaiman
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Jeli Campus, Locked Bag No 100, 17600, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Kirsty M Edgar
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Tatsuhiko Yamaguchi
- National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, 305-0005, Japan
- Center for Advanced Marine Core Research, Kochi University, 200 Monobe Otsu, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan
| | - Melanie J Leng
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
- Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Markus Adloff
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol, BS81SS, UK
- Oeschger Centre, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sarah E Greene
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Richard Norris
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Bridget Warren
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Grace Duffy
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jennifer Farrant
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Masafumi Murayama
- Center for Advanced Marine Core Research, Kochi University, 200 Monobe Otsu, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, B200 Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan
| | - Jonathan Hall
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - James Bendle
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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5
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Damadi E, Yazdani Moghaddam F, Ghanbarifardi M. Species delimitation, molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the sweetlips fish (Perciformes, Haemulidae). ZOOSYST EVOL 2023. [DOI: 10.3897/zse.99.96386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The subfamily Plectorhinchinae (sweetlips) is composed of poorly-known species with high commercially and ecologically values that exhibit phenotypic plasticity and various morphologies. Few studies have assessed the validity of sweetlips, intergeneric relationships and evolutionary survey in this subfamily, which have not yet been resolved. This study investigated the DNA sequences of (1) the mitochondrial COI gene to delimit species, and (2) two mitochondrial (COI and Cyt b), and one nuclear (RAG1) markers to infer phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary and biogeographic history. The molecular results could differentiate Diagramma punctatum from the other species, but failed to distinguish D. labiosum as a distinct species with considerably lower genetic distances for the COI (0.53%) and Cyt b (0.51%) markers. However, additional taxonomic investigations are required to shed light on this issue. All previously described nominal species of sweetlips in the northwest Indian Ocean were found to be well supported. The monophyly of Plectorhinchus is not supported and Diagramma pictum and D. punctatum should be assigned to the genus Plectorhinchus. The biogeographic history of Plectorhinchinae likely originated in the Indo-Pacific ca. 34 Ma (30–39 Ma; late Eocene/ middle Oligocene) and subsequently colonised the Western Indian Ocean and the Central Indo-Pacific. Maximum diversification within the subfamily occurred from the middle Miocene to Pliocene, coinciding with dispersal and vicariance events. Diversification was probably driven by both biological and geographical factors.
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6
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Song Z, Wan S, Colin C, France-Lanord C, Yu Z, Dapoigny A, Jin H, Li M, Zhang J, Zhao D, Shi X, Li A. Enhanced weathering input from South Asia to the Indian Ocean since the late Eocene. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:305-313. [PMID: 36690576 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced silicate weathering induced by the uplift of the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau (HTP) has been considered as the major cause of pCO2 decline and Cenozoic cooling. However, this hypothesis remains to be validated, largely due to the lack of a reliable reconstruction of the HTP weathering flux. Here, we present a 37-million-year record of the difference in the seawater radiogenic neodymium isotopic composition (ΔεNd) of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) sites and Fe-Mn crusts between the northern and central Indian Ocean, which indicates the contribution of regional weathering input from the South Asian continent to the Indian Ocean. The results show a long-term increase in ΔεNd and thus provide the first critical evidence of enhanced South Asian weathering input since the late Eocene. The evolution coincided well with major pulses of surface uplift in the HTP and global climatic transitions. Our foraminiferal εNd record suggests that tectonic uplift and silicate weathering in South Asia, especially in the Himalayas, might have played a significant role in the late Cenozoic cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géosciences Paris-Saclay (GEOPS), Orsay 91405, France
| | - Shiming Wan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Christophe Colin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géosciences Paris-Saclay (GEOPS), Orsay 91405, France.
| | - Christian France-Lanord
- Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre les Nancy 54501, France
| | - Zhaojie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Arnaud Dapoigny
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Hualong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mengjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Debo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xuefa Shi
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Anchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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7
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Heritage S, Seiffert ER. Total evidence time-scaled phylogenetic and biogeographic models for the evolution of sea cows (Sirenia, Afrotheria). PeerJ 2022; 10:e13886. [PMID: 36042864 PMCID: PMC9420408 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular phylogenetic studies that have included sirenians from the genera Trichechus, Dugong, and Hydrodamalis have resolved their interrelationships but have yielded divergence age estimates that are problematically discordant. The ages of these lineage splits have profound implications for how to interpret the sirenian fossil record-including clade membership, biogeographic patterns, and correlations with Earth history events. In an effort to address these issues, here we present a total evidence phylogenetic analysis of Sirenia that includes living and fossil species and applies Bayesian tip-dating methods to estimate their interrelationships and divergence times. In addition to extant sirenians, our dataset includes 56 fossil species from 106 dated localities and numerous afrotherian outgroup taxa. Genetic, morphological, temporal, and biogeographic data are assessed simultaneously to bring all available evidence to bear on sirenian phylogeny. The resulting time-tree is then used for Bayesian geocoordinates reconstruction analysis, which models ancestral geographic areas at splits throughout the phylogeny, thereby allowing us to infer the direction and timing of dispersals. Our results suggest that Pan-Sirenia arose in North Africa during the latest Paleocene and that the Eocene evolution of stem sirenians was primarily situated in the Tethyan realm. In the late Eocene, some lineages moved into more northern European latitudes, an area that became the source region for a key trans-Atlantic dispersal towards the Caribbean and northern-adjacent west Atlantic. This event led to the phylogenetic and biogeographic founding of crown Sirenia with the Dugongidae-Trichechidae split occurring at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary (~33.9 Ma), temporally coincident with the onset of dropping global sea levels and temperatures. This region became the nexus of sirenian diversification and supported taxonomically-rich dugongid communities until the earliest Pliocene. The Dugonginae-Hydrodamalinae split occurred near Florida during the early Miocene (~21.2 Ma) and was followed by a west-bound dispersal that gave rise to the Pacific hydrodamalines. The late middle Miocene (~12.2 Ma) split of Dugong from all other dugongines also occurred near Florida and our analyses suggest that the Indo-Pacific distribution of modern dugongs is the result of a trans-Pacific dispersal. From at least the early Miocene, trichechid evolution was based entirely in South America, presumably within the Pebas Wetlands System. We infer that the eventual establishment of Amazon drainage into the South Atlantic allowed the dispersal of Trichechus out of South America no earlier than the mid-Pliocene. Our analyses provide a new temporal and biogeographic framework for understanding major events in sirenian evolution and their possible relationships to oceanographic and climatic changes. These hypotheses can be further tested with the recovery and integration of new fossil evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Heritage
- Duke Lemur Center Museum of Natural History, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Erik R. Seiffert
- Duke Lemur Center Museum of Natural History, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Mammalogy, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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8
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Abstract
Archaeal membrane lipids are widely used for paleotemperature reconstructions, yet these molecular fossils also bear rich information about ecology and evolution of marine ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA). Here we identified thermal and nonthermal behaviors of archaeal glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) by comparing the GDGT-based temperature index (TEX86) to the ratio of GDGTs with two and three cyclopentane rings (GDGT-2/GDGT-3). Thermal-dependent biosynthesis should increase TEX86 and decrease GDGT-2/GDGT-3 when the ambient temperature increases. This presumed temperature-dependent (PTD) trend is observed in GDGTs derived from cultures of thermophilic and mesophilic AOA. The distribution of GDGTs in suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediments collected from above the pycnocline-shallow water samples-also follows the PTD trend. These similar GDGT distributions between AOA cultures and shallow water environmental samples reflect shallow ecotypes of marine AOA. While there are currently no cultures of deep AOA clades, GDGTs derived from deep water SPM and marine sediment samples exhibit nonthermal behavior deviating from the PTD trend. The presence of deep AOA increases the GDGT-2/GDGT-3 ratio and distorts the temperature-controlled correlation between GDGT-2/GDGT-3 and TEX86. We then used Gaussian mixture models to statistically characterize these diagnostic patterns of modern AOA ecology from paleo-GDGT records to infer the evolution of marine AOA from the Mid-Mesozoic to the present. Long-term GDGT-2/GDGT-3 trends suggest a suppression of today's deep water marine AOA during the Mesozoic-early Cenozoic greenhouse climates. Our analysis provides invaluable insights into the evolutionary timeline and the expansion of AOA niches associated with major oceanographic and climate changes.
