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Xu J, Hu Z, Dai L, Yadav A, Jiang Y, Bröer A, Gardiner MG, McLeod M, Yan R, Bröer S. Molecular basis of inhibition of the amino acid transporter B 0AT1 (SLC6A19). Nat Commun 2024; 15:7224. [PMID: 39174516 PMCID: PMC11341722 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51748-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The epithelial neutral amino acid transporter B0AT1 (SLC6A19) is the major transporter for the absorption of neutral amino acids in the intestine and their reabsorption in the kidney. Mouse models have demonstrated that lack of B0AT1 can normalize elevated plasma amino acids in rare disorders of amino acid metabolism such as phenylketonuria and urea-cycle disorders, implying a pharmacological approach for their treatment. Here we employ a medicinal chemistry approach to generate B0AT1 inhibitors with IC50-values of 31-90 nM. High-resolution cryo-EM structures of B0AT1 in the presence of two compounds from this series identified an allosteric binding site in the vestibule of the transporter. Mechanistically, binding of these inhibitors prevents a movement of TM1 and TM6 that is required for the transporter to make a conformational change from an outward open state to the occluded state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyang Xu
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ziwei Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, School of Medicine, Institute for Biological Electron Microscopy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu Dai
- Department of Biochemistry, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, School of Medicine, Institute for Biological Electron Microscopy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Aditya Yadav
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Yashan Jiang
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Angelika Bröer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Michael G Gardiner
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Malcolm McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Renhong Yan
- Department of Biochemistry, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, School of Medicine, Institute for Biological Electron Microscopy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Stefan Bröer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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Bröer A, Hu Z, Kukułowicz J, Yadav A, Zhang T, Dai L, Bajda M, Yan R, Bröer S. Cryo-EM structure of ACE2-SIT1 in complex with Tiagabine. J Biol Chem 2024:107687. [PMID: 39159813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The pharmacology of amino acid transporters in the SLC6 family is poorly developed compared to that of the neurotransmitter transporters. To identify new inhibitors of the proline transporter SIT1 (SLC6A20), its expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes was optimized. Trafficking of SIT1 was augmented by co-expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in oocytes but there was no strict requirement for co-expression of ACE2. A pharmacophore-guided screen identified tiagabine as a potent non-competitive inhibitor of SIT1. To understand its binding mode, we determined the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of ACE2-SIT1 bound with tiagabine. The inhibitor binds close to the orthosteric proline binding site, but due to its size extends into the cytosolic vestibule. This causes the transporter to adopt an inward-open conformation, in which the intracellular gate is blocked. This study provides the first structural insight into inhibition of SIT1 and generates tools for a better understanding of the ACE2-SIT1 complex. These findings may have significance for SARS-CoV-2 binding to its receptor ACE2 in human lung alveolar cells where SIT1 and ACE2 are functionally expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Bröer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ziwei Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, School of Medicine, Institute for Biological Electron Microscopy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jędrzej Kukułowicz
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Aditya Yadav
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, School of Medicine, Institute for Biological Electron Microscopy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu Dai
- Department of Biochemistry, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, School of Medicine, Institute for Biological Electron Microscopy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Marek Bajda
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Renhong Yan
- Department of Biochemistry, Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, School of Medicine, Institute for Biological Electron Microscopy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Stefan Bröer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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Passaglia P, Kanashiro A, Batista Silva H, Carlos Carvalho Navegantes L, Lacchini R, Capellari Cárnio E, Branco LGS. Diminazene aceturate attenuates systemic inflammation via microbiota gut-5-HT brain-spleen sympathetic axis in male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:105-119. [PMID: 38548186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic arm of the inflammatory reflex is the efferent pathway through which the central nervous system (CNS) can control peripheral immune responses. Diminazene aceturate (DIZE) is an antiparasitic drug that has been reported to exert protective effects on various experimental models of inflammation. However, the pathways by which DIZE promotes a protective immunomodulatory effects still need to be well established, and no studies demonstrate the capacity of DIZE to modulate a neural reflex to control inflammation. C57BL/6 male mice received intraperitoneal administration of DIZE (2 mg/Kg) followed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 mg/Kg, i.p.). Endotoxemic animals showed hyperresponsiveness to inflammatory signals, while those treated with DIZE promoted the activation of the inflammatory reflex to attenuate the inflammatory response during endotoxemia. The unilateral cervical vagotomy did not affect the anti-inflammatory effect of DIZE in the spleen and serum. At the same time, splenic denervation attenuated tumor necrosis factor (TNF) synthesis in the spleen and serum. Using broad-spectrum antibiotics for two weeks showed that LPS modulated the microbiota to induce a pro-inflammatory profile in the intestine and reduced the serum concentration of tryptophan and serotonin (5-HT), while DIZE restored serum tryptophan and increased the hypothalamic 5-HT levels. Furthermore, the treatment with 4-Chloro-DL-phenylalanine (pcpa, an inhibitor of 5-HT synthesis) abolished the anti-inflammatory effects of the DIZE in the spleen. Our results indicate that DIZE promotes microbiota modulation to increase central 5-HT levels and activates the efferent sympathetic arm of the inflammatory reflex to control splenic TNF production in endotoxemic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Passaglia
- Department of Oral and Basic Biology Ribeirão Preto, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Kanashiro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Translational Psychiatry Program, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hadder Batista Silva
- Department of General Nursing, School of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Riccardo Lacchini
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, School of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Evelin Capellari Cárnio
- Department of General Nursing, School of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz G S Branco
- Department of Oral and Basic Biology Ribeirão Preto, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Bankir L, Crambert G, Vargas-Poussou R. The SLC6A18 Transporter Is Most Likely a Na-Dependent Glycine/Urea Antiporter Responsible for Urea Secretion in the Proximal Straight Tubule: Influence of This Urea Secretion on Glomerular Filtration Rate. Nephron Clin Pract 2024:1-27. [PMID: 38824912 DOI: 10.1159/000539602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urea is the major end-product of protein metabolism in mammals. In carnivores and omnivores, a large load of urea is excreted daily in urine, with a concentration that is 30-100 times above that in plasma. This is important for the sake of water economy. Too little attention has been given to the existence of energy-dependent urea transport that plays an important role in this concentrating activity. SUMMARY This review first presents functional evidence for an energy-dependent urea secretion that occurs exclusively in the straight part of the proximal tubule (PST). Second, it proposes a candidate transmembrane transporter responsible for this urea secretion in the PST. SLC6A18 is expressed exclusively in the PST and has been identified as a glycine transporter, based on findings in SLC6A18 knockout mice. We propose that it is actually a glycine/urea antiport, secreting urea into the lumen in exchange for glycine and Na. Glycine is most likely recycled back into the cell via a transporter located in the brush border. Urea secretion in the PST modifies the composition of the tubular fluid in the thick ascending limb and, thus, contributes, indirectly, to influence the "signal" at the macula densa that plays a crucial role in the regulation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by the tubulo-glomerular feedback. KEY MESSAGES Taking into account this secondary active secretion of urea in the mammalian kidney provides a new understanding of the influence of protein intake on GFR, of the regulation of urea excretion, and of the urine-concentrating mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Bankir
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS EMR 8228, Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Crambert
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS EMR 8228, Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Rosa Vargas-Poussou
- CNRS EMR 8228, Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies Rares, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte, MARHEA, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
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5
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Heindl MR, Rupp AL, Schwerdtner M, Bestle D, Harbig A, De Rocher A, Schmacke LC, Staker B, Steinmetzer T, Stein DA, Moulton HM, Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E. ACE2 acts as a novel regulator of TMPRSS2-catalyzed proteolytic activation of influenza A virus in airway cells. J Virol 2024; 98:e0010224. [PMID: 38470058 PMCID: PMC11019950 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00102-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) activates the outer structural proteins of a number of respiratory viruses including influenza A virus (IAV), parainfluenza viruses, and various coronaviruses for membrane fusion. Previous studies showed that TMPRSS2 interacts with the carboxypeptidase angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a cell surface protein that serves as an entry receptor for some coronaviruses. Here, by using protease activity assays, we determine that ACE2 increases the enzymatic activity of TMPRSS2 in a non-catalytic manner. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ACE2 knockdown inhibits TMPRSS2-mediated cleavage of IAV hemagglutinin (HA) in Calu-3 human airway cells and suppresses virus titers 100- to 1.000-fold. Transient expression of ACE2 in ACE2-deficient cells increased TMPRSS2-mediated HA cleavage and IAV replication. ACE2 knockdown also reduced titers of MERS-CoV and prevented S cleavage by TMPRSS2 in Calu-3 cells. By contrast, proteolytic activation and multicycle replication of IAV with multibasic HA cleavage site typically cleaved by furin were not affected by ACE2 knockdown. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that ACE2-TMPRSS2 interaction requires the enzymatic activity of TMPRSS2 and the carboxypeptidase domain of ACE2. Together, our data identify ACE2 as a new co-factor or stabilizer of TMPRSS2 activity and as a novel host cell factor involved in proteolytic activation and spread of IAV in human airway cells. Furthermore, our data indicate that ACE2 is involved in the TMPRSS2-catalyzed activation of additional respiratory viruses including MERS-CoV.IMPORTANCEProteolytic cleavage of viral envelope proteins by host cell proteases is essential for the infectivity of many viruses and relevant proteases provide promising drug targets. The transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) has been identified as a major activating protease of several respiratory viruses, including influenza A virus. TMPRSS2 was previously shown to interact with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Here, we report the mechanistic details of this interaction. We demonstrate that ACE2 increases or stabilizes the enzymatic activity of TMPRSS2. Furthermore, we describe ACE2 involvement in TMPRSS2-catalyzed cleavage of the influenza A virus hemagglutinin and MERS-CoV spike protein in human airway cells. These findings expand our knowledge of the activation of respiratory viruses by TMPRSS2 and the host cell factors involved. In addition, our results could help to elucidate a physiological role for TMPRSS2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna-Lena Rupp
