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Oslund RC, Holland PM, Lesley SA, Fadeyi OO. Therapeutic potential of cis-targeting bispecific antibodies. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:1473-1489. [PMID: 39111317 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
The growing clinical success of bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) has led to rapid interest in leveraging dual targeting in order to generate novel modes of therapeutic action beyond mono-targeting approaches. While bsAbs that bind targets on two different cells (trans-targeting) are showing promise in the clinic, the co-targeting of two proteins on the same cell surface through cis-targeting bsAbs (cis-bsAbs) is an emerging strategy to elicit new functionalities. This includes the ability to induce proximity, enhance binding to a target, increase target/cell selectivity, and/or co-modulate function on the cell surface with the goal of altering, reversing, or eradicating abnormal cellular activity that contributes to disease. In this review, we focus on the impact of cis-bsAbs in the clinic, their emerging applications, and untangle the intricacies of improving bsAb discovery and development.
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Mishra R, Kilroy MK, Feroz W, Patel H, Garrett JT. HER3 V104 mutations regulate cell signaling, growth, and drug sensitivity in cancer. Mol Carcinog 2024; 63:1528-1541. [PMID: 38751013 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
HER3 is mutated in ~2%-10% of cancers depending on the cancer type. We found the HER3-V104L mutation to be activating from patient-derived mutations introduced via lentiviral transduction in HER3KO HER2 + HCC1569 breast cancer cells in which endogenous HER3 was eliminated by CRISPR/Cas9. Cells expressing HER3-V104L showed higher p-HER3 and p-ERK1/2 expression versus cells expressing wild-type HER3 or HER3-V104M. Patients whose tumor expressed the HER3 V104L variant had a reduced probability of overall survival compared to patients lacking a HER3 mutation whereas we did not find a statistically significant difference in overall survival of various cancer patients with the HER3 V104M mutation. Our data showed that HER2 inhibitors suppressed cell growth of HCC1569HER3KO cells stably expressing the HER3-V104L mutation. Cancer cell lines (SNU407, UC15 and DV90) with endogenous HER3-V104M mutation showed reduced cell proliferation and p-HER2/p-ERK1/2 expression with HER2 inhibitor treatment. Knock down of HER3 abrogated cell proliferation in the above cell lines which were overall more sensitive to the ERK inhibitor SCH779284 versus PI3K inhibitors. HER3-V104L mutation stabilized HER3 protein expression in COS7 and SNUC5 cells. COS7 cells transiently transfected with the HER3-V104L mutation in the presence of HER binding partners showed higher expression of p-HER3, p-ERK1/2 versus HER3-WT in a NRG-independent manner without any change in AKT signaling. Overall, this study shows the clinical relevance of the HER3 V104L and the V104M mutations and its response to HER2, PI3K and ERK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalin Mishra
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Mary Kate Kilroy
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Wasim Feroz
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Hima Patel
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Joan T Garrett
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Zhu M, Yu M, Meng Y, Yang J, Wang X, Li L, Liang Y, Kong F. HER3 receptor and its role in the therapeutic management of metastatic breast cancer. J Transl Med 2024; 22:665. [PMID: 39020378 PMCID: PMC11253420 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer (mBC) poses a significant threat to women's health and is a major cause of malignant neoplasms in women. Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)3, an integral member of the ErbB/HER receptor tyrosine kinase family, is a crucial activator of the phosphoinositide-3 kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway. HER3 overexpression significantly contributes to the development of resistance to drugs targeting other HER receptors, such as HER2 and epidermal growth factor receptors, and plays a crucial role in the onset and progression of mBC. Recently, numerous HER3-targeted therapeutic agents, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), bispecific antibodies (bAbs), and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), have emerged. However, the efficacy of HER3-targeted mAbs and bAbs is limited when used individually, and their combination may result in toxic adverse effects. On the other hand, ADCs are cytotoxic to cancer cells and can bind to target cells through antibodies, which highlights their use in targeted HER3 therapy for mBC. This review provides an overview of recent advancements in HER3 research, historical initiatives, and innovative approaches in targeted HER3 therapy for metastatic breast cancer. Evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of current methods may yield valuable insights and lessons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiying Zhu
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Cancer Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Minghui Yu
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Meng
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuerui Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Longhui Li
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Yangyueying Liang
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Fanming Kong
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China.
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Sinevici N, Edmonds CE, Dontchos BN, Wang G, Lehman CD, Isakoff S, Mahmood U. A prospective study of HER3 expression pre and post neoadjuvant therapy of different breast cancer subtypes: implications for HER3 imaging therapy guidance. Breast Cancer Res 2024; 26:107. [PMID: 38951909 PMCID: PMC11218108 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-024-01859-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE HER3, a member of the EGFR receptor family, plays a central role in driving oncogenic cell proliferation in breast cancer. Novel HER3 therapeutics are showing promising results while recently developed HER3 PET imaging modalities aid in predicting and assessing early treatment response. However, baseline HER3 expression, as well as changes in expression while on neoadjuvant therapy, have not been well-characterized. We conducted a prospective clinical study, pre- and post-neoadjuvant/systemic therapy, in patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer to determine HER3 expression, and to identify possible resistance mechanisms maintained through the HER3 receptor. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The study was conducted between May 25, 2018 and October 12, 2019. Thirty-four patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer of any subtype (ER ± , PR ± , HER2 ±) were enrolled in the study. Two core biopsy specimens were obtained from each patient at the time of diagnosis. Four patients underwent a second research biopsy following initiation of neoadjuvant/systemic therapy or systemic therapy which we define as neoadjuvant therapy. Molecular characterization of HER3 and downstream signaling nodes of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways pre- and post-initiation of therapy was performed. Transcriptional validation of finings was performed in an external dataset (GSE122630). RESULTS Variable baseline HER3 expression was found in newly diagnosed breast cancer and correlated positively with pAKT across subtypes (r = 0.45). In patients receiving neoadjuvant/systemic therapy, changes in HER3 expression were variable. In a hormone receptor-positive (ER +/PR +/HER2-) patient, there was a statistically significant increase in HER3 expression post neoadjuvant therapy, while there was no significant change in HER3 expression in a ER +/PR +/HER2+ patient. However, both of these patients showed increased downstream signaling in the PI3K/AKT pathway. One subject with ER +/PR -/HER2- breast cancer and another subject with ER +/PR +/HER2 + breast cancer showed decreased HER3 expression. Transcriptomic findings, revealed an immune suppressive environment in patients with decreased HER3 expression post therapy. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates variable HER3 expression across breast cancer subtypes. HER3 expression can be assessed early, post-neoadjuvant therapy, providing valuable insight into cancer biology and potentially serving as a prognostic biomarker. Clinical translation of neoadjuvant therapy assessment can be achieved using HER3 PET imaging, offering real-time information on tumor biology and guiding personalized treatment for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Sinevici
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christine E Edmonds
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian N Dontchos
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gary Wang
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Constance D Lehman
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven Isakoff
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Umar Mahmood
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Boston, MA, USA.
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Pan L, Li J, Xu Q, Gao Z, Yang M, Wu X, Li X. HER2/PI3K/AKT pathway in HER2-positive breast cancer: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38508. [PMID: 38875362 PMCID: PMC11175886 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is currently the most commonly occurring cancer globally. Among breast cancer cases, the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer accounts for 15% to 20% and is a crucial focus in the treatment of breast cancer. Common HER2-targeted drugs approved for treating early and/or advanced breast cancer include trastuzumab and pertuzumab, which effectively improve patient prognosis. However, despite treatment, most patients with terminal HER2-positive breast cancer ultimately suffer death from the disease due to primary or acquired drug resistance. The prevalence of aberrantly activated the protein kinase B (AKT) signaling in HER2-positive breast cancer was already observed in previous studies. It is well known that p-AKT expression is linked to an unfavorable prognosis, and the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway, as the most common mutated pathway in breast cancer, plays a major role in the mechanism of drug resistance. Therefore, in the current review, we summarize the molecular alterations present in HER2-positive breast cancer, elucidate the relationships between HER2 overexpression and alterations in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and the pathways of the alterations in breast cancer, and summarize the resistant mechanism of drugs targeting the HER2-AKT pathway, which will provide an adjunctive therapeutic rationale for subsequent resistance to directed therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghui Pan
- Institute for Cancer Medicine and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jinling Li
- Institute for Cancer Medicine and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonggang General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Institute for Cancer Medicine and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zili Gao
- Institute for Cancer Medicine and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Mao Yang
- Institute for Cancer Medicine and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- Institute for Cancer Medicine and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xuesen Li
- Institute for Cancer Medicine and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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NOYAN S, GÜR DEDEOĞLU B. miR-770-5p-induced cellular switch to sensitize trastuzumab resistant breast cancer cells targeting HER2/EGFR/IGF1R bidirectional crosstalk. Turk J Biol 2024; 48:153-162. [PMID: 39051060 PMCID: PMC11265924 DOI: 10.55730/1300-0152.2690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Studies highlighted the bidirectional crosstalk between the HER family members in breast cancer as resistance mechanism to anti-HER agents. Cross-signaling between HER2/EGFR and ER/IGF1R could play role in the development of resistance to therapeutics hence stimulating cell growth. To overcome this resistance, combined therapies targeting both pathways simultaneously have been proposed as an effective strategy. The involvement of miRNAs in resistance of targeted therapies like trastuzumab was demonstrated in recent studies. Hence the regulation of miRNAs in resistance state could reverse the cell behaviour to drugs. Previously we found that overexpression of miR-770-5p downregulated AKT and ERK expression through HER2 signaling and potentiated the effect of trastuzumab. In this study we examined the impact of miR-770-5p on trastuzumab resistance. Materials and methods Cells were treated with tamoxifen or trastuzumab to examine their role in bidirectional crosstalk. The molecule mechanism of miR-770-5p on HER2/EGFR/IGF1R bidirectional crosstalk was explored by western blot. The expression of miR-770-5p in trastuzumab resistant cells was examined by q-PCR. To investigate the effect of miR-770-5p on cancer cell proliferation in trastuzumab resistance state, resistant cells were analyzed by iCELLigence real-time cell analyzer. Results miR-770-5p expression was significantly downregulated in trastuzumab-resistant BT-474 and SK-BR-3 cells. Overexpression of miR-770-5p sensitized the resistant cells to trastuzumab, as evidenced by reduced cell proliferation and increased cell viability. Additionally, in resistant cells, increased expression and activation of EGFR and IGF1R were observed. However, miR-770-5p overexpression resulted in decreased phosphorylation of AKT and ERK, indicating its suppressive role in EGFR/HER2 signaling. Furthermore, miR-770-5p downregulated the expression of IGF1R and mTOR, suggesting its involvement in regulating the escape signaling mediated by IGF1R in resistance. Conclusion In conclusion, our findings demonstrate the critical role of miR-770-5p in regulating bidirectional crosstalk and overcoming trastuzumab resistance in breast cancer cells. These results highlight the potential of miR-770-5p as a therapeutic target to improve the efficacy of targeted therapies and address resistance mechanisms in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senem NOYAN
- Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, Ankara,
Turkiye
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7
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Guo L, Cheng H, Liu J, Shao W, Luo L, Zheng W, Sun S, Kong D, Chen C. Based on whole-exome sequencing to explore the rule of Herceptin and TKI resistance in breast cancer patients. BMC Med Genomics 2024; 17:25. [PMID: 38243282 PMCID: PMC10799408 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01762-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in women, and drug resistance during treatment is a major challenge. However, the mechanisms underlying drug resistance are not fully understood. Here we applied whole-exome sequencing (WES) to clarify resistant rules to Herceptin and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). METHODS There are 12 HER2+ breast cancer patients who were done WES. Samples from tumor and surrounding tissues underwent DNA sequencing and analysis. Various experimental and bioinformatics techniques were employed, including genomic capture, mutation analysis (Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK), etc.), bioinformatics assessments, and drug-gene interaction investigations. Ultimately, the study explored the association of APOB gene expression with breast cancer recurrence rates, immune cell infiltration, and drug response. RESULTS The C > T mutation frequency was highest in the Herceptin-insensitive (HI) and verification groups, codenamed YI, contrasting with the Herceptin-sensitive (HE) group. No microsatellite instability (MSI)-H patients were in the HE group, but both HI and YI groups had 1 each. Significant differences in transition-transversion (TiTv) were observed in the HI and YI groups rather than the HE group. In the TKI- insensitive (TI) group, C > T mutations were highest, differing from the TKI-sensitive (TE) group. TE group included 2 MSI-H patients. Significant differences in TiTv were found in the TI group rather than the TE group. Mutated APOB may resist Herceptin and TKI, increasing immune infiltration. We identified potential drugs targeting it. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggested that a higher percentage of C > T mutations, significant differences in TiTv, and MSI-H status may indicate Herceptin resistance, while a higher percentage of C > T mutations, significant differences in TiTv, and the absence of MSI-H may indicate TKI resistance in breast cancer patients. For patients resistant to both Herceptin and TKI, mutated APOB may play a crucial role in resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liantao Guo
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of breast surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Breast Cancer, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Breast Cancer, No.116 Zhuo Daoquan South Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Weikang Shao
- Genecast Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Luo
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, No. 28 Guiyi Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijie Zheng
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengrong Sun
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Deguang Kong
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuang Chen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China.