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Jamson KM, Moon BC, Fraass AJ. Diversity dynamics of microfossils from the Cretaceous to the Neogene show mixed responses to events. PALAEONTOLOGY 2022; 65:e12615. [PMID: 36248238 PMCID: PMC9540813 DOI: 10.1111/pala.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microfossils have a ubiquitous and well-studied fossil record with temporally and spatially fluctuating diversity, but how this arises and how major events affect speciation and extinction is uncertain. We present one of the first applications of PyRate to a micropalaeontological global occurrence dataset, reconstructing diversification rates within a Bayesian framework from the Mesozoic to the Neogene in four microfossil groups: planktic foraminiferans, calcareous nannofossils, radiolarians and diatoms. Calcareous and siliceous groups demonstrate opposed but inconsistent responses in diversification. Radiolarian origination increases from c. 104 Ma, maintaining high rates into the Cenozoic. Calcareous microfossil diversification rates significantly declines across the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary, while rates in siliceous microfossil groups remain stable until the Paleocene-Eocene transition. Diversification rates in the Cenozoic are largely stable in calcareous groups, whereas the Palaeogene is a turbulent time for diatoms. Diversification fluctuations are driven by climate change and fluctuations in sea surface temperatures, leading to different responses in the groups generating calcareous or siliceous microfossils. Extinctions are apparently induced by changes in anoxia, acidification and stratification; speciation tends to be associated with upwelling, productivity and ocean circulation. These results invite further micropalaeontological quantitative analysis and study of the effects of major transitions in the fossil record. Despite extensive occurrence data, regional diversification events were not recovered; neither were some global events. These unexpected results show the need to consider multiple spatiotemporal levels of diversity and diversification analyses and imply that occurrence datasets of different clades may be more appropriate for testing some hypotheses than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M. Jamson
- Palaeobiology Research GroupSchool of Earth SciencesUniversity of BristolWills Memorial Building, Queens RoadBristolBS8 1RJUK
- Present address:
School of Earth & Ocean SciencesUniversity of VictoriaBob Wright Centre A405VictoriaBCV8W 2Y2Canada
| | - Benjamin C. Moon
- Palaeobiology Research GroupSchool of Earth SciencesUniversity of BristolWills Memorial Building, Queens RoadBristolBS8 1RJUK
| | - Andrew J. Fraass
- Palaeobiology Research GroupSchool of Earth SciencesUniversity of BristolWills Memorial Building, Queens RoadBristolBS8 1RJUK
- The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University1900 Benjamin Franklin ParkwayPhiladelphiaPA19103USA
- Present address:
School of Earth & Ocean SciencesUniversity of VictoriaBob Wright Centre A405VictoriaBCV8W 2Y2Canada
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10
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Geochronological Evidence Inferring Carbonate Compensation Depth Shoaling in the Philippine Sea after the Mid-Brunhes Event. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10060745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Carbonate compensation depth (CCD) is an important factor in the global deep ocean and in global carbon cycling; however, its variabilities have not been well documented in previous studies. In this study, we investigate two deep-sea cores collected from the Philippine Sea in terms of geochronology and geochemical properties over the past ~900 kyr. The principle results are as follows: (1) Two magnetozones are determined from the sediment’s magnetic records, which can be correlated with the Brunhes and Matuyama chrons in the geomagnetic polarity timescale. (2) The age models can be refined by tuning the Ba and Sm intensities of the two studied cores to the global ice volume, and the estimated sediment accumulation rate is ~4 mm/kyr. (3) Chalky mud and the bulk carbon δ13C record vary abruptly at ~430 ka and imply 200 m shoaling of the CCD. Based on these results, a close link is inferred between marine productivity, aeolian dust, and CCD changes, which can be correlated with a major change that occurred during the Mid-Brunhes Event. Therefore, we propose that the sedimentary processes in the Philippine Sea are evidence of global climate change, providing a unique window to observe interactions between various environmental systems.
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11
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Climate transition at the Eocene-Oligocene influenced by bathymetric changes to the Atlantic-Arctic oceanic gateways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2115346119. [PMID: 35446685 PMCID: PMC9169914 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115346119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The results show that dynamic variations in the Earth’s interior could have played a key role in the Eocene–Oligocene climatic transition (∼33.9 Ma) and the inception of glaciations. Pulsations in the Iceland mantle plume modified the bathymetry of the Greenland–Scotland Ridge, which affected deep water formation in the North Atlantic. Our model simulations show that the changes in the Atlantic–Arctic oceanic gateways cooled the Southern Hemisphere, and later the Northern Hemisphere, paving the way for the growth of major land-based ice sheets. This supplements the current view that decreasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations and/or changes to the Southern Ocean gateways or the Tethys Seaway dominated climate changes and the inception of glaciations at the time. The Eocene–Oligocene Transition (∼33.9 Ma) marks the largest step transformation within the Cenozoic cooling trend and is characterized by a sudden growth of the Antarctic ice sheets, cooling of the interior ocean, and the establishment of strong meridional temperature gradients. Here we examine the climatic impact of oceanic gateway changes at the Eocene–Oligocene Transition by implementing detailed paleogeographic reconstructions with realistic paleobathymetric models for the Atlantic–Arctic basins in a state-of-the-art earth system model (the Norwegian Earth System Model [NorESM-F]). We demonstrate that the warm Eocene climate is highly sensitive to depth variations of the Greenland–Scotland Ridge and the proto–Fram Strait as they control the freshwater leakage from the Arctic to the North Atlantic. Our results, and proxy evidence, suggest that changes in these gateways controlled the ocean circulation and played a critical role in the growth of land-based ice sheets, alongside CO2-driven global cooling. Specifically, we suggest that a shallow connection between the Arctic and North Atlantic restricted the southward flow of fresh surface waters during the Late Eocene allowing for a North Atlantic overturning circulation. Consequently, the Southern Hemisphere cooled by several degrees paving the way for the glaciation of Antarctica. Shortly after, the connection to the Arctic deepened due to weakening dynamic support from the Iceland Mantle Plume. This weakened the North Atlantic overturning and cooled the Northern Hemisphere, thereby promoting glaciations there. Our study points to a controlling role of the Northeast Atlantic gateways and decreasing atmospheric CO2 in the onset of glaciations in both hemispheres.
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Rasmussen JA, Thibault N, Mac Ørum Rasmussen C. Middle Ordovician astrochronology decouples asteroid breakup from glacially-induced biotic radiations. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6430. [PMID: 34741034 PMCID: PMC8571325 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Meso-Cenozoic evidence suggests links between changes in the expression of orbital changes and millennia-scale climatic- and biotic variations, but proof for such shifts in orbital cyclicity farther back in geological time is lacking. Here, we report a 469-million-year-old Palaeozoic energy transfer from precession to 405 kyr eccentricity cycles that coincides with the start of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE). Based on an early Middle Ordovician astronomically calibrated cyclostratigraphic framework we find this orbital change to succeed the onset of icehouse conditions by 200,000 years, suggesting a climatic origin. Recently, this icehouse was postulated to be facilitated by extra-terrestrial dust associated with an asteroid breakup. Our timescale, however, shows the meteor bombardment to post-date the icehouse by 800,000 years, instead pausing the GOBE 600,000 years after its initiation. Resolving Milankovitch cyclicity in deep time thus suggests universal orbital control in modulating climate, and maybe even biodiversity accumulation, through geological time. The Middle Ordovician icehouse has been suggested to be sparked by extra-terrestrial dust associated with an asteroid break-up. Here, the authors use an astronomically calibrated timescale to decouple millennia-scale climate and biodiversity change from the meteorite shower 468.4 million years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Audun Rasmussen
- Museum Mors, Skarrehagevej 8, DK-7900, Nykøbing Mors, Denmark.,Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Nicolas Thibault
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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de Vries D, Heritage S, Borths MR, Sallam HM, Seiffert ER. Widespread loss of mammalian lineage and dietary diversity in the early Oligocene of Afro-Arabia. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1172. [PMID: 34621013 PMCID: PMC8497553 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02707-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse lines of geological and geochemical evidence indicate that the Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT) marked the onset of a global cooling phase, rapid growth of the Antarctic ice sheet, and a worldwide drop in sea level. Paleontologists have established that shifts in mammalian community structure in Europe and Asia were broadly coincident with these events, but the potential impact of early Oligocene climate change on the mammalian communities of Afro-Arabia has long been unclear. Here we employ dated phylogenies of multiple endemic Afro-Arabian mammal clades (anomaluroid and hystricognath rodents, anthropoid and strepsirrhine primates, and carnivorous hyaenodonts) to investigate lineage diversification and loss since the early Eocene. These analyses provide evidence for widespread mammalian extinction in the early Oligocene of Afro-Arabia, with almost two-thirds of peak late Eocene diversity lost in these clades by ~30 Ma. Using homology-free dental topographic metrics, we further demonstrate that the loss of Afro-Arabian rodent and primate lineages was associated with a major reduction in molar occlusal topographic disparity, suggesting a correlated loss of dietary diversity. These results raise new questions about the relative importance of global versus local influences in shaping the evolutionary trajectories of Afro-Arabia's endemic mammals during the Oligocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien de Vries
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Steven Heritage
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
- Duke Lemur Center Museum of Natural History, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Matthew R Borths
- Duke Lemur Center Museum of Natural History, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Hesham M Sallam
- Duke Lemur Center Museum of Natural History, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
- Mansoura University Vertebrate Paleontology, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura, Egypt
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology (I-GHHE), School of Sciences and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Erik R Seiffert
- Duke Lemur Center Museum of Natural History, Durham, NC, 27705, USA.