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Dorothea Bestle
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anne Harbig
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Amy De Rocher
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Luna C. Schmacke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bart Staker
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - David A. Stein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Hong M. Moulton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Kano Y, Yamaguchi S, Mise K, Kawakita C, Onishi Y, Kurooka N, Sugawara R, Albuayjan HHH, Nakatsuka A, Eguchi J, Wada J. Inhibition of Amino Acids Influx into Proximal Tubular Cells Improves Lysosome Function in Diabetes. KIDNEY360 2024; 5:182-194. [PMID: 38062578 PMCID: PMC10914197 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000000000000333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Key Points Collectrin serves as a chaperone for the trafficking of neutral amino acid (AA) transporters in the apical membranes of proximal tubular cells (PTCs). Cltrn knockout reduced AAs influx into PTCs, inactivated mTOR, activated transcription factor EB, improved lysosome function, and ameliorated vacuolar formation of PTCs in diabetic mice treated with streptozotocin and high-fat diet. The inhibition of neutral AA transporter, such as B0AT1 (SLC6A19), and transcription factor EB activator is a new therapeutic strategy against diabetic kidney disease. Background Inhibition of glucose influx into proximal tubular cells (PTCs) by sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors revealed prominent therapeutic effects on diabetic kidney disease. Collectrin (CLTRN) serves as a chaperone for the trafficking of neutral amino acid (AA) transporters in the apical membranes of PTCs. We investigated the beneficial effects of reduced influx of AAs into PTCs in diabetes and obesity model of Cltrn−/y mice. Methods Cltrn+/y and Cltrn−/y mice at age 5 weeks were assigned to standard diet and streptozotocin and high-fat diet (STZ-HFD)–treated groups. Results At age 22–23 weeks, body weight and HbA1c levels significantly increased in STZ-HFD-Cltrn+/y compared with standard diet-Cltrn+/y; however, they were not altered in STZ-HFD-Cltrn−/y compared with STZ-HFD-Cltrn+/y. At age 20 weeks, urinary albumin creatinine ratio was significantly reduced in STZ-HFD-Cltrn−/y compared with STZ-HFD-Cltrn+/y. Under the treatments with STZ and HFD, the Cltrn gene deficiency caused significant increase in urinary concentration of AAs such as Gln, His, Gly, Thr, Tyr, Val, Trp, Phe, Ile, Leu, and Pro. In PTCs in STZ-HFD-Cltrn+/y, the enlarged lysosomes with diameter of 10 μ m or more were associated with reduced autolysosomes, and the formation of giant lysosomes was prominently suppressed in STZ-HFD-Cltrn−/y. Phospho-mTOR and inactive form of phospho-transcription factor EB were reduced in STZ-HFD-Cltrn−/y compared with STZ-HFD-Cltrn+/y. Conclusions The reduction of AAs influx into PTCs inactivated mTOR, activated transcription factor EB, improved lysosome function, and ameliorated vacuolar formation of PTCs in STZ-HFD-Cltrn−/y mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuki Kano
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Drury ER, Wu J, Gigliotti JC, Le TH. Sex differences in blood pressure regulation and hypertension: renal, hemodynamic, and hormonal mechanisms. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:199-251. [PMID: 37477622 PMCID: PMC11281816 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The teleology of sex differences has been argued since at least as early as Aristotle's controversial Generation of Animals more than 300 years BC, which reflects the sex bias of the time to contemporary readers. Although the question "why are the sexes different" remains a topic of debate in the present day in metaphysics, the recent emphasis on sex comparison in research studies has led to the question "how are the sexes different" being addressed in health science through numerous observational studies in both health and disease susceptibility, including blood pressure regulation and hypertension. These efforts have resulted in better understanding of differences in males and females at the molecular level that partially explain their differences in vascular function and renal sodium handling and hence blood pressure and the consequential cardiovascular and kidney disease risks in hypertension. This review focuses on clinical studies comparing differences between men and women in blood pressure over the life span and response to dietary sodium and highlights experimental models investigating sexual dimorphism in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, vascular, sympathetic nervous, and immune systems, endothelin, the major renal sodium transporters/exchangers/channels, and the impact of sex hormones on these systems in blood pressure homeostasis. Understanding the mechanisms governing sex differences in blood pressure regulation could guide novel therapeutic approaches in a sex-specific manner to lower cardiovascular risks in hypertension and advance personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika R Drury
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Jing Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Joseph C Gigliotti
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, Virginia, United States
| | - Thu H Le
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
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Kukułowicz J, Pietrzak-Lichwa K, Klimończyk K, Idlin N, Bajda M. The SLC6A15-SLC6A20 Neutral Amino Acid Transporter Subfamily: Functions, Diseases, and Their Therapeutic Relevance. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 76:142-193. [PMID: 37940347 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.000886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The neutral amino acid transporter subfamily that consists of six members, consecutively SLC6A15-SLC620, also called orphan transporters, represents membrane, sodium-dependent symporter proteins that belong to the family of solute carrier 6 (SLC6). Primarily, they mediate the transport of neutral amino acids from the extracellular milieu toward cell or storage vesicles utilizing an electric membrane potential as the driving force. Orphan transporters are widely distributed throughout the body, covering many systems; for instance, the central nervous, renal, or intestinal system, supplying cells into molecules used in biochemical, signaling, and building pathways afterward. They are responsible for intestinal absorption and renal reabsorption of amino acids. In the central nervous system, orphan transporters constitute a significant medium for the provision of neurotransmitter precursors. Diseases related with aforementioned transporters highlight their significance; SLC6A19 mutations are associated with metabolic Hartnup disorder, whereas altered expression of SLC6A15 has been associated with a depression/stress-related disorders. Mutations of SLC6A18-SLCA20 cause iminoglycinuria and/or hyperglycinuria. SLC6A18-SLC6A20 to reach the cellular membrane require an ancillary unit ACE2 that is a molecular target for the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. SLC6A19 has been proposed as a molecular target for the treatment of metabolic disorders resembling gastric surgery bypass. Inhibition of SLC6A15 appears to have a promising outcome in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. SLC6A19 and SLC6A20 have been suggested as potential targets in the treatment of COVID-19. In this review, we gathered recent advances on orphan transporters, their structure, functions, related disorders, and diseases, and in particular their relevance as therapeutic targets. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The following review systematizes current knowledge about the SLC6A15-SLCA20 neutral amino acid transporter subfamily and their therapeutic relevance in the treatment of different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jędrzej Kukułowicz
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pietrzak-Lichwa
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Klaudia Klimończyk
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Nathalie Idlin
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Bajda
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Tichy J, Pajenda S, Bernardi MH, Wagner L, Ryz S, Aiad M, Gerges D, Schmidt A, Lassnigg A, Herkner H, Winnicki W. Urinary Collectrin as Promising Biomarker for Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3244. [PMID: 38137465 PMCID: PMC10741128 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early detection of acute kidney injury (AKI) is crucial for timely intervention and improved patient outcomes after cardiac surgery. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of urinary collectrin as a novel biomarker for AKI in this patient population. METHODS In this prospective, observational cohort study, 63 patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were studied at the Medical University of Vienna between 2016 and 2018. We collected urine samples prospectively at four perioperative time points, and urinary collectrin was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients were divided into two groups, AKI and non-AKI, defined by Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Guidelines, and differences between groups were analyzed. RESULTS Postoperative AKI was found in 19 (30%) patients. Urine sample analysis revealed an inverse correlation between urinary collectrin and creatinine and AKI stages, as well as significant changes in collectrin levels during the perioperative course. Baseline collectrin levels were 5050 ± 3294 pg/mL, decreased after the start of CPB, reached their nadir at the end of surgery, and began to recover slightly on postoperative day (POD) 1. The most effective timepoint for distinguishing between AKI and non-AKI patients based on collectrin levels was POD 1, with collectrin levels of 2190 ± 3728 pg/mL in AKI patients and 3768 ± 3435 pg/mL in non-AKI patients (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Urinary collectrin shows promise as a novel biomarker for the early detection of AKI in patients undergoing cardiac surgery on CPB. Its dynamic changes throughout the perioperative period, especially on POD 1, provide valuable insights for timely diagnosis and intervention. Further research and validation studies are needed to confirm its clinical usefulness and potential impact on patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Tichy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Division of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.T.); (S.R.); (A.L.)
| | - Sahra Pajenda
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.P.); (L.W.); (M.A.); (D.G.); (A.S.); (W.W.)
| | - Martin H. Bernardi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Division of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.T.); (S.R.); (A.L.)
| | - Ludwig Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.P.); (L.W.); (M.A.); (D.G.); (A.S.); (W.W.)
| | - Sylvia Ryz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Division of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.T.); (S.R.); (A.L.)
| | - Monika Aiad
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.P.); (L.W.); (M.A.); (D.G.); (A.S.); (W.W.)
| | - Daniela Gerges
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.P.); (L.W.); (M.A.); (D.G.); (A.S.); (W.W.)
| | - Alice Schmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.P.); (L.W.); (M.A.); (D.G.); (A.S.); (W.W.)
| | - Andrea Lassnigg
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Division of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.T.); (S.R.); (A.L.)
| | - Harald Herkner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Wolfgang Winnicki
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.P.); (L.W.); (M.A.); (D.G.); (A.S.); (W.W.)