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Mu Y, Meng Y, Du Y, Liu X, Zhang J. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of HER2 mutation and HER2 fusion in 22 patients with advanced breast cancer. Thorac Cancer 2023; 14:3381-3388. [PMID: 37863840 PMCID: PMC10693943 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.15130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical characteristics and efficacy of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2)-directed agents against HER2 mutations and HER2 fusions in breast cancer are obscure due to their low frequency. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study in patients with advanced breast cancer harboring HER2 mutations and/or HER2 fusions between January 1, 2017 and January 1, 2021. RESULTS Among a total of 22 patients, 17 HER2 mutations were detected, including L755S, S310F, R100=, V777L, R897W, T862A, 440-17C > G, H878Y, V842I, 73 + 9G > C, T278fs, E1069K, L755P, 226-11C > T, 574 + 12C>T, L114V and P128L. The majority of patients had ductal carcinoma, which mostly coexisted with HER2 amplification/overexpression. The median progression-free survival (PFS) of the 22 patients was 6.9 months (95% CI: 4.7, 9.1) in the first-line setting. The median PFS of patients who received first-line trastuzumab-based regimens was significantly longer than that of patients who received a first-line tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) (10.8 months [95% CI: 2.9, 18.7] vs. 1.9 months [95% CI: 0.8, 3.0], p < 0.005). A total of 14 patients were treated with anti-HER2 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), among whom the median treatment line of first-time of administration of anti-HER2 ADC was 4.5 (range, 1-10). Anti-HER2 ADC reached an objective response rate (ORR) of 42.9%, a disease control rate (DCR) of 85.7% and a median PFS of 7.3 months (95% CI: 4.4-10.1) from the first-time of administration. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrated the clinical benefit of anti-HER2 treatment in Chinese breast cancer patients harboring HER2 mutation and/or HER2 fusion. The value of immunotherapy and treatment selection among individual HER2 variants needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Mu
- Phase I Clinical Trial CenterFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Yanchun Meng
- Phase I Clinical Trial CenterFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Yiqun Du
- Phase I Clinical Trial CenterFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Phase I Clinical Trial CenterFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Jian Zhang
- Phase I Clinical Trial CenterFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
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Villar-Alvarez E, Golán-Cancela I, Pardo A, Velasco B, Fernández-Vega J, Cambón A, Al-Modlej A, Topete A, Barbosa S, Costoya JA, Taboada P. Inhibiting HER3 Hyperphosphorylation in HER2-Overexpressing Breast Cancer through Multimodal Therapy with Branched Gold Nanoshells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303934. [PMID: 37632323 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Treatment failure in breast cancers overexpressing human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is associated mainly to the upregulation of human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3) oncoprotein linked to chemoresitence. Therefore, to increase patient survival, here a multimodal theranostic nanoplatform targeting both HER2 and HER3 is developed. This consists of doxorubicin-loaded branched gold nanoshells functionalized with the near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye indocyanine green, a small interfering RNA (siRNA) against HER3, and the HER2-specific antibody Transtuzumab, able to provide a combined therapeutic outcome (chemo- and photothermal activities, RNA silencing, and immune response). In vitro assays in HER2+ /HER3+ SKBR-3 breast cancer cells have shown an effective silencing of HER3 by the released siRNA and an inhibition of HER2 oncoproteins provided by Trastuzumab, along with a decrease of the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt (p-AKT) typically associated with cell survival and proliferation, which helps to overcome doxorubicin chemoresistance. Conversely, adding the NIR light therapy, an increment in p-AKT concentration is observed, although HER2/HER3 inhibitions are maintained for 72 h. Finally, in vivo studies in a tumor-bearing mice model display a significant progressively decrease of the tumor volume after nanoparticle administration and subsequent NIR light irradiation, confirming the potential efficacy of the hybrid nanocarrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Villar-Alvarez
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela IDIS, e Instituto de Materiales (IMATUS), Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Irene Golán-Cancela
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory MOL, Departamento de Fisioloxía, Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermidades Crónicas (CIMUS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Alberto Pardo
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela IDIS, e Instituto de Materiales (IMATUS), Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Brenda Velasco
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela IDIS, e Instituto de Materiales (IMATUS), Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Javier Fernández-Vega
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela IDIS, e Instituto de Materiales (IMATUS), Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Adriana Cambón
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela IDIS, e Instituto de Materiales (IMATUS), Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Abeer Al-Modlej
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Antonio Topete
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, 44340, Mexico
| | - Silvia Barbosa
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela IDIS, e Instituto de Materiales (IMATUS), Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - José A Costoya
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory MOL, Departamento de Fisioloxía, Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermidades Crónicas (CIMUS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Pablo Taboada
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela IDIS, e Instituto de Materiales (IMATUS), Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
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10
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Chai K, Wang C, Zhou J, Mu W, Gao M, Fan Z, Lv G. Quenching thirst with poison? Paradoxical effect of anticancer drugs. Pharmacol Res 2023; 198:106987. [PMID: 37949332 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Anticancer drugs have been developed with expectations to provide long-term or at least short-term survival benefits for patients with cancer. Unfortunately, drug therapy tends to provoke malignant biological and clinical behaviours of cancer cells relating not only to the evolution of resistance to specific drugs but also to the enhancement of their proliferation and metastasis abilities. Thus, drug therapy is suspected to impair long-term survival in treated patients under certain circumstances. The paradoxical therapeutic effects could be described as 'quenching thirst with poison', where temporary relief is sought regardless of the consequences. Understanding the underlying mechanisms by which tumours react on drug-induced stress to maintain viability is crucial to develop rational targeting approaches which may optimize survival in patients with cancer. In this review, we describe the paradoxical adverse effects of anticancer drugs, in particular how cancer cells complete resistance evolution, enhance proliferation, escape from immune surveillance and metastasize efficiently when encountered with drug therapy. We also describe an integrative therapeutic framework that may diminish such paradoxical effects, consisting of four main strategies: (1) targeting endogenous stress response pathways, (2) targeting new identities of cancer cells, (3) adaptive therapy- exploiting subclonal competition of cancer cells, and (4) targeting tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyuan Chai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chuanlei Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianpeng Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wentao Mu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Menghan Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhongqi Fan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Guoyue Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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11
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Majumder A. HER3: Toward the Prognostic Significance, Therapeutic Potential, Current Challenges, and Future Therapeutics in Different Types of Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:2517. [PMID: 37947595 PMCID: PMC10648638 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3) is the only family member of the EGRF/HER family of receptor tyrosine kinases that lacks an active kinase domain (KD), which makes it an obligate binding partner with other receptors for its oncogenic role. When HER3 is activated in a ligand-dependent (NRG1/HRG) or independent manner, it can bind to other receptors (the most potent binding partner is HER2) to regulate many biological functions (growth, survival, nutrient sensing, metabolic regulation, etc.) through the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. HER3 has been found to promote tumorigenesis, tumor growth, and drug resistance in different cancer types, especially breast and non-small cell lung cancer. Given its ubiquitous expression across different solid tumors and role in oncogenesis and drug resistance, there has been a long effort to target HER3. As HER3 cannot be targeted through its KD with small-molecule kinase inhibitors via the conventional method, pharmaceutical companies have used various other approaches, including blocking either the ligand-binding domain or extracellular domain for dimerization with other receptors. The development of treatment options with anti-HER3 monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies, and different combination therapies showed limited clinical efficiency for various reasons. Recent reports showed that the extracellular domain of HER3 is not required for its binding with other receptors, which raises doubt about the efforts and applicability of the development of the HER3-antibodies for treatment. Whereas HER3-directed antibody-drug conjugates showed potentiality for treatment, these drugs are still under clinical trial. The currently understood model for dimerization-induced signaling remains incomplete due to the absence of the crystal structure of HER3 signaling complexes, and many lines of evidence suggest that HER family signaling involves more than the interaction of two members. This review article will significantly expand our knowledge of HER3 signaling and shed light on developing a new generation of drugs that have fewer side effects than the current treatment regimen for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avisek Majumder
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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12
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Weng W, Meng T, Pu J, Ma L, Shen Y, Wang Z, Pan R, Wang M, Chen C, Wang L, Zhang J, Zhou B, Shao S, Qian Y, Liu S, Hu W, Meng X. AMT-562, a Novel HER3-targeting Antibody-Drug Conjugate, Demonstrates a Potential to Broaden Therapeutic Opportunities for HER3-expressing Tumors. Mol Cancer Ther 2023; 22:1013-1027. [PMID: 37302522 PMCID: PMC10477830 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
HER3 is a unique member of the EGFR family of tyrosine kinases, which is broadly expressed in several cancers, including breast, lung, pancreatic, colorectal, gastric, prostate, and bladder cancers and is often associated with poor patient outcomes and therapeutic resistance. U3-1402/Patritumab-GGFG-DXd is the first successful HER3-targeting antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) with clinical efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer. However, over 60% of patients are nonresponsive to U3-1402 due to low target expression levels and responses tend to be in patients with higher target expression levels. U3-1402 is also ineffective in more challenging tumor types such as colorectal cancer. AMT-562 was generated by a novel anti-HER3 antibody Ab562 and a modified self-immolative PABC spacer (T800) to conjugate exatecan. Exatecan showed higher cytotoxic potency than its derivative DXd. Ab562 was selected because of its moderate affinity for minimizing potential toxicity and improving tumor penetration purposes. Both alone or in combination therapies, AMT-562 showed potent and durable antitumor response in low HER3 expression xenograft and heterogeneous patient-derived xenograft/organoid models, including digestive system and lung tumors representing of unmet needs. Combination therapies pairing AMT-562 with therapeutic antibodies, inhibitors of CHEK1, KRAS, and tyrosine kinase inhibitor showed higher synergistic efficacy than Patritumab-GGFG-DXd. Pharmacokinetic and safety profiles of AMT-562 were favorable and the highest dose lacking severe toxicity was 30 mg/kg in cynomolgus monkeys. AMT-562 has potential to be a superior HER3-targeting ADC with a higher therapeutic window that can overcome resistance to generate higher percentage and more durable responses in U3-1402-insensitive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weining Weng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Multitude Therapeutics, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Tao Meng
- MabCare Therapeutics, Shanghai, P.R. China
- HySlink Therapeutics, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Junyi Pu
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Linjie Ma
- Multitude Therapeutics, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yi Shen
- Multitude Therapeutics, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | | | - Rong Pan
- Abmart Inc, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | | | - Caiwei Chen
- Multitude Therapeutics, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Multitude Therapeutics, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | | | - Biao Zhou