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Mammalogy, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA.
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14
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Kearns LE, Bohaty SM, Edgar KM, Nogué S, Ezard THG. Searching for Function: Reconstructing Adaptive Niche Changes Using Geochemical and Morphological Data in Planktonic Foraminifera. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.679722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dead species remain dead. The diversity record of life is littered with examples of declines and radiations, yet no species has ever re-evolved following its true extinction. In contrast, functional traits can transcend diversity declines, often develop iteratively and are taxon-free allowing application across taxa, environments and time. Planktonic foraminifera have an unrivaled, near continuous fossil record for the past 200 million years making them a perfect test organism to understand trait changes through time, but the functional role of morphology in determining habitat occupation has been questioned. Here, we use single specimen stable isotopes to reconstruct the water depth habitat of individual planktonic foraminifera in the genus Subbotina alongside morphological measurements of the tests to understand trait changes through the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum [MECO: ∼40 Myr ago (mega annum, Ma)]. The MECO is a geologically transient global warming interval that marks the beginning of widespread biotic reorganizations in marine organisms spanning a size spectrum from diatoms to whales. In contrast to other planktonic foraminiferal genera, the subbotinids flourished through this interval despite multiple climatic perturbations superimposed on a changing background climate. Through coupled trait and geochemical analysis, we show that Subbotina survival through this climatically dynamic interval was aided by trait plasticity and a wider ecological niche than previously thought for a subthermocline dwelling genus supporting a generalist life strategy. We also show how individually resolved oxygen isotopes can track shifts in depth occupancy through climatic upheaval. During and following the MECO, temperature changes were substantial in the thermocline and subthermocline in comparison to the muted responses of the surface ocean. In our post-MECO samples, we observe restoration of planktonic foraminifera depth stratification. Despite these changing temperatures and occupied depths, we do not detect a contemporaneous morphological response implying that readily available traits such as test size and shape do not have a clear functional role in this generalist genus. Modern imaging measurement technologies offer a promising route to gather more informative morphological traits for functional analysis, rather than the traditional candidates that are most easily measured.
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15
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Marciniak S, Mughal MR, Godfrey LR, Bankoff RJ, Randrianatoandro H, Crowley BE, Bergey CM, Muldoon KM, Randrianasy J, Raharivololona BM, Schuster SC, Malhi RS, Yoder AD, Louis EE, Kistler L, Perry GH. Evolutionary and phylogenetic insights from a nuclear genome sequence of the extinct, giant, "subfossil" koala lemur Megaladapis edwardsi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2022117118. [PMID: 34162703 PMCID: PMC8255780 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022117118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
No endemic Madagascar animal with body mass >10 kg survived a relatively recent wave of extinction on the island. From morphological and isotopic analyses of skeletal "subfossil" remains we can reconstruct some of the biology and behavioral ecology of giant lemurs (primates; up to ∼160 kg) and other extraordinary Malagasy megafauna that survived into the past millennium. Yet, much about the evolutionary biology of these now-extinct species remains unknown, along with persistent phylogenetic uncertainty in some cases. Thankfully, despite the challenges of DNA preservation in tropical and subtropical environments, technical advances have enabled the recovery of ancient DNA from some Malagasy subfossil specimens. Here, we present a nuclear genome sequence (∼2× coverage) for one of the largest extinct lemurs, the koala lemur Megaladapis edwardsi (∼85 kg). To support the testing of key phylogenetic and evolutionary hypotheses, we also generated high-coverage nuclear genomes for two extant lemurs, Eulemur rufifrons and Lepilemur mustelinus, and we aligned these sequences with previously published genomes for three other extant lemurs and 47 nonlemur vertebrates. Our phylogenetic results confirm that Megaladapis is most closely related to the extant Lemuridae (typified in our analysis by E. rufifrons) to the exclusion of L. mustelinus, which contradicts morphology-based phylogenies. Our evolutionary analyses identified significant convergent evolution between M. edwardsi and an extant folivore (a colobine monkey) and an herbivore (horse) in genes encoding proteins that function in plant toxin biodegradation and nutrient absorption. These results suggest that koala lemurs were highly adapted to a leaf-based diet, which may also explain their convergent craniodental morphology with the small-bodied folivore Lepilemur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Marciniak
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Mehreen R Mughal
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Intercollege Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16082
| | - Laurie R Godfrey
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Richard J Bankoff
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Heritiana Randrianatoandro
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Mention Anthropobiologie et Développement Durable, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Brooke E Crowley
- Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220
- Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220
| | - Christina M Bergey
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08854
| | | | - Jeannot Randrianasy
- Mention Anthropobiologie et Développement Durable, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Brigitte M Raharivololona
- Mention Anthropobiologie et Développement Durable, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Stephan C Schuster
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Ripan S Malhi
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Anne D Yoder
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Edward E Louis
- Department of Conservation Genetics, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, NE 68107;
| | - Logan Kistler
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560;
| | - George H Perry
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802;
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Intercollege Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16082
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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Rohling EJ, Yu J, Heslop D, Foster GL, Opdyke B, Roberts AP. Sea level and deep-sea temperature reconstructions suggest quasi-stable states and critical transitions over the past 40 million years. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/26/eabf5326. [PMID: 34172440 PMCID: PMC8232915 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf5326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sea level and deep-sea temperature variations are key indicators of global climate changes. For continuous records over millions of years, deep-sea carbonate microfossil-based δ18O (δc) records are indispensable because they reflect changes in both deep-sea temperature and seawater δ18O (δw); the latter are related to ice volume and, thus, to sea level changes. Deep-sea temperature is usually resolved using elemental ratios in the same benthic microfossil shells used for δc, with linear scaling of residual δw to sea level changes. Uncertainties are large and the linear-scaling assumption remains untested. Here, we present a new process-based approach to assess relationships between changes in sea level, mean ice sheet δ18O, and both deep-sea δw and temperature and find distinct nonlinearity between sea level and δw changes. Application to δc records over the past 40 million years suggests that Earth's climate system has complex dynamical behavior, with threshold-like adjustments (critical transitions) that separate quasi-stable deep-sea temperature and ice-volume states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eelco J Rohling
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Jimin Yu
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - David Heslop
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Gavin L Foster
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Bradley Opdyke
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Andrew P Roberts
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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17
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Nečas T, Badjedjea G, Vopálenský M, Gvoždík V. Congolius, a new genus of African reed frog endemic to the central Congo: A potential case of convergent evolution. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8338. [PMID: 33863953 PMCID: PMC8052363 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The reed frog genus Hyperolius (Afrobatrachia, Hyperoliidae) is a speciose genus containing over 140 species of mostly small to medium-sized frogs distributed in sub-Saharan Africa. Its high level of colour polymorphism, together with in anurans relatively rare sexual dichromatism, make systematic studies more difficult. As a result, the knowledge of the diversity and taxonomy of this genus is still limited. Hyperolius robustus known only from a handful of localities in rain forests of the central Congo Basin is one of the least known species. Here, we have used molecular methods for the first time to study the phylogenetic position of this taxon, accompanied by an analysis of phenotype based on external (morphometric) and internal (osteological) morphological characters. Our phylogenetic results undoubtedly placed H. robustus out of Hyperolius into a common clade with sympatric Cryptothylax and West African Morerella. To prevent the uncovered paraphyly, we place H. robustus into a new genus, Congolius. The review of all available data suggests that the new genus is endemic to the central Congolian lowland rain forests. The analysis of phenotype underlined morphological similarity of the new genus to some Hyperolius species. This uniformity of body shape (including cranial shape) indicates that the two genera have either retained ancestral morphology or evolved through convergent evolution under similar ecological pressures in the African rain forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeáš Nečas
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Gabriel Badjedjea
- Biodiversity Monitoring Centre, Department of Ecology and Biodiversity of Aquatic Resources, University of Kisangani, Avenue Munyororo 550, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Michal Vopálenský
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Prosecká 76, 190 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Gvoždík
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Zoology, National Museum, Cirkusová 1740, 193 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
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18
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Microbial metabolism and necromass mediated fertilization effect on soil organic carbon after long-term community incubation in different climates. ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:2561-2573. [PMID: 33712697 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-00950-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of changing climate and long-term human activities on soil organic carbon (SOC) and the mediating roles of microorganisms is critical to maintain soil C stability in agricultural ecosystem. Here, we took samples from a long-term soil transplantation experiment, in which large transects of Mollisol soil in a cold temperate region were translocated to warm temperate and mid-subtropical regions to simulate different climate conditions, with a fertilization treatment on top. This study aimed to understand fertilization effect on SOC and the role of soil microorganisms featured after long-term community incubation in warm climates. After 12 years of soil transplantation, fertilization led to less reduction of SOC, in which aromatic C increased and the consumption of O-alkyl C and carbonyl C decreased. Soil live microbes were analyzed using propidium monoazide to remove DNAs from dead cells, and their network modulization explained 60.4% of variations in soil labile C. Single-cell Raman spectroscopy combined with D2O isotope labeling indicated a higher metabolic activity of live microbes to use easily degradable C after soil transplantation. Compared with non-fertilization, there was a significant decrease in soil α- and β-glucosidase and delay on microbial growth with fertilization in warmer climate. Moreover, fertilization significantly increased microbial necromass as indicated by amino sugar content, and its contribution to soil resistant C reached 22.3%. This study evidentially highlights the substantial contribution of soil microbial metabolism and necromass to refractory C of SOC with addition of nutrients in the long-term.