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10
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Xiao Y, Chang L, Ji H, Sun H, Song S, Feng K, Nuermaimaiti A, Halemubieke S, Mei L, Lu Z, Yan Y, Wang L. Posttranslational modifications of ACE2 protein: Implications for SARS-CoV-2 infection and beyond. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29304. [PMID: 38063421 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The present worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has highlighted the important function of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry. A deeper understanding of ACE2 could offer insights into the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. While ACE2 is subject to regulation by various factors in vivo, current research in this area is insufficient to fully elucidate the corresponding pathways of control. Posttranslational modification (PTM) is a powerful tool for broadening the variety of proteins. The PTM study of ACE2 will help us to make up for the deficiency in the regulation of protein synthesis and translation. However, research on PTM-related aspects of ACE2 remains limited, mostly focused on glycosylation. Accordingly, a comprehensive review of ACE2 PTMs could help us better understand the infection process and provide a basis for the treatment of COVID-19 and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Xiao
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Chang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Ji
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huizhen Sun
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Song
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaihao Feng
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Abudulimutailipu Nuermaimaiti
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shana Halemubieke
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Mei
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoqun Lu
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Yan
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lunan Wang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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11
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Zheng X, Zhu Y, Zhao Z, Chu Y, Yang W. The role of amino acid metabolism in inflammatory bowel disease and other inflammatory diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1284133. [PMID: 37936710 PMCID: PMC10626463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1284133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a characteristic symptom of the occurrence and development of many diseases, which is mainly characterized by the infiltration of inflammatory cells such as macrophages and granulocytes, and the increased release of proinflammatory factors. Subsequently, macrophage differentiates and T cells and other regulated factors exhibit anti-inflammatory function, releasing pro- and anti-inflammatory factors to maintain homeostasis. Although reports define various degrees of metabolic disorders in both the inflamed and non-inflamed parts of inflammatory diseases, little is known about the changes in amino acid metabolism in such conditions. This review aims to summarize amino acid changes and mechanisms involved in the progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and other inflammatory diseases. Since mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their derived exosomes (MSC-EXO) have been found to show promising effects in the treatment of IBD and other inflammatory diseases,their potential in the modulation of amino acid metabolism in the treatment of inflammation is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- The People’s Hospital of Danyang, Affiliated Danyang Hospital of Nantong University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zihan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ying Chu
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Cancer Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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12
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Abstract
Amino acids derived from protein digestion are important nutrients for the growth and maintenance of organisms. Approximately half of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids can be synthesized by mammalian organisms, while the other half are essential and must be acquired from the nutrition. Absorption of amino acids is mediated by a set of amino acid transporters together with transport of di- and tripeptides. They provide amino acids for systemic needs and for enterocyte metabolism. Absorption is largely complete at the end of the small intestine. The large intestine mediates the uptake of amino acids derived from bacterial metabolism and endogenous sources. Lack of amino acid transporters and peptide transporter delays the absorption of amino acids and changes sensing and usage of amino acids by the intestine. This can affect metabolic health through amino acid restriction, sensing of amino acids, and production of antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bröer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia;
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13
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Oudit GY, Wang K, Viveiros A, Kellner MJ, Penninger JM. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-at the heart of the COVID-19 pandemic. Cell 2023; 186:906-922. [PMID: 36787743 PMCID: PMC9892333 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
ACE2 is the indispensable entry receptor for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, it has become one of the most therapeutically targeted human molecules in biomedicine. ACE2 serves two fundamental physiological roles: as an enzyme, it alters peptide cascade balance; as a chaperone, it controls intestinal amino acid uptake. ACE2's tissue distribution, affected by co-morbidities and sex, explains the broad tropism of coronaviruses and the clinical manifestations of SARS and COVID-19. ACE2-based therapeutics provide a universal strategy to prevent and treat SARS-CoV-2 infections, applicable to all SARS-CoV-2 variants and other emerging zoonotic coronaviruses exploiting ACE2 as their cellular receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Y Oudit
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Kaiming Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Anissa Viveiros
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Max J Kellner
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna, Austria; Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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14
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Hampel H, Caruso G, Nisticò R, Piccioni G, Mercuri NB, Giorgi FS, Ferrarelli F, Lemercier P, Caraci F, Lista S, Vergallo A. Biological Mechanism-based Neurology and Psychiatry: A BACE1/2 and Downstream Pathway Model. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:31-53. [PMID: 34852743 PMCID: PMC10193755 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211201095701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In oncology, comprehensive omics and functional enrichment studies have led to an extensive profiling of (epi)genetic and neurobiological alterations that can be mapped onto a single tumor's clinical phenotype and divergent clinical phenotypes expressing common pathophysiological pathways. Consequently, molecular pathway-based therapeutic interventions for different cancer typologies, namely tumor type- and site-agnostic treatments, have been developed, encouraging the real-world implementation of a paradigm shift in medicine. Given the breakthrough nature of the new-generation translational research and drug development in oncology, there is an increasing rationale to transfertilize this blueprint to other medical fields, including psychiatry and neurology. In order to illustrate the emerging paradigm shift in neuroscience, we provide a state-of-the-art review of translational studies on the β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme (BACE) and its most studied downstream effector, neuregulin, which are molecular orchestrators of distinct biological pathways involved in several neurological and psychiatric diseases. This body of data aligns with the evidence of a shared genetic/biological architecture among Alzheimer's disease, schizoaffective disorder, and autism spectrum disorders. To facilitate a forward-looking discussion about a potential first step towards the adoption of biological pathway-based, clinical symptom-agnostic, categorization models in clinical neurology and psychiatry for precision medicine solutions, we engage in a speculative intellectual exercise gravitating around BACE-related science, which is used as a paradigmatic case here. We draw a perspective whereby pathway-based therapeutic strategies could be catalyzed by highthroughput techniques embedded in systems-scaled biology, neuroscience, and pharmacology approaches that will help overcome the constraints of traditional descriptive clinical symptom and syndrome-focused constructs in neurology and psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hampel
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Boulevard de l'hôpital, Paris, France
| | | | - Robert Nisticò
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, EBRI Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation, Rome, Italy
- School of Pharmacy, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaia Piccioni
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, EBRI Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V.Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola B. Mercuri
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Sean Giorgi
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Ferrarelli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pablo Lemercier
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Boulevard de l'hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Simone Lista
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Boulevard de l'hôpital, Paris, France
- Memory Resources and Research Center (CMRR), Neurology Department, Gui de Chauliac University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrea Vergallo
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Boulevard de l'hôpital, Paris, France
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15
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Chu PL, Gigliotti JC, Cechova S, Bodonyi-Kovacs G, Wang YT, Chen L, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Cai J, Isakson BE, Franceschini N, Le TH. Collectrin ( Tmem27) deficiency in proximal tubules causes hypertension in mice and a TMEM27 variant associates with blood pressure in males in a Latino cohort. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 324:F30-F42. [PMID: 36264884 PMCID: PMC9762972 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00176.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Collectrin (Tmem27), an angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 homologue, is a chaperone of amino acid transporters in the kidney and endothelium. Global collectrin knockout (KO) mice have hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, exaggerated salt sensitivity, and diminished renal blood flow. This phenotype is associated with altered nitric oxide and superoxide balance and increased proximal tubule (PT) Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3) expression. Collectrin is located on the X chromosome where genome-wide association population studies have largely been excluded. In the present study, we generated PT-specific collectrin KO (PT KO) mice to determine the precise contribution of PT collectrin in blood pressure homeostasis. We also examined the association of human TMEM27 single-nucleotide polymorphisms with blood pressure traits in 11,926 Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) Hispanic/Latino participants. PT KO mice exhibited hypertension, and this was associated with increased baseline NHE3 expression and diminished lithium excretion. However, PT KO mice did not display exaggerated salt sensitivity or a reduction in renal blood flow compared with control mice. Furthermore, PT KO mice exhibited enhanced endothelium-mediated dilation, suggesting a compensatory response to systemic hypertension induced by deficiency of collectrin in the PT. In HCHS/SOL participants, we observed sex-specific single-nucleotide polymorphism associations with diastolic blood pressure. In conclusion, loss of collectrin in the PT is sufficient to induce hypertension, at least in part, through activation of NHE3. Importantly, our model supports the notion that altered renal blood flow may be a determining factor for salt sensitivity. Further studies are needed to investigate the role of the TMEM27 locus on blood pressure and salt sensitivity in humans.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The findings of our study are significant in several ways: 1) loss of an amino acid chaperone in the proximal tubule is sufficient to cause hypertension, 2) the results in global and proximal tubule-specific collectrin knockout mice support the notion that vascular dysfunction is required for salt sensitivity or that impaired renal tubule function causes hypertension but is not sufficient to cause salt sensitivity, and 3) our study is the first to implicate a role of collectrin in human hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Lun Chu