- Multitude Therapeutics, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Shao
- Shanghai OneTar Biomedicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yu Qian
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shuhui Liu
- Multitude Therapeutics, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xun Meng
- Multitude Therapeutics, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Abmart Inc, Shanghai, P.R. China
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13
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Guan H, Jiang Z, Sun D, Wang Z, Sun Y, Huo H, Li Z, Tang L, Li Z, Zhang C, Ge Y. Sufficient Phosphorus Enhances Resistance and Changes Accumulation of Lead in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:1960-1970. [PMID: 37283217 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is critical for algal growth and resistance to environmental stress. However, little is known about the effects of P supply on the lead (Pb) toxicity and accumulation in microalgae. We set up two P concentrations, 315 (PL ) and 3150 μg L-1 (PH ), in algal culture, and the responses of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to various Pb treatments (0, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, and 5000 μg L-1 ) were investigated. Compared with the PL condition, PH promoted cell growth but reduced cellular respiration by approximately 50%. Moreover, PH alleviated damage to the photosynthetic system in algal cells after Pb stress. After exposure to 200-2000 μg L-1 Pb, higher Pb2+ concentrations and Pb removal were observed in the PL medium. However, under exposure to 5000 μg L-1 Pb, less Pb2+ was present but more Pb was removed by the algal cells in the PH medium. More P supply enhanced the secretion of extracellular fluorescent substances by C. reinhardtii. Transcriptomic analysis showed that genes associated with synthesis of phospholipids, tyrosine-like proteins, ferredoxin, and RuBisCO were up-regulated after Pb exposure. Together the findings of our study demonstrated the critical roles of P in Pb accumulation and resistance in C. reinhardtii. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1960-1970. © 2023 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huize Guan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongquan Jiang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Danqing Sun
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongyang Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yutong Sun
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxun Huo
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoyan Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingyi Tang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Demonstration Laboratory of Element and Life Science Research, Laboratory Center of Life Science, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Ge
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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14
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Qiu J, Liu Q, Li P, Jiang Q, Chen W, Li D, Li G, Shan G. Ligand-Directed Photodegradation of Interacting Proteins: Oxidative HER2/HER3 Heterodimer Degradation with a Lapatinib-Derived Photosensitizer. J Med Chem 2023; 66:10265-10272. [PMID: 37421416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we described a photocatalytic approach, termed ligand-directed photodegradation of interacting proteins (LDPIP), for efficient protein-protein heterodimer degradation. This LDPIP approach utilizes a combination of a photosensitizing protein ligand and appropriate light and molecular oxygen to induce oxidative damage to the ligand-binding protein as well as its interacting protein partner. As a showcase study, a photosensitizing HER2 ligand HER-PS-I was rationally designed based on the FDA-approved HER2 inhibitor lapatinib to efficiently degrade HER2 together with its interacting protein partner HER3, which is thought to induce HER2-targeted therapy resistance and difficult to target by small molecules. HER-PS-I exhibited excellent anticancer activity against drug-resistant MDA-MB-453 cells and its three-dimensional multicellular spheroids. We hope that this LDPIP approach would find more applications in degrading proteins that are thought undruggable or difficult to drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Qiu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, P. R. China
| | - Qinghong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, P. R. China
| | - Peixia Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, P. R. China
| | - Qiaoyun Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, P. R. China
| | - Weijia Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, P. R. China
| | - Donghai Li
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Guiling Li
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Gang Shan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, P. R. China
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15
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Cui J, He Y, Zhu F, Gong W, Zuo R, Wang Y, Luo Y, Chen L, Wang C, Huo G, Lu H, Liu Z, Chen P, Guo H. Inetetamab, a novel anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody, exhibits potent synergistic anticancer effects with cisplatin by inducing pyroptosis in lung adenocarcinoma. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:4061-4081. [PMID: 37705753 PMCID: PMC10496496 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.82980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a first-line chemotherapy drug for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). However, its therapeutic efficacy is limited because of serious side effects and acquired drug resistance. Targeting HER2 has been proven to be a viable therapeutic strategy against LUAD. Moreover, inetetamab, an innovative anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody, has a more potent antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)-inducing effect than trastuzumab, which has been shown to be an effective and rational strategy in the clinic when combined with multiple chemotherapeutic agents. Thus, the present study aimed to explore the synergistic effects of cisplatin (DDP) and inetetamab in LUAD cells and investigate the detailed underlying mechanisms. Here, in vitro and in vivo, we found that the combination of inetetamab and cisplatin induced synergistic effects, including induction of pyroptosis, in LUAD. Mechanistic studies revealed that inetetamab combined with cisplatin inhibited HER2/AKT/Nrf2 signaling to increase ROS levels, which triggered NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMB-mediated pyroptosis to synergistically enhance antitumor efficacy in LUAD cells. In addition, cisplatin enhanced the PBMC-killing ability of inetetamab by inducing GSDMB-mediated pyroptosis, which can be explained by increased secretion of IFN-γ. Our study reveals that the anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody inetetamab may be an attractive candidate for LUAD therapy, which opens new avenues for therapeutic interventions for LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Cui
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yuchao He
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Fuyi Zhu
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Wenchen Gong
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Ran Zuo
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Liwei Chen
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Chengmeng Wang
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Gengwei Huo
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Hailing Lu
- Department of Oncology, First Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
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16
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Azagury DM, Gluck BF, Harris Y, Avrutin Y, Niezni D, Sason H, Shamay Y. Prediction of cancer nanomedicines self-assembled from meta-synergistic drug pairs. J Control Release 2023; 360:418-432. [PMID: 37406821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Combination therapy is widely used in cancer medicine due to the benefits of drug synergy and the reduction of acquired resistance. To minimize emergent toxicities, nanomedicines containing drug combinations are being developed, and they have shown encouraging results. However, developing multi-drug loaded nanoparticles is highly complex and lacks predictability. Previously, it was shown that single drugs can self-assemble with near-infrared dye, IR783, to form cancer-targeted nanoparticles. A structure-based predictive model showed that only 4% of the drug space self-assembles with IR783. Here, we mapped the self-assembly outcomes of 77 small molecule drugs and drug pairs with IR783. We found that the small molecule drug space can be divided into five types, and type-1 drugs self-assemble with three out of four possible drug types that do not form stable nanoparticles. To predict the self-assembly outcome of any drug pair, we developed a machine learning model based on decision trees, which was trained and tested with F1-scores of 89.3% and 87.2%, respectively. We used literature text mining to capture drug pairs with biological synergy together with synergistic chemical self-assembly and generated a database with 1985 drug pairs for 70 cancers. We developed an online search tool to identify cancer-specific, meta-synergistic drug pairs (both chemical and biological synergism) and validated three different pairs in vitro. Lastly, we discovered a novel meta-synergistic pair, bortezomib-cabozantinib, which formed stable nanoparticles with improved biodistribution, efficacy, and reduced toxicity, even over single drugs, in an in vivo model of head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Meron Azagury
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ben Friedmann Gluck
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yuval Harris
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yulia Avrutin
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Danna Niezni
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hagit Sason
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yosi Shamay
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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17
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Raghav KP, Moasser MM. Molecular Pathways and Mechanisms of HER2 in Cancer Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:2351-2361. [PMID: 36574481 PMCID: PMC10293474 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The oncogene ERBB2 encoding the receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 (HER2) is frequently overexpressed or amplified and occasionally mutated in a variety of human cancers. The early discovery of this oncogene, its established oncogenic relevance in diverse cancers, its substantial expression on the surface of cancer cells, and its druggable catalytic activity have made it one of the most pursued targets in the history of cancer drug development. Initiatives targeting HER2 provided the early stimulus for several transformational pharmaceutical technologies, including mAbs, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, antibody-drug conjugates, and others. The seismic impact of these efforts has been felt in treatment of many cancers, including breast, gastroesophageal, lung, colorectal, and others. This impact continues to broaden with increasing indications on the horizon and a plethora of novel agents in development. However, implementation of these therapeutic strategies has been complex. The clinical translation of every one of these classes of agents has been notable for underperformance or overperformance characteristics that have informed new lines of research providing deeper insights into the mechanistic complexities and unrealized opportunities provided by this molecular target. Despite all the successes to date, the preponderance of scientific evidence indicates that the full potential of HER2 as a target for cancer therapeutics is far greater than currently realized, and numerous lines of investigation are ongoing to deepen and broaden the scope of impact of HER2 as a signaling, homing, or immunologic target. In this review, we explore the existing data and evolving paradigms surrounding this remarkable target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal P.S. Raghav
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark M. Moasser
- Department of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
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18
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Moody TW, Ramos-Alvarez I, Jensen RT. Peptide G-Protein-Coupled Receptors and ErbB Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Cancer. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:957. [PMID: 37508387 PMCID: PMC10376828 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The ErbB RTKs (EGFR, HER2, HER3, and HER4) have been well-studied in cancer. EGFR, HER2, and HER3 stimulate cancer proliferation, principally by activating the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways, resulting in increased cancer cell survival and proliferation. Cancer cells have high densities of the EGFR, HER2, and HER3 causing phosphorylation of tyrosine amino acids on protein substrates and tyrosine amino acids near the C-terminal of the RTKs. After transforming growth factor (TGF) α binds to the EGFR, homodimers or EGFR heterodimers form. HER2 forms heterodimers with the EGFR, HER3, and HER4. The EGFR, HER2, and HER3 are overexpressed in lung cancer patient tumors, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), such as Herceptin against HER2, are used to treat breast cancer patients. Patients with EGFR mutations are treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as gefitinib or osimertinib. Peptide GPCRs, such as NTSR1, are present in many cancers, and neurotensin (NTS) stimulates the growth of cancer cells. Lung cancer proliferation is impaired by SR48692, an NTSR1 antagonist. SR48692 is synergistic with gefitinib at inhibiting lung cancer growth. Adding NTS to lung cancer cells increases the shedding of TGFα, which activates the EGFR, or neuregulin-1, which activates HER3. The transactivation process is impaired by SRC, matrix metalloprotease, and reactive oxygen species inhibitors. While the transactivation process is complicated, it is fast and occurs within minutes after adding NTS to cancer cells. This review emphasizes the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and SR48692 to impair transactivation and cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- Center for Cancer Training, NCI, and Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Irene Ramos-Alvarez
- Center for Cancer Training, NCI, and Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert T Jensen
- Center for Cancer Training, NCI, and Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Si H, Esquivel M, Mendoza Mendoza E, Roarty K. The covert symphony: cellular and molecular accomplices in breast cancer metastasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1221784. [PMID: 37440925 PMCID: PMC10333702 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1221784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer has emerged as the most commonly diagnosed cancer and primary cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. Although significant progress has been made in targeting the primary tumor, the effectiveness of systemic treatments to prevent metastasis remains limited. Metastatic disease continues to be the predominant factor leading to fatality in the majority of breast cancer patients. The existence of a prolonged latency period between initial treatment and eventual recurrence in certain patients indicates that tumors can both adapt to and interact with the systemic environment of the host, facilitating and sustaining the progression of the disease. In order to identify potential therapeutic interventions for metastasis, it will be crucial to gain a comprehensive framework surrounding the mechanisms driving the growth, survival, and spread of tumor cells, as well as their interaction with supporting cells of the microenvironment. This review aims to consolidate recent discoveries concerning critical aspects of breast cancer metastasis, encompassing the intricate network of cells, molecules, and physical factors that contribute to metastasis, as well as the molecular mechanisms governing cancer dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiang Si
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Madelyn Esquivel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Erika Mendoza Mendoza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kevin Roarty
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, United States
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20
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Benhaghnazar RL, Medina-Kauwe L. Adenovirus-Derived Nano-Capsid Platforms for Targeted Delivery and Penetration of Macromolecules into Resistant and Metastatic Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3240. [PMID: 37370850 PMCID: PMC10296971 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Macromolecular therapeutics such as nucleic acids, peptides, and proteins have the potential to overcome treatment barriers for cancer. For example, nucleic acid or peptide biologics may offer an alternative strategy for attacking otherwise undruggable therapeutic targets such as transcription factors and similar oncologic drivers. Delivery of biological therapeutics into tumor cells requires a robust system of cell penetration to access therapeutic targets within the cell interior. A highly effective means of accomplishing this may be borrowed from cell-penetrating pathogens such as viruses. In particular, the cell entry function of the adenovirus penton base capsid protein has been effective at penetrating tumor cells for the intracellular deposition of macromolecular therapies and membrane-impermeable drugs. Here, we provide an overview describing the evolution of tumor-targeted penton-base-derived nano-capsids as a framework for discussing the requirements for overcoming key barriers to macromolecular delivery. The development and pre-clinical testing of these proteins for therapeutic delivery has begun to also uncover the elusive mechanism underlying the membrane-penetrating function of the penton base. An understanding of this mechanism may unlock the potential for macromolecular therapeutics to be effectively delivered into cancer cells and to provide a treatment option for tumors resisting current clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lali Medina-Kauwe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
- Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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21
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Dhakal B, Tomita Y, Drew P, Price T, Maddern G, Smith E, Fenix K. Perhexiline: Old Drug, New Tricks? A Summary of Its Anti-Cancer Effects. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083624. [PMID: 37110858 PMCID: PMC10145508 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer metabolic plasticity, including changes in fatty acid metabolism utilisation, is now widely appreciated as a key driver for cancer cell growth, survival and malignancy. Hence, cancer metabolic pathways have been the focus of much recent drug development. Perhexiline is a prophylactic antianginal drug known to act by inhibiting carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) and 2 (CPT2), mitochondrial enzymes critical for fatty acid metabolism. In this review, we discuss the growing evidence that perhexiline has potent anti-cancer properties when tested as a monotherapy or in combination with traditional chemotherapeutics. We review the CPT1/2 dependent and independent mechanisms of its anti-cancer activities. Finally, we speculate on the clinical feasibility and utility of repurposing perhexiline as an anti-cancer agent, its limitations including known side effects and its potential added benefit of limiting cardiotoxicity induced by other chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimala Dhakal
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Yoko Tomita
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia
- Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Paul Drew
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Timothy Price
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia
- Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Guy Maddern
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Eric Smith
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia
- Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Kevin Fenix
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia
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22
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Esfahani SA, de Aguiar Ferreira C, Rotile NJ, Ataeinia B, Krishna S, Catalano OA, Caravan P, Yen YF, Heidari P, Mahmood U. HER3 PET Imaging Predicts Response to Pan Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibition Therapy in Gastric Cancer. Mol Imaging Biol 2023; 25:353-362. [PMID: 35962301 PMCID: PMC10024929 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-022-01763-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE New generation of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (RTKIs) have shown to improve survival in many solid tumors. However, an imaging biomarker is needed for patient selection and prediction of treatment response. This study evaluates the use of quantitative changes of HER3 on 68 Ga-NOTA-HER3P1 PET/MRI for prediction of early response to pan-RTKIs in gastric cancer (GCa). PROCEDURES GCa cell lines were evaluated for expression of RTKs, and downstream signaling pathways (AKT and MAPK). Cell viability was assessed following 24-72 h of treatment with 0.01-1 µmol/L of afatinib, a pan-RTKI. HER3-expressing afatinib-sensitive (NCI-N87) and resistant cells (SNU16) were selected for evaluation of changes in RTKs expression and downstream pathways, with 24-72 h of 0.1 µmol/L afatinib treatment. 68 Ga-NOTA-HER3P1 PET/MRI was performed in subcutaneous NCI-N87 and SNU16 xenografts (nu:nu, n = 12/group) at baseline and 4 days after afatinib treatment (10 mg/kg, PO, daily). Temporal changes in PET measures were correlated to HER3 expression in tumors, tumor growth rate, and treatment response. RESULTS With afatinib therapy, NCI-N87 cells showed increased total HER3 expression, and reduction of other RTKs and downstream nodes within 72 h, while SNU16 cells showed no significant change in total HER3 and downstream nodes. 68 Ga-HER3P1 PET/MRI showed increased uptake in NCI-N87 and no significant change in SNU16 tumors (day 4 vs. baseline SUVmean: 3.8 ± 0.7 vs. 1.6 ± 0.6, p < 0.05 in NCI-N87, and 1.5 ± 0.7 vs. 1.7 ± 0.7, p > 0.05 in SNU16). These findings were in concordance with HER3 expression in histopathological analyses and tumor growth over 3 weeks of treatment (mean tumor volume in treated vs. control: 11 ± 17 mm3 vs. 293 ± 79 mm3, p < 0.001 in NCI-N87, and 238 ± 91 mm3 vs. 282 ± 35 mm3, p > 0.05 in SNU16). CONCLUSIONS Quantitative changes in HER3 PET could be used to predict response to pan-RTKI within few days after initiation of treatment and can help with personalizing GCa management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi A Esfahani
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA. .,Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Carolina de Aguiar Ferreira
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Nicholas J Rotile
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Bahar Ataeinia
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Shriya Krishna
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Onofrio A Catalano
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.,Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi-Fen Yen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Pedram Heidari
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.,Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Umar Mahmood
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.,Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Vafaei R, Khaki Z, Salehi M, Jalili N, Esmailinejad MR, Muhammadnajad A, Nassiri SM, Vajhi A, Kalbolandi SM, Mirzaei R, Farahmand L. Development of a MET-targeted single-chain antibody fragment as an anti-oncogene targeted therapy for breast cancer. Invest New Drugs 2023; 41:226-239. [PMID: 37004643 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-023-01354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
The usage of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibody fragments, as a matter associated with the biopharmaceutical industry, is increasingly growing. Harmonious with this concept, we designed an exclusive modeled single-chain variable fragment (scFv) against mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) oncoprotein. This scFv was newly developed from Onartuzumab sequence by gene cloning, and expression using bacterial host. Herein, we examined its preclinical efficacy for the reduction of tumor growth, invasiveness and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Expressed anti-MET scFv demonstrated high binding capacity (48.8%) toward MET-overexpressing cancer cells. The IC50 value of anti-MET scFv against MET-positive human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-435) was 8.4 µg/ml whereas this value was measured as 47.8 µg/ml in MET-negative cell line BT-483. Similar concentrations could also effectively induce apoptosis in MDA-MB-435 cancer cells. Moreover, this antibody fragment could reduce migration and invasion in MDA-MB-435 cells. Grafted breast tumors in Balb/c mice showed significant tumor growth suppression as well as reduction of blood-supply in response to recombinant anti-MET treatment. Histopathology and immunohistochemical assessments revealed higher rate of response to therapy. In our study, we designed and synthetized a novel anti-MET scFv which could effectively suppress MET-overexpressing breast cancer tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Vafaei
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Khaki
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Malihe Salehi
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Jalili
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Esmailinejad
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ahad Muhammadnajad
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Nassiri
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Vajhi
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Moradi Kalbolandi
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Mirzaei
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Farahmand
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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Li D, Ma S, Xu D, Meng X, Lei N, Liu C, Zhao Y, Qi Y, Cheng Z, Wang F. Peptide-functionalized therapeutic nanoplatform for treatment orthotopic triple negative breast cancer and bone metastasis. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2023; 50:102669. [PMID: 36933756 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2023.102669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is a promising therapeutic target for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Recently, specific EGFR-targeting peptide GE11-based delivery nano-system shows excellent potential because of its chemical versatility and good targeting ability. However, no further research focusing on the downstream of EGFR after binding with GE11 was explored. Hence, we tailor-designed a self-assembled nanoplatform named GENP using amphiphilic molecule of stearic acid-modified GE11. After loading doxorubicin (DOX), the resulted nanoplatform GENP@DOX demonstrated high loading efficiency and sustainable drug release. Importantly, our findings proved that GENP alone significantly suppressed the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells via EGFR-downstream PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, contributing to the synergistic treatment with its DOX release. Further work illustrated remarkable therapeutic efficacy both in orthotopic TNBC and its bone metastasis models with minimal biotoxicity. Together, the results highlight that our GENP-functionalized nanoplatform is a promising strategy for the synergistic therapeutic efficacy targeting EGFR-overexpressed cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daifeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Shengnan Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Denghui Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xiaocao Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ningjing Lei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yingqiu Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Zhen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Drug Discovery Shandong Laboratory, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China.
| | - Fazhan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
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25
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Larsen ME, Lyu H, Liu B. HER3-targeted therapeutic antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates in non-small cell lung cancer refractory to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors. CHINESE MEDICAL JOURNAL PULMONARY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE 2023; 1:11-17. [PMID: 39170873 PMCID: PMC11332908 DOI: 10.1016/j.pccm.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3) is a unique member of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER/EGFR) family, since it has negligible kinase activity. Therefore, HER3 must interact with a kinase-proficient receptor to form a heterodimer, leading to the activation of signaling cascades. Overexpression of HER3 is observed in various human cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and correlates with poor clinical outcomes in patients. Studies on the underlying mechanism demonstrate that HER3-initiated signaling promotes tumor metastasis and causes treatment failure in human cancers. Upregulation of HER3 is frequently observed in EGFR-mutant NSCLC treated with EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Increased expression of HER3 triggers the so-called EGFR-independent mechanism via interactions with other receptors to activate "bypass signaling pathways", thereby resulting in resistance to EGFR-TKIs. To date, no HER3-targeted therapy has been approved for cancer treatment. In both preclinical and clinical studies, targeting HER3 with a blocking antibody (Ab) is the only strategy being examined. Recent evaluations of an anti-HER3 Ab-drug conjugate (ADC) show promising results in patients with EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC. Herein, we summarize our understanding of the unique biology of HER3 in NSCLC refractory to EGFR-TKIs, with a focus on its dimerization partners and subsequent activation of signaling pathways. We also discuss the latest development of the therapeutic Abs and ADCs targeting HER3 to abrogate EGFR-TKI resistance in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E. Larsen
- Departments of Interdisciplinary Oncology and Genetics, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University (LSU) Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Hui Lyu
- Departments of Interdisciplinary Oncology and Genetics, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University (LSU) Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Bolin Liu
- Departments of Interdisciplinary Oncology and Genetics, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University (LSU) Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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26
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Unraveling the Impact of Intratumoral Heterogeneity on EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Resistance in EGFR-Mutated NSCLC. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044126. [PMID: 36835536 PMCID: PMC9964908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for treating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been a game changer in lung cancer therapy. However, patients often develop resistance to the drugs within a few years. Despite numerous studies that have explored resistance mechanisms, particularly in regards to collateral signal pathway activation, the underlying biology of resistance remains largely unknown. This review focuses on the resistance mechanisms of EGFR-mutated NSCLC from the standpoint of intratumoral heterogeneity, as the biological mechanisms behind resistance are diverse and largely unclear. There exist various subclonal tumor populations in an individual tumor. For lung cancer patients, drug-tolerant persister (DTP) cell populations may have a pivotal role in accelerating the evolution of tumor resistance to treatment through neutral selection. Cancer cells undergo various changes to adapt to the new tumor microenvironment caused by drug exposure. DTP cells may play a crucial role in this adaptation and may be fundamental in mechanisms of resistance. Intratumoral heterogeneity may also be precipitated by DNA gains and losses through chromosomal instability, and the role of extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) may play an important role. Significantly, ecDNA can increase oncogene copy number alterations and enhance intratumoral heterogeneity more effectively than chromosomal instability. Additionally, advances in comprehensive genomic profiling have given us insights into various mutations and concurrent genetic alterations other than EGFR mutations, inducing primary resistance in the context of tumor heterogeneity. Understanding the mechanisms of resistance is clinically crucial since these molecular interlayers in cancer-resistance mechanisms may help to devise novel and individualized anticancer therapeutic approaches.
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27
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Kojima Y, Sudo K, Yoshida H, Yazaki S, Tokura M, Mizoguchi C, Okuma HS, Kita S, Yamamoto K, Nishikawa T, Noguchi E, Shimoi T, Tanase Y, Uno M, Ishikawa M, Kato T, Koyama K, Kobayashi M, Kakegawa T, Fujiwara Y, Yonemori K. Changes in HER3 expression profiles between primary and recurrent gynecological cancers. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:18. [PMID: 36737733 PMCID: PMC9898949 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02844-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human epidermal growth factor receptor-3 (HER3) is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family of receptor tyrosine kinases, and its overexpression is associated with inferior prognosis in several cancers. However, it is unclear whether HER3 expression status changes in tumor tissue at recurrence. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the changes in HER3 expression between primary and recurrent status in gynecological cancers. METHODS This retrospective study used matched-pair tissues of gynecological cancer patients at initial diagnosis and at recurrence. Immunohistochemical (IHC) scores of 3 + or 2 + were termed "HER3-high", while IHC scores of 1 + or 0 were designated as "HER3-low/zero". RESULTS A total of 86 patients (40 with ovarian cancers, 32 with endometrial cancers, and 14 with cervical cancers) were included in this study. In ovarian cancer, 67.5% and 80.0% of the patients received a HER3-high at initial and recurrent diagnosis, respectively. The H-score was significantly increased at recurrence (p = 0.004). The proportion of HER3-high endometrial cancer patients increased from 46.9% at initial diagnosis to 68.8% at recurrence, and the H-score tended to increase at recurrence (p = 0.08). The fraction of HER3-high-rated cervical cancer patients remained unchanged at 85.7% both at initial and recurrent diagnosis. The discordance rate of HER3 expression detection in initial and recurrent diagnosis samples was 27.5%, 53.1%, and 14.3% for ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancers, respectively. Ovarian and endometrial cancers with a HER3-high recurrent score tended to show shorter median survival time than those with a HER3-low/zero recurrent rating. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that, in main types of gynecological cancers, the proportion of patients having a HER3-high score increased from initial to recurrent diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kojima
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Kazuki Sudo
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoshida
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Shu Yazaki
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Momoko Tokura
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Chiharu Mizoguchi
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Hitomi S. Okuma
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Shosuke Kita
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Kasumi Yamamoto
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Tadaaki Nishikawa
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Emi Noguchi
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Tatsunori Shimoi
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Yasuhito Tanase
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Department of Gynecology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Masaya Uno
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Department of Gynecology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Mitsuya Ishikawa
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Department of Gynecology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Kato
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Department of Gynecology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Kumiko Koyama
- grid.410844.d0000 0004 4911 4738Translational Science Department I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, 140-8710 Japan
| | - Maki Kobayashi
- grid.410844.d0000 0004 4911 4738Translational Research Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., 1-16-13, Kitakasai, Edogawa-Ku, Tokyo, 134-8630 Japan
| | - Tomoya Kakegawa
- grid.410844.d0000 0004 4911 4738Translational Research Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., 1-16-13, Kitakasai, Edogawa-Ku, Tokyo, 134-8630 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fujiwara
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Kan Yonemori
- grid.272242.30000 0001 2168 5385Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
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Imaging strategies for receptor tyrosine kinase dimers in living cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:67-82. [PMID: 36190534 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04334-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are the essential regulators of cell signal transduction pathways and play important roles in biological processes. RTK dimerization is generally considered the first step in receptor activation and cell communication. And the abnormal expression of RTK dimers is closely related to the occurrence and development of many diseases. Therefore, the visualization of RTK dimerization is of great significance for monitoring physiological processes. The genetic and nongenetic imaging strategies have attracted widespread attention due to their high efficiency and high sensitivity. In this review, the RTKs and their dimers as well as the advances in strategies for imaging RTK dimers are introduced. Furthermore, we analyze the limitations of existing imaging strategies and put forward suggestions for the future development of imaging probes. We expect that this review will inspire more in-depth investigation of RTK dimers, which will also broaden the application of strategies of RTK dimers in biomedical areas.
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Propper DJ, Gao F, Saunders MP, Sarker D, Hartley JA, Spanswick VJ, Lowe HL, Hackett LD, Ng TT, Barber PR, Weitsman GE, Pearce S, White L, Lopes A, Forsyth S, Hochhauser D. PANTHER: AZD8931, inhibitor of EGFR, ERBB2 and ERBB3 signalling, combined with FOLFIRI: a Phase I/II study to determine the importance of schedule and activity in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:245-254. [PMID: 36352028 PMCID: PMC9902557 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-02015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a therapeutic target to which HER2/HER3 activation may contribute resistance. This Phase I/II study examined the toxicity and efficacy of high-dose pulsed AZD8931, an EGFR/HER2/HER3 inhibitor, combined with chemotherapy, in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS Treatment-naive patients received 4-day pulses of AZD8931 with irinotecan/5-FU (FOLFIRI) in a Phase I/II single-arm trial. Primary endpoint for Phase I was dose limiting toxicity (DLT); for Phase II best overall response. Samples were analysed for pharmacokinetics, EGFR dimers in circulating exosomes and Comet assay quantitating DNA damage. RESULTS Eighteen patients received FOLFIRI and AZD8931. At 160 mg bd, 1 patient experienced G3 DLT; 160 mg bd was used for cohort expansion. No grade 5 adverse events (AE) reported. Seven (39%) and 1 (6%) patients experienced grade 3 and grade 4 AEs, respectively. Of 12 patients receiving 160 mg bd, best overall response rate was 25%, median PFS and OS were 8.7 and 21.2 months, respectively. A reduction in circulating HER2/3 dimer in the two responding patients after 12 weeks treatment was observed. CONCLUSIONS The combination of pulsed high-dose AZD8931 with FOLFIRI has acceptable toxicity. Further studies of TKI sequencing may establish a role for pulsed use of such agents rather than continuous exposure. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT01862003.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Propper
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Fangfei Gao
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | | | - Debashis Sarker
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - John A Hartley
- UCL ECMC GCLP Facility, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Victoria J Spanswick
- UCL ECMC GCLP Facility, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Helen L Lowe
- UCL ECMC GCLP Facility, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Louise D Hackett
- UCL ECMC GCLP Facility, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Tony T Ng
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Department of Research Oncology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Paul R Barber
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Gregory E Weitsman
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Sarah Pearce
- Cancer Research UK & UCL Cancer Trials Centre, University College London, London, W1T 4TJ, UK
| | - Laura White
- Cancer Research UK & UCL Cancer Trials Centre, University College London, London, W1T 4TJ, UK
| | - Andre Lopes
- Cancer Research UK & UCL Cancer Trials Centre, University College London, London, W1T 4TJ, UK
| | - Sharon Forsyth
- Cancer Research UK & UCL Cancer Trials Centre, University College London, London, W1T 4TJ, UK
| | - Daniel Hochhauser
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK.
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Chen N, Michaels E, Howard F, Nanda R. The evolving therapeutic landscape of antibody-drug conjugates in breast cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2022; 22:1325-1331. [PMID: 36408586 PMCID: PMC9833603 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2022.2147510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a relatively new class of anti-cancer therapies approved for a number of malignancies, including breast cancer. Their unique structure, consisting of a monoclonal antibody connected via a linker to a toxic payload, combines characteristics of both targeted therapy and chemotherapy. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss the unique molecular structure and pharmacologic principles of ADCs and present the clinical efficacy and relevant toxicities of ADCs both approved and in development. While HER2 is the most studied target with approved agents for both HER2-positive and HER2-low expressing tumors, novel targets in HER2-negative disease have expanded our therapeutic capabilities significantly. EXPERT OPINION ADCs are a promising, novel drug class with significant efficacy in all breast cancer subtypes. They are generally safe and well-tolerated. However, further research is necessary to improve their therapeutic potential. The development of predictive biomarkers to identify patients with greatest benefit, improved understanding of drug resistance to advance combination therapies, and novel targets are needed to further the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Chicago
| | | | | | - Rita Nanda
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Chicago
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31
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The prospect of combination therapies with the third-generation EGFR-TKIs to overcome the resistance in NSCLC. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113959. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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32
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Gandullo-Sánchez L, Ocaña A, Pandiella A. HER3 in cancer: from the bench to the bedside. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:310. [PMID: 36271429 PMCID: PMC9585794 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02515-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The HER3 protein, that belongs to the ErbB/HER receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family, is expressed in several types of tumors. That fact, together with the role of HER3 in promoting cell proliferation, implicate that targeting HER3 may have therapeutic relevance. Furthermore, expression and activation of HER3 has been linked to resistance to drugs that target other HER receptors such as agents that act on EGFR or HER2. In addition, HER3 has been associated to resistance to some chemotherapeutic drugs. Because of those circumstances, efforts to develop and test agents targeting HER3 have been carried out. Two types of agents targeting HER3 have been developed. The most abundant are antibodies or engineered antibody derivatives that specifically recognize the extracellular region of HER3. In addition, the use of aptamers specifically interacting with HER3, vaccines or HER3-targeting siRNAs have also been developed. Here we discuss the state of the art of the preclinical and clinical development of drugs aimed at targeting HER3 with therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Gandullo-Sánchez
- grid.428472.f0000 0004 1794 2467Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC, IBSAL and CIBERONC, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Ocaña
- grid.411068.a0000 0001 0671 5785Hospital Clínico San Carlos and CIBERONC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Atanasio Pandiella
- grid.428472.f0000 0004 1794 2467Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC, IBSAL and CIBERONC, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Cao JY, Qi S, Wu H, Wang AL, Liu QW, Li XX, Wang BL, Ge J, Zou FM, Chen C, Wang JJ, Hu C, Liu J, Wang WC, Liu QS. CHMFL-26 is a highly potent irreversible HER2 inhibitor for use in the treatment of HER2-positive and HER2-mutant cancers. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2678-2686. [PMID: 35228653 PMCID: PMC9525608 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00882-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogene HER2 is amplified in 20%-25% of human breast cancers and 6.1%-23.0% of gastric cancers, and HER2-directed therapy significantly improves the outcome for patients with HER2-positive cancers. However, drug resistance is still a clinical challenge due to primary or acquired mutations and drug-induced negative regulatory feedback. In this study, we discovered a potent irreversible HER2 kinase inhibitor, CHMFL-26, which covalently targeted cysteine 805 of HER2 and effectively overcame the drug resistance caused by HER2 V777L, HER2 L755S, HER2 exon 20 insertions, and p95-HER2 truncation mutations. CHMFL-26 displayed potent antiproliferation efficacy against HER2-amplified and mutant cells through constant HER2-mediated signaling pathway inhibition and apoptosis induction. In addition, CHMFL-26 suppressed tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner in xenograft mouse models. Together, these results suggest that CHMFL-26 may be a potential novel anti-HER2 agent for overcoming drug resistance in HER2-positive cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Yan Cao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shuang Qi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Ao-Li Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Qing-Wang Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Xi-Xiang Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Bei-Lei Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Juan Ge
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Feng-Ming Zou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Jun-Jie Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Chen Hu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.
- Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.
| | - Wen-Chao Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.
- Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.
| | - Qing-Song Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.
- Precision Medicine Research Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230088, China.
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Singh R, Prasad A, Kumar B, Kumari S, Sahu RK, Hedau ST. Potential of Dual Drug Delivery Systems: MOF as Hybrid Nanocarrier for Dual Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ragini Singh
- Division of Molecular Oncology ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research I-7, Sector 39 Noida 201301 Gautam Budha Nagar, U.P. India
| | - Amrita Prasad
- Department of Chemistry Magadh Mahila College Patna University Patna Bihar. India
| | - Binayak Kumar
- Division of Molecular Oncology ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research I-7, Sector 39 Noida 201301 Gautam Budha Nagar, U.P. India
| | - Soni Kumari
- Division of Molecular Oncology ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research I-7, Sector 39 Noida 201301 Gautam Budha Nagar, U.P. India
| | - Ram Krishna Sahu
- Division of Molecular Oncology ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research I-7, Sector 39 Noida 201301 Gautam Budha Nagar, U.P. India
| | - Suresh T. Hedau
- Division of Molecular Oncology ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research I-7, Sector 39 Noida 201301 Gautam Budha Nagar, U.P. India
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35
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Lou H, Cao X. Antibody variable region engineering for improving cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2022; 42:804-827. [PMID: 35822503 PMCID: PMC9456695 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy and specificity of conventional monoclonal antibody (mAb) drugs in the clinic require further improvement. Currently, the development and application of novel antibody formats for improving cancer immunotherapy have attracted much attention. Variable region-retaining antibody fragments, such as antigen-binding fragment (Fab), single-chain variable fragment (scFv), bispecific antibody, and bi/trispecific cell engagers, are engineered with humanization, multivalent antibody construction, affinity optimization and antibody masking for targeting tumor cells and killer cells to improve antibody-based therapy potency, efficacy and specificity. In this review, we summarize the application of antibody variable region engineering and discuss the future direction of antibody engineering for improving cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hantao Lou
- Ludwig Institute of Cancer ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 7DRUK
- Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences Oxford InstituteNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 7FZUK
| | - Xuetao Cao
- Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences Oxford InstituteNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 7FZUK
- Department of ImmunologyCentre for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical SciencesChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing100005P. R. China
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36
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Work over the past several decades has identified that aberrations in the ErbB signaling pathways are key drivers of oncogenesis, and concurrent efforts to discover targetable vulnerabilities to counter this aberrant oncogenic signaling offer tremendous promise in treating a host of human cancers. These efforts have been centered primarily on EGFR (also known as HER1), leading to the discovery of the first targeted therapies approved for head and neck cancer. More recently, HER2 and HER3 signaling pathways have been identified as highly dysregulated in head and neck cancer. This review highlights the HER2 and HER3 signaling pathways and clinical efforts to target these receptors and their aberrant signaling to treat head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and other head and neck malignancies, including salivary gland carcinomas. This includes the use of small molecule inhibitors and blocking antibodies, both as single agents or as part of multimodal precision targeted and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Saddawi-Konefka
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC San Diego School of Medicine; San Diego, CA, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego; La Jolla, CA, United States
- Gleiberman Head and Neck Cancer Center, UC San Diego; La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Shiruyeh Schokrpur
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego; La Jolla, CA, United States
- Gleiberman Head and Neck Cancer Center, UC San Diego; La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UC San Diego School of Medicine; San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Asona J. Lui
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego; La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, UC San Diego School of Medicine; San Diego, CA, United States
| | - J. Silvio Gutkind
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego; La Jolla, CA, United States
- Gleiberman Head and Neck Cancer Center, UC San Diego; La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, UC San Diego; La Jolla, CA, United States
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37
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Buccinnà B, Ramondetti C, Piccinini M. Ampk Activation Attenuates Her3 Upregulation And Neuregulin-Mediated Rescue of Cell Proliferation in Her2-Overexpressing Breast Cancer Cell Lines Exposed to Lapatinib. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 204:115228. [PMID: 36007575 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Lapatinib is a highly selective reversible inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase domains of HER2 and EGFR, approved for the treatment of advanced stage HER2-overexpressing breast cancers. Although targeted therapy with lapatinib provides initial clinical advantage, cancer cells' adaptive responses can overcome the inhibitory effects of lapatinib. HER3 upregulation and autocrine induction of HER3 ligand neuregulin-1 (NRG), have been implicated in the restoration of AKT and ERK1/2 activity and rescue of cell proliferation. In this study we evaluated the effects of lapatinib alone and in combination with AMPK activator GSK-621 in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cell lines SKBR3 and BT474. Our results show that in cells exposed to lapatinib and GSK-621 in combination, lapatinib-mediated HER3 upregulation was reduced and reactivation of AKT and ERK1/2 kinases was prevented. The two drugs in combination decreased cell viability in a synergistic manner and greatly reduced the ability of NRG to rescue cell proliferation. Finally, we provide evidence that in cells exposed to lapatinib and GSK-621 in combination the establishment of a transcriptionally permissive chromatin structure at the HER3 promoter is hampered. The results of this study highlight a potential role for AMPK activation in counteracting lapatinib-induced adaptive responses of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Buccinnà
- University of Turin, Department of Oncology, via Michelangelo Buonarroti 27/b, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Cristina Ramondetti
- University of Turin, Department of Oncology, via Michelangelo Buonarroti 27/b, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Marco Piccinini
- University of Turin, Department of Oncology, via Michelangelo Buonarroti 27/b, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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38
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Riegel K, Vijayarangakannan P, Kechagioglou P, Bogucka K, Rajalingam K. Recent advances in targeting protein kinases and pseudokinases in cancer biology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:942500. [PMID: 35938171 PMCID: PMC9354965 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.942500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinases still remain the most favorable members of the druggable genome, and there are an increasing number of kinase inhibitors approved by the FDA to treat a variety of cancers. Here, we summarize recent developments in targeting kinases and pseudokinases with some examples. Targeting the cell cycle machinery garnered significant clinical success, however, a large section of the kinome remains understudied. We also review recent developments in the understanding of pseudokinases and discuss approaches on how to effectively target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Riegel
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center Mainz, JGU-Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Petros Kechagioglou
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center Mainz, JGU-Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Bogucka
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center Mainz, JGU-Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Krishnaraj Rajalingam
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center Mainz, JGU-Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- *Correspondence: Krishnaraj Rajalingam,
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39
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Moasser MM. Inactivating amplified HER2: challenges, dilemmas, and future directions. Cancer Res 2022; 82:2811-2820. [PMID: 35731927 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical inactivation of driver oncogenes has revolutionized the treatment of cancer replacing cytotoxic chemotherapeutic approaches with kinase inhibitor therapies for many types of cancers. This approach has not yet been realized for the treatment of HER2-amplified cancers. The monotherapy activities associated with HER2-targeting antibodies and kinase inhibitors are modest, and their clinical use has been in combination with, and not in replacement of cytotoxic chemotherapies. This stands in sharp contrast to achievements in the treatment of many other oncogene-driven cancers. The mechanism-based treatment hypothesis regarding the inactivation of HER2 justifies expectations far beyond what is currently realized. Overcoming this barrier requires mechanistic insights that can fuel new directions for pursuit, but scientific investigation of this treatment hypothesis, particularly with regards to trastuzumab, has been complicated by conflicting and confusing data sets, ironclad dogma, and mechanistic conclusions that have repeatedly failed to translate clinically. We are now approaching a point of convergence regarding the challenges and resiliency in this tumor driver, and I will provide here a review and opinion to inform where we currently stand with this treatment hypothesis and where the future potential lies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Moasser
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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40
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Yuan Y, Zhou S, Li C, Zhang X, Mao H, Chen W, Jiang X. Cascade Downregulation of the HER Family by a Dual-Targeted Recombinant Protein-Drug Conjugate to Inhibit Tumor Growth and Metastasis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201558. [PMID: 35365900 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)-targeted therapy can significantly improve the outcome of patients with HER2 positive cancer. However, relapse after this treatment remains a great challenge in the clinic due to tumor resistance, in which the HER network induces constitutive signal transduction. In addition, integrin receptors in the tumor extracellular matrix can mitigate the therapeutic effect of inhibitors to the growth factors receptors and tyrosine kinases. Here, the development of a recombinant protein (RP-HI) and its drug conjugates (RPDC-HI) to target both HER2 and integrin is reported. When simultaneously blocking HER2 and integrin by RP-HI, functions of the HER family and their interactions with the integrin are disrupted by downregulated expressions of HER family members, leading to inhibition of several downstream signal pathways. In combination with targeted delivery of the anticancer agent, doxorubicin (DOX), RPDC-HI significantly improves the tumor inhibition efficacy to 97.5% in treating HER2-positive breast cancer, comparing to 34.3% for free DOX. RPDC-HI shows even better antitumor efficiency than a monoclonal antibody, trastuzumab, when treating larger tumors. The developed dual-targeted RPDC platform offers a new and promising strategy for treating HER2-positive patients with synergistic therapeutic effects against tumor resistance to the conventional HER2-targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, and Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Sensen Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, and Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Cheng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, and Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiaoke Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, and Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Hui Mao
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Weizhi Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, and Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiqun Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, and Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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Chang CA, Jen J, Jiang S, Sayad A, Mer AS, Brown KR, Nixon AM, Dhabaria A, Tang KH, Venet D, Sotiriou C, Deng J, Wong KK, Adams S, Meyn P, Heguy A, Skok JA, Tsirigos A, Ueberheide B, Moffat J, Singh A, Haibe-Kains B, Khodadadi-Jamayran A, Neel BG. Ontogeny and Vulnerabilities of Drug-Tolerant Persisters in HER2+ Breast Cancer. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:1022-1045. [PMID: 34911733 PMCID: PMC8983469 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to targeted therapies is an important clinical problem in HER2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer. "Drug-tolerant persisters" (DTP), a subpopulation of cancer cells that survive via reversible, nongenetic mechanisms, are implicated in resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in other malignancies, but DTPs following HER2 TKI exposure have not been well characterized. We found that HER2 TKIs evoke DTPs with a luminal-like or a mesenchymal-like transcriptome. Lentiviral barcoding/single-cell RNA sequencing reveals that HER2+ breast cancer cells cycle stochastically through a "pre-DTP" state, characterized by a G0-like expression signature and enriched for diapause and/or senescence genes. Trajectory analysis/cell sorting shows that pre-DTPs preferentially yield DTPs upon HER2 TKI exposure. Cells with similar transcriptomes are present in HER2+ breast tumors and are associated with poor TKI response. Finally, biochemical experiments indicate that luminal-like DTPs survive via estrogen receptor-dependent induction of SGK3, leading to rewiring of the PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 pathway to enable AKT-independent mTORC1 activation. SIGNIFICANCE DTPs are implicated in resistance to anticancer therapies, but their ontogeny and vulnerabilities remain unclear. We find that HER2 TKI-DTPs emerge from stochastically arising primed cells ("pre-DTPs") that engage either of two distinct transcriptional programs upon TKI exposure. Our results provide new insights into DTP ontogeny and potential therapeutic vulnerabilities. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 873.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chewei Anderson Chang
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jayu Jen
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shaowen Jiang
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, Office of Science and Research, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Azin Sayad
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arvind Singh Mer
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin R. Brown
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Avantika Dhabaria
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research and Technology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kwan Ho Tang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - David Venet
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Institut Jules Bordet Brussels and Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
| | - Christos Sotiriou
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Institut Jules Bordet Brussels and Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut Jules Bordet Brussels and Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
| | - Jiehue Deng
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kwok-kin Wong
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sylvia Adams
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peter Meyn
- Genome Technology Center, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adriana Heguy
- Genome Technology Center, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jane A. Skok
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aristotelis Tsirigos
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, Office of Science and Research, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research and Technology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jason Moffat
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abhyudai Singh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Benjamin Haibe-Kains
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alireza Khodadadi-Jamayran
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, Office of Science and Research, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin G. Neel
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
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Vicencio JM, Evans R, Green R, An Z, Deng J, Treacy C, Mustapha R, Monypenny J, Costoya C, Lawler K, Ng K, De-Souza K, Coban O, Gomez V, Clancy J, Chen SH, Chalk A, Wong F, Gordon P, Savage C, Gomes C, Pan T, Alfano G, Dolcetti L, Chan JNE, Flores-Borja F, Barber PR, Weitsman G, Sosnowska D, Capone E, Iacobelli S, Hochhauser D, Hartley JA, Parsons M, Arnold JN, Ameer-Beg S, Quezada SA, Yarden Y, Sala G, Ng T. Osimertinib and anti-HER3 combination therapy engages immune dependent tumor toxicity via STING activation in trans. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:274. [PMID: 35347108 PMCID: PMC8960767 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04701-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, immunotherapy delivered novel treatments for many cancer types. However, lung cancer still leads cancer mortality, and non-small-cell lung carcinoma patients with mutant EGFR cannot benefit from checkpoint inhibitors due to toxicity, relying only on palliative chemotherapy and the third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) osimertinib. This new drug extends lifespan by 9-months vs. second-generation TKIs, but unfortunately, cancers relapse due to resistance mechanisms and the lack of antitumor immune responses. Here we explored the combination of osimertinib with anti-HER3 monoclonal antibodies and observed that the immune system contributed to eliminate tumor cells in mice and co-culture experiments using bone marrow-derived macrophages and human PBMCs. Osimertinib led to apoptosis of tumors but simultaneously, it triggered inositol-requiring-enzyme (IRE1α)-dependent HER3 upregulation, increased macrophage infiltration, and activated cGAS in cancer cells to produce cGAMP (detected by a lentivirally transduced STING activity biosensor), transactivating STING in macrophages. We sought to target osimertinib-induced HER3 upregulation with monoclonal antibodies, which engaged Fc receptor-dependent tumor elimination by macrophages, and STING agonists enhanced macrophage-mediated tumor elimination further. Thus, by engaging a tumor non-autonomous mechanism involving cGAS-STING and innate immunity, the combination of osimertinib and anti-HER3 antibodies could improve the limited therapeutic and stratification options for advanced stage lung cancer patients with mutant EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Vicencio
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, UK.
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - R Evans
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R Green
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Z An
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J Deng
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - C Treacy
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R Mustapha
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J Monypenny
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - C Costoya
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - K Lawler
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - K Ng
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, UK
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K De-Souza
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - O Coban
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - V Gomez
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, UK
| | - J Clancy
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, UK
| | - S H Chen
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, UK
| | - A Chalk
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, UK
| | - F Wong
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P Gordon
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - C Savage
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - C Gomes
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, UK
| | - T Pan
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - G Alfano
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - L Dolcetti
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J N E Chan
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - F Flores-Borja
- Centre for Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - P R Barber
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, UK
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - G Weitsman
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - D Sosnowska
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - E Capone
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Chieti, Italy
| | | | - D Hochhauser
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, UK
| | - J A Hartley
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, UK
| | - M Parsons
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J N Arnold
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S Ameer-Beg
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S A Quezada
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Y Yarden
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - G Sala
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University of Chieti-Pescara, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Chieti, Italy
| | - T Ng
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, UK.
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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43
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Kelley MB, Geddes TJ, Ochiai M, Lampl NM, Kothmann WW, Fierstein SR, Kent V, DeCicco-Skinner K. Loss of Tpl2 activates compensatory signaling and resistance to EGFR/MET dual inhibition in v-RAS transduced keratinocytes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266017. [PMID: 35325006 PMCID: PMC8947257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common form of skin cancer in the United States, affecting one million people per year. Patients with aggressive disease have limited treatment options and high mortality, highlighting the need to identify new biomarkers linked to poor clinical outcome. HRAS mutations are found in skin papillomas and cSCCs and increase in frequency when MAP3K family members are inhibited, suggesting a link between blockade of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and initiation of RAS-primed cells. Tpl2, a MAP3K gene, can serve as a tumor suppressor gene in cSCC. We have previously shown that upon Tpl2 ablation, mice have heightened sensitivity to aberrant RAS signaling. Tpl2-/- mice display significantly higher numbers of papillomas and cSCCs in two-stage chemical carcinogenesis studies and increased tumorigenicity of keratinocytes expressing oncogenic v-rasHa in nude mouse skin grafts. In part, this is mediated through increased mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) receptor activity. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is reported to be an essential factor for MET-driven carcinogenesis and MET activation may confer resistance to EGFR therapies, suggesting that the concurrent use of both an EGFR inhibitor and a MET inhibitor may show promise in advanced cSCCs. In this study we assessed whether normal or Ras-transformed Tpl2-/- keratinocytes have aberrant EGFR signaling and whether concomitant treatment with EGFR/MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors was more effective than single agents in reducing growth and angiogenic potential of Ras-transformed keratinocytes. Tpl2-/- keratinocytes exhibited increased HER-2 and STAT-3 under basal conditions and elevated p-MET and p-EGFR when transduced with oncogenic RAS. Inhibition of MET by Capmatinib increased p-EGFR in Tpl2-/- keratinocytes and papillomas, and inhibition of EGFR by Gefitinib increased HER2 and HER3 signaling in both genotypes. Treatment of keratinocytes with EGFR and MET inhibitors, in combination, significantly enhanced endothelial tube formation, MMP-9 activity and activation of other RTKs, with more pronounced effects when Tpl2 was ablated. These data indicate that Tpl2 cross-talks with both EGFR and MET signaling pathways. Upon inhibition of EGFR/MET signaling, a myriad of escape mechanisms exists in keratinocytes to overcome targeted drug effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B. Kelley
- Department of Biology, American University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Taylor J. Geddes
- Department of Biology, American University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Maria Ochiai
- Department of Biology, American University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Noah M. Lampl
- Department of Biology, American University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - W. Wade Kothmann
- Department of Biology, American University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Sara R. Fierstein
- Department of Biology, American University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Victoria Kent
- Department of Biology, American University, Washington, DC, United States of America
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44
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Zhang Y, Liang S, Xiao B, Hu J, Pang Y, Liu Y, Yang J, Ao J, Wei L, Luo X. MiR-323a regulates ErbB3/EGFR and blocks gefitinib resistance acquisition in colorectal cancer. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:256. [PMID: 35319011 PMCID: PMC8940899 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04709-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The rapid onset of resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) limits its clinical utility in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, and pan-erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase (ErbB) treatment strategy may be the alternative solution. The aim of this study was to develop a possible microRNA multi-ErbB treatment strategy to overcome EGFR-TKI resistance. We detect the receptor tyrosine kinase activity in gefitinib-resistant colorectal cancer cells, ErbB3/EGFR is significantly activated and provides a potential multi-ErbB treatment target. MiR-323a-3p, a tumor suppressor, could target both ErbB3 and EGFR directly. Apoptosis is the miR-323a-3p inducing main biological process by functional enrichment analysis, and The EGFR and ErbB signaling are the miR-323a-3p inducing main pathway by KEGG analysis. MiR-323a-3p promotes CRC cells apoptosis by targeting ErbB3-phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/PKB protein kinase (Akt)/glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β)/EGFR-extracellular regulated MAP kinase (Erk1/2) signaling directly. And miR-323a-3p, as a multi-ErbBs inhibitor, increase gefitinib sensitivity of the primary cell culture from combination miR-323a-3p and gefitinib treated subcutaneous tumors. MiR-323a-3p reverses ErbB3/EGFR signaling activation in gefitinib-resistant CRC cell lines and blocks acquired gefitinib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunshun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yechun Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Junpin Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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Hosseinzadeh A, Merikhian P, Naseri N, Eisavand MR, Farahmand L. MUC1 is a potential target to overcome trastuzumab resistance in breast cancer therapy. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:110. [PMID: 35248049 PMCID: PMC8897942 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02523-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although resistance is its major obstacle in cancer therapy, trastuzumab is the most successful agent in treating epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive (HER2 +) breast cancer (BC). Some patients show resistance to trastuzumab, and scientists want to circumvent this problem. This review elaborately discusses possible resistance mechanisms to trastuzumab and introduces mucin 1 (MUC1) as a potential target efficient for overcoming such resistance. MUC1 belongs to the mucin family, playing the oncogenic/mitogenic roles in cancer cells and interacting with several other oncogenic receptors and pathways, such as HER2, β-catenin, NF-κB, and estrogen receptor (ERα). Besides, it has been established that MUC1- Cytoplasmic Domain (MUC1-CD) accelerates the development of resistance to trastuzumab and that silencing MUC1-C proto-oncogene is associated with increased sensitivity of HER2+ cells to trastuzumab-induced growth inhibitors. We mention why targeting MUC1 can be useful in overcoming trastuzumab resistance in cancer therapy.
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46
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Li Y, Jiang Y, Zheng Z, Du N, Guan S, Guo W, Tang X, Cui J, Zhang L, Liu K, Yu Q, Gan Z. Co-Delivery of Precisely Prescribed Multi-Prodrug Combination by an Engineered Nanocarrier enables Efficient Individualized Cancer Chemotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110490. [PMID: 35044690 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The limited anticancer drug library and the frequent occurrence of drug resistance have driven monotherapy-based cancer therapy into a difficult situation. Considering the formidable process of new drug discovery, combination therapy using currently available drugs is a potential alternative. Nevertheless, the barrier between in vitro combination screening and precise in vivo delivery remains insurmountable in the current free-drug- or nanoparticle (NP)-based combination therapy, which substantially hinders the application of combination therapy. Herein, a novel, precise drug delivery strategy to realize efficient and individualized combination therapy is proposed. Nanomedicine (NM) is engineered using a microfluidics-based mixer by combining rationally designed polymeric prodrugs of three commercial chemotherapeutics and a cascade-responsive block copolymer; the NM possesses ratiometric drug loading and synchronized drug release. In addition to quantitative drug loading and precisely controlled drug combination, consistent nanoproperties of these NPs make their in vivo fate predictable. Consequently, tumor growth and metastasis can be effectively inhibited by precisely prescribed NPs derived from in vitro combination screening. This proof-of-concept study clearly reveals the feasibility of overcoming the current drug-library limitations through precise delivery of any predetermined drug combination, facilitating translational research of individualized combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiang Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Organic-inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yitong Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Organic-inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ziyan Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Organic-inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Nan Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Organic-inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shuli Guan
- The State Key Laboratory of Organic-inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wenxuan Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Organic-inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiaohu Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Organic-inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jiajunzi Cui
- The State Key Laboratory of Organic-inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lanqiong Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Organic-inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Kunpeng Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Organic-inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qingsong Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Organic-inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhihua Gan
- The State Key Laboratory of Organic-inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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47
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Yu J, Fang T, Yun C, Liu X, Cai X. Antibody-Drug Conjugates Targeting the Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Family in Cancers. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:847835. [PMID: 35295841 PMCID: PMC8919033 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.847835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family, which includes HER1 (also known as EGFR), HER2, HER3 and HER4, have played a central role in regulating cell proliferation, survival, differentiation and migration. The overexpression of the HER family has been recognized as one of the most common cellular dysregulation associated with a wide variety of tumor types. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a new and promising class of anticancer therapeutics that combine the cancer specificity of antibodies with cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs. Two HER2-directed ADCs, trastuzumane-emtansine (T-DM1) and trastuzumab-deruxtecan (DS-8201a), have been approved for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2013 and 2019, respectively. A third HER2-directed ADC, disitamab vedotin (RC48), has been approved for locally advanced or metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer by the NMPA (National Medical Products Administration) of China in 2021. A total of 11 ADCs that target HER family receptors (EGFR, HER2 or HER3) are currently under clinical trials. In this review article, we summarize the three approved ADCs (T-DM1, DS-8201a and RC48), together with the investigational EGFR-directed ADCs (ABT-414, MRG003 and M1231), HER2-directed ADCs (SYD985, ARX-788, A166, MRG002, ALT-P7, GQ1001 and SBT6050) and HER3-directed ADC (U3-1402). Lastly, we discuss the major challenges associated with the development of ADCs, and highlight the possible future directions to tackle these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiaoqing Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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48
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Fan B, Zhang Q, Wang N, Wang G. LncRNAs, the Molecules Involved in Communications With Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:811374. [PMID: 35155247 PMCID: PMC8829571 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.811374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer stem cells (CRCSCs) can actively self-renew, as well as having multidirectional differentiation and tumor regeneration abilities. Because the high functional activities of CRCSCs are associated with low cure rates in patients with colorectal cancer, efforts have sought to determine the function and regulatory mechanisms of CRCSCs. To date, however, the potential regulatory mechanisms of CRCSCs remain incompletely understood. Many non-coding genes are involved in tumor invasion and spread through their regulation of CRCSCs, with long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) being important non-coding RNAs. LncRNAs may be involved in the colorectal cancer development and drug resistance through their regulation of CRCSCs. This review systematically evaluates the latest research on the ability of lncRNAs to regulate CRCSC signaling pathways and the involvement of these lncRNAs in colorectal cancer promotion and suppression. The regulatory network of lncRNAs in the CRCSC signaling pathway has been determined. Further analysis of the potential clinical applications of lncRNAs as novel clinical diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for colorectal cancer may provide new ideas and protocols for the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Fan
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guiyu Wang
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Campbell MR, Ruiz-Saenz A, Peterson E, Agnew C, Ayaz P, Garfinkle S, Littlefield P, Steri V, Oeffinger J, Sampang M, Shan Y, Shaw DE, Jura N, Moasser MM. Targetable HER3 functions driving tumorigenic signaling in HER2-amplified cancers. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110291. [PMID: 35108525 PMCID: PMC8889928 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective inactivation of the HER2-HER3 tumor driver has remained elusive because of the challenging attributes of the pseudokinase HER3. We report a structure-function study of constitutive HER2-HER3 signaling to identify opportunities for targeting. The allosteric activation of the HER2 kinase domain (KD) by the HER3 KD is required for tumorigenic signaling and can potentially be targeted by allosteric inhibitors. ATP binding within the catalytically inactive HER3 KD provides structural rigidity that is important for signaling, but this is mimicked, not opposed, by small molecule ATP analogs, reported here in a bosutinib-bound crystal structure. Mutational disruption of ATP binding and molecular dynamics simulation of the apo KD of HER3 identify a conformational coupling of the ATP pocket with a hydrophobic AP-2 pocket, analogous to EGFR, that is critical for tumorigenic signaling and feasible for targeting. The value of these potential target sites is confirmed in tumor growth assays using gene replacement techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia R Campbell
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ana Ruiz-Saenz
- Departments of Cell Biology & Medical Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elliott Peterson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Christopher Agnew
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Pelin Ayaz
- D. E. Shaw Research, New York, NY 10036, USA
| | | | - Peter Littlefield
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Veronica Steri
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Julie Oeffinger
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Maryjo Sampang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yibing Shan
- D. E. Shaw Research, New York, NY 10036, USA
| | - David E Shaw
- D. E. Shaw Research, New York, NY 10036, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Natalia Jura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mark M Moasser
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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50
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Lim M, Nguyen TH, Niland C, Reid LE, Jat PS, Saunus JM, Lakhani SR. Landscape of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Heterodimers in Brain Metastases. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030533. [PMID: 35158800 PMCID: PMC8833370 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary HER2+ breast cancer patients are treated with agents that tag HER2+ tumour cells for elimination by the immune system, down-modulate HER2 activity and/or block the formation of HER2 dimers, including the neuregulin-1 receptor, HER2-HER3. HER2-targeted therapies prolong survival by lowering the risk of relapse, but do not prevent brain metastases. The reasons for this are not fully understood. We quantified HER2-HER3 dimers in 203 brain metastases, and 34 primary breast tumour samples. Dimer frequency was relatively high in brain metastases from breast, ovarian, lung and kidney cancers, and in brain metastases compared to patient-matched breast tumours; but did not reliably correlate with HER2/HER3 expression or activation. In in vitro experiments, pertuzumab failed to suppress HER2-HER3 dimers in HER2+ breast cancer cells provided with a saturating concentration of neuregulin-1. These findings may provide insights about the differences in intracranial versus extracranial efficacy of HER2-targeted therapies. Abstract HER2+ breast cancer patients have an elevated risk of developing brain metastases (BM), despite adjuvant HER2-targeted therapy. The mechanisms underpinning this reduced intracranial efficacy are unclear. We optimised the in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) for detection of the high-affinity neuregulin-1 receptor, HER2-HER3 (a key target of pertuzumab), in archival tissue samples and developed a pipeline for high throughput extraction of PLA data from fluorescent microscope image files. Applying this to a large BM sample cohort (n = 159) showed that BM from breast, ovarian, lung and kidney cancers have higher HER2-HER3 levels than other primary tumour types (melanoma, colorectal and prostate cancers). HER2 status, and tumour cell membrane expression of pHER2(Y1221/1222) and pHER3(Y1222) were positively, but not exclusively, associated with HER2-HER3 frequency. In an independent cohort (n = 78), BM had significantly higher HER2-HER3 levels than matching primary tumours (p = 0.0002). For patients who had two craniotomy procedures, HER2-HER3 dimer levels were lower in the consecutive lesion (n = 7; p = 0.006). We also investigated the effects of trastuzumab and pertuzumab on five different heterodimers in vitro: HER2-EGFR, HER2-HER4, HER2-HER3, HER3-HER4, HER3-EGFR. Treatment significantly altered the absolute frequencies of individual complexes in SKBr3 and/or MDA-MB-361 cells, but in the presence of neuregulin-1, the overall distribution was not markedly altered, with HER2-HER3 and HER2-HER4 remaining predominant. Together, these findings suggest that markers of HER2 and HER3 expression are not always indicative of dimerization, and that pertuzumab may be less effective at reducing HER2-HER3 dimerization in the context of excess neuregulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Lim
- Faculty of Medicine, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; (M.L.); (C.N.); (L.E.R.)
| | - Tam H. Nguyen
- Flow Cytometry and Imaging Facility, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia;
| | - Colleen Niland
- Faculty of Medicine, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; (M.L.); (C.N.); (L.E.R.)
| | - Lynne E. Reid
- Faculty of Medicine, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; (M.L.); (C.N.); (L.E.R.)
| | - Parmjit S. Jat
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and MRC Prion Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK;
| | - Jodi M. Saunus
- Faculty of Medicine, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; (M.L.); (C.N.); (L.E.R.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.S.); (S.R.L.)
| | - Sunil R. Lakhani
- Faculty of Medicine, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; (M.L.); (C.N.); (L.E.R.)
- Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane Women’s Hospital, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
- Correspondence: (J.M.S.); (S.R.L.)
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