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19
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Folk RA, Siniscalchi CM, Soltis DE. Angiosperms at the edge: Extremity, diversity, and phylogeny. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2871-2893. [PMID: 32926444 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of flowering plants is their ability to invade some of the most extreme and dynamic habitats, including cold and dry biomes, to a far greater extent than other land plants. Recent work has provided insight to the phylogenetic distribution and evolutionary mechanisms which have enabled this success, yet needed is a synthesis of evolutionary perspectives with plant physiological traits, morphology, and genomic diversity. Linking these disparate components will not only lead to better understand the evolutionary parallelism and diversification of plants with these two strategies, but also to provide the framework needed for directing future research. We summarize the primary physiological and structural traits involved in response to cold- and drought stress, outline the phylogenetic distribution of these adaptations, and describe the recurring association of these changes with rapid diversification events that occurred in multiple lineages over the past 15 million years. Across these threefold facets of dry-cold correlation (traits, phylogeny, and time) we stress the contrast between (a) the amazing diversity of solutions flowering plants have developed in the face of extreme environments and (b) a broad correlation between cold and dry adaptations that in some cases may hint at deep common origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Folk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Carolina M Siniscalchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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20
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Ao H, Dupont-Nivet G, Rohling EJ, Zhang P, Ladant JB, Roberts AP, Licht A, Liu Q, Liu Z, Dekkers MJ, Coxall HK, Jin Z, Huang C, Xiao G, Poulsen CJ, Barbolini N, Meijer N, Sun Q, Qiang X, Yao J, An Z. Orbital climate variability on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau across the Eocene-Oligocene transition. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5249. [PMID: 33067447 PMCID: PMC7567875 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18824-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The first major build-up of Antarctic glaciation occurred in two consecutive stages across the Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT): the EOT-1 cooling event at ~34.1-33.9 Ma and the Oi-1 glaciation event at ~33.8-33.6 Ma. Detailed orbital-scale terrestrial environmental responses to these events remain poorly known. Here we present magnetic and geochemical climate records from the northeastern Tibetan Plateau margin that are dated precisely from ~35.5 to 31 Ma by combined magneto- and astro-chronology. These records suggest a hydroclimate transition at ~33.7 Ma from eccentricity dominated cycles to oscillations paced by a combination of eccentricity, obliquity, and precession, and confirm that major Asian aridification and cooling occurred at Oi-1. We conclude that this terrestrial orbital response transition coincided with a similar transition in the marine benthic δ18O record for global ice volume and deep-sea temperature variations. The dramatic reorganization of the Asian climate system coincident with Oi-1 was, thus, a response to coeval atmospheric CO2 decline and continental-scale Antarctic glaciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
- Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Guillaume Dupont-Nivet
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes, UMR, 6118, Rennes, France.
- Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Universität Potsdam, Institute of Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Eelco J Rohling
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
- Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Jean-Baptiste Ladant
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew P Roberts
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Alexis Licht
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Qingsong Liu
- Centre for Marine Magnetism (CM2), Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhonghui Liu
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mark J Dekkers
- Paleomagnetic Laboratory 'Fort Hoofddijk', Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Helen K Coxall
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhangdong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chunju Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoqiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Christopher J Poulsen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Natasha Barbolini
- Department of Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Meijer
- Universität Potsdam, Institute of Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Qiang Sun
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoke Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhisheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Earth Science Frontier, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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21
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Abstract
During the Eocene, high-latitude regions were much warmer than today and substantial polar ice sheets were lacking. Indeed, the initiation of significant polar ice sheets near the end of the Eocene has been closely linked to global cooling. Here, we examine the relationship between global temperatures and continental-scale polar ice sheets following the establishment of ice sheets on Antarctica ∼34 million years ago, using records of surface temperatures from around the world. We find that high-latitude temperatures were almost as warm after the initiation of Antarctic glaciation as before, challenging our basic understanding of how climate works, and of the development of climate and ice volume through time. Falling atmospheric CO2 levels led to cooling through the Eocene and the expansion of Antarctic ice sheets close to their modern size near the beginning of the Oligocene, a period of poorly documented climate. Here, we present a record of climate evolution across the entire Oligocene (33.9 to 23.0 Ma) based on TEX86 sea surface temperature (SST) estimates from southwestern Atlantic Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 516 (paleolatitude ∼36°S) and western equatorial Atlantic Ocean Drilling Project Site 929 (paleolatitude ∼0°), combined with a compilation of existing SST records and climate modeling. In this relatively low CO2 Oligocene world (∼300 to 700 ppm), warm climates similar to those of the late Eocene continued with only brief interruptions, while the Antarctic ice sheet waxed and waned. SSTs are spatially heterogenous, but generally support late Oligocene warming coincident with declining atmospheric CO2. This Oligocene warmth, especially at high latitudes, belies a simple relationship between climate and atmospheric CO2 and/or ocean gateways, and is only partially explained by current climate models. Although the dominant climate drivers of this enigmatic Oligocene world remain unclear, our results help fill a gap in understanding past Cenozoic climates and the way long-term climate sensitivity responded to varying background climate states.
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22
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Westerhold T, Marwan N, Drury AJ, Liebrand D, Agnini C, Anagnostou E, Barnet JSK, Bohaty SM, De Vleeschouwer D, Florindo F, Frederichs T, Hodell DA, Holbourn AE, Kroon D, Lauretano V, Littler K, Lourens LJ, Lyle M, Pälike H, Röhl U, Tian J, Wilkens RH, Wilson PA, Zachos JC. An astronomically dated record of Earth’s climate and its predictability over the last 66 million years. Science 2020; 369:1383-1387. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aba6853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Much of our understanding of Earth’s past climate comes from the measurement of oxygen and carbon isotope variations in deep-sea benthic foraminifera. Yet, long intervals in existing records lack the temporal resolution and age control needed to thoroughly categorize climate states of the Cenozoic era and to study their dynamics. Here, we present a new, highly resolved, astronomically dated, continuous composite of benthic foraminifer isotope records developed in our laboratories. Four climate states—Hothouse, Warmhouse, Coolhouse, Icehouse—are identified on the basis of their distinctive response to astronomical forcing depending on greenhouse gas concentrations and polar ice sheet volume. Statistical analysis of the nonlinear behavior encoded in our record reveals the key role that polar ice volume plays in the predictability of Cenozoic climate dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Westerhold
- MARUM–Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Norbert Marwan
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, 14412 Potsdam, Germany
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Geosciences, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anna Joy Drury
- MARUM–Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Diederik Liebrand
- MARUM–Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Claudia Agnini
- Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Gradenigo 6, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Eleni Anagnostou
- GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, Wischhofstrasse 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - James S. K. Barnet
- Camborne School of Mines and Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, UK
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, UK
| | - Steven M. Bohaty
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
| | - David De Vleeschouwer
- MARUM–Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Fabio Florindo
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, INGV, Rome, Italy
- Institute for Climate Change Solutions, Pesaro e Urbino, Italy
| | - Thomas Frederichs
- MARUM–Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - David A. Hodell
- Godwin Laboratory for Palaeoclimate Research, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ann E. Holbourn
- Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Dick Kroon
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Kate Littler
- Camborne School of Mines and Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Lucas J. Lourens
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mitchell Lyle
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Heiko Pälike
- MARUM–Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Ursula Röhl
- MARUM–Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Roy H. Wilkens
- School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Paul A. Wilson
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
| | - James C. Zachos
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
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23
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Godfrey LR, Samonds KE, Baldwin JW, Sutherland MR, Kamilar JM, Allfisher KL. Mid-Cenozoic climate change, extinction, and faunal turnover in Madagascar, and their bearing on the evolution of lemurs. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:97. [PMID: 32770933 PMCID: PMC7414565 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01628-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Was there a mid-Cenozoic vertebrate extinction and recovery event in Madagascar and, if so, what are its implications for the evolution of lemurs? The near lack of an early and mid-Cenozoic fossil record on Madagascar has inhibited direct testing of any such hypotheses. We compare the terrestrial vertebrate fauna of Madagascar in the Holocene to that of early Cenozoic continental Africa to shed light on the probability of a major mid-Cenozoic lemur extinction event, followed by an “adaptive radiation” or recovery. We also use multiple analytic approaches to test competing models of lemur diversification and the null hypothesis that no unusual mid-Cenozoic extinction of lemurs occurred. Results Comparisons of the terrestrial vertebrate faunas of the early Cenozoic on continental Africa and Holocene on Madagascar support the inference that Madagascar suffered a major mid-Cenozoic extinction event. Evolutionary modeling offers some corroboration, although the level of support varies by phylogeny and model used. Using the lemur phylogeny and divergence dates generated by Kistler and colleagues, RPANDA and TESS offer moderate support for the occurrence of unusual extinction at or near the Eocene-Oligocene (E-O) boundary (34 Ma). TreePar, operating under the condition of obligate mass extinction, found peak diversification at 31 Ma, and low probability of survival of prior lineages. Extinction at the E-O boundary received greater support than other candidate extinctions or the null hypothesis of no major extinction. Using the lemur phylogeny and divergence dates generated by Herrera & Dàvalos, evidence for large-scale extinction diminishes and its most likely timing shifts to before 40 Ma, which fails to conform to global expectations. Conclusions While support for large-scale mid-Cenozoic lemur extinction on Madagascar based on phylogenetic modeling is inconclusive, the African fossil record does provide indirect support. Furthermore, a major extinction and recovery of lemuriforms during the Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT) would coincide with other major vertebrate extinctions in North America, Europe, and Africa. It would suggest that Madagascar’s lemurs were impacted by the climate shift from “greenhouse” to “ice-house” conditions that occurred at that time. This could, in turn, help to explain some of the peculiar characteristics of the lemuriform clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie R Godfrey
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, 217 Machmer Hall, 240 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Karen E Samonds
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
| | - Justin W Baldwin
- Department of Public Health, School of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.,Present Address: Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Michael R Sutherland
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Jason M Kamilar
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, 217 Machmer Hall, 240 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Kristen L Allfisher
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, 217 Machmer Hall, 240 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.,Present Address: USDA, APHIS, Riverdale, MD, 20737, USA
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24
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Miller KG, Browning JV, Schmelz WJ, Kopp RE, Mountain GS, Wright JD. Cenozoic sea-level and cryospheric evolution from deep-sea geochemical and continental margin records. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz1346. [PMID: 32440543 PMCID: PMC7228749 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Using Pacific benthic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg/Ca records, we derive a Cenozoic (66 Ma) global mean sea level (GMSL) estimate that records evolution from an ice-free Early Eocene to Quaternary bipolar ice sheets. These GMSL estimates are statistically similar to "backstripped" estimates from continental margins accounting for compaction, loading, and thermal subsidence. Peak warmth, elevated GMSL, high CO2, and ice-free "Hothouse" conditions (56 to 48 Ma) were followed by "Cool Greenhouse" (48 to 34 Ma) ice sheets (10 to 30 m changes). Continental-scale ice sheets ("Icehouse") began ~34 Ma (>50 m changes), permanent East Antarctic ice sheets at 12.8 Ma, and bipolar glaciation at 2.5 Ma. The largest GMSL fall (27 to 20 ka; ~130 m) was followed by a >40 mm/yr rise (19 to 10 ka), a slowing (10 to 2 ka), and a stillstand until ~1900 CE, when rates began to rise. High long-term CO2 caused warm climates and high sea levels, with sea-level variability dominated by periodic Milankovitch cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth G. Miller
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Institute of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - James V. Browning
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Institute of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - W. John Schmelz
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Institute of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Robert E. Kopp
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Institute of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Gregory S. Mountain
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Institute of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - James D. Wright
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Institute of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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25
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Late Eocene onset of the Proto-Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10125. [PMID: 31300669 PMCID: PMC6626031 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is critical for the evolution of the global climate, but the timing of its onset is not well constrained. Here, we present new seismic evidence of widespread Late Eocene to Oligocene marine diagenetic chert in sedimentary drift deposits east of New Zealand indicating prolonged periods of blooms of siliceous microorganisms starting ~36 million years ago (Ma). These major blooms reflect the initiation of the arrival and upwelling of northern-sourced, nutrient-rich deep equatorial Pacific waters at the high latitudes of the South Pacific. We show that this change in circulation was linked to the initiation of a proto-ACC, which occurred ~6 Ma earlier than the currently estimated onset of the ACC at 30 Ma. We propose that the associated increased primary productivity and carbon burial facilitated atmospheric carbon dioxide reduction contributing to the expansion of Antarctic Ice Sheet at the Eocene-Oligocene Transition.
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26
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Śliwińska KK, Thomsen E, Schouten S, Schoon PL, Heilmann-Clausen C. Climate- and gateway-driven cooling of Late Eocene to earliest Oligocene sea surface temperatures in the North Sea Basin. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4458. [PMID: 30872690 PMCID: PMC6418185 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
During the late Eocene, the Earth’s climate experienced several transient temperature fluctuations including the Vonhof cooling event (C16n.1n; ~35.8 Ma) hitherto known mainly from the southern oceans. Here we reconstruct sea-surface temperatures (SST) and provide δ18O and δ13C foraminiferal records for the late Eocene and earliest Oligocene in the North Sea Basin. Our data reveal two main perturbations: (1), an abrupt brief cooling of ~4.5 °C dated to ~35.8 Ma and synchronous with the Vonhof cooling, which thus may be a global event, and (2) a gradual nearly 10 °C temperature fall starting at 36.1 Ma and culminating near the Eocene-Oligocene transition at ~33.9 Ma. The late Priabonian temperature trend in the North Sea shows some resemblance IODP Site U1404 from the North Atlantic, offshore Newfoundland; and is in contrast to the more abrupt change observed in the deep-sea δ18O records from the southern oceans. The cooling in the North Sea is large compared to the pattern seen in the North Atlantic record. This difference may be influenced by a late Eocene closure of the warm gateways connecting the North Sea with the Atlantic and Tethys oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasia K Śliwińska
- GEUS Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Department of Stratigraphy, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Erik Thomsen
- Aarhus University, Department of Geoscience, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 2, 8000, Århus C, Denmark
| | - Stefan Schouten
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Utrecht University, Texel, The Netherlands.,Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Petra L Schoon
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Utrecht University, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Claus Heilmann-Clausen
- Aarhus University, Department of Geoscience, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 2, 8000, Århus C, Denmark
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27
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Phylogenomics, biogeography, and adaptive radiation of grapes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 129:258-267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Earth’s modern climate is defined by the presence of ice at both poles, but that ice is now disappearing. Therefore understanding the origin and causes of polar ice stability is more critical than ever. Here we provide novel geochemical data that constrain past dynamics of glacial ice on Greenland and Arctic sea ice. Based on accurate source determinations of individual ice-rafted Fe-oxide grains, we find evidence for episodic glaciation of distinct source regions on Greenland as far-ranging as ~68°N and ~80°N synchronous with ice-rafting from circum-Arctic sources, beginning in the middle Eocene. Glacial intervals broadly coincide with reduced CO2, with a potential threshold for glacial ice stability near ~500 p.p.m.v. The middle Eocene represents the Cenozoic onset of a dynamic cryosphere, with ice in both hemispheres during transient glacials and substantial regional climate heterogeneity. A more stable cryosphere developed at the Eocene-Oligocene transition, and is now threatened by anthropogenic emissions. With rapidly disappearing ice, understanding the past behavior of the cryosphere is critical. Here, the authors indicate the initiation and disappearance of glaciation on Greenland and Arctic sea ice coincided in the past, synchronous with Antarctic ice and global ice volume, and a CO2 threshold of ~500 p.p.m.v.
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29
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Marivaux L, Boivin M, Adnet S, Benammi M, Tabuce R, Benammi M. Incisor Enamel Microstructure of Hystricognathous and Anomaluroid Rodents from the Earliest Oligocene of Dakhla, Atlantic Sahara (Morocco). J MAMM EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-017-9426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Initiation and long-term instability of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Nature 2017; 552:225-229. [DOI: 10.1038/nature25026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Rothman DH. Thresholds of catastrophe in the Earth system. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700906. [PMID: 28948221 PMCID: PMC5606709 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The history of the Earth system is a story of change. Some changes are gradual and benign, but others, especially those associated with catastrophic mass extinction, are relatively abrupt and destructive. What sets one group apart from the other? Here, I hypothesize that perturbations of Earth's carbon cycle lead to mass extinction if they exceed either a critical rate at long time scales or a critical size at short time scales. By analyzing 31 carbon isotopic events during the past 542 million years, I identify the critical rate with a limit imposed by mass conservation. Identification of the crossover time scale separating fast from slow events then yields the critical size. The modern critical size for the marine carbon cycle is roughly similar to the mass of carbon that human activities will likely have added to the oceans by the year 2100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Rothman
- Lorenz Center, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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32
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Abstract
Foraminiferal tests are a common component of many marine sediments. The oxygen isotope ratio (δ18O) of test calcite is frequently used to reconstruct aspects of their life environment. The δ18O depends mainly on the isotope ratio of the water it is precipitated from, the temperature of calcification, and, to a lesser extent, the carbonate ion concentration. Foraminifera and other organisms can potentially preserve their original isotope ratio for many millions of years, although diagenetic processes can alter the ratios. Work on oxygen isotope ratios of foraminifera was instrumental in the discovery of the orbital theory of the ice ages and continues to be widely used in the study of rapid climate change. Compilations of deep sea benthic foraminifer oxygen isotopes have revealed the long history of global climate change over the past 100 million years. Planktonic foraminifer oxygen isotopes are used to investigate the history of past sea surface temperatures, revealing the extent of past ‘greenhouse’ warming and global sea surface temperatures.
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33
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Abstract
Understanding the stability of the early Antarctic ice cap in the geological past is of societal interest because present-day atmospheric CO2 concentrations have reached values comparable to those estimated for the Oligocene and the Early Miocene epochs. Here we analyze a new high-resolution deep-sea oxygen isotope (δ18O) record from the South Atlantic Ocean spanning an interval between 30.1 My and 17.1 My ago. The record displays major oscillations in deep-sea temperature and Antarctic ice volume in response to the ∼110-ky eccentricity modulation of precession. Conservative minimum ice volume estimates show that waxing and waning of at least ∼85 to 110% of the volume of the present East Antarctic Ice Sheet is required to explain many of the ∼110-ky cycles. Antarctic ice sheets were typically largest during repeated glacial cycles of the mid-Oligocene (∼28.0 My to ∼26.3 My ago) and across the Oligocene-Miocene Transition (∼23.0 My ago). However, the high-amplitude glacial-interglacial cycles of the mid-Oligocene are highly symmetrical, indicating a more direct response to eccentricity modulation of precession than their Early Miocene counterparts, which are distinctly asymmetrical-indicative of prolonged ice buildup and delayed, but rapid, glacial terminations. We hypothesize that the long-term transition to a warmer climate state with sawtooth-shaped glacial cycles in the Early Miocene was brought about by subsidence and glacial erosion in West Antarctica during the Late Oligocene and/or a change in the variability of atmospheric CO2 levels on astronomical time scales that is not yet captured in existing proxy reconstructions.
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34
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Pound MJ, Salzmann U. Heterogeneity in global vegetation and terrestrial climate change during the late Eocene to early Oligocene transition. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43386. [PMID: 28233862 PMCID: PMC5324063 DOI: 10.1038/srep43386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid global cooling at the Eocene – Oligocene Transition (EOT), ~33.9–33.5 Ma, is widely considered to mark the onset of the modern icehouse world. A large and rapid drop in atmospheric pCO2 has been proposed as the driving force behind extinctions in the marine realm and glaciation on Antarctica. However, the global terrestrial response to this cooling is uncertain. Here we present the first global vegetation and terrestrial temperature reconstructions for the EOT. Using an extensive palynological dataset, that has been statistically grouped into palaeo-biomes, we show a more transitional nature of terrestrial climate change by indicating a spatial and temporal heterogeneity of vegetation change at the EOT in both hemispheres. The reconstructed terrestrial temperatures show for many regions a cooling that started well before the EOT and continued into the Early Oligocene. We conclude that the heterogeneous pattern of global vegetation change has been controlled by a combination of multiple forcings, such as tectonics, sea-level fall and long-term decline in greenhouse gas concentrations during the late Eocene to early Oligocene, and does not represent a single response to a rapid decline in atmospheric pCO2 at the EOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Pound
- Department of Geography, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Ulrich Salzmann
- Department of Geography, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
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35
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Richoz S, Baldermann A, Frauwallner A, Harzhauser M, Daxner-Höck G, Klammer D, Piller WE. Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Oligo-Miocene sediments of the Valley of Lakes, Mongolia. PALAEOBIODIVERSITY AND PALAEOENVIRONMENTS 2017; 97:233-258. [PMID: 28450967 PMCID: PMC5367698 DOI: 10.1007/s12549-016-0268-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Valley of Lakes is approximately a 500-km elongate depression in Central Mongolia, where Eocene to Miocene continental sediments are long known for their outstanding fossil richness. The palaeontological record of this region is an exceptional witness for the evolution of mammalian communities during the Cenozoic global cooling and regional aridification. In order to precisely elucidate the climatic evolution of the region, we studied the mostly siliciclastic sediments with several levels of paleosols for their sedimentology, mineralogy, major and trace element composition and δ13C and δ18O composition. The obtained results show that temperate hydrothermal fluids induced a strong illitization of the fluvial and lacustrine sediments. This finding contradicts the current conceptual view that the fine fraction of the sediments is of aeolian origin. Moreover, the diagenetic growth of illite resulted in a strong overprinting of the sediments and, subsequently, largely disturbed the pristine mineralogical and geochemical composition of the sediments that could have carried any palaeo-climatic information. An exception is the δ13C (and δ18O) isotope values of authigenic carbonate found in calcrete horizons that still record the ambient climatic conditions prevailing during paleosol formation. Our novel δ13C and δ18O record suggests an early Oligocene aridification in Central Asia at ∼31 Ma, whereas the Oligocene glacial maximum shows no increase in aridification. A second, regional-scale aridification occurs at ~25 Ma and corresponds to a late Oligocene marked mammalian turnover in the Valley of Lakes sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Richoz
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Nawi Graz, Graz University, Heinrichstraße 26, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andre Baldermann
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Graz University of Technology, Rechbauerstr. 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Frauwallner
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Graz University of Technology, Rechbauerstr. 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Dietmar Klammer
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Graz University of Technology, Rechbauerstr. 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Werner E. Piller
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Nawi Graz, Graz University, Heinrichstraße 26, 8010 Graz, Austria
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36
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Harzhauser M, Daxner-Höck G, López-Guerrero P, Maridet O, Oliver A, Piller WE, Richoz S, Erbajeva MA, Neubauer TA, Göhlich UB. Stepwise onset of the Icehouse world and its impact on Oligo-Miocene Central Asian mammals. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36169. [PMID: 27897168 PMCID: PMC5126638 DOI: 10.1038/srep36169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Central Asia is a key area to study the impact of Cenozoic climate cooling on continental ecosystems. One of the best places to search for rather continuous paleontological records is the Valley of Lakes in Mongolia with its outstandingly fossil-rich Oligocene and Miocene terrestrial sediments. Here, we investigate the response by mammal communities during the early stage of Earth’s icehouse climate in Central Asia. Based on statistical analyses of occurrence and abundance data of 18608 specimens representing 175 mammal species and geochemical (carbon isotopes) and geophysical (magnetic susceptibility) data we link shifts in diversities with major climatic variations. Our data document for the first time that the post-Eocene aridification of Central Asia happened in several steps, was interrupted by short episodes of increased precipitation, and was not a gradual process. We show that the timing of the major turnovers in Oligocene mammal communities is tightly linked with global climate events rather than slow tectonics processes. The most severe decline of up 48% of total diversity is related to aridification during the maximum of the Late Oligocene Warming at 25 Ma. Its magnitude was distinctly larger than the community turnover linked to the mid-Oligocene Glacial Maximum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paloma López-Guerrero
- Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria.,Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, C/José Antonio Novais, 2, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Olivier Maridet
- Jurassica Museum, Fontenais 21, 2900 Porrentruy, Switzerland.,Department of Geosciences, Earth Sciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 6, Pérolles, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Adriana Oliver
- Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria.,Paleobiology Department, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Werner E Piller
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Graz University, Heinrichstraße 26, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sylvain Richoz
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Graz University, Heinrichstraße 26, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Margarita A Erbajeva
- Geological Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude; Sahianova Str., 6a, 670047 Ulan-Ude, Russia
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37
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Equatorial heat accumulation as a long-term trigger of permanent Antarctic ice sheets during the Cenozoic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:11782-11787. [PMID: 27698116 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1608100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth of the first permanent Antarctic ice sheets at the Eocene-Oligocene Transition (EOT), ∼33.7 million years ago, indicates a major climate shift within long-term Cenozoic cooling. The driving mechanisms that set the stage for this glaciation event are not well constrained, however, owing to large uncertainties in temperature reconstructions during the Eocene, especially at lower latitudes. To address this deficiency, we used recent developments in coccolith biogeochemistry to reconstruct equatorial Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric pCO2 values from pelagic sequences preceding and spanning the EOT. We found significantly more variability in equatorial SSTs than previously reported, with pronounced cooling from the Early to Middle Eocene and subsequent warming during the Late Eocene. Thus, we show that the Antarctic glaciation at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary was preceded by a period of heat accumulation in the low latitudes, likely focused in a progressively contracting South Atlantic gyre, which contributed to cooling high-latitude austral regions. This prominent redistribution of heat corresponds to the emplacement of a strong meridional temperature gradient that typifies icehouse climate conditions. Our equatorial coccolith-derived geochemical record thus highlights an important period of global climatic and oceanic upheaval, which began 4 million years before the EOT and, superimposed on a long-term pCO2 decline, drove the Earth system toward a glacial tipping point in the Cenozoic.
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38
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Ladant JB, Donnadieu Y. Palaeogeographic regulation of glacial events during the Cretaceous supergreenhouse. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12771. [PMID: 27650167 PMCID: PMC5036002 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The historical view of a uniformly warm Cretaceous is being increasingly challenged by the accumulation of new data hinting at the possibility of glacial events, even during the Cenomanian–Turonian (∼95 Myr ago), the warmest interval of the Cretaceous. Here we show that the palaeogeography typifying the Cenomanian–Turonian renders the Earth System resilient to glaciation with no perennial ice accumulation occurring under prescribed CO2 levels as low as 420 p.p.m. Conversely, late Aptian (∼115 Myr ago) and Maastrichtian (∼70 Myr ago) continental configurations set the stage for cooler climatic conditions, favouring possible inception of Antarctic ice sheets under CO2 concentrations, respectively, about 400 and 300 p.p.m. higher than for the Cenomanian–Turonian. Our simulations notably emphasize that palaeogeography can crucially impact global climate by modulating the CO2 threshold for ice sheet inception and make the possibility of glacial events during the Cenomanian–Turonian unlikely. Indirect evidence indicates the surprising occurrence of glacial events during the peak warmth of the Cretaceous world. Here, based on coupled climate-ice sheet model simulations, the authors show that such events were likely thwarted by palaeogeographic reorganisations and complex ocean-atmosphere feedbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Ladant
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE-IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yannick Donnadieu
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE-IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, CEREGE, UM34, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
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39
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Hyeong K, Kuroda J, Seo I, Wilson PA. Response of the Pacific inter-tropical convergence zone to global cooling and initiation of Antarctic glaciation across the Eocene Oligocene Transition. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30647. [PMID: 27507793 PMCID: PMC4979033 DOI: 10.1038/srep30647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 34 million years ago across the Eocene–Oligocene transition (EOT), Earth’s climate tipped from a largely unglaciated state into one that sustained large ice sheets on Antarctica. Antarctic glaciation is attributed to a threshold response to slow decline in atmospheric CO2 but our understanding of the feedback processes triggered and of climate change on the other contents is limited. Here we present new geochemical records of terrigenous dust accumulating on the sea floor across the EOT from a site in the central equatorial Pacific. We report a change in dust chemistry from an Asian affinity to a Central-South American provenance that occurs geologically synchronously with the initiation of stepwise global cooling, glaciation of Antarctica and aridification on the northern continents. We infer that the inter-tropical convergence zone of intense precipitation extended to our site during late Eocene, at least four degrees latitude further south than today, but that it migrated northwards in step with global cooling and initiation of Antarctic glaciation. Our findings point to an atmospheric teleconnection between extratropical cooling and rainfall climate in the tropics and the mid-latitude belt of the westerlies operating across the most pivotal transition in climate state of the Cenozoic Era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiseong Hyeong
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Junichiro Kuroda
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Inah Seo
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, South Korea.,School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Paul A Wilson
- National Oceanography Center Southampton, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
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40
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Jia SW, Zhang ML, Raab-Straube EV, Thulin M. Evolutionary history ofGymnocarpos(Caryophyllaceae) in the arid regions from North Africa to Central Asia. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Wen Jia
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land; Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Urumqi 830011 China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Ming-Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land; Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Urumqi 830011 China
- Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
| | - Eckhard V. Raab-Straube
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem; Freie Universität Berlin; Königin-Luise-Str. 6-8 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Mats Thulin
- Department of Systematic Biology; EBC; Uppsala University; Norbyvägen 18D SE-752 36 Uppsala Sweden
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41
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Galeotti S, DeConto R, Naish T, Stocchi P, Florindo F, Pagani M, Barrett P, Bohaty SM, Lanci L, Pollard D, Sandroni S, Talarico FM, Zachos JC. Antarctic Ice Sheet variability across the Eocene-Oligocene boundary climate transition. Science 2016; 352:76-80. [PMID: 27034370 DOI: 10.1126/science.aab0669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
About 34 million years ago, Earth's climate cooled and an ice sheet formed on Antarctica as atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) fell below ~750 parts per million (ppm). Sedimentary cycles from a drill core in the western Ross Sea provide direct evidence of orbitally controlled glacial cycles between 34 million and 31 million years ago. Initially, under atmospheric CO2 levels of ≥600 ppm, a smaller Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS), restricted to the terrestrial continent, was highly responsive to local insolation forcing. A more stable, continental-scale ice sheet calving at the coastline did not form until ~32.8 million years ago, coincident with the earliest time that atmospheric CO2 levels fell below ~600 ppm. Our results provide insight into the potential of the AIS for threshold behavior and have implications for its sensitivity to atmospheric CO2 concentrations above present-day levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Galeotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Pure e Applicate, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo," 61029 Urbino, Italy.
| | - Robert DeConto
- Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Timothy Naish
- Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand. GNS Science, P.O. Box 30368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Paolo Stocchi
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Coastal Systems, and Utrecht University, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Fabio Florindo
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Mark Pagani
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peter Barrett
- Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Steven M Bohaty
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Luca Lanci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Pure e Applicate, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo," 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - David Pollard
- Earth System Science Center, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Sonia Sandroni
- Museo Nazionale dell'Antartide, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Franco M Talarico
- Museo Nazionale dell'Antartide, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy. Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - James C Zachos
- Earth Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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42
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The historical biogeography of groupers: Clade diversification patterns and processes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 100:21-30. [PMID: 26908372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Groupers (family Epinephelidae) are a clade of species-rich, biologically diverse reef fishes. Given their ecological variability and widespread distribution across ocean basins, it is important to scrutinize their evolutionary history that underlies present day distributions. This study investigated the patterns and processes by which grouper biodiversity has been generated and what factors have influenced their present day distributions. We reconstructed a robust, time-calibrated molecular phylogeny of Epinephelidae with comprehensive (∼87%) species sampling, whereby diversification rates were estimated and ancestral ranges were reconstructed. Our results indicate that groupers originated in what is now the East Atlantic during the mid-Eocene and diverged successively to form six strongly supported main clades. These clades differ in age (late Oligocene to mid-Miocene), geographic origin (West Atlantic to West Indo-Pacific) and temporal-spatial diversification pattern, ranging from constant rates of diversification to episodes of rapid radiation. Overall, divergence within certain biogeographic regions was most prevalent in groupers, while vicariant divergences were more common in Tropical Atlantic and East Pacific groupers. Our findings reveal that both biological and geographical factors have driven grouper diversification. They also underscore the importance of scrutinizing group-specific patterns to better understand reef fish evolution.
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43
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McKay RM, Barrett PJ, Levy RS, Naish TR, Golledge NR, Pyne A. Antarctic Cenozoic climate history from sedimentary records: ANDRILL and beyond. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:rsta.2014.0301. [PMID: 26667911 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence from models and geological data implies that the Antarctic Ice Sheet may behave in an unstable manner and retreat rapidly in response to a warming climate, which is a key factor motivating efforts to improve estimates of Antarctic ice volume contributions to future sea-level rise. Here, we review Antarctic cooling history since peak temperatures of the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (approx. 50 Ma) to provide a framework for future initiatives to recover sediment cores from subglacial lakes and sedimentary basins in Antarctica's continental interior. While the existing inventory of cores has yielded important insights into the biotic and climatic evolution of Antarctica, strata have numerous and often lengthy time breaks, providing a framework of 'snapshots' through time. Further cores, and more work on existing cores, are needed to reconcile Antarctic records with the more continuous 'far-field' records documenting the evolution of global ice volume and deep-sea temperature. To achieve this, we argue for an integrated portfolio of drilling and coring missions that encompasses existing methodologies using ship- and sea-ice-/ice-shelf-based drilling platforms as well as recently developed seafloor-based drilling and subglacial access systems. We conclude by reviewing key technological issues that will need to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M McKay
- Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - P J Barrett
- Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - R S Levy
- GNS Science, PO Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - T R Naish
- Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand GNS Science, PO Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - N R Golledge
- Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand GNS Science, PO Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - A Pyne
- Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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44
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45
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Kennedy AT, Farnsworth A, Lunt DJ, Lear CH, Markwick PJ. Atmospheric and oceanic impacts of Antarctic glaciation across the Eocene-Oligocene transition. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2015; 373:rsta.2014.0419. [PMID: 26438285 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The glaciation of Antarctica at the Eocene-Oligocene transition (approx. 34 million years ago) was a major shift in the Earth's climate system, but the mechanisms that caused the glaciation, and its effects, remain highly debated. A number of recent studies have used coupled atmosphere-ocean climate models to assess the climatic effects of Antarctic glacial inception, with often contrasting results. Here, using the HadCM3L model, we show that the global atmosphere and ocean response to growth of the Antarctic ice sheet is sensitive to subtle variations in palaeogeography, using two reconstructions representing Eocene and Oligocene geological stages. The earlier stage (Eocene; Priabonian), which has a relatively constricted Tasman Seaway, shows a major increase in sea surface temperature over the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean in response to the ice sheet. This response does not occur for the later stage (Oligocene; Rupelian), which has a more open Tasman Seaway. This difference in temperature response is attributed to reorganization of ocean currents between the stages. Following ice sheet expansion in the earlier stage, the large Ross Sea gyre circulation decreases in size. Stronger zonal flow through the Tasman Seaway allows salinities to increase in the Ross Sea, deep-water formation initiates and multiple feedbacks then occur amplifying the temperature response. This is potentially a model-dependent result, but it highlights the sensitive nature of model simulations to subtle variations in palaeogeography, and highlights the need for coupled ice sheet-climate simulations to properly represent and investigate feedback processes acting on these time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Kennedy
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - A Farnsworth
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - D J Lunt
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - C H Lear
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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46
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Ohneiser C, Florindo F, Stocchi P, Roberts AP, DeConto RM, Pollard D. Antarctic glacio-eustatic contributions to late Miocene Mediterranean desiccation and reflooding. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8765. [PMID: 26556503 PMCID: PMC4659931 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC) was a marked late Neogene oceanographic event during which the Mediterranean Sea evaporated. Its causes remain unresolved, with tectonic restrictions to the Atlantic Ocean or glacio-eustatic restriction of flow during sea-level lowstands, or a mixture of the two mechanisms, being proposed. Here we present the first direct geological evidence of Antarctic ice-sheet (AIS) expansion at the MSC onset and use a δ18O record to model relative sea-level changes. Antarctic sedimentary successions indicate AIS expansion at 6 Ma coincident with major MSC desiccation; relative sea-level modelling indicates a prolonged ∼50 m lowstand at the Strait of Gibraltar, which resulted from AIS expansion and local evaporation of sea water in concert with evaporite precipitation that caused lithospheric deformation. Our results reconcile MSC events and demonstrate that desiccation and refilling were timed by the interplay between glacio-eustatic sea-level variations, glacial isostatic adjustment and mantle deformation in response to changing water and evaporite loads. About 5.6 million years ago the Mediterranean Sea evaporated leaving a 1.5 km deep basin while at the same time Antarctica's ice sheet grew. Here the authors show that growth of Antarctic ice lowered sea-level, which cut off the Atlantic Ocean from the Mediterranean Sea and allowed it to evaporate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ohneiser
- Department of Geology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Fabio Florindo
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna Murata 605, Rome 00143, Italy
| | - Paolo Stocchi
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Physical Oceanography (FYS), PO Box 59, 1790AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew P Roberts
- Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Robert M DeConto
- Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 01003 Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Pollard
- Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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47
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de Boer B, Lourens LJ, van de Wal RSW. Persistent 400,000-year variability of Antarctic ice volume and the carbon cycle is revealed throughout the Plio-Pleistocene. Nat Commun 2015; 5:2999. [PMID: 24385005 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine sediment records from the Oligocene and Miocene reveal clear 400,000-year climate cycles related to variations in orbital eccentricity. These cycles are also observed in the Plio-Pleistocene records of the global carbon cycle. However, they are absent from the Late Pleistocene ice-age record over the past 1.5 million years. Here we present a simulation of global ice volume over the past 5 million years with a coupled system of four three-dimensional ice-sheet models. Our simulation shows that the 400,000-year long eccentricity cycles of Antarctica vary coherently with δ(13)C data during the Pleistocene, suggesting that they drove the long-term carbon cycle changes throughout the past 35 million years. The 400,000-year response of Antarctica was eventually suppressed by the dominant 100,000-year glacial cycles of the large ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- B de Boer
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht (IMAU), Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas J Lourens
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roderik S W van de Wal
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht (IMAU), Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
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48
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Endogenous florendoviruses are major components of plant genomes and hallmarks of virus evolution. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5269. [PMID: 25381880 PMCID: PMC4241990 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent and importance of endogenous viral elements have been extensively described in animals but are much less well understood in plants. Here we describe a new genus of Caulimoviridae called ‘Florendovirus’, members of which have colonized the genomes of a large diversity of flowering plants, sometimes at very high copy numbers (>0.5% total genome content). The genome invasion of Oryza is dated to over 1.8 million years ago (MYA) but phylogeographic evidence points to an even older age of 20–34 MYA for this virus group. Some appear to have had a bipartite genome organization, a unique characteristic among viral retroelements. In Vitis vinifera, 9% of the endogenous florendovirus loci are located within introns and therefore may influence host gene expression. The frequent colocation of endogenous florendovirus loci with TA simple sequence repeats, which are associated with chromosome fragility, suggests sequence capture during repair of double-stranded DNA breaks. Endogenous viral elements have been extensively described in animals but their significance in plants is less well understood. Here, Geering et al. describe a new group of endogenous pararetroviruses, called florendoviruses, which have colonized the genomes of many important crop species.
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49
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Goldner A, Herold N, Huber M. Antarctic glaciation caused ocean circulation changes at the Eocene-Oligocene transition. Nature 2014; 511:574-7. [PMID: 25079555 DOI: 10.1038/nature13597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Two main hypotheses compete to explain global cooling and the abrupt growth of the Antarctic ice sheet across the Eocene-Oligocene transition about 34 million years ago: thermal isolation of Antarctica due to southern ocean gateway opening, and declining atmospheric CO2 (refs 5, 6). Increases in ocean thermal stratification and circulation in proxies across the Eocene-Oligocene transition have been interpreted as a unique signature of gateway opening, but at present both mechanisms remain possible. Here, using a coupled ocean-atmosphere model, we show that the rise of Antarctic glaciation, rather than altered palaeogeography, is best able to explain the observed oceanographic changes. We find that growth of the Antarctic ice sheet caused enhanced northward transport of Antarctic intermediate water and invigorated the formation of Antarctic bottom water, fundamentally reorganizing ocean circulation. Conversely, gateway openings had much less impact on ocean thermal stratification and circulation. Our results support available evidence that CO2 drawdown--not gateway opening--caused Antarctic ice sheet growth, and further show that these feedbacks in turn altered ocean circulation. The precise timing and rate of glaciation, and thus its impacts on ocean circulation, reflect the balance between potentially positive feedbacks (increases in sea ice extent and enhanced primary productivity) and negative feedbacks (stronger southward heat transport and localized high-latitude warming). The Antarctic ice sheet had a complex, dynamic role in ocean circulation and heat fluxes during its initiation, and these processes are likely to operate in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Goldner
- 1] Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA [2] American Geophysical Union, Washington DC 20009, USA
| | - N Herold
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
| | - M Huber
- 1] Department of Earth Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA [2] Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for Earth, Ocean and Space Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
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50
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Deep ocean carbonate ion increase during mid Miocene CO2 decline. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4187. [PMID: 24569646 PMCID: PMC3935200 DOI: 10.1038/srep04187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterised by long term cooling and abrupt ice sheet expansion on Antarctica ~14 Ma ago, the mid Miocene marked the beginning of the modern ice-house world, yet there is still little consensus on its causes, in part because carbon cycle dynamics are not well constrained. In particular, changes in carbonate ion concentration ([CO32−]) in the ocean, the largest carbon reservoir of the ocean-land-atmosphere system, are poorly resolved. We use benthic foraminiferal B/Ca ratios to reconstruct relative changes in [CO32−] from the South Atlantic, East Pacific, and Southern Oceans. Our results suggest an increase of perhaps ~40 μmol/kg may have occurred between ~15 and 14 Ma in intermediate to deep waters in each basin. This long-term increase suggests elevated alkalinity input, perhaps from the Himalaya, rather than other shorter-term mechanisms such as ocean circulation or ecological changes, and may account for some of the proposed atmospheric CO2 decline before ~14 Ma.
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