- Division of Nephrology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Joseph C Gigliotti
- Department of Integrated Physiology and Pharmacology, Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, Virginia
| | - Sylvia Cechova
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Gabor Bodonyi-Kovacs
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Yves T Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Luojing Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Jianwen Cai
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Brant E Isakson
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Thu H Le
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, Rochester, New York
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16
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Chan K, Farias AG, Lee H, Guvenc F, Mero P, Brown KR, Ward H, Billmann M, Aulakh K, Astori A, Haider S, Marcon E, Braunschweig U, Pu S, Habsid A, Yan Tong AH, Christie-Holmes N, Budylowski P, Ghalami A, Mubareka S, Maguire F, Banerjee A, Mossman KL, Greenblatt J, Gray-Owen SD, Raught B, Blencowe BJ, Taipale M, Myers C, Moffat J. Survival-based CRISPR genetic screens across a panel of permissive cell lines identify common and cell-specific SARS-CoV-2 host factors. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12744. [PMID: 36597481 PMCID: PMC9800021 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 depends on host cell components for infection and replication. Identification of virus-host dependencies offers an effective way to elucidate mechanisms involved in viral infection and replication. If druggable, host factor dependencies may present an attractive strategy for anti-viral therapy. In this study, we performed genome wide CRISPR knockout screens in Vero E6 cells and four human cell lines including Calu-3, UM-UC-4, HEK-293 and HuH-7 to identify genetic regulators of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our findings identified only ACE2, the cognate SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor, as a common host dependency factor across all cell lines, while other host genes identified were largely cell line specific, including known factors TMPRSS2 and CTSL. Several of the discovered host-dependency factors converged on pathways involved in cell signalling, immune-related pathways, and chromatin modification. Notably, the chromatin modifier gene KMT2C in Calu-3 cells had the strongest impact in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection when perturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Chan
- Donnelly Center, 160 College Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S3E1,Corresponding author
| | - Adrian Granda Farias
- Donnelly Center, 160 College Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S3E1,Department of Molecular Genetics, 1 King's College Circle, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S1A8
| | - Hunsang Lee
- Donnelly Center, 160 College Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S3E1
| | - Furkan Guvenc
- Department of Molecular Genetics, 1 King's College Circle, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S1A8
| | - Patricia Mero
- Donnelly Center, 160 College Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S3E1
| | - Kevin R. Brown
- Donnelly Center, 160 College Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S3E1
| | - Henry Ward
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Maximilian Billmann
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kamaldeep Aulakh
- Donnelly Center, 160 College Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S3E1
| | - Audrey Astori
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shahan Haider
- Donnelly Center, 160 College Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S3E1
| | - Edyta Marcon
- Donnelly Center, 160 College Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S3E1
| | - Ulrich Braunschweig
- Donnelly Center, 160 College Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S3E1
| | - Shuye Pu
- Donnelly Center, 160 College Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S3E1
| | - Andrea Habsid
- Donnelly Center, 160 College Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S3E1
| | - Amy Hin Yan Tong
- Donnelly Center, 160 College Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S3E1
| | - Natasha Christie-Holmes
- Combined Containment Level 3 Unit, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S3E1
| | - Patrick Budylowski
- Department of Molecular Genetics, 1 King's College Circle, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S1A8
| | - Ayoob Ghalami
- Office of Environmental Health & Safety, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S3E1,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Finlay Maguire
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada,Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Arinjay Banerjee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Karen L. Mossman
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jack Greenblatt
- Donnelly Center, 160 College Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S3E1,Department of Molecular Genetics, 1 King's College Circle, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S1A8
| | - Scott D. Gray-Owen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, 1 King's College Circle, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S1A8
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin J. Blencowe
- Donnelly Center, 160 College Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S3E1,Department of Molecular Genetics, 1 King's College Circle, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S1A8
| | - Mikko Taipale
- Donnelly Center, 160 College Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S3E1,Department of Molecular Genetics, 1 King's College Circle, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S1A8
| | - Chad Myers
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jason Moffat
- Donnelly Center, 160 College Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S3E1,Department of Molecular Genetics, 1 King's College Circle, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S1A8,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Rosebrugh Building, 164 College Street, Room 407, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S3G9,Corresponding author. Donnelly Center, 160 College Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S3E1
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17
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Zhou Q, Chen Y, Wang R, Jia F, He F, Yuan F. Advances of CRISPR-Cas13 system in COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment. Genes Dis 2022; 10:S2352-3042(22)00317-8. [PMID: 36591005 PMCID: PMC9793954 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in over 570 million infections and 6 million deaths worldwide. Early detection and quarantine are essential to arrest the spread of the highly contagious COVID-19. High-risk groups, such as older adults and individuals with comorbidities, can present severe symptoms, including pyrexia, pertussis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, on SARS-CoV-2 infection that can prove fatal, demonstrating a clear need for high-throughput and sensitive platforms to detect and eliminate SARS-CoV-2. CRISPR-Cas13, an emerging CRISPR system targeting RNA with high specificity and efficiency, has recently drawn much attention for COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment. Here, we summarized the current research progress on CRISPR-Cas13 in COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment and highlight the challenges and future research directions of CRISPR-Cas13 for effectively counteracting COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ruolei Wang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fengjing Jia
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Feng He
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fuwen Yuan
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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18
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Stage-Specific L-Proline Uptake by Amino Acid Transporter Slc6a19/B 0AT1 Is Required for Optimal Preimplantation Embryo Development in Mice. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010018. [PMID: 36611813 PMCID: PMC9818994 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
L-proline (Pro) has previously been shown to support normal development of mouse embryos. Recently we have shown that Pro improves subsequent embryo development when added to fertilisation medium during in vitro fertilisation of mouse oocytes. The mechanisms by which Pro improves embryo development are still being elucidated but likely involve signalling pathways that have been observed in Pro-mediated differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. In this study, we show that B0AT1, a neutral amino acid transporter that accepts Pro, is expressed in mouse preimplantation embryos, along with the accessory protein ACE2. B0AT1 knockout (Slc6a19-/-) mice have decreased fertility, in terms of litter size and preimplantation embryo development in vitro. In embryos from wild-type (WT) mice, excess unlabelled Pro inhibited radiolabelled Pro uptake in oocytes and 4-8-cell stage embryos. Radiolabelled Pro uptake was reduced in 4-8-cell stage embryos, but not in oocytes, from Slc6a19-/- mice compared to those from WT mice. Other B0AT1 substrates, such as alanine and leucine, reduced uptake of Pro in WT but not in B0AT1 knockout embryos. Addition of Pro to culture medium improved embryo development. In WT embryos, Pro increased development to the cavitation stage (on day 4); whereas in B0AT1 knockout embryos Pro improved development to the 5-8-cell (day 3) and blastocyst stages (day 6) but not at cavitation (day 4), suggesting B0AT1 is the main contributor to Pro uptake on day 4 of development. Our results highlight transporter redundancy in the preimplantation embryo.
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Onnis A, Andreano E, Cassioli C, Finetti F, Della Bella C, Staufer O, Pantano E, Abbiento V, Marotta G, D’Elios MM, Rappuoli R, Baldari CT. SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein suppresses CTL-mediated killing by inhibiting immune synapse assembly. J Exp Med 2022; 220:213689. [PMID: 36378226 PMCID: PMC9671159 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CTL-mediated killing of virally infected or malignant cells is orchestrated at the immune synapse (IS). We hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 may target lytic IS assembly to escape elimination. We show that human CD8+ T cells upregulate the expression of ACE2, the Spike receptor, during differentiation to CTLs. CTL preincubation with the Wuhan or Omicron Spike variants inhibits IS assembly and function, as shown by defective synaptic accumulation of TCRs and tyrosine phosphoproteins as well as defective centrosome and lytic granule polarization to the IS, resulting in impaired target cell killing and cytokine production. These defects were reversed by anti-Spike antibodies interfering with ACE2 binding and reproduced by ACE2 engagement by angiotensin II or anti-ACE2 antibodies, but not by the ACE2 product Ang (1-7). IS defects were also observed ex vivo in CTLs from COVID-19 patients. These results highlight a new strategy of immune evasion by SARS-CoV-2 based on the Spike-dependent, ACE2-mediated targeting of the lytic IS to prevent elimination of infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Onnis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Andreano
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Cassioli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Della Bella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Oskar Staufer
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elisa Pantano
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Valentina Abbiento
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Mario Milco D’Elios
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy,Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Cosima T. Baldari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy,Correspondence to Cosima T. Baldari:
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20
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Vergara A, Wang K, Colombo D, Gheblawi M, Rasmuson J, Mandal R, Del Nonno F, Chiu B, Scholey JW, Soler MJ, Wishart DS, Oudit GY. Urinary angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and metabolomics in COVID-19-mediated kidney injury. Clin Kidney J 2022; 16:272-284. [PMID: 36751625 PMCID: PMC9494506 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfac215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is highly expressed in the kidneys. Beyond serving as a crucial endogenous regulator of the renin-angiotensin system, ACE2 also possess a unique function to facilitate amino acid absorption. Our observational study sought to explore the relationship between urine ACE2 (uACE2) and renal outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods In a cohort of 104 patients with COVID-19 without acute kidney injury (AKI), 43 patients with COVID-19-mediated AKI and 36 non-COVID-19 controls, we measured uACE2, urine tumour necrosis factor receptors I and II (uTNF-RI and uTNF-RII) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL). We also assessed ACE2 staining in autopsy kidney samples and generated a propensity score-matched subgroup of patients to perform a targeted urine metabolomic study to describe the characteristic signature of COVID-19. Results uACE2 is increased in patients with COVID-19 and further increased in those that developed AKI. After adjusting uACE2 levels for age, sex and previous comorbidities, increased uACE2 was independently associated with a >3-fold higher risk of developing AKI [odds ratio 3.05 (95% confidence interval 1.23‒7.58), P = .017]. Increased uACE2 corresponded to a tubular loss of ACE2 in kidney sections and strongly correlated with uTNF-RI and uTNF-RII. Urine quantitative metabolome analysis revealed an increased excretion of essential amino acids in patients with COVID-19, including leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan and phenylalanine. Additionally, a strong correlation was observed between urine amino acids and uACE2. Conclusions Elevated uACE2 is related to AKI in patients with COVID-19. The loss of tubular ACE2 during SARS-CoV-2 infection demonstrates a potential link between aminoaciduria and proximal tubular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ander Vergara
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kaiming Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniele Colombo
- Department of Pathology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani,” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mahmoud Gheblawi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jaslyn Rasmuson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rupasri Mandal
- Metabolomics Innovation Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Franca Del Nonno
- Department of Pathology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani,” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Brian Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James W Scholey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - María José Soler
- Department of Nephrology, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain,Nephrology and Transplantation Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David S Wishart
- Metabolomics Innovation Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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21
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Clerbaux LA, Fillipovska J, Muñoz A, Petrillo M, Coecke S, Amorim MJ, Grenga L. Mechanisms Leading to Gut Dysbiosis in COVID-19: Current Evidence and Uncertainties Based on Adverse Outcome Pathways. J Clin Med 2022; 11:5400. [PMID: 36143044 PMCID: PMC9505288 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11185400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alteration in gut microbiota has been associated with COVID-19. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we outlined three potential interconnected mechanistic pathways leading to gut dysbiosis as an adverse outcome following SARS-CoV-2 presence in the gastrointestinal tract. Evidence from the literature and current uncertainties are reported for each step of the different pathways. One pathway investigates evidence that intestinal infection by SARS-CoV-2 inducing intestinal inflammation alters the gut microbiota. Another pathway links the binding of viral S protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to the dysregulation of this receptor, essential in intestinal homeostasis-notably for amino acid metabolism-leading to gut dysbiosis. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 could induce gut dysbiosis by infecting intestinal bacteria. Assessing current evidence within the Adverse Outcome Pathway framework justifies confidence in the proposed mechanisms to support disease management and permits the identification of inconsistencies and knowledge gaps to orient further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amalia Muñoz
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | | | - Sandra Coecke
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Maria-Joao Amorim
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oerias, Portugal
- Católica Medical School, Católica Biomedical Research Centre, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 1649-023 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lucia Grenga
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et Aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Paris-Saclay, 30200 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
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22
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Klaessens S, Stroobant V, De Plaen E, Van den Eynde BJ. Systemic tryptophan homeostasis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:897929. [PMID: 36188218 PMCID: PMC9515494 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.897929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, which is not only a building block for protein synthesis, but also a precursor for the biosynthesis of co-enzymes and neuromodulators, such as NAD/NADP(H), kynurenic acid, melatonin and serotonin. It also plays a role in immune homeostasis, as local tryptophan catabolism impairs T-lymphocyte mediated immunity. Therefore, tryptophan plasmatic concentration needs to be stable, in spite of large variations in dietary supply. Here, we review the main checkpoints accounting for tryptophan homeostasis, including absorption, transport, metabolism and elimination, and we discuss the physiopathology of disorders associated with their dysfunction. Tryptophan is catabolized along the kynurenine pathway through the action of two enzymes that mediate the first and rate-limiting step of the pathway: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). While IDO1 expression is restricted to peripheral sites of immune modulation, TDO is massively expressed in the liver and accounts for 90% of tryptophan catabolism. Recent data indicated that the stability of the TDO protein is regulated by tryptophan and that this regulation allows a tight control of tryptophanemia. TDO is stabilized when tryptophan is abundant in the plasma, resulting in rapid degradation of dietary tryptophan. In contrast, when tryptophan is scarce, TDO is degraded by the proteasome to avoid excessive tryptophan catabolism. This is triggered by the unmasking of a degron in a non-catalytic tryptophan-binding site, resulting in TDO ubiquitination by E3 ligase SKP1-CUL1-F-box. Deficiency in TDO or in the hepatic aromatic transporter SLC16A10 leads to severe hypertryptophanemia, which can disturb immune and neurological homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Klaessens
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Simon Klaessens, ; Benoit J. Van den Eynde,
| | - Vincent Stroobant
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne De Plaen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoit J. Van den Eynde
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Wavre, Belgium
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Simon Klaessens, ; Benoit J. Van den Eynde,
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23
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Pajenda S, Wagner L, Gerges D, Herkner H, Tevdoradze T, Mechtler K, Schmidt A, Winnicki W. Urinary Collectrin (TMEM27) as Novel Marker for Acute Kidney Injury. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091391. [PMID: 36143426 PMCID: PMC9503639 DOI: 10.3390/life12091391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a leading complication in hospitalized patients of different disciplines due to various aetiologies and is associated with the risk of chronic kidney disease, the need for dialysis and death. Since nephrons are not supplied with pain signals, kidney injury is mostly diagnosed by serum creatinine with a time delay. Recent work has shown that certain urinary biomarkers are available for early detection of AKI. In total, 155 subjects, including 102 patients with AKI at various stages and 53 subjects without AKI, were enrolled, and their course and laboratory data were recorded. Urinary collectrin (TMEM27) was measured by a commercially available ELISA assay. Changes in serum creatinine were used to determine AKI stage. Patients with AKI presented with significantly lower levels of urinary collectrin compared to patients without AKI (1597 ± 1827 pg/mL vs. 2855 ± 2073; p = 0.001). Collectrin was found to inversely correlate with serum creatinine and stages of AKI. Collectrin levels were lowest in AKI stage III (1576 ± 1686 pg/mL; p = 0.001) and also significantly lower in stage II (1616 ± 2148 pg/mL; p = 0.021) and stage I (1630 ± 1956 pg/mL; p = 0.019) compared to subjects without AKI. An optimal minimum collectrin cut-off value of 1606 [95% CI 1258 to 1954] pg/mL was determined to detect AKI. In conclusion, urinary collectrin represents an indicator of AKI that, unlike all other established AKI biomarkers, decreases with stage of AKI and thus may be associated with a novel pathogenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahra Pajenda
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ludwig Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniela Gerges
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Herkner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tamar Tevdoradze
- Department of Renal Replacement Therapy, Nephrology and Transplantation, Tbilisi State Medical University and Ingorokva High Medical Technology University Clinic, Tbilisi 0144, Georgia
| | - Karl Mechtler
- ProtChem Facility, IMP-IMBA, Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Schmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Winnicki
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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24
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Pozdnyakova N, Krisanova N, Pastukhov A, Tarasenko A, Dudarenko M, Chernykh A, Pashenko A, Ryabukhin S, Tolstanova G, Volochnyuk D, Borisova T. Neuromodulation by selective angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibitors. Neuroscience 2022; 498:155-173. [PMID: 35817218 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Here, neuromodulatory effects of selective angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) inhibitors were investigated. Two different types of small molecule ligands for ACE2 inhibition were selected using chemical genetic approach, they were synthesized using developed chemical method and tested using presynaptic rat brain nerve terminals (synaptosomes). EBC-36032 (1 µM) increased in a dose-dependent manner spontaneous and stimulated ROS generation in nerve terminals that was of non-mitochondrial origin. Another inhibitor EBC-36033 (MLN-4760) was inert regarding modulation of ROS generation. EBC-36032 and EBC-36033 (100 µM) did not modulate the exocytotic release of L-[14C]glutamate, whereas both inhibitors decreased the initial rate of uptake, but not accumulation (10 min) of L-[14C]glutamate by nerve terminals. EBC-36032 (100 µM) decreased the exocytotic release as well as the initial rate and accumulation of [3H]GABA by nerve terminals. EBC-36032 and EBC-36033 did not change the extracellular levels and transporter-mediated release of [3H]GABA and L-[14C]glutamate, and tonic leakage of [3H]GABA from nerve terminals. Therefore, synthesized selective ACE2 inhibitors decreased uptake of glutamate and GABA as well as exocytosis of GABA at the presynaptic level. The initial rate of glutamate uptake was the only parameter that was mitigated by both ACE2 inhibitors despite stereochemistry issues. In terms of ACE2-targeted antiviral/anti-SARS-CoV-2 and other therapies, novel ACE2 inhibitors should be checked on the subject of possible renin-angiotensin system (RAS)-independent neurological side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Pozdnyakova
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv 01054, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Krisanova
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv 01054, Ukraine
| | - Artem Pastukhov
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv 01054, Ukraine
| | - Alla Tarasenko
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv 01054, Ukraine
| | - Marina Dudarenko
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv 01054, Ukraine
| | - Anton Chernykh
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine; Enamine Ltd, 78 Chervonotkatska Street, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Alexander Pashenko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine; Enamine Ltd, 78 Chervonotkatska Street, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Sergey Ryabukhin
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine; Enamine Ltd, 78 Chervonotkatska Street, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Ganna Tolstanova
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine
| | - Dmitriy Volochnyuk
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine; Enamine Ltd, 78 Chervonotkatska Street, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine; Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Murmanska Street, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Tatiana Borisova
- The Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kyiv 01054, Ukraine.
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25
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Amino acid sensor GCN2 promotes SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 expression in response to amino acid deprivation. Commun Biol 2022; 5:651. [PMID: 35778545 PMCID: PMC9249868 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03609-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been identified as a primary receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we investigated the expression regulation of ACE2 in enterocytes under amino acid deprivation conditions. In this study, we found that ACE2 expression was upregulated upon all or single essential amino acid deprivation in human colonic epithelial CCD841 cells. Furthermore, we found that knockdown of general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) reduced intestinal ACE2 mRNA and protein levels in vitro and in vivo. Consistently, we revealed two GCN2 inhibitors, GCN2iB and GCN2-IN-1, downregulated ACE2 protein expression in CCD841 cells. Moreover, we found that increased ACE2 expression in response to leucine deprivation was GCN2 dependent. Through RNA-sequencing analysis, we identified two transcription factors, MAFB and MAFF, positively regulated ACE2 expression under leucine deprivation in CCD841 cells. These findings demonstrate that amino acid deficiency increases ACE2 expression and thereby likely aggravates intestinal SARS-CoV-2 infection. Amino acid deprivation increases ACE2 expression in the gut, potentially aggravating SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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26
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Turner AJ, Nalivaeva NN. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2): Two decades of revelations and re-evaluation. Peptides 2022; 151:170766. [PMID: 35151768 PMCID: PMC8830188 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2, or ACE2, is primarily a zinc-dependent peptidase and ectoenzyme expressed in numerous cell types and functioning as a counterbalance to ACE in the renin-angiotensin system. It was discovered 21 years ago more than 40 years after the discovery of ACE itself. Its primary physiological activity is believed to be in the conversion of angiotensin II to the vasodilatory angiotensin-(1-7) acting through the Mas receptor. As such it has been implicated in numerous pathological conditions, largely in a protective mode which has led to the search for ACE2 activatory mechanisms. ACE2 has a diverse substrate specificity allowing its participation in multiple peptide pathways. It also regulates aspects of amino acid transport through its homology with a membrane protein, collectrin. It also serves as a viral receptor for the SARS virus, and subsequently SARS-CoV2, driving the current COVID-19 pandemic. ACE2 therefore provides a therapeutic target for the treatment of COVID and understanding the biological events following viral binding can provide insight into the multiple pathologies caused by the virus, particularly inflammatory and vascular. In part this may relate to the ability of ACE2, like ACE, to be shed from the cell membrane. The shed form of ACE2 (sACE2) may be a factor in determining susceptibility to certain COVID pathologies. Hence, for just over 20 years, ACE2 has provided numerous surprises in the field of vasoactive peptides with, no doubt, more to come but it is its central role in COVID pathology that is producing the current intense interest in its biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Turner
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Natalia N Nalivaeva
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia; Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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27
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Fuloria S, Subramaniyan V, Meenakshi DU, Sekar M, Chakravarthi S, Kumar DH, Kumari U, Vanteddu VG, Patel TD, Narra K, Sharma PK, Fuloria NK. Etiopathophysiological role of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in age‐related muscular weakening: RAAS‐independent beneficial role of ACE2 in muscle weakness. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23030. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine MAHSA University Jenjarom Selangor Malaysia
| | | | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak Universiti Kuala Lumpur Ipoh Perak Malaysia
| | - Srikumar Chakravarthi
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine MAHSA University Jenjarom Selangor Malaysia
| | - Darnal H. Kumar
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences Monash University Johor Johor Bahru Malaysia
| | - Usha Kumari
- Faculty of Medicine AIMST University Kedah Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | | - Neeraj K. Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy AIMST University Kedah Malaysia
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital Saveetha University Chennai India
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28
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Shehata AA, Attia YA, Rahman MT, Basiouni S, El-Seedi HR, Azhar EI, Khafaga AF, Hafez HM. Diversity of Coronaviruses with Particular Attention to the Interspecies Transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030378. [PMID: 35158701 PMCID: PMC8833600 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Coronaviruses are a broad group of viruses that may infect a wide range of animals, including humans. Despite the fact that each coronavirus has a limited host range, frequent interspecies transmission of coronaviruses across diverse hosts has resulted in a complex ecology. The recently discovered SARS-CoV-2 virus is the clearest evidence of the danger of a global pandemic spreading. Natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 has been reported in a variety of domestic and wild animals, which may complicate the virus’s epidemiology and influence its development. In this review, we discussed the potential determinants of SARS-CoV-2 interspecies transmission. Additionally, despite the efforts that have been made to control this pandemic and to implement the One Health policy, several problems, such as the role of animals in SARS-CoV-2 evolution and the dynamics of interspecies transmission, are still unanswered. Abstract In December 2019, the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was reported in China with serious impacts on global health and economy that is still ongoing. Although interspecies transmission of coronaviruses is common and well documented, each coronavirus has a narrowly restricted host range. Coronaviruses utilize different receptors to mediate membrane fusion and replication in the cell cytoplasm. The interplay between the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of coronaviruses and their coevolution are determinants for host susceptibility. The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and has also been reported in domestic and wild animals, raising the question about the responsibility of animals in virus evolution. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic might also substantially have an impact on animal production for a long time. In the present review, we discussed the diversity of coronaviruses in animals and thus the diversity of their receptors. Moreover, the determinants of the susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 in several animals, with special reference to the current evidence of SARS-CoV-2 in animals, were highlighted. Finally, we shed light on the urgent demand for the implementation of the One Health concept as a collaborative global approach to mitigate the threat for both humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awad A. Shehata
- Birds and Rabbit Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt;
- Research and Development Section, PerNaturam GmbH, 56290 Gödenroth, Germany
| | - Youssef A. Attia
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- The Strategic Center to Kingdom Vision Realization, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt
| | - Md. Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
| | - Shereen Basiouni
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13736, Egypt;
| | - Hesham R. El-Seedi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32512, Egypt
| | - Esam I. Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit—BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Asmaa F. Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt;
| | - Hafez M. Hafez
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Taslimifar M, Faltys M, Kurtcuoglu V, Verrey F, Makrides V. Analysis of L-leucine amino acid transporter species activity and gene expression by human blood brain barrier hCMEC/D3 model reveal potential LAT1, LAT4, B 0AT2 and y +LAT1 functional cooperation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:90-103. [PMID: 34427144 PMCID: PMC8721536 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211039593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the CNS, amino acid (AA) neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter precursors are subject to tight homeostatic control mediated by blood-brain barrier (BBB) solute carrier amino acid transporters (AATs). Since the BBB is composed of multiple closely apposed cell types and opportunities for human in vivo studies are limited, we used in vitro and computational approaches to investigate human BBB AAT activity and regulation. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) of the human BBB endothelial cell model hCMEC/D3 (D3) was used to determine expression of selected AAT, tight junction (TJ), and signal transduction (ST) genes under various culture conditions. L-leucine uptake data were interrogated with a computational model developed by our group for calculating AAT activity in complex cell cultures. This approach is potentially applicable to in vitro cell culture drug studies where multiple "receptors" may mediate observed responses. Of 7 Leu AAT genes expressed by D3 only the activity of SLC7A5-SLC3A2/LAT1-4F2HC (LAT1), SLC43A2/LAT4 (LAT4) and sodium-dependent AATs, SLC6A15/B0AT2 (B0AT2), and SLC7A7/y+LAT1 (y+LAT1) were calculated to be required for Leu uptake. Therefore, D3 Leu transport may be mediated by a potentially physiologically relevant functional cooperation between the known BBB AAT, LAT1 and obligatory exchange (y+LAT1), facilitative diffusion (LAT4), and sodium symporter (B0AT2) transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Taslimifar
- The Interface Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Epithelial Transport Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Faltys
- Epithelial Transport Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vartan Kurtcuoglu
- The Interface Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research, Kidney CH, Switzerland
| | - François Verrey
- Epithelial Transport Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research, Kidney CH, Switzerland
| | - Victoria Makrides
- The Interface Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Epithelial Transport Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,EIC BioMedical Labs, Norwood, MA, USA
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Strong Association of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 Gene Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism with Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, Hypertension, Coronary Artery Disease and COVID-19 Disease Mortality. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11111098. [PMID: 34834450 PMCID: PMC8621157 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11111098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ongoing outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 represents a significant challenge to international health. Several reports have highlighted the importance of ACE2 on the pathogenesis of COVID-19. The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 efficiently binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors and facilitates virus entry into the host cell. In the present study, we hypothesize that a functional insertion/deletion polymorphism-rs4646994 I/D and rs4240157 T > C in the ACE gene could be associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality. METHODOLOGY This study included 117 consecutive COVID-19 patients and 150 age matched healthy controls (ACE2-rs4646994 I/D) and 100 age matched healthy controls with ACE2 rs4240157 T > C. We used Mutation specific PCR (MSP) for ACE2-rs4646994 I/D genotyping and amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS-PCR) for ACE2 rs4240157 T > C genotyping. RESULTS Results indicated that there were significant differences in the genotype distributions of ACE2-rs4646994 I/D polymorphisms (p < 0.030) and ACE2 rs4240157 T > C between COVID-19 patients and controls (p-values < 0.05). Higher frequency of DD genotype (48.71%) and D allele (0.67) was reported in COVID-19 patients than controls. Our results showed that the ACE2-DD genotype was strongly associated with increased COVID-19 severity (OR 2.37 (95%) CI = (1.19-4.70), RR = 1.39 (1.09-1.77), p < 0.013) and also a strong association was seen with ACE2-ID genotype with COVID-19 severity (OR 2.20 (95%) CI = (1.08-4.46), p < 0.020) in the codominant model. In allelic comparison, the D allele was strongly associated with COVID-19 severity (OR 1.58 (95% CI) (1.11-2.27), RR 1.21 (1.05-1.41) p < 0.010). A significant correlation of ACE2-I/D genotypes was reported with Age (p < 0.035), T2D (p < 0.0013), hypertension (p < 0.0031) and coronary artery disease (p < 0.0001). Our results indicated ACE2-DD genotype was strongly associated with increased COVID-19 mortality (OR 8.25 (95%) CI = (2.40 to 28.34), p < 0.008) and also ACE2-DD + DI genotype was strongly associated with increased COVID-19 mortality with OR 4.74 (95%) CI = (1.5214 to 14.7915), p < 0.007. A significant correlation was reported between COVID-19 patients and age matched controls (p < 0.0007). Higher frequency of heterozygosity TC (40%) followed by ACE2-CC genotype (24.78%) was reported among COVID-19 patients. Using multivariate analysis, ACE2-CT genotype was strong associated with SARS-CoV-2 severity with an OR 2.18 (95% CI) (1.92-3.99), p < 0.010 and also ACE2-CC genotype was linked with COVID-19 severity with an OR 2.66 (95% CI) (1.53-4.62), p < 0.005. A significant correlation of ACE2-T > C genotypes was reported with gender (p < 0.04), T2D (p < 0.035). ACE2-CC genotype was strongly associated with increased COVID-19 mortality OR 3.66 (95%) CI = (1.34 to 9.97), p < 0.011 and also ACE2-C allele was associated with COVID-19 mortality OR 2, 01 (1.1761-3.45), p < 0.010. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that ACE-DD genotype and D allele was strongly associated with increased COVID-19 patient severity. In addition, ACE I/D polymorphism were strongly associated with advanced age, diabetes and ischemic heart disease in COVID-19 patients whereas ACE-II genotype was a protective factor against the development of severe COVID-19. ACE2-DD genotype was strongly associated with increased COVID-19 mortality. Additionally, ACE2-CC and CT genotypes were strongly associated with COVID-19 severity. Therefore, our study might be useful for identifying the susceptible population groups for targeted interventions and for making relevant public health policy decisions.
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Kgatle MM, Lawal IO, Mashabela G, Boshomane TMG, Koatale PC, Mahasha PW, Ndlovu H, Vorster M, Rodrigues HG, Zeevaart JR, Gordon S, Moura-Alves P, Sathekge MM. COVID-19 Is a Multi-Organ Aggressor: Epigenetic and Clinical Marks. Front Immunol 2021; 12:752380. [PMID: 34691068 PMCID: PMC8531724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.752380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), resulting from a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, may be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Several viruses hijack the host genome machinery for their own advantage and survival, and similar phenomena might occur upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. Severe cases of COVID-19 may be driven by metabolic and epigenetic driven mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone/chromatin alterations. These epigenetic phenomena may respond to enhanced viral replication and mediate persistent long-term infection and clinical phenotypes associated with severe COVID-19 cases and fatalities. Understanding the epigenetic events involved, and their clinical significance, may provide novel insights valuable for the therapeutic control and management of the COVID-19 pandemic. This review highlights different epigenetic marks potentially associated with COVID-19 development, clinical manifestation, and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mankgopo Magdeline Kgatle
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ismaheel Opeyemi Lawal
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Gabriel Mashabela
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DSI/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tebatso Moshoeu Gillian Boshomane
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear and Oncology Division, AXIM Medical (Pty), Midrand
| | - Palesa Caroline Koatale
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Phetole Walter Mahasha
- Precision Medicine and SAMRC Genomic Centre, Grants, Innovation, and Product Development (GIPD) Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Honest Ndlovu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mariza Vorster
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Hosana Gomes Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Nutrients and Tissue Repair, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jan Rijn Zeevaart
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, Radiochemistry and NuMeRI PreClinical Imaging Facility, Mahikeng, South Africa
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Siamon Gordon
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Machaba Sathekge
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DSI/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Citrulline, Biomarker of Enterocyte Functional Mass and Dietary Supplement. Metabolism, Transport, and Current Evidence for Clinical Use. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082794. [PMID: 34444954 PMCID: PMC8398474 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Citrulline is a non-essential but still important amino acid that is released from enterocytes. Because plasma levels are reduced in case of impaired intestinal function, it has become a biomarker to monitor intestinal integrity. Moreover, oxidative stress induces protein citrullination, and antibodies against anti-citrullinated proteins are useful to monitor rheumatoid diseases. Citrullinated histones, however, may even predict a worse outcome in cancer patients. Supplementation of citrulline is better tolerated compared to arginine and might be useful to slightly improve muscle strength or protein balance. The following article shall provide an overview of L-citrulline properties and functions, as well as the current evidence for its use as a biomarker or as a therapeutic supplement.
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Castagna M, Cinquetti R, Verri T, Vacca F, Giovanola M, Barca A, Romanazzi T, Roseti C, Galli A, Bossi E. The Lepidopteran KAAT1 and CAATCH1: Orthologs to Understand Structure-Function Relationships in Mammalian SLC6 Transporters. Neurochem Res 2021; 47:111-126. [PMID: 34304372 PMCID: PMC8310414 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To the SLC6 family belong 20 human transporters that utilize the sodium electrochemical gradient to move biogenic amines, osmolytes, amino acids and related compounds into cells. They are classified into two functional groups, the Neurotransmitter transporters (NTT) and Nutrient amino acid transporters (NAT). Here we summarize how since their first cloning in 1998, the insect (Lepidopteran) Orthologs of the SLC6 family transporters have represented very important tools for investigating functional–structural relationships, mechanism of transport, ion and pH dependence and substate interaction of the mammalian (and human) counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Castagna
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Cinquetti
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Tiziano Verri
- Laboratory of Applied Physiology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesca Vacca
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Matteo Giovanola
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134, Milan, Italy
| | - Amilcare Barca
- Laboratory of Applied Physiology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Tiziana Romanazzi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Cristina Roseti
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy.,Research Centre for Neuroscience, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Alessandra Galli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Bossi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy. .,Research Centre for Neuroscience, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
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COVID-19-induced acute renal tubular injury associated with elevation of serum inflammatory cytokine. Clin Exp Nephrol 2021; 25:1240-1246. [PMID: 34245398 PMCID: PMC8271320 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-021-02101-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 has rapidly spread worldwide, with acute kidney injury (AKI) as one of the manifestations with unknown causal mechanisms. We aimed to investigate tubular injury by assessing tubular markers and their association with the severity of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods We examined the associations between laboratory markers and urinary levels of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (uNAG), β2-microglobulin (u β2MG), α1-microglobulin (u α1MG), and liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP). We studied 18 COVID-19 patients without previous chronic kidney disease and analyzed the relationship between the urinary biomarkers and inflammatory markers in patients with severe (n = 7) or non-severe (n = 11) COVID-19, defined by requirements of supplemental oxygen. Results Fourteen patients (78%) showed abnormal urinalysis findings and two (11%) developed AKI. Patients with severe COVID-19 had significantly higher levels of proteinuria, uNAG, uβ2MG, uα 1MG, and L-FABP than those with non-severe disease. Serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) were significantly higher on admission in all severe COVID-19 cases and correlated with the levels of L-FABP, uβ2MG, uα1MG, uNAG, and proteinuria. Moreover, the changes in serum IL-6 (ΔIL-6) levels from baseline to 7 days after admission significantly correlated with ΔL-FABP and Δuβ2MG. Conclusions Levels of tubular injury markers, especially L-FABP and uβ2MG, were significantly associated with IL-6 levels even in patients with no evident AKI. This suggests that L-FABP and uβ2MG could be useful as early detective biomarkers for COVID-19 associated renal injury.
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Spratt AN, Kannan SR, Woods LT, Weisman GA, Quinn TP, Lorson CL, Sönnerborg A, Byrareddy SN, Singh K. Evolution, correlation, structural impact and dynamics of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:3799-3809. [PMID: 34188776 PMCID: PMC8225291 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections remain unmanageable in some parts of the world. As with other RNA viruses, mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 gene have been continuously evolving. Recently, four variants have been identified, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1 and CAL.20C. These variants appear to be more infectious and transmissible than the original Wuhan-Hu-1 virus. Using a combination of bioinformatics and structural analyses, we show that the new SARS-CoV-2 variants emerged in the background of an already known Spike protein mutation D614G together with another mutation P323L in the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the CAL.20C and B.1.351 shared one common ancestor, whereas the B.1.1.7 and P.1 shared a different ancestor. Structural comparisons did not show any significant difference between the wild-type and mutant ACE2/Spike complexes. Structural analysis indicated that the N501Y mutation may increase hydrophobic interactions at the ACE2/Spike interface. However, reported greater binding affinity of N501Y Spike with ACE2 does not seem to be entirely due to increased hydrophobic interactions, given that Spike mutation R417T in P.1 or K417N in B.1.351 results in the loss of a salt-bridge interaction between ACE2 and S-RBD. The calculated change in free energy did not provide a clear trend of S protein stability of mutations in the variants. As expected, we show that the CAL.20C generally migrated from the west coast to the east coast of the USA. Taken together, the analyses suggest that the evolution of variants and their infectivity is complex and may depend upon many factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin N Spratt
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Saathvik R Kannan
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Lucas T Woods
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Gary A Weisman
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Thomas P Quinn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Christian L Lorson
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge 14186, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge 14186, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge 14186, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Kamal Singh
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge 14186, Stockholm, Sweden.,Sanctum Therapeutics Corporation, Sunnyvale, CA 94087, USA
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Nisoli E, Cinti S, Valerio A. COVID-19 and Hartnup disease: an affair of intestinal amino acid malabsorption. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:1647-1651. [PMID: 32691334 PMCID: PMC7369504 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-00963-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of COVID-19, clinicians have tried every effort to fight the disease, and multiple drugs have been proposed. However, no proven effective therapies currently exist, and different clinical phenotypes complicate the situation. In clinical practice, many severe or critically ill COVID-19 patients developed gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances, including vomiting, diarrhoea, or abdominal pain, even in the absence of cough and dyspnea. Understanding the mechanism of GI disturbances is warranted for exploring better clinical care for COVID-19 patients. With evidence collected from clinical studies on COVID-19 and basic research on a rare genetic disease (i.e., Hartnup disorder), we put forward a novel hypothesis to elaborate an effective nutritional therapy. We hypothesize that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, binding to intestinal angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, negatively regulates the absorption of neutral amino acids, and this could explain not only the GI, but also systemic disturbances in COVID-19. Amino acid supplements could be recommended.Level of evidence No level of evidence: Hypothesis article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Nisoli
- Department of Biomedical Technology and Translational Medicine, Center for Study and Research on Obesity, University of Milan, Milan, 20129, Italy.
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Valerio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy.
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Variants in ACE2; potential influences on virus infection and COVID-19 severity. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 90:104773. [PMID: 33607284 PMCID: PMC7886638 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The third pandemic of coronavirus infection, called COVID-19 disease, was first detected in November 2019th. Various determinants of disease progression such as age, sex, virus mutations, comorbidity, lifestyle, host immune response, and genetic background variation have caused clinical variability of COVID-19. The causative agent of COVID-19 is an enveloped coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that invades host cells using an endocytic pathway. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is the main viral protein that contributes to the fusion of the virus particle to the host cell through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The highly conserved expression of ACE2 is found in various animals, which indicates its pivotal physiological function. The ACE2 has a crucial role in vascular, renal, and myocardial physiology. Genetic factors contributing to the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection are unknown; however, variants in the specific sites of ACE2 gene could be regarded as a main genetic risk factor for COVID-19. Given that ACE2 is the main site for virus landing on host cells, the effect of amino acid sequences of ACE2 on host susceptibility to COVID-19 seems reasonable. It would likely have a substantial role in the occurrence of a wide range of clinical symptoms. Several ACE2 variants can affect the protein stability, influencing the interaction between spike protein and ACE2 through imposing conformational changes while some other variants are known to cause a decrease or an increase in the ligand-receptor affinity. The other variations are located at the proteolytic cleavage site, which can influence virus infection; because soluble ACE2 can act as a decoy receptor for virus and decrease virus intake by cell surface ACE2. Notably, polymorphisms of regulatory and non-coding regions such as promoter in ACE2, can play crucial role in different expression levels of ACE2 among different individuals. Many studies should be performed to investigate the involvement of ACE2 polymorphism with susceptibility to COVID-19. Herein, we discuss some reported associations between variants of ACE2 and COVID-19 in details. In addition, the mode of action of ACE2 and its role in SARS-CoV-2 infection are highlighted which is followed by addressing the effects of several ACE2 variants on its protein stability, viral tropism or ligand-receptor affinity, secondary and tertiary structure or protein conformation, proteolytic cleavage site, and finally inter-individual clinical variability in COVID-19. The polymorphisms of regulatory regions of ACE2 and their effect on expression levels of ACE2 are also provided in this review. Such studies can improve the prediction of the affinity of mutant ACE2 variations with spike protein, and help the biopharmaceutical industry to design effective approaches for recombinant hACE2 therapy and vaccination of COVID-19 disease.
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Aydin S, Benk IG, Geckil AA. May viral load detected in saliva in the early stages of infection be a prognostic indicator in COVID-19 patients? J Virol Methods 2021; 294:114198. [PMID: 34044003 PMCID: PMC8142821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of viral load detected in the saliva of COVID-19 patients in the early stage of infection. Study design Oro-nasopharyngeal swab and saliva samples were collected from all patients simultaneously in the early stage of COVID-19. Viral loads were determined by extracting viral RNAs from saliva samples of patients whose ONP swabs were positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-qPCR. The demographic information, comorbidities, cycle threshold values, and one-month clinical courses were recorded and compared. Results The patients' clinical course was evaluated for one month; 56 % of patients had mild disease, 26.4 % had moderate disease, 9.6 % had severe disease, and 8% had a critical/mortal disease. The average cycle threshold values of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva and ONP samples were measured as 22.28 and 24.19, respectively. Cycle threshold value of saliva was found to be significant in predicting disease severity (Eta coefficient 0.979). A statistically significant relationship was found between the disease's severity and the mean of ONP samples’ Ct-values (p < 0.05). Gender, age, body mass index, and co-morbidities were compared with the severity of the disease; no statistically significant difference was found. Conclusion Viral load detected in saliva in the early period of COVID-19 infection may have a prognostic value in showing the disease's course in patients over 45-year-old. Saliva is an easily obtainable, reliable material for COVID-19 screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukru Aydin
- Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Malatya, Turkey.
| | - Isilay Gokce Benk
- Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Malatya, Turkey.
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Bartolomé A, Liang J, Wang P, Ho DD, Pajvani UB. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 is a novel target of the γ-secretase complex. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9803. [PMID: 33963249 PMCID: PMC8105332 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a key regulator of the renin-angiotensin system, but also the functional receptor of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Based on structural similarity with other γ-secretase (γS) targets, we hypothesized that ACE2 may be affected by γS proteolytic activity. We found that after ectodomain shedding, ACE2 is targeted for intramembrane proteolysis by γS, releasing a soluble ACE2 C-terminal fragment. Consistently, chemical or genetic inhibition of γS results in the accumulation of a membrane-bound fragment of ectodomain-deficient ACE2. Although chemical inhibition of γS does not alter SARS-CoV-2 cell entry, these data point to a novel pathway for cellular ACE2 trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Bartolomé
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiani Liang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Utpal B Pajvani
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Gerbeth-Kreul C, Pommereau A, Ruf S, Kane JL, Kuntzweiler T, Hessler G, Engel CK, Shum P, Wei L, Czech J, Licher T. A Solid Supported Membrane-Based Technology for Electrophysical Screening of B 0AT1-Modulating Compounds. SLAS DISCOVERY 2021; 26:783-797. [PMID: 33955247 DOI: 10.1177/24725552211011180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Classical high-throughput screening (HTS) technologies for the analysis of ionic currents across biological membranes can be performed using fluorescence-based, radioactive, and mass spectrometry (MS)-based uptake assays. These assays provide rapid results for pharmacological HTS, but the underlying, indirect analytical character of these assays can be linked to high false-positive hit rates. Thus, orthogonal and secondary assays using more biological target-based technologies are indispensable for further compound validation and optimization. Direct assay technologies for transporter proteins are electrophysiology-based, but are also complex, time-consuming, and not well applicable for automated profiling purposes. In contrast to conventional patch clamp systems, solid supported membrane (SSM)-based electrophysiology is a sensitive, membrane-based method for transporter analysis, and current technical developments target the demand for automated, accelerated, and sensitive assays for transporter-directed compound screening. In this study, the suitability of the SSM-based technique for pharmacological compound identification and optimization was evaluated performing cell-free SSM-based measurements with the electrogenic amino acid transporter B0AT1 (SLC6A19). Electrophysiological characterization of leucine-induced currents demonstrated that the observed signals were specific to B0AT1. Moreover, B0AT1-dependent responses were successfully inhibited using an established in-house tool compound. Evaluation of current stability and data reproducibility verified the robustness and reliability of the applied assay. Active compounds from primary screens of large compound libraries were validated, and false-positive hits were identified. These results clearly demonstrate the suitability of the SSM-based technique as a direct electrophysiological method for rapid and automated identification of small molecules that can inhibit B0AT1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Gerbeth-Kreul
- In Vitro Biology & High-throughput Chemistry, Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Antje Pommereau
- In Vitro Biology & High-throughput Chemistry, Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sven Ruf
- Synthetic Molecular Design, Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - John L Kane
- Medicinal Chemistry, Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi-Genzyme, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Theresa Kuntzweiler
- In Vitro Biology, Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi-Genzyme, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Gerhard Hessler
- Synthetic Molecular Design, Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian K Engel
- Synthetic Molecular Design, Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Patrick Shum
- Medicinal Chemistry, Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi-Genzyme, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - LinLi Wei
- Medicinal Chemistry, Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi-Genzyme, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Joerg Czech
- In Vitro Biology & High-throughput Chemistry, Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Licher
- In Vitro Biology & High-throughput Chemistry, Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
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Huang F, Ma W, Zheng H, Ye Y, Chen H, Su N, Li X, Li X, Wang Y, Jin J, Yu Z, Li Y, Wang J. Early risk factors for extrapulmonary organ injury in adult COVID-19 patients. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:701. [PMID: 33987399 PMCID: PMC8106092 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background The novel 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19) has caused a global pandemic, and often leads to extrapulmonary organ injury. However, the risk factors for extrapulmonary organ injury are still unclear. We aim to explore the risk factors for extrapulmonary organ injury and the association between extrapulmonary organ injury and the prognosis in COVID-19 patients. Methods We implemented a single-center, retrospective, observational study, in which a total of 349 confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted to Tongji Hospital from January 25, 2020, to February 25, 2020, were enrolled. We collected demographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment data from electronic medical records. Potential risk factors for extrapulmonary organ injury of COVID-19 patients were analyzed by a multivariable binary logistic model, and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model was used for survival analysis in the patients with extrapulmonary organ injury. Results The average age of the included patients was 61.73±14.64 years. In the final logistic model, variables including aged 60 or older [odds ratio (OR) 1.826, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.060-3.142], acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (OR 2.748, 95% CI: 1.051-7.185), lymphocytes count lower than 1.1×109/L (OR 0.478, 95% CI: 0.240-0.949), level of interleukin-6 (IL-6) greater than 7 pg/mL (OR 1.664, 95% CI: 1.005-2.751) and D-Dimer greater than 0.5 μg/mL (OR 2.190, 95% CI: 1.176-4.084) were significantly associated with the extrapulmonary organ injury. Kaplan-Meier curve and log-rank test showed that the probabilities of survival for patients with extrapulmonary organ injury were significantly lower than those without extrapulmonary organ injury. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model showed that only myocardial injury (P=0.000, HR: 5.068, 95% CI: 2.728-9.417) and circulatory system injury (P=0.000, HR: 4.076, 95% CI: 2.216-7.498) were the independent factors associated with COVID-19 patients' poor prognosis. Conclusions Older age, lymphocytopenia, high level of D-Dimer and IL-6, and the severity of lung injury were the high-risk factors of extrapulmonary organ injury in COVID-19 patients. Myocardial and circulatory system injury were the most important risk factors related to poor outcomes of COVID-19 patients. It may help clinicians to identify extrapulmonary organ injury early and initiate appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Huang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenxia Ma
- Department of Quality Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Ye
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Nan Su
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuyu Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Jin
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhengyuan Yu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Oz M, Lorke DE. Multifunctional angiotensin converting enzyme 2, the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor, and critical appraisal of its role in acute lung injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 136:111193. [PMID: 33461019 PMCID: PMC7836742 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic affecting millions of individuals has raised great concern throughout the world, and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the causative agent for COVID-19. The multifunctional protein angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is accepted as its primary target for entry into host cells. In its enzymatic function, ACE2, like its homologue ACE, regulates the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) critical for cardiovascular and renal homeostasis in mammals. Unlike ACE, however, ACE2 drives an alternative RAS pathway by degrading Ang-II and thus operates to balance RAS homeostasis in the context of hypertension, heart failure, and cardiovascular as well as renal complications of diