1
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Bonnefoy S, Alves AA, Bertiaux E, Bastin P. LRRC56 is an IFT cargo required for assembly of the distal dynein docking complex in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar106. [PMID: 38865178 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-11-0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Outer dynein arms (ODAs) are responsible for ciliary beating in eukaryotes. They are assembled in the cytoplasm and shipped by intraflagellar transport (IFT) before attachment to microtubule doublets via the docking complex. The LRRC56 protein has been proposed to contribute to ODAs maturation. Mutations or deletion of the LRRC56 gene lead to reduced ciliary motility in all species investigated so far, but with variable impact on dynein arm presence. Here, we investigated the role of LRRC56 in the protist Trypanosoma brucei, where its absence results in distal loss of ODAs, mostly in growing flagella. We show that LRRC56 is a transient cargo of IFT trains during flagellum construction and surprisingly, is required for efficient attachment of a subset of docking complex proteins present in the distal portion of the organelle. This relation is interdependent since the knockdown of the distal docking complex prevents LRRC56's association with the flagellum. Intriguingly, lrrc56-/- cells display shorter flagella whose maturation is delayed. Inhibition of cell division compensates for the distal ODAs absence thanks to the redistribution of the proximal docking complex, restoring ODAs attachment but not the flagellum length phenotype. This work reveals an unexpected connection between LRRC56 and the docking complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Bonnefoy
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1201, Paris, France
| | - Aline Araujo Alves
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1201, Paris, France
| | - Eloïse Bertiaux
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1201, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, école doctorale complexité du vivant, ED 515, 7, quai Saint-Bernard, case 32, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Philippe Bastin
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1201, Paris, France
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2
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Pir MS, Begar E, Yenisert F, Demirci HC, Korkmaz ME, Karaman A, Tsiropoulou S, Firat-Karalar EN, Blacque OE, Oner SS, Doluca O, Cevik S, Kaplan OI. CilioGenics: an integrated method and database for predicting novel ciliary genes. Nucleic Acids Res 2024:gkae554. [PMID: 38989623 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Uncovering the full list of human ciliary genes holds enormous promise for the diagnosis of cilia-related human diseases, collectively known as ciliopathies. Currently, genetic diagnoses of many ciliopathies remain incomplete (1-3). While various independent approaches theoretically have the potential to reveal the entire list of ciliary genes, approximately 30% of the genes on the ciliary gene list still stand as ciliary candidates (4,5). These methods, however, have mainly relied on a single strategy to uncover ciliary candidate genes, making the categorization challenging due to variations in quality and distinct capabilities demonstrated by different methodologies. Here, we develop a method called CilioGenics that combines several methodologies (single-cell RNA sequencing, protein-protein interactions (PPIs), comparative genomics, transcription factor (TF) network analysis, and text mining) to predict the ciliary capacity of each human gene. Our combined approach provides a CilioGenics score for every human gene that represents the probability that it will become a ciliary gene. Compared to methods that rely on a single method, CilioGenics performs better in its capacity to predict ciliary genes. Our top 500 gene list includes 258 new ciliary candidates, with 31 validated experimentally by us and others. Users may explore the whole list of human genes and CilioGenics scores on the CilioGenics database (https://ciliogenics.com/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa S Pir
- Rare Disease Laboratory, School of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkiye
| | - Efe Begar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkiye
| | - Ferhan Yenisert
- Rare Disease Laboratory, School of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkiye
| | - Hasan C Demirci
- Rare Disease Laboratory, School of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkiye
| | - Mustafa E Korkmaz
- Rare Disease Laboratory, School of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkiye
| | - Asli Karaman
- Istanbul Medeniyet University, Science and Advanced Technologies Research Center (BILTAM), 34700 Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Sofia Tsiropoulou
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Elif Nur Firat-Karalar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkiye
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkiye
| | - Oliver E Blacque
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Sukru S Oner
- Istanbul Medeniyet University, Science and Advanced Technologies Research Center (BILTAM), 34700 Istanbul, Turkiye
- Goztepe Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Osman Doluca
- Izmir University of Economics, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Sebiha Cevik
- Rare Disease Laboratory, School of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkiye
| | - Oktay I Kaplan
- Rare Disease Laboratory, School of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkiye
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3
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Ahmed M, Wheeler R, Týč J, Shafiq S, Sunter J, Vaughan S. Identification of 30 transition fibre proteins in Trypanosoma brucei reveals a complex and dynamic structure. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261692. [PMID: 38572631 PMCID: PMC11190437 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Transition fibres and distal appendages surround the distal end of mature basal bodies and are essential for ciliogenesis, but only a few of the proteins involved have been identified and functionally characterised. Here, through genome-wide analysis, we have identified 30 transition fibre proteins (TFPs) and mapped their arrangement in the flagellated eukaryote Trypanosoma brucei. We discovered that TFPs are recruited to the mature basal body before and after basal body duplication, with differential expression of five TFPs observed at the assembling new flagellum compared to the existing fixed-length old flagellum. RNAi-mediated depletion of 17 TFPs revealed six TFPs that are necessary for ciliogenesis and a further three TFPs that are necessary for normal flagellum length. We identified nine TFPs that had a detectable orthologue in at least one basal body-forming eukaryotic organism outside of the kinetoplastid parasites. Our work has tripled the number of known transition fibre components, demonstrating that transition fibres are complex and dynamic in their composition throughout the cell cycle, which relates to their essential roles in ciliogenesis and flagellum length regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Ahmed
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Richard Wheeler
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Jiří Týč
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 1160/31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Shahaan Shafiq
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Jack Sunter
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Sue Vaughan
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
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4
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Jentzsch J, Wunderlich H, Thein M, Bechthold J, Brehm L, Krauss SW, Weiss M, Ersfeld K. Microtubule polyglutamylation is an essential regulator of cytoskeletal integrity in Trypanosoma brucei. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261740. [PMID: 38205672 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Tubulin polyglutamylation, catalysed by members of the tubulin tyrosine ligase-like (TTLL) protein family, is an evolutionarily highly conserved mechanism involved in the regulation of microtubule dynamics and function in eukaryotes. In the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, the microtubule cytoskeleton is essential for cell motility and maintaining cell shape. In a previous study, we showed that T. brucei TTLL6A and TTLL12B are required to regulate microtubule dynamics at the posterior cell pole. Here, using gene deletion, we show that the polyglutamylase TTLL1 is essential for the integrity of the highly organised microtubule structure at the cell pole, with a phenotype distinct from that observed in TTLL6A- and TTLL12B-depleted cells. Reduced polyglutamylation in TTLL1-deficient cells also leads to increased levels in tubulin tyrosination, providing new evidence for an interplay between the tubulin tyrosination and detyrosination cycle and polyglutamylation. We also show that TTLL1 acts differentially on specific microtubule doublets of the flagellar axoneme, although the absence of TTLL1 appears to have no measurable effect on cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Jentzsch
- Molecular Parasitology, Department of Biology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Hannes Wunderlich
- Experimental Physics I, Department of Physics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Marinus Thein
- Molecular Parasitology, Department of Biology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Julia Bechthold
- Molecular Parasitology, Department of Biology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Lucas Brehm
- Molecular Parasitology, Department of Biology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sebastian W Krauss
- Experimental Physics I, Department of Physics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Matthias Weiss
- Experimental Physics I, Department of Physics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Klaus Ersfeld
- Molecular Parasitology, Department of Biology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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5
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De Niz M, Frachon E, Gobaa S, Bastin P. Spatial confinement of Trypanosoma brucei in microfluidic traps provides a new tool to study free swimming parasites. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0296257. [PMID: 38134042 PMCID: PMC10745224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei is the causative agent of African trypanosomiasis and is transmitted by the tsetse fly (Glossina spp.). All stages of this extracellular parasite possess a single flagellum that is attached to the cell body and confers a high degree of motility. While several stages are amenable to culture in vitro, longitudinal high-resolution imaging of free-swimming parasites has been challenging, mostly due to the rapid flagellar beating that constantly twists the cell body. Here, using microfabrication, we generated various microfluidic devices with traps of different geometrical properties. Investigation of trap topology allowed us to define the one most suitable for single T. brucei confinement within the field of view of an inverted microscope while allowing the parasite to remain motile. Chips populated with V-shaped traps allowed us to investigate various phenomena in cultured procyclic stage wild-type parasites, and to compare them with parasites whose motility was altered upon knockdown of a paraflagellar rod component. Among the properties that we investigated were trap invasion, parasite motility, and the visualization of organelles labelled with fluorescent dyes. We envisage that this tool we have named "Tryp-Chip" will be a useful tool for the scientific community, as it could allow high-throughput, high-temporal and high-spatial resolution imaging of free-swimming T. brucei parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana De Niz
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM U1201, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Frachon
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Biomaterials and Microfluidics Core Facility, Paris, France
| | - Samy Gobaa
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Biomaterials and Microfluidics Core Facility, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bastin
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM U1201, Paris, France
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6
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Calvo-Alvarez E, Ngoune JMT, Sharma P, Cooper A, Camara A, Travaillé C, Crouzols A, MacLeod A, Rotureau B. FLAgellum Member 8 modulates extravascular distribution of African trypanosomes. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011220. [PMID: 38127941 PMCID: PMC10769064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian host, the biology of tissue-dwelling Trypanosoma brucei parasites is not completely understood, especially the mechanisms involved in their extravascular colonization. The trypanosome flagellum is an essential organelle in multiple aspects of the parasites' development. The flagellar protein termed FLAgellar Member 8 (FLAM8) acts as a docking platform for a pool of cyclic AMP response protein 3 (CARP3) that is involved in signaling. FLAM8 exhibits a stage-specific distribution suggesting specific functions in the mammalian and vector stages of the parasite. Analyses of knockdown and knockout trypanosomes in their mammalian forms demonstrated that FLAM8 is not essential in vitro for survival, growth, motility and stumpy differentiation. Functional investigations in experimental infections showed that FLAM8-deprived trypanosomes can establish and maintain an infection in the blood circulation and differentiate into insect transmissible forms. However, quantitative bioluminescence imaging and gene expression analysis revealed that FLAM8-null parasites exhibit a significantly impaired dissemination in the extravascular compartment, that is restored by the addition of a single rescue copy of FLAM8. In vitro trans-endothelial migration assays revealed significant defects in trypanosomes lacking FLAM8. FLAM8 is the first flagellar component shown to modulate T. brucei distribution in the host tissues, possibly through sensing functions, contributing to the maintenance of extravascular parasite populations in mammalian anatomical niches, especially in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Calvo-Alvarez
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean Marc Tsagmo Ngoune
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Parul Sharma
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, ED515 Complexité du Vivant, Paris, France
| | - Anneli Cooper
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Henry Wellcome Building for Comparative Medical Sciences, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Aïssata Camara
- Parasitology Unit, Institut Pasteur of Guinea, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Christelle Travaillé
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Photonic BioImaging (UTechS PBI), Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Aline Crouzols
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Annette MacLeod
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Henry Wellcome Building for Comparative Medical Sciences, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Parasitology Unit, Institut Pasteur of Guinea, Conakry, Guinea
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7
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Dacheux D, Martinez G, Broster Reix CE, Beurois J, Lores P, Tounkara M, Dupuy JW, Robinson DR, Loeuillet C, Lambert E, Wehbe Z, Escoffier J, Amiri-Yekta A, Daneshipour A, Hosseini SH, Zouari R, Mustapha SFB, Halouani L, Jiang X, Shen Y, Liu C, Thierry-Mieg N, Septier A, Bidart M, Satre V, Cazin C, Kherraf ZE, Arnoult C, Ray PF, Toure A, Bonhivers M, Coutton C. Novel axonemal protein ZMYND12 interacts with TTC29 and DNAH1, and is required for male fertility and flagellum function. eLife 2023; 12:RP87698. [PMID: 37934199 PMCID: PMC10629824 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Male infertility is common and complex, presenting a wide range of heterogeneous phenotypes. Although about 50% of cases are estimated to have a genetic component, the underlying cause often remains undetermined. Here, from whole-exome sequencing on samples from 168 infertile men with asthenoteratozoospermia due to severe sperm flagellum, we identified homozygous ZMYND12 variants in four unrelated patients. In sperm cells from these individuals, immunofluorescence revealed altered localization of DNAH1, DNALI1, WDR66, and TTC29. Axonemal localization of ZMYND12 ortholog TbTAX-1 was confirmed using the Trypanosoma brucei model. RNAi knock-down of TbTAX-1 dramatically affected flagellar motility, with a phenotype similar to the sperm from men bearing homozygous ZMYND12 variants. Co-immunoprecipitation and ultrastructure expansion microscopy in T. brucei revealed TbTAX-1 to form a complex with TTC29. Comparative proteomics with samples from Trypanosoma and Ttc29 KO mice identified a third member of this complex: DNAH1. The data presented revealed that ZMYND12 is part of the same axonemal complex as TTC29 and DNAH1, which is critical for flagellum function and assembly in humans, and Trypanosoma. ZMYND12 is thus a new asthenoteratozoospermia-associated gene, bi-allelic variants of which cause severe flagellum malformations and primary male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Dacheux
- University of Bordeaux, CNRSBordeauxFrance
- Bordeaux INP, Microbiologie Fondamentale et PathogénicitéBordeauxFrance
| | | | | | - Julie Beurois
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of InfertilityGrenobleFrance
| | - Patrick Lores
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris CiteParisFrance
| | | | | | | | - Corinne Loeuillet
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of InfertilityGrenobleFrance
| | - Emeline Lambert
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of InfertilityGrenobleFrance
| | - Zeina Wehbe
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of InfertilityGrenobleFrance
| | - Jessica Escoffier
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of InfertilityGrenobleFrance
| | - Amir Amiri-Yekta
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECRTehranIslamic Republic of Iran
| | - Abbas Daneshipour
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECRTehranIslamic Republic of Iran
| | - Seyedeh-Hanieh Hosseini
- Department of Andrology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECRTehranIslamic Republic of Iran
| | - Raoudha Zouari
- Polyclinique les Jasmins, Centre d'Aide Médicale à la Procréation, Centre Urbain NordTunisTunisia
| | | | - Lazhar Halouani
- Polyclinique les Jasmins, Centre d'Aide Médicale à la Procréation, Centre Urbain NordTunisTunisia
| | - Xiaohui Jiang
- Human Sperm Bank, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan UniversitySichuanChina
- NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan UniversitySichuanChina
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of EducationSichuanChina
| | - Ying Shen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan UniversitySichuanChina
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of EducationSichuanChina
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan UniversityFudanChina
| | | | | | - Marie Bidart
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of InfertilityGrenobleFrance
- CHU Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire: Maladies Héréditaires et OncologieGrenobleFrance
| | - Véronique Satre
- CHU Grenoble-Alpes, UM de Génétique ChromosomiqueGrenobleFrance
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of InfertilityGrenobleFrance
| | - Caroline Cazin
- CHU Grenoble-Alpes, UM de Génétique ChromosomiqueGrenobleFrance
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of InfertilityGrenobleFrance
- CHU de Grenoble, UM GI-DPIGrenobleFrance
| | - Zine Eddine Kherraf
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of InfertilityGrenobleFrance
- CHU de Grenoble, UM GI-DPIGrenobleFrance
| | - Christophe Arnoult
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of InfertilityGrenobleFrance
| | - Pierre F Ray
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of InfertilityGrenobleFrance
- CHU de Grenoble, UM GI-DPIGrenobleFrance
| | - Aminata Toure
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Team Physiology and Pathophysiology of Sperm cellsGrenobleFrance
| | | | - Charles Coutton
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Team Genetics Epigenetics and Therapies of InfertilityGrenobleFrance
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8
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Albisetti AC, Douglas RL, Welch MD. FAZ assembly in bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei requires kinesin KIN-E. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar103. [PMID: 37531263 PMCID: PMC10551704 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-01-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African sleeping sickness, uses its flagellum for movement, cell division, and signaling. The flagellum is anchored to the cell body membrane via the flagellum attachment zone (FAZ), a complex of proteins, filaments, and microtubules that spans two membranes with elements on both flagellum and cell body sides. How FAZ components are carried into place to form this complex is poorly understood. Here, we show that the trypanosome-specific kinesin KIN-E is required for building the FAZ in bloodstream-form parasites. KIN-E is localized along the flagellum with a concentration at its distal tip. Depletion of KIN-E by RNAi rapidly inhibits flagellum attachment and leads to cell death. A detailed analysis reveals that KIN-E depletion phenotypes include failure in cytokinesis completion, kinetoplast DNA missegregation, and transport vesicle accumulation. Together with previously published results in procyclic form parasites, these data suggest KIN-E plays a critical role in FAZ assembly in T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Albisetti
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Robert L. Douglas
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Matthew D. Welch
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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9
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Shimogawa MM, Wijono AS, Wang H, Zhang J, Sha J, Szombathy N, Vadakkan S, Pelayo P, Jonnalagadda K, Wohlschlegel J, Zhou ZH, Hill KL. FAP106 is an interaction hub for assembling microtubule inner proteins at the cilium inner junction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5225. [PMID: 37633952 PMCID: PMC10460401 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Motility of pathogenic protozoa depends on flagella (synonymous with cilia) with axonemes containing nine doublet microtubules (DMTs) and two singlet microtubules. Microtubule inner proteins (MIPs) within DMTs influence axoneme stability and motility and provide lineage-specific adaptations, but individual MIP functions and assembly mechanisms are mostly unknown. Here, we show in the sleeping sickness parasite Trypanosoma brucei, that FAP106, a conserved MIP at the DMT inner junction, is required for trypanosome motility and functions as a critical interaction hub, directing assembly of several conserved and lineage-specific MIPs. We use comparative cryogenic electron tomography (cryoET) and quantitative proteomics to identify MIP candidates. Using RNAi knockdown together with fitting of AlphaFold models into cryoET maps, we demonstrate that one of these candidates, MC8, is a trypanosome-specific MIP required for parasite motility. Our work advances understanding of MIP assembly mechanisms and identifies lineage-specific motility proteins that are attractive targets to consider for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Shimogawa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Angeline S Wijono
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jiayan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jihui Sha
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Natasha Szombathy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Sabeeca Vadakkan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Paula Pelayo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Keya Jonnalagadda
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - James Wohlschlegel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Z Hong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Kent L Hill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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10
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Bachmaier S, Gould MK, Polatoglou E, Omelianczyk R, Brennand AE, Aloraini MA, Munday JC, Horn D, Boshart M, de Koning HP. Novel kinetoplastid-specific cAMP binding proteins identified by RNAi screening for cAMP resistance in Trypanosoma brucei. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1204707. [PMID: 37475965 PMCID: PMC10354285 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1204707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP signalling in trypanosomes differs from most eukaryotes due to absence of known cAMP effectors and cAMP independence of PKA. We have previously identified four genes from a genome-wide RNAi screen for resistance to the cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor NPD-001. The genes were named cAMP Response Protein (CARP) 1 through 4. Here, we report an additional six CARP candidate genes from the original sample, after deep sequencing of the RNA interference target pool retrieved after NPD-001 selection (RIT-seq). The resistance phenotypes were confirmed by individual RNAi knockdown. Highest level of resistance to NPD-001, approximately 17-fold, was seen for knockdown of CARP7 (Tb927.7.4510). CARP1 and CARP11 contain predicted cyclic AMP binding domains and bind cAMP as evidenced by capture and competition on immobilised cAMP. CARP orthologues are strongly enriched in kinetoplastid species, and CARP3 and CARP11 are unique to Trypanosoma. Localization data and/or domain architecture of all CARPs predict association with the T. brucei flagellum. This suggests a crucial role of cAMP in flagellar function, in line with the cell division phenotype caused by high cAMP and the known role of the flagellum for cytokinesis. The CARP collection is a resource for discovery of unusual cAMP pathways and flagellar biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Bachmaier
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximillians University Munich (LMU), Martinsried, Germany
| | - Matthew K. Gould
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximillians University Munich (LMU), Martinsried, Germany
| | - Eleni Polatoglou
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximillians University Munich (LMU), Martinsried, Germany
| | - Radoslaw Omelianczyk
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximillians University Munich (LMU), Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ana E. Brennand
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximillians University Munich (LMU), Martinsried, Germany
| | - Maha A. Aloraini
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jane C. Munday
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David Horn
- The Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Boshart
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximillians University Munich (LMU), Martinsried, Germany
| | - Harry P. de Koning
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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11
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Wu B, Li R, Ma S, Ma Y, Fan L, Gong C, Liu C, Sun L, Yuan L. The cilia and flagella associated protein CFAP52 orchestrated with CFAP45 is required for sperm motility in mice. J Biol Chem 2023:104858. [PMID: 37236356 PMCID: PMC10319328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthenozoospermia characterized by decreased sperm motility is a major cause of male infertility, but the majority of their etiology remains unknown. Here, we showed that the cilia and flagella associated protein 52 (Cfap52) gene was predominantly expressed in testis and its deletion in a Cfap52 knockout mouse model resulted in decreased sperm motility and male infertility. Cfap52 knockout also led to the disorganization of midpiece-principal piece junction of the sperm tail, but had no effect on the axoneme ultrastructure in spermatozoa. Furthermore, we found that CFAP52 interacted with the cilia and flagella associated protein 45 (CFAP45), and knockout of Cfap52 decreased the expression level of CFAP45 in sperm flagellum, which further disrupted the microtubule sliding produced by dynein ATPase. Together, our studies demonstrate that CFAP52 plays an essential role in sperm motility by interacting with CFAP45 in sperm flagellum, providing insights into the potential pathogenesis of the infertility of the human CFAP52 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Wu
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623 Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rachel Li
- Beijing Academy International Division, Beijing, 100018, China
| | - Shuang Ma
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623 Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanjie Ma
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623 Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lijun Fan
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics, Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Chunxiu Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics, Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623 Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Sun
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Li Yuan
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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12
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Bhakta S, Bhattacharya A. In silico evolutionary and structural analysis of cAMP response proteins (CARPs) from Leishmania major. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:125. [PMID: 36941487 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
With unidentified chemical triggers and novel-effectors, cAMP signaling is broadly noncanonical in kinetoplastida parasites. Though novel protein kinase A regulatory subunits (PKAR) have been identified earlier, cAMP Response Proteins (CARPs) have been identified as a unique and definite cAMP effector of trypanosomatids. CARP1-CARP4 emerged as critical regulatory components of cAMP signaling pathway in Trypanosoma with evidences that CARP3 can directly interact with a flagellar adenylate cyclase (AC). CARP-mediated regulations, identified so far, reflects the mechanistic diversity of cAMP signaling. Albeit the function of the orthologous is not yet delineated, in kinetoplastids like Leishmania, presence of CARP1, 2 and 4 orthologues suggests existence of conserved effector mechanisms. Targeting CARP orthologues in Leishmania, a comprehensive evolutionary analysis of CARPs have been aimed in this study which revealed phylogenetic relationship, codon adaptation and structural heterogeneity among the orthologues, warranting functional analysis in future to explore their involvement in infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnav Bhakta
- Department of Biotechnology, Adamas University, Barasat-Barrackpore Rd., Kolkata, 700126, India
| | - Arijit Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology, Adamas University, Barasat-Barrackpore Rd., Kolkata, 700126, India.
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13
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Rabiasz A, Ziętkiewicz E. Schmidtea mediterranea as a Model Organism to Study the Molecular Background of Human Motile Ciliopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054472. [PMID: 36901899 PMCID: PMC10002865 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are evolutionarily conserved organelles that form protrusions on the surface of many growth-arrested or differentiated eukaryotic cells. Due to the structural and functional differences, cilia can be roughly classified as motile and non-motile (primary). Genetically determined dysfunction of motile cilia is the basis of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a heterogeneous ciliopathy affecting respiratory airways, fertility, and laterality. In the face of the still incomplete knowledge of PCD genetics and phenotype-genotype relations in PCD and the spectrum of PCD-like diseases, a continuous search for new causative genes is required. The use of model organisms has been a great part of the advances in understanding molecular mechanisms and the genetic basis of human diseases; the PCD spectrum is not different in this respect. The planarian model (Schmidtea mediterranea) has been intensely used to study regeneration processes, and-in the context of cilia-their evolution, assembly, and role in cell signaling. However, relatively little attention has been paid to the use of this simple and accessible model for studying the genetics of PCD and related diseases. The recent rapid development of the available planarian databases with detailed genomic and functional annotations prompted us to review the potential of the S. mediterranea model for studying human motile ciliopathies.
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14
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Won MM, Baublis A, Burleigh BA. Proximity-dependent biotinylation and identification of flagellar proteins in Trypanosoma cruzi. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.16.528900. [PMID: 36824716 PMCID: PMC9949143 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.16.528900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The flagellated kinetoplastid protozoan and causative agent of human Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi , inhabits both invertebrate and mammalian hosts over the course of its complex life cycle. In these disparate environments, T. cruzi uses its single flagellum to propel motile life stages and in some instances, to establish intimate contact with the host. Beyond its role in motility, the functional capabilities of the T. cruzi flagellum have not been defined. Moreover, the lack of proteomic information for this organelle, in any parasite life stage, has limited functional investigation. In this study, we employed a proximity-dependent biotinylation approach based on the differential targeting of the biotin ligase, TurboID, to the flagellum or cytosol in replicative stages of T. cruzi , to identify flagellar-enriched proteins by mass spectrometry. Proteomic analysis of the resulting biotinylated protein fractions yielded 218 candidate flagellar proteins in T. cruzi epimastigotes (insect stage) and 99 proteins in intracellular amastigotes (mammalian stage). Forty of these flagellar-enriched proteins were common to both parasite life stages and included orthologs of known flagellar proteins in other trypanosomatid species, proteins specific to the T. cruzi lineage and hypothetical proteins. With the validation of flagellar localization for several of the identified candidates, our results demonstrate that TurboID-based proximity proteomics is an effective tool for probing subcellular compartments in T. cruzi . The proteomic datasets generated in this work offer a valuable resource to facilitate functional investigation of the understudied T. cruzi flagellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalyn M Won
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aaron Baublis
- Harvard Chan Advanced Multi-omics Platform, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Barbara A Burleigh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health Boston, MA 02115, USA
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15
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Liu P, Liu Y, Zhou J. Ciliary mechanosensation - roles of polycystins and mastigonemes. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:286945. [PMID: 36752106 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are surface-exposed organelles that provide motility and sensory functions for cells, and it is widely believed that mechanosensation can be mediated through cilia. Polycystin-1 and -2 (PC-1 and PC-2, respectively) are transmembrane proteins that can localize to cilia; however, the molecular mechanisms by which polycystins contribute to mechanosensation are still controversial. Studies detail two prevailing models for the molecular roles of polycystins on cilia; one stresses the mechanosensation capabilities and the other unveils their ligand-receptor nature. The discovery that polycystins interact with mastigonemes, the 'hair-like' protrusions of flagella, is a novel finding in identifying the interactors of polycystins in cilia. While the functions of polycystins proposed by both models may coexist in cilia, it is hoped that a precise understanding of the mechanism of action of polycystins can be achieved by uncovering their distribution and interacting factors inside cilia. This will hopefully provide a satisfying answer to the pathogenesis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), which is caused by mutations in PC-1 and PC-2. In this Review, we discuss the characteristics of polycystins in the context of cilia and summarize the functions of mastigonemes in unicellular ciliates. Finally, we compare flagella and molecular features of PC-2 between unicellular and multicellular organisms, with the aim of providing new insights into the ciliary roles of polycystins in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwei Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology , College of Life Sciences in Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology , College of Life Sciences in Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology , College of Life Sciences in Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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16
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Genome-wide subcellular protein map for the flagellate parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:533-547. [PMID: 36804636 PMCID: PMC9981465 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei is a model trypanosomatid, an important group of human, animal and plant unicellular parasites. Understanding their complex cell architecture and life cycle is challenging because, as with most eukaryotic microbes, ~50% of genome-encoded proteins have completely unknown functions. Here, using fluorescence microscopy and cell lines expressing endogenously tagged proteins, we mapped the subcellular localization of 89% of the T. brucei proteome, a resource we call TrypTag. We provide clues to function and define lineage-specific organelle adaptations for parasitism, mapping the ultraconserved cellular architecture of eukaryotes, including the first comprehensive 'cartographic' analysis of the eukaryotic flagellum, which is vital for morphogenesis and pathology. To demonstrate the power of this resource, we identify novel organelle subdomains and changes in molecular composition through the cell cycle. TrypTag is a transformative resource, important for hypothesis generation for both eukaryotic evolutionary molecular cell biology and fundamental parasite cell biology.
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17
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Costa TFR, Goundry A, Morrot A, Grab DJ, Mottram JC, Lima APCA. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Inhibitor of Cysteine Peptidase (ICP) Is Required for Virulence in Mice and to Attenuate the Inflammatory Response. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:656. [PMID: 36614101 PMCID: PMC9820468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense causes Human African Trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, and penetrates the central nervous system, leading to meningoencephalitis. The Cathepsin L-like cysteine peptidase of T. b. rhodesiense has been implicated in parasite penetration of the blood-brain barrier and its activity is modulated by the chagasin-family endogenous inhibitor of cysteine peptidases (ICP). To investigate the role of ICP in T. b. rhodesiense bloodstream form, ICP-null (Δicp) mutants were generated, and lines re-expressing ICP (Δicp:ICP). Lysates of Δicp displayed increased E-64-sensitive cysteine peptidase activity and the mutant parasites traversed human brain microvascular endothelial cell (HBMEC) monolayers in vitro more efficiently. Δicp induced E-selectin in HBMECs, leading to the adherence of higher numbers of human neutrophils. In C57BL/6 mice, no Δicp parasites could be detected in the blood after 6 days, while mice infected with wild-type (WT) or Δicp:ICP displayed high parasitemia, peaking at day 12. In mice infected with Δicp, there was increased recruitment of monocytes to the site of inoculation and higher levels of IFN-γ in the spleen. At day 14, mice infected with Δicp exhibited higher preservation of the CD4+, CD8+, and CD19+ populations in the spleen, accompanied by sustained high IFN-γ, while NK1.1+ populations receded nearly to the levels of uninfected controls. We propose that ICP helps to downregulate inflammatory responses that contribute to the control of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana F. R. Costa
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Amy Goundry
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Morrot
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-900, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa em Tuberculose, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Manguinhos 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Dennis J. Grab
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Jeremy C. Mottram
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Ana Paula C. A. Lima
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
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18
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Wu L, Huang J, Trivedi P, Sun X, Yu H, He Z, Zhang X. Zinc finger myeloid Nervy DEAF-1 type (ZMYND) domain containing proteins exert molecular interactions to implicate in carcinogenesis. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:139. [PMID: 36520265 PMCID: PMC9755447 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis and organogenesis in the low organisms have been found to be modulated by a number of proteins, and one of such factor, deformed epidermal auto-regulatory factor-1 (DEAF-1) has been initially identified in Drosophila. The mammalian homologue of DEAF-1 and structurally related proteins have been identified, and they formed a family with over 20 members. The factors regulate gene expression through association with co-repressors, recognition of genomic marker, to exert histone modification by catalyze addition of some chemical groups to certain amino acid residues on histone and non-histone proteins, and degradation host proteins, so as to regulate cell cycle progression and execution of cell death. The formation of fused genes during chromosomal translocation, exemplified with myeloid transforming gene on chromosome 8 (MTG8)/eight-to-twenty one translocation (ETO) /ZMYND2, MTG receptor 1 (MTGR1)/ZMYND3, MTG on chromosome 16/MTGR2/ZMYND4 and BS69/ZMYND11 contributes to malignant transformation. Other anomaly like copy number variation (CNV) of BS69/ZMYND11 and promoter hyper methylation of BLU/ZMYND10 has been noted in malignancies. It has been reported that when fusing with Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1), the binding of MTG8/ZMYND2 with co-repressors is disturbed, and silencing of BLU/ZMYND10 abrogates its ability to inhibition of cell cycle and promotion of apoptotic death. Further characterization of the implication of ZMYND proteins in carcinogenesis would enhance understanding of the mechanisms of occurrence and early diagnosis of tumors, and effective antitumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longji Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Songshan Lake Scientific and Industrial Park, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Chinese-American Tumor Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Modern Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Songshan Lake Scientific and Industrial Park, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Chinese-American Tumor Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Pankaj Trivedi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Xuerong Sun
- Institute of Aging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbing Yu
- Chinese-American Tumor Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Songshan Lake Scientific and Industrial Park, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Chinese-American Tumor Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangning Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Songshan Lake Scientific and Industrial Park, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- Chinese-American Tumor Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Jamabo M, Bentley SJ, Macucule-Tinga P, Tembo P, Edkins AL, Boshoff A. In silico analysis of the HSP90 chaperone system from the African trypanosome, Trypanosoma brucei. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:947078. [PMID: 36213128 PMCID: PMC9538636 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.947078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei) and spread by the tsetse fly in sub-Saharan Africa. The trypanosome relies on heat shock proteins for survival in the insect vector and mammalian host. Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) plays a crucial role in the stress response at the cellular level. Inhibition of its interactions with chaperones and co-chaperones is being explored as a potential therapeutic target for numerous diseases. This study provides an in silico overview of HSP90 and its co-chaperones in both T. brucei brucei and T. brucei gambiense in relation to human and other trypanosomal species, including non-parasitic Bodo saltans and the insect infecting Crithidia fasciculata. A structural analysis of T. brucei HSP90 revealed differences in the orientation of the linker and C-terminal domain in comparison to human HSP90. Phylogenetic analysis displayed the T. brucei HSP90 proteins clustering into three distinct groups based on subcellular localizations, namely, cytosol, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. Syntenic analysis of cytosolic HSP90 genes revealed that T. b. brucei encoded for 10 tandem copies, while T. b. gambiense encoded for three tandem copies; Leishmania major (L. major) had the highest gene copy number with 17 tandem copies. The updated information on HSP90 from recently published proteomics on T. brucei was examined for different life cycle stages and subcellular localizations. The results show a difference between T. b. brucei and T. b. gambiense with T. b. brucei encoding a total of twelve putative HSP90 genes, while T. b. gambiense encodes five HSP90 genes. Eighteen putative co-chaperones were identified with one notable absence being cell division cycle 37 (Cdc37). These results provide an updated framework on approaching HSP90 and its interactions as drug targets in the African trypanosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miebaka Jamabo
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | | | | | - Praise Tembo
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Adrienne Lesley Edkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Aileen Boshoff
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Aileen Boshoff,
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20
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Genome-scale RNA interference profiling of Trypanosoma brucei cell cycle progression defects. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5326. [PMID: 36088375 PMCID: PMC9464253 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33109-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatids, which include major pathogens of humans and livestock, are flagellated protozoa for which cell cycle controls and the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Here, we describe a genome-wide RNA-interference library screen for cell cycle defects in Trypanosoma brucei. We induced massive parallel knockdown, sorted the perturbed population using high-throughput flow cytometry, deep-sequenced RNAi-targets from each stage and digitally reconstructed cell cycle profiles at a genomic scale; also enabling data visualisation using an online tool ( https://tryp-cycle.pages.dev/ ). Analysis of several hundred genes that impact cell cycle progression reveals >100 flagellar component knockdowns linked to genome endoreduplication, evidence for metabolic control of the G1-S transition, surface antigen regulatory mRNA-binding protein knockdowns linked to G2M accumulation, and a putative nucleoredoxin required for both mitochondrial genome segregation and for mitosis. The outputs provide comprehensive functional genomic evidence for the known and novel machineries, pathways and regulators that coordinate trypanosome cell cycle progression.
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21
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Orahoske CM, Afrin M, Li Y, Hanna J, Marbury M, Li B, Su B. Identification of Prazosin as a Potential Flagellum Attachment Zone 1(FAZ1) Inhibitor for the Treatment of Human African Trypanosomiasis. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1711-1726. [PMID: 35894227 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) remains a health threat to sub-Saharan Africa. The current treatments suffer from drug resistance and life-threatening side effects, making drug discovery for HAT still important. A high-throughput screening of the library of pharmaceutically active compounds identified prazosin, an α-adrenoceptor antagonist, that showed selective activity toward Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Furthermore, a series of prazosin analogues were examined, and overall, the new analogues had improved activity and selectivity. To elucidate the binding partner, a biotin-conjugated probe was synthesized, and a protein pulldown assay combined with a proteomic analysis identified the flagellum attachment zone 1 (FAZ1) filament as an interacting partner. Additionally, prazosin treatment resulted in dysfunction of the flagellum of trypanosome cells, which is indicative of a FAZ1 irregularity. We also examined the drug distribution by utilizing immunofluorescence with a designed fluorescent analogue that showed partial colocalization with FAZ1. With the activity of the prazosin analogues, a structure-activity relationship (SAR) was summarized for future lead optimization. Our findings provide a new group of FAZ1 inhibitors as novel antitrypanosomal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody M Orahoske
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences & Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44115, United States
| | - Marjia Afrin
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44115, United States
| | - Yaxin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences & Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44115, United States
| | - Jovana Hanna
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences & Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44115, United States
| | - Myah Marbury
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences & Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44115, United States
| | - Bibo Li
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44115, United States
| | - Bin Su
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences & Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44115, United States
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22
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Mallet A, Bastin P. Restriction of intraflagellar transport to some microtubule doublets: An opportunity for cilia diversification? Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200031. [PMID: 35638546 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are unique eukaryotic organelles and exhibit remarkable conservation across evolution. Nevertheless, very different types of configurations are encountered, raising the question of their evolution. Cilia are constructed by intraflagellar transport (IFT), the movement of large protein complexes or trains that deliver cilia components to the distal tip for assembly. Recent data revealed that IFT trains are restricted to some but not all nine doublet microtubules in the protist Trypanosoma brucei. Here, we propose that restricted positioning of IFT trains could offer potent options for cilia to evolve towards more complex (addition of new structural elements like in spermatozoa) or simpler configuration (loss of some elements like in primary cilia), and therefore be a driver of cilia diversification. We present two hypotheses to explain how IFT trains could be restricted to some doublets, either by a triage process taking place at the basal body level or by the development of molecular differences between ciliary microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Mallet
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1201, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Paris, F-75015, France.,Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Université de Paris Sorbonne, Ultrastructural Bioimaging Unit, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Philippe Bastin
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1201, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Paris, F-75015, France
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23
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Chen X, Shi Z, Yang F, Zhou T, Xie S. Deciphering cilia and ciliopathies using proteomic approaches. FEBS J 2022; 290:2590-2603. [PMID: 35633520 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the cell surface and play crucial roles in cellular signaling pathways and extracellular fluid movement. Defects in the ciliary structures and functions are implicated in a set of hereditary disorders, including polycystic kidney disease, nephronophthisis, and Bardet-Biedl syndrome, which are collectively termed as ciliopathies. The application of mass spectrometry-based proteomic approaches to explore ciliary components provides important clues for understanding their physiological and pathological roles. In this review, we focus primarily on proteomic studies involving the identification of proteins in motile cilia and primary cilia, proteomes in ciliopathies, and interactomes of ciliopathy proteins. Collectively, the integration of these data sets will be beneficial for the comprehensive understanding of ciliary structures and exploring potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiying Chen
- The Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhouyuanjing Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Yang
- The Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianhua Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Xie
- The Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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24
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Sáez Conde J, Dean S. Structure, function and druggability of the African trypanosome flagellum. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:2654-2667. [PMID: 35616248 PMCID: PMC9323424 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
African trypanosomes are early branching protists that cause human and animal diseases, termed trypanosomiases. They have been under intensive study for more than 100 years and have contributed significantly to our understanding of eukaryotic biology. The combination of conserved and parasite‐specific features mean that their flagellum has gained particular attention. Here, we discuss the different structural features of the flagellum and their role in transmission and virulence. We highlight the possibilities of targeting flagellar function to cure trypanosome infections and help in the fight to eliminate trypanosomiases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sáez Conde
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Samuel Dean
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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25
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Ramanantsalama MR, Landrein N, Casas E, Salin B, Blancard C, Bonhivers M, Robinson DR, Dacheux D. TFK1, a basal body transition fibre protein that is essential for cytokinesis in Trypanosoma brucei. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275643. [PMID: 35588197 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Trypanosoma brucei, transition fibres (TF) form a nine-bladed pattern-like structure connecting the base of the flagellum to the flagellar pocket membrane. Despite the characterization of two TF proteins, CEP164C and TbRP2, little is known about the organization of these fibres. Here, we report the identification and characterization of the first kinetoplastid-specific TF protein named TFK1 (Tb927.6.1180). Bioinformatics and functional domain analysis identified three TFK1 distinct domains: an N-terminal domain of an unpredicted function, a coiled-coil domain involved in TFK1-TFK1 interaction and a C-terminal intrinsically disordered region potentially involved in protein interaction. Cellular immuno-localization showed that TFK1 is a newly identified basal body maturation marker. Further, using ultrastructure expansion and immuno-electron microscopies we localized CEP164C and TbRP2 at the TF and TFK1 on the distal appendage matrix of the TF. Importantly, RNAi knockdown of TFK1 in bloodstream form cells induced misplacement of basal bodies, a defect in the furrow or fold generation and eventually cell death. We hypothesize that TFK1 is a basal body positioning specific actor and a key regulator of cytokinesis in the bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Landrein
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Elina Casas
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Bénédicte Salin
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Microscopy Department IBGC, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Corinne Blancard
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Microscopy Department IBGC, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Mélanie Bonhivers
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Derrick R Robinson
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Denis Dacheux
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,Bordeaux INP, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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26
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Díaz E, Febres A, Giammarresi M, Silva A, Vanegas O, Gomes C, Ponte-Sucre A. G Protein-Coupled Receptors as Potential Intercellular Communication Mediators in Trypanosomatidae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:812848. [PMID: 35651757 PMCID: PMC9149261 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.812848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection and transduction of environmental signals, constitute a prerequisite for successful parasite invasion; i.e., Leishmania transmission, survival, pathogenesis and disease manifestation and dissemination, with diverse molecules functioning as inter-cellular signaling ligands. Receptors [i.e., G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)] and their associated transduction mechanisms, well conserved through evolution, specialize in this function. However, canonical GPCR-related signal transduction systems have not been described in Leishmania, although orthologs, with reduced domains and function, have been identified in Trypanosomatidae. These inter-cellular communication means seem to be essential for multicellular and unicellular organism’s survival. GPCRs are flexible in their molecular architecture and may interact with the so-called receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs), which modulate their function, changing GPCRs pharmacology, acting as chaperones and regulating signaling and/or trafficking in a receptor-dependent manner. In the skin, vasoactive- and neuro- peptides released in response to the noxious stimuli represented by the insect bite may trigger parasite physiological responses, for example, chemotaxis. For instance, in Leishmania (V.) braziliensis, sensory [Substance P, SP, chemoattractant] and autonomic [Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, VIP, and Neuropeptide Y, NPY, chemorepellent] neuropeptides at physiological levels stimulate in vitro effects on parasite taxis. VIP and NPY chemotactic effects are impaired by their corresponding receptor antagonists, suggesting that the stimulated responses might be mediated by putative GPCRs (with essential conserved receptor domains); the effect of SP is blocked by [(D-Pro 2, D-Trp7,9]-Substance P (10-6 M)] suggesting that it might be mediated by neurokinin-1 transmembrane receptors. Additionally, vasoactive molecules like Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide [CGRP] and Adrenomedullin [AM], exert a chemorepellent effect and increase the expression of a 24 kDa band recognized in western blot analysis by (human-)-RAMP-2 antibodies. In-silico search oriented towards GPCRs-like receptors and signaling cascades detected a RAMP-2-aligned sequence corresponding to Leishmania folylpolyglutamate synthase and a RAMP-3 aligned protein, a hypothetical Leishmania protein with yet unknown function, suggesting that in Leishmania, CGRP and AM activities may be modulated by RAMP- (-2) and (-3) homologs. The possible presence of proteins and molecules potentially involved in GPCRs cascades, i.e., RAMPs, signpost conservation of ancient signaling systems associated with responses, fundamental for cell survival, (i.e., taxis and migration) and may constitute an open field for description of pharmacophores against Leishmania parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Díaz
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine Luis Razetti, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Anthony Febres
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, TX, United States
| | - Michelle Giammarresi
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine Luis Razetti, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Adrian Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine Luis Razetti, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Oriana Vanegas
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Carlos Gomes
- Royal Berkshire NHS, Foundation Trust, Light House Lab, Bracknell, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Ponte-Sucre
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine Luis Razetti, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
- Medical Mission Institute, Würzburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Alicia Ponte-Sucre,
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27
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Gomaa F, Li ZH, Beaudoin DJ, Alzan H, Girguis PR, Docampo R, Edgcomb VP. CRISPR/Cas9-induced disruption of Bodo saltans paraflagellar rod-2 gene reveals its importance for cell survival. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:3051-3062. [PMID: 35099107 PMCID: PMC9544060 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Developing transfection protocols for marine protists is an emerging field that will allow the functional characterization of protist genes and their roles in organism responses to the environment. We developed a CRISPR/Cas9 editing protocol for Bodo saltans, a free-living kinetoplastid with tolerance to both marine and freshwater conditions and a close non-parasitic relative of trypanosomatids. Our results show that SaCas9/single-guide RNA (sgRNA) ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex-mediated disruption of the paraflagellar rod 2 gene (BsPFR2) was achieved using electroporation-mediated transfection. The use of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing can increase the efficiency of targeted homologous recombination when a repair DNA template is provided. Our sequence analysis suggests two mechanisms for repairing double-strand breaks in B. saltans are active; homologous-directed repair (HDR) utilizing an exogenous DNA template that carries an antibiotic resistance gene and likley non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). However, HDR was only achieved when a single (vs. multiple) SaCas9 RNP complex was provided. Furthermore, the biallelic knockout of BsPFR2 was detrimental for the cell, highlighting its essential role for cell survival because it facilitates the movement of food particles into the cytostome. Our Cas9/sgRNA RNP complex protocol provides a new tool for assessing gene functions in B. saltans and perhaps similar protists with polycistronic transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Gomaa
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Zhu-Hong Li
- Department of Cellular Biology and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - David J Beaudoin
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Heba Alzan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Peter R Girguis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Department of Cellular Biology and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Virginia P Edgcomb
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
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28
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Saenz-Garcia JL, Borges BS, Souza-Melo N, Machado LV, Miranda JS, Pacheco-Lugo LA, Moretti NS, Wheleer R, Soares Medeiros LC, DaRocha WD. Trypanin Disruption Affects the Motility and Infectivity of the Protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:807236. [PMID: 35071054 PMCID: PMC8777028 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.807236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The flagellum of Trypanosomatids is an organelle that contributes to multiple functions, including motility, cell division, and host–pathogen interaction. Trypanin was first described in Trypanosoma brucei and is part of the dynein regulatory complex. TbTrypanin knockdown parasites showed motility defects in procyclic forms; however, silencing in bloodstream forms was lethal. Since TbTrypanin mutants show drastic phenotypic changes in mammalian stages, we decided to evaluate if the Trypanosoma cruzi ortholog plays a similar role by using the CRISPR-Cas9 system to generate null mutants. A ribonucleoprotein complex of SaCas9 and sgRNA plus donor oligonucleotide were used to edit both alleles of TcTrypanin without any selectable marker. TcTrypanin −/− epimastigotes showed a lower growth rate, partially detached flagella, normal numbers of nuclei and kinetoplasts, and motility defects such as reduced displacement and speed and increased tumbling propensity. The epimastigote mutant also showed decreased efficiency of in-vitro metacyclogenesis. Mutant parasites were able to complete the entire life cycle in vitro; however, they showed a reduction in their infection capacity compared with WT and addback cultures. Our data show that T. cruzi life cycle stages have differing sensitivities to TcTrypanin deletion. In conclusion, additional work is needed to dissect the motility components of T. cruzi and to identify essential molecules for mammalian stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Saenz-Garcia
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional de Parasitos (GFP), Universidade Federal de Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Beatriz S Borges
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Normanda Souza-Melo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Patógenos (LBMP), Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Hertha Mayer, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz V Machado
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional de Parasitos (GFP), Universidade Federal de Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Juliana S Miranda
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional de Parasitos (GFP), Universidade Federal de Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Nilmar S Moretti
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Patógenos (LBMP), Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard Wheleer
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lia C Soares Medeiros
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Wanderson D DaRocha
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional de Parasitos (GFP), Universidade Federal de Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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29
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Abstract
The parasitic trypanosomatids cause lethal and debilitating diseases, the leishmaniases, Chagas disease, and the African trypanosomiases, with major impacts on human and animal health. Sustained research has borne fruit by assisting efforts to reduce the burden of disease and by improving our understanding of fundamental molecular and cell biology. But where has the research primarily been conducted, and which research areas have received the most attention? These questions are addressed below using publication and citation data from the past few decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Horn
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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30
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Vasquez SSV, van Dam J, Wheway G. An updated SYSCILIA gold standard (SCGSv2) of known ciliary genes, revealing the vast progress that has been made in the cilia research field. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:br13. [PMID: 34613793 PMCID: PMC8694072 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-05-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based organelles with important functions in motility and sensation. They contribute to a broad spectrum of developmental disorders called ciliopathies and have recently been linked to common conditions such as cancers and congenital heart disease. There has been increasing interest in the biology of cilia and their contribution to disease over the past two decades. In 2013 we published a "Gold Standard" list of genes confirmed to be associated with cilia. This was published as part of the SYSCILIA consortium for systems biology study dissecting the contribution of cilia to human health and disease, and was named the Syscilia Gold Standard (SCGS). Since this publication, interest in cilia and understanding of their functions have continued to grow, and we now present an updated SCGS version 2. This includes an additional 383 genes, more than doubling the size of SCGSv1. We use this dataset to conduct a review of advances in understanding of cilia biology 2013- 2021 and offer perspectives on the future of cilia research. We hope that this continues to be a useful resource for the cilia community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John van Dam
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gabrielle Wheway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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31
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Broster Reix CE, Florimond C, Cayrel A, Mailhé A, Agnero-Rigot C, Landrein N, Dacheux D, Havlicek K, Bonhivers M, Morriswood B, Robinson DR. Bhalin, an Essential Cytoskeleton-Associated Protein of Trypanosoma brucei Linking TbBILBO1 of the Flagellar Pocket Collar with the Hook Complex. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112334. [PMID: 34835460 PMCID: PMC8623173 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In most trypanosomes, endo and exocytosis only occur at a unique organelle called the flagellar pocket (FP) and the flagellum exits the cell via the FP. Investigations of essential cytoskeleton-associated structures located at this site have revealed a number of essential proteins. The protein TbBILBO1 is located at the neck of the FP in a structure called the flagellar pocket collar (FPC) and is essential for biogenesis of the FPC and parasite survival. TbMORN1 is a protein that is present on a closely linked structure called the hook complex (HC) and is located anterior to and overlapping the collar. TbMORN1 is essential in the bloodstream form of T. brucei. We now describe the location and function of BHALIN, an essential, new FPC-HC protein. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here, we show that a newly characterised protein, BHALIN (BILBO1 Hook Associated LINker protein), is localised to both the FPC and HC and has a TbBILBO1 binding domain, which was confirmed in vitro. Knockdown of BHALIN by RNAi in the bloodstream form parasites led to cell death, indicating an essential role in cell viability. Conclusions/Significance: Our results demonstrate the essential role of a newly characterised hook complex protein, BHALIN, that influences flagellar pocket organisation and function in bloodstream form T. brucei parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E. Broster Reix
- Protist Parasite Cytoskeleton (ProParaCyto) Group, CNRS UMR 5234, Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (C.E.B.R.); (C.F.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (C.A.-R.); (N.L.); (D.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Célia Florimond
- Protist Parasite Cytoskeleton (ProParaCyto) Group, CNRS UMR 5234, Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (C.E.B.R.); (C.F.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (C.A.-R.); (N.L.); (D.D.); (M.B.)
- Laboratory of Parasitology, National Reference Center for Malaria, WHO Collaborative Center for Surveillance of Antimalarial Drug Resistance, Pasteur Institute of French Guiana, 97306 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Anne Cayrel
- Protist Parasite Cytoskeleton (ProParaCyto) Group, CNRS UMR 5234, Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (C.E.B.R.); (C.F.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (C.A.-R.); (N.L.); (D.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Amélie Mailhé
- Protist Parasite Cytoskeleton (ProParaCyto) Group, CNRS UMR 5234, Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (C.E.B.R.); (C.F.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (C.A.-R.); (N.L.); (D.D.); (M.B.)
- Société Fromagère de Saint Affrique, Camaras, 12400 Saint-Affrique, France
| | - Corentin Agnero-Rigot
- Protist Parasite Cytoskeleton (ProParaCyto) Group, CNRS UMR 5234, Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (C.E.B.R.); (C.F.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (C.A.-R.); (N.L.); (D.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Nicolas Landrein
- Protist Parasite Cytoskeleton (ProParaCyto) Group, CNRS UMR 5234, Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (C.E.B.R.); (C.F.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (C.A.-R.); (N.L.); (D.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Denis Dacheux
- Protist Parasite Cytoskeleton (ProParaCyto) Group, CNRS UMR 5234, Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (C.E.B.R.); (C.F.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (C.A.-R.); (N.L.); (D.D.); (M.B.)
- Enstbb, École Nationale Supérieure de Technologie des Biomolécules de Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Katharina Havlicek
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Mélanie Bonhivers
- Protist Parasite Cytoskeleton (ProParaCyto) Group, CNRS UMR 5234, Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (C.E.B.R.); (C.F.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (C.A.-R.); (N.L.); (D.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Brooke Morriswood
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Derrick R. Robinson
- Protist Parasite Cytoskeleton (ProParaCyto) Group, CNRS UMR 5234, Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (C.E.B.R.); (C.F.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (C.A.-R.); (N.L.); (D.D.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Hammond M, Zoltner M, Garrigan J, Butterfield E, Varga V, Lukeš J, Field MC. The distinctive flagellar proteome of Euglena gracilis illuminates the complexities of protistan flagella adaptation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1323-1336. [PMID: 34292600 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The eukaryotic flagellum/cilium is a prominent organelle with conserved structure and diverse functions. Euglena gracilis, a photosynthetic and highly adaptable protist, employs its flagella for both locomotion and environmental sensing. Using proteomics of isolated E. gracilis flagella we identify nearly 1700 protein groups, which challenges previous estimates of the protein complexity of motile eukaryotic flagella. We not only identified several unexpected similarities shared with mammalian flagella, including an entire glycolytic pathway and proteasome, but also document a vast array of flagella-based signal transduction components that coordinate gravitaxis and phototactic motility. By contrast, the pellicle was found to consist of > 900 protein groups, containing additional structural and signalling components. Our data identify significant adaptations within the E. gracilis flagellum, many of which are clearly linked to the highly flexible lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hammond
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Zoltner
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, BIOCEV, Charles University, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Jack Garrigan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Erin Butterfield
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Vladimir Varga
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), 370 05, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Mark C Field
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), 370 05, Czech Republic
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
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A specific basal body linker protein provides the connection function for basal body inheritance in trypanosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2014040118. [PMID: 33597294 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014040118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles and basal bodies (CBBs) are found in physically linked pairs, and in mammalian cells intercentriole connections (G1-G2 tether and S-M linker) regulate centriole duplication and function. In trypanosomes BBs are not associated with the spindle and function in flagellum/cilia nucleation with an additional role in mitochondrial genome (kinetoplast DNA [kDNA]) segregation. Here, we describe BBLP, a BB/pro-BB (pBB) linker protein in Trypanosoma brucei predicted to be a large coiled-coil protein conserved in the kinetoplastida. Colocalization with the centriole marker SAS6 showed that BBLP localizes between the BB/pBB pair, throughout the cell cycle, with a stronger signal in the old flagellum BB/pBB pair. Importantly, RNA interference (RNAi) depletion of BBLP leads to a conspicuous splitting of the BB/pBB pair associated only with the new flagellum. BBLP RNAi is lethal in the bloodstream form of the parasite and perturbs mitochondrial kDNA inheritance. Immunogold labeling confirmed that BBLP is localized to a cytoskeletal component of the BB/pBB linker, and tagged protein induction showed that BBLP is incorporated de novo in both new and old flagella BB pairs of dividing cells. We show that the two aspects of CBB disengagement-loss of orthogonal orientation and ability to separate and move apart-are consistent but separable events in evolutionarily diverse cells and we provide a unifying model explaining centriole/BB linkage differences between such cells.
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Moreau C, Ishimoto K, Gaffney EA, Walker BJ. Control and controllability of microswimmers by a shearing flow. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:211141. [PMID: 34430052 PMCID: PMC8355676 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the continuing rapid development of artificial microrobots and active particles, questions of microswimmer guidance and control are becoming ever more relevant and prevalent. In both the applications and theoretical study of such microscale swimmers, control is often mediated by an engineered property of the swimmer, such as in the case of magnetically propelled microrobots. In this work, we will consider a modality of control that is applicable in more generality, effecting guidance via modulation of a background fluid flow. Here, considering a model swimmer in a commonplace flow and simple geometry, we analyse and subsequently establish the efficacy of flow-mediated microswimmer positional control, later touching upon a question of optimal control. Moving beyond idealized notions of controllability and towards considerations of practical utility, we then evaluate the robustness of this control modality to sources of variation that may be present in applications, examining in particular the effects of measurement inaccuracy and rotational noise. This exploration gives rise to a number of cautionary observations, which, overall, demonstrate the need for the careful assessment of both policy and behavioural robustness when designing control schemes for use in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Moreau
- Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kenta Ishimoto
- Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Eamonn A. Gaffney
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Benjamin J. Walker
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
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35
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Malfara MF, Silverberg LJ, DiMaio J, Lagalante AF, Olsen MA, Madison E, Povelones ML. 2,3-Diphenyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiaza-4-one heterocycles inhibit growth and block completion of cytokinesis in kinetoplastid parasites. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2021; 245:111396. [PMID: 34302898 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2021.111396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Kinetoplastid parasites are model eukaryotes with a complex cell cycle that is highly regulated both spatially and temporally. In addition, diseases caused by these parasites continue to have a significant impact on human and animal health worldwide. While there have been advancements in chemotherapy for these diseases, there is a continual need for an arsenal of compounds that have robust anti-parasite activity with minimal impact on the human host. While investigating a series of 2,3-diphenyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiaza-4-one heterocycles with potential activity against these parasites, we found a pyridothiazinone that inhibits growth of the monoxenous parasite Crithidia fasciculata and two life cycle stages of Trypanosoma brucei. This inhibition is more pronounced in T. brucei and is associated with an unusual pre-abscission cell cycle arrest. Exploring the mode of action for these and related compounds in kinetoplastids may provide tools with which to explore cell cycle regulation in these important organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lee J Silverberg
- Pennsylvania State University, Schuylkill Campus, Schuylkill Haven, PA, 17972, USA
| | - John DiMaio
- Pennsylvania State University, Brandywine Campus, Media, PA, 19063, USA
| | | | - Mark A Olsen
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Ekaterina Madison
- Pennsylvania State University, Brandywine Campus, Media, PA, 19063, USA
| | - Megan L Povelones
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA.
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36
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Dean S. Basic Biology of Trypanosoma brucei with Reference to the Development of Chemotherapies. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1650-1670. [PMID: 33463458 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210119105008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei are protozoan parasites that cause the lethal human disease African sleeping sickness and the economically devastating disease of cattle, Nagana. African sleeping sickness, also known as Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), threatens 65 million people and animal trypanosomiasis makes large areas of farmland unusable. There is no vaccine and licensed therapies against the most severe, late-stage disease are toxic, impractical and ineffective. Trypanosomes are transmitted by tsetse flies, and HAT is therefore predominantly confined to the tsetse fly belt in sub-Saharan Africa. They are exclusively extracellular and they differentiate between at least seven developmental forms that are highly adapted to host and vector niches. In the mammalian (human) host they inhabit the blood, cerebrospinal fluid (late-stage disease), skin, and adipose fat. In the tsetse fly vector they travel from the tsetse midgut to the salivary glands via the ectoperitrophic space and proventriculus. Trypanosomes are evolutionarily divergent compared with most branches of eukaryotic life. Perhaps most famous for their extraordinary mechanisms of monoallelic gene expression and antigenic variation, they have also been investigated because much of their biology is either highly unconventional or extreme. Moreover, in addition to their importance as pathogens, many researchers have been attracted to the field because trypanosomes have some of the most advanced molecular genetic tools and database resources of any model system. The following will cover just some aspects of trypanosome biology and how its divergent biochemistry has been leveraged to develop drugs to treat African sleeping sickness. This is by no means intended to be a comprehensive survey of trypanosome features. Rather, I hope to present trypanosomes as one of the most fascinating and tractable systems to do discovery biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Dean
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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37
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Levy DJ, Goundry A, Laires RSS, Costa TFR, Novo CM, Grab DJ, Mottram JC, Lima APCA. Role of the inhibitor of serine peptidase 2 (ISP2) of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in parasite virulence and modulation of the inflammatory responses of the host. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009526. [PMID: 34153047 PMCID: PMC8248637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is one of the causative agents of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), known as sleeping sickness. The parasite invades the central nervous system and causes severe encephalitis that is fatal if left untreated. We have previously identified ecotin-like inhibitors of serine peptidases, named ISPs, in trypanosomatid parasitic protozoa. Here, we investigated the role of ISP2 in bloodstream form T. b. rhodesiense. We generated gene-deficient mutants lacking ISP2 (Δisp2), which displayed a growth profile in vitro similar to that of wild-type (WT) parasites. C57BL/6 mice infected with Δisp2 displayed lower blood parasitemia, a delayed hind leg pathological phenotype and survived longer. The immune response was examined at two time-points that corresponded with two peaks of parasitemia. At 4 days, the spleens of Δisp2-infected mice had a greater percentage of NOS2+ myeloid cells, IFN-γ+-NK cells and increased TNF-α compared to those infected with WT and parasites re-expressing ISP2 (Δisp2:ISP2). By 13 days the increased NOS2+ population was sustained in Δisp2-infected mice, along with increased percentages of monocyte-derived dendritic cells, as well as CD19+ B lymphocytes, and CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes. Taken together, these findings indicate that ISP2 contributes to T. b. rhodesiense virulence in mice and attenuates the inflammatory response during early infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jessula Levy
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Amy Goundry
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raquel S. S. Laires
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tatiana F. R. Costa
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Mendes Novo
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Dennis J. Grab
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeremy C. Mottram
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Paula C. A. Lima
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Calvo-Álvarez E, Bonnefoy S, Salles A, Benson FE, McKean PG, Bastin P, Rotureau B. Redistribution of FLAgellar Member 8 during the trypanosome life cycle: Consequences for cell fate prediction. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13347. [PMID: 33896083 PMCID: PMC8459223 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The single flagellum of African trypanosomes is essential in multiple aspects of the parasites' development. The FLAgellar Member 8 protein (FLAM8), localised to the tip of the flagellum in cultured insect forms of Trypanosoma brucei, was identified as a marker of the locking event that controls flagellum length. Here, we investigated whether FLAM8 could also reflect the flagellum maturation state in other parasite cycle stages. We observed that FLAM8 distribution extended along the entire flagellar cytoskeleton in mammalian‐infective forms. Then, a rapid FLAM8 concentration to the distal tip occurs during differentiation into early insect forms, illustrating the remodelling of an existing flagellum. In the tsetse cardia, FLAM8 further localises to the entire length of the new flagellum during an asymmetric division. Strikingly, in parasites dividing in the tsetse midgut and in the salivary glands, the amount and distribution of FLAM8 in the new flagellum were seen to predict the daughter cell fate. We propose and discuss how FLAM8 could be considered a meta‐marker of the flagellum stage and maturation state in trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Calvo-Álvarez
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201, Paris, France.,Trypanosome Transmission Group, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Serge Bonnefoy
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Salles
- Unit of Technology and Service Photonic BioImaging (UTechS PBI), C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Fiona E Benson
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Paul G McKean
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Philippe Bastin
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201, Paris, France
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201, Paris, France.,Trypanosome Transmission Group, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Davies C, Ooi CP, Sioutas G, Hall BS, Sidhu H, Butter F, Alsford S, Wickstead B, Rudenko G. TbSAP is a novel chromatin protein repressing metacyclic variant surface glycoprotein expression sites in bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:3242-3262. [PMID: 33660774 PMCID: PMC8034637 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei is a unicellular eukaryote, which relies on a protective variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat for survival in the mammalian host. A single trypanosome has >2000 VSG genes and pseudogenes of which only one is expressed from one of ∼15 telomeric bloodstream form expression sites (BESs). Infectious metacyclic trypanosomes present within the tsetse fly vector also express VSG from a separate set of telomeric metacyclic ESs (MESs). All MESs are silenced in bloodstream form T. brucei. As very little is known about how this is mediated, we performed a whole genome RNAi library screen to identify MES repressors. This allowed us to identify a novel SAP domain containing DNA binding protein which we called TbSAP. TbSAP is enriched at the nuclear periphery and binds both MESs and BESs. Knockdown of TbSAP in bloodstream form trypanosomes did not result in cells becoming more ‘metacyclic-like'. Instead, there was extensive global upregulation of transcripts including MES VSGs, VSGs within the silent VSG arrays as well as genes immediately downstream of BES promoters. TbSAP therefore appears to be a novel chromatin protein playing an important role in silencing the extensive VSG repertoire of bloodstream form T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carys Davies
- Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Cher-Pheng Ooi
- Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Georgios Sioutas
- Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Belinda S Hall
- Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Haneesh Sidhu
- Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Falk Butter
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sam Alsford
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Bill Wickstead
- School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Gloria Rudenko
- Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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40
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Yamamoto R, Hwang J, Ishikawa T, Kon T, Sale WS. Composition and function of ciliary inner-dynein-arm subunits studied in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:77-96. [PMID: 33876572 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Motile cilia (also interchangeably called "flagella") are conserved organelles extending from the surface of many animal cells and play essential functions in eukaryotes, including cell motility and environmental sensing. Large motor complexes, the ciliary dyneins, are present on ciliary outer-doublet microtubules and drive movement of cilia. Ciliary dyneins are classified into two general types: the outer dynein arms (ODAs) and the inner dynein arms (IDAs). While ODAs are important for generation of force and regulation of ciliary beat frequency, IDAs are essential for control of the size and shape of the bend, features collectively referred to as waveform. Also, recent studies have revealed unexpected links between IDA components and human diseases. In spite of their importance, studies on IDAs have been difficult since they are very complex and composed for several types of IDA motors, each unique in composition and location in the axoneme. Thanks in part to genetic, biochemical, and structural analysis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we are beginning to understand the organization and function of the ciliary IDAs. In this review, we summarize the composition of Chlamydomonas IDAs particularly focusing on each subunit, and discuss the assembly, conservation, and functional role(s) of these IDA subunits. Furthermore, we raise several additional questions/challenges regarding IDAs, and discuss future perspectives of IDA studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Juyeon Hwang
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Takashi Ishikawa
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Takahide Kon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Winfield S Sale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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41
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Melo do Nascimento L, Egler F, Arnold K, Papavasiliou N, Clayton C, Erben E. Functional insights from a surface antigen mRNA-bound proteome. eLife 2021; 10:e68136. [PMID: 33783358 PMCID: PMC8051951 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei is the causative agent of human sleeping sickness. The parasites' variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) enables them to evade adaptive immunity via antigenic variation. VSG comprises 10% of total cell protein and the high stability of VSG mRNA is essential for trypanosome survival. To determine how VSG mRNA stability is maintained, we used mRNA affinity purification to identify all its associated proteins. CFB2 (cyclin F-box protein 2), an unconventional RNA-binding protein with an F-box domain, was specifically enriched with VSG mRNA. We demonstrate that CFB2 is essential for VSG mRNA stability, describe cis acting elements within the VSG 3'-untranslated region that regulate the interaction, identify trans-acting factors that are present in the VSG messenger ribonucleoprotein particle, and mechanistically explain how CFB2 stabilizes the mRNA of this key pathogenicity factor. Beyond T. brucei, the mRNP purification approach has the potential to supply detailed biological insight into metabolism of relatively abundant mRNAs in any eukaryote.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franziska Egler
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Katharina Arnold
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Nina Papavasiliou
- Division of Immune Diversity, Deutsche Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Christine Clayton
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Esteban Erben
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH)HeidelbergGermany
- Division of Immune Diversity, Deutsche Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
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42
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APEX2 Proximity Proteomics Resolves Flagellum Subdomains and Identifies Flagellum Tip-Specific Proteins in Trypanosoma brucei. mSphere 2021; 6:6/1/e01090-20. [PMID: 33568455 PMCID: PMC8141408 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.01090-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleeping sickness is a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. The disease disrupts the sleep-wake cycle, leading to coma and death if left untreated. T. brucei motility, transmission, and virulence depend on its flagellum (cilium), which consists of several different specialized subdomains. Trypanosoma brucei is the protozoan parasite responsible for sleeping sickness, a lethal vector-borne disease. T. brucei has a single flagellum (cilium) that plays critical roles in transmission and pathogenesis. An emerging concept is that the flagellum is organized into subdomains, each having specialized composition and function. The overall flagellum proteome has been well studied, but a critical knowledge gap is the protein composition of individual subdomains. We have tested whether APEX-based proximity proteomics could be used to examine the protein composition of T. brucei flagellum subdomains. As APEX-based labeling has not previously been described in T. brucei, we first fused APEX2 to the DRC1 subunit of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex, a well-characterized axonemal complex. We found that DRC1-APEX2 directs flagellum-specific biotinylation, and purification of biotinylated proteins yields a DRC1 “proximity proteome” having good overlap with published proteomes obtained from purified axonemes. Having validated the use of APEX2 in T. brucei, we next attempted to distinguish flagellar subdomains by fusing APEX2 to a flagellar membrane protein that is restricted to the flagellum tip, AC1, and another one that is excluded from the tip, FS179. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated subdomain-specific biotinylation, and principal-component analysis showed distinct profiles between AC1-APEX2 and FS179-APEX2. Comparing these two profiles allowed us to identify an AC1 proximity proteome that is enriched for tip proteins, including proteins involved in signaling. Our results demonstrate that APEX2-based proximity proteomics is effective in T. brucei and can be used to resolve the proteome composition of flagellum subdomains that cannot themselves be readily purified. IMPORTANCE Sleeping sickness is a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. The disease disrupts the sleep-wake cycle, leading to coma and death if left untreated. T. brucei motility, transmission, and virulence depend on its flagellum (cilium), which consists of several different specialized subdomains. Given the essential and multifunctional role of the T. brucei flagellum, there is need for approaches that enable proteomic analysis of individual subdomains. Our work establishes that APEX2 proximity labeling can, indeed, be implemented in the biochemical environment of T. brucei and has allowed identification of proximity proteomes for different flagellar subdomains that cannot be purified. This capacity opens the possibility to study the composition and function of other compartments. We expect this approach may be extended to other eukaryotic pathogens and will enhance the utility of T. brucei as a model organism to study ciliopathies, heritable human diseases in which cilium function is impaired.
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Mwangi KW, Macharia RW, Bargul JL. Gene co-expression network analysis of Trypanosoma brucei in tsetse fly vector. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:74. [PMID: 33482903 PMCID: PMC7821691 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04597-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Trypanosoma brucei species are motile protozoan parasites that are cyclically transmitted by tsetse fly (genus Glossina) causing human sleeping sickness and nagana in livestock in sub-Saharan Africa. African trypanosomes display digenetic life cycle stages in the tsetse fly vector and in their mammalian host. Experimental work on insect-stage trypanosomes is challenging because of the difficulty in setting up successful in vitro cultures. Therefore, there is limited knowledge on the trypanosome biology during its development in the tsetse fly. Consequently, this limits the development of new strategies for blocking parasite transmission in the tsetse fly. Methods In this study, RNA-Seq data of insect-stage trypanosomes were used to construct a T. brucei gene co-expression network using the weighted gene co-expression analysis (WGCNA) method. The study identified significant enriched modules for genes that play key roles during the parasite’s development in tsetse fly. Furthermore, potential 3′ untranslated region (UTR) regulatory elements for genes that clustered in the same module were identified using the Finding Informative Regulatory Elements (FIRE) tool. Results A fraction of gene modules (12 out of 27 modules) in the constructed network were found to be enriched in functional roles associated with the cell division, protein biosynthesis, mitochondrion, and cell surface. Additionally, 12 hub genes encoding proteins such as RNA-binding protein 6 (RBP6), arginine kinase 1 (AK1), brucei alanine-rich protein (BARP), among others, were identified for the 12 significantly enriched gene modules. In addition, the potential regulatory elements located in the 3′ untranslated regions of genes within the same module were predicted. Conclusions The constructed gene co-expression network provides a useful resource for network-based data mining to identify candidate genes for functional studies. This will enhance understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie important biological processes during parasite’s development in tsetse fly. Ultimately, these findings will be key in the identification of potential molecular targets for disease control.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy W Mwangi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. BOX 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | | | - Joel L Bargul
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.,Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. BOX 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
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Opperdoes FR, Butenko A, Zakharova A, Gerasimov ES, Zimmer SL, Lukeš J, Yurchenko V. The Remarkable Metabolism of Vickermania ingenoplastis: Genomic Predictions. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10010068. [PMID: 33466586 PMCID: PMC7828693 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A recently redescribed two-flagellar trypanosomatid Vickermania ingenoplastis is insensitive to the classical inhibitors of respiration and thrives under anaerobic conditions. Using genomic and transcriptomic data, we analyzed its genes of the core metabolism and documented that subunits of the mitochondrial respiratory complexes III and IV are ablated, while those of complexes I, II, and V are all present, along with an alternative oxidase. This explains the previously reported conversion of glucose to acetate and succinate by aerobic fermentation. Glycolytic pyruvate is metabolized to acetate and ethanol by pyruvate dismutation, whereby a unique type of alcohol dehydrogenase (shared only with Phytomonas spp.) processes an excess of reducing equivalents formed under anaerobic conditions, leading to the formation of ethanol. Succinate (formed to maintain the glycosomal redox balance) is converted to propionate by a cyclic process involving three enzymes of the mitochondrial methyl-malonyl-CoA pathway, via a cyclic process, which results in the formation of additional ATP. The unusual structure of the V. ingenoplastis genome and its similarity with that of Phytomonas spp. imply their relatedness or convergent evolution. Nevertheless, a critical difference between these two trypanosomatids is that the former has significantly increased its genome size by gene duplications, while the latter streamlined its genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred R. Opperdoes
- De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence: (F.R.O.); (V.Y.)
| | - Anzhelika Butenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (A.B.); (A.Z.)
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic;
| | - Alexandra Zakharova
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (A.B.); (A.Z.)
| | - Evgeny S. Gerasimov
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sara L. Zimmer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, MN 558812, USA;
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic;
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (A.B.); (A.Z.)
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (F.R.O.); (V.Y.)
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Gupta CM, Ambaru B, Bajaj R. Emerging Functions of Actins and Actin Binding Proteins in Trypanosomatids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:587685. [PMID: 33163497 PMCID: PMC7581878 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.587685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin is the major protein constituent of the cytoskeleton that performs wide range of cellular functions. It exists in monomeric and filamentous forms, dynamics of which is regulated by a large repertoire of actin binding proteins. However, not much was known about existence of these proteins in trypanosomatids, till the genome sequence data of three important organisms of this class, viz. Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania major, became available. Here, we have reviewed most of the findings reported to date on the intracellular distribution, structure and functions of these proteins and based on them, we have hypothesized some of their functions. The major findings are as follows: (1) All the three organisms encode at least a set of ten actin binding proteins (profilin, twinfilin, ADF/cofilin, CAP/srv2, CAPz, coronin, two myosins, two formins) and one isoform of actin, except that T. cruzi encodes for three formins and several myosins along with four actins. (2) Actin 1 and a few actin binding proteins (ADF/cofilin, profilin, twinfilin, coronin and myosin13 in L. donovani; ADF/cofilin, profilin and myosin1 in T. brucei; profilin and myosin-F in T.cruzi) have been identified and characterized. (3) In all the three organisms, actin cytoskeleton has been shown to regulate endocytosis and intracellular trafficking. (4) Leishmania actin1 has been the most characterized protein among trypanosomatid actins. (5) This protein is localized to the cytoplasm as well as in the flagellum, nucleus and kinetoplast, and in vitro, it binds to DNA and displays scDNA relaxing and kDNA nicking activities. (6) The pure protein prefers to form bundles instead of thin filaments, and does not bind DNase1 or phalloidin. (7) Myosin13, myosin1 and myosin-F regulate endocytosis and intracellular trafficking, respectively, in Leishmania, T. brucei and T. cruzi. (8) Actin-dependent myosin13 motor is involved in dynamics and assembly of Leishmania flagellum. (9) Leishmania twinfilin localizes mostly to the nucleolus and coordinates karyokinesis by effecting splindle elongation and DNA synthesis. (10) Leishmania coronin binds and promotes actin filament formation and exists in tetrameric form rather than trimeric form, like other coronins. (11) Trypanosomatid profilins are essential for survival of all the three parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhitar M Gupta
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Bindu Ambaru
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bengaluru, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Rani Bajaj
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bengaluru, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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CFAP45 deficiency causes situs abnormalities and asthenospermia by disrupting an axonemal adenine nucleotide homeostasis module. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5520. [PMID: 33139725 PMCID: PMC7606486 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonemal dynein ATPases direct ciliary and flagellar beating via adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis. The modulatory effect of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) on flagellar beating is not fully understood. Here, we describe a deficiency of cilia and flagella associated protein 45 (CFAP45) in humans and mice that presents a motile ciliopathy featuring situs inversus totalis and asthenospermia. CFAP45-deficient cilia and flagella show normal morphology and axonemal ultrastructure. Proteomic profiling links CFAP45 to an axonemal module including dynein ATPases and adenylate kinase as well as CFAP52, whose mutations cause a similar ciliopathy. CFAP45 binds AMP in vitro, consistent with structural modelling that identifies an AMP-binding interface between CFAP45 and AK8. Microtubule sliding of dyskinetic sperm from Cfap45−/− mice is rescued with the addition of either AMP or ADP with ATP, compared to ATP alone. We propose that CFAP45 supports mammalian ciliary and flagellar beating via an adenine nucleotide homeostasis module. The mechanism by which adenosine monophosphate modulates dynein ATPase-mediated ciliary and flagellar beating remains obscure. Here the authors identify an axonemal module including cilia and flagella associated protein 45 that supports adenine nucleotide homeostasis and underlies a human ciliopathy
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Jentzsch J, Sabri A, Speckner K, Lallinger-Kube G, Weiss M, Ersfeld K. Microtubule polyglutamylation is important for regulating cytoskeletal architecture and motility in Trypanosoma brucei. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs248047. [PMID: 32843576 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.248047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The shape of kinetoplastids, such as Trypanosoma brucei, is precisely defined during the stages of the life cycle and governed by a stable subpellicular microtubule cytoskeleton. During the cell cycle and transitions between life cycle stages, this stability has to transiently give way to a dynamic behaviour to enable cell division and morphological rearrangements. How these opposing requirements of the cytoskeleton are regulated is poorly understood. Two possible levels of regulation are activities of cytoskeleton-associated proteins and microtubule post-translational modifications (PTMs). Here, we investigate the functions of two putative tubulin polyglutamylases in T. brucei, TTLL6A and TTLL12B. Depletion of both proteins leads to a reduction in tubulin polyglutamylation in situ and is associated with disintegration of the posterior cell pole, loss of the microtubule plus-end-binding protein EB1 and alterations of microtubule dynamics. We also observe a reduced polyglutamylation of the flagellar axoneme. Quantitative motility analysis reveals that the PTM imbalance correlates with a transition from directional to diffusive cell movement. These data show that microtubule polyglutamylation has an important role in regulating cytoskeletal architecture and motility in the parasite T. bruceiThis article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Jentzsch
- Molecular Parasitology, Department of Biology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Adal Sabri
- Experimental Physics I, Department of Physics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Konstantin Speckner
- Experimental Physics I, Department of Physics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gertrud Lallinger-Kube
- Molecular Parasitology, Department of Biology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Matthias Weiss
- Experimental Physics I, Department of Physics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Klaus Ersfeld
- Molecular Parasitology, Department of Biology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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A rapid approach for in locus overexpression of Trypanosoma brucei proteins. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2020; 239:111300. [PMID: 32682799 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2020.111300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Altering amounts of a protein in a cell has become a crucial tool for understanding its function. In many organisms, including the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, protein overexpression has been achieved by inserting a protein-coding sequence into an overexpression vector. Here, we have adapted the PCR only based system for tagging trypanosome proteins at their endogenous loci such that it in addition enables a tetracycline-inducible T7 RNA polymerase-mediated protein overexpression. Hence, this approach bypasses the need for molecular cloning, making it rapid and cost effective. We validated the approach for ten flagellum-associated proteins with molecular weights ranging from 40 to over 500 kDa. For a majority of the recombinant proteins a significant (3-50 fold) increase in the cellular amount was achieved upon induction of overexpression. Two of the largest proteins studied, the dynein heavy chains, were significantly overexpressed, while two were not. Our data suggest that this may reflect the extent of the T7 RNA polymerase processivity on the trypanosome genomic DNA. We further show that the overexpression is informative as to cellular functions of the studied proteins, and that these cultures can serve as an excellent source for purification of the overexpressed proteins. We believe that this rapid in locus overexpression system will become a valuable tool to interrogate cellular functions and biochemical activities of trypanosome proteins.
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Douglas RL, Haltiwanger BM, Albisetti A, Wu H, Jeng RL, Mancuso J, Cande WZ, Welch MD. Trypanosomes have divergent kinesin-2 proteins that function differentially in flagellum biosynthesis and cell viability. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs129213. [PMID: 32503938 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.129213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African sleeping sickness, has a flagellum that is crucial for motility, pathogenicity, and viability. In most eukaryotes, the intraflagellar transport (IFT) machinery drives flagellum biogenesis, and anterograde IFT requires kinesin-2 motor proteins. In this study, we investigated the function of the two T. brucei kinesin-2 proteins, TbKin2a and TbKin2b, in bloodstream form trypanosomes. We found that, compared to kinesin-2 proteins across other phyla, TbKin2a and TbKin2b show greater variation in neck, stalk and tail domain sequences. Both kinesins contributed additively to flagellar lengthening. Silencing TbKin2a inhibited cell proliferation, cytokinesis and motility, whereas silencing TbKin2b did not. TbKin2a was localized on the flagellum and colocalized with IFT components near the basal body, consistent with it performing a role in IFT. TbKin2a was also detected on the flagellar attachment zone, a specialized structure that connects the flagellum to the cell body. Our results indicate that kinesin-2 proteins in trypanosomes play conserved roles in flagellar biosynthesis and exhibit a specialized localization, emphasizing the evolutionary flexibility of motor protein function in an organism with a large complement of kinesins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Douglas
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brett M Haltiwanger
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Anna Albisetti
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Haiming Wu
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Robert L Jeng
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joel Mancuso
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - W Zacheus Cande
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Matthew D Welch
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Alves AA, Gabriel HB, Bezerra MJR, de Souza W, Vaughan S, Cunha-E-Silva NL, Sunter JD. Control of assembly of extra-axonemal structures: the paraflagellar rod of trypanosomes. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs242271. [PMID: 32295845 PMCID: PMC7272336 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.242271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic flagella are complex microtubule-based organelles that, in many organisms, contain extra-axonemal structures, such as the outer dense fibres of mammalian sperm and the paraflagellar rod (PFR) of trypanosomes. Flagellum assembly is a complex process occurring across three main compartments, the cytoplasm, the transition zone and the flagellum itself. The process begins with the translation of protein components followed by their sorting and trafficking into the flagellum, transport to the assembly site and incorporation. Flagella are formed from over 500 proteins and the principles governing assembly of the axonemal components are relatively clear. However, the coordination and location of assembly of extra-axonemal structures are less clear. We have discovered two cytoplasmic proteins in Trypanosoma brucei that are required for PFR formation, PFR assembly factors 1 and 2 (PFR-AF1 and PFR-AF2, respectively). Deletion of either PFR-AF1 or PFR-AF2 dramatically disrupted PFR formation and caused a reduction in the amount of major PFR proteins. The existence of cytoplasmic factors required for PFR formation aligns with the concept that processes facilitating axoneme assembly occur across multiple compartments, and this is likely a common theme for extra-axonemal structure assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline A Alves
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (CENABIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Heloisa B Gabriel
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Maria J R Bezerra
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (CENABIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Sue Vaughan
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Narcisa L Cunha-E-Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (CENABIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Jack D Sunter
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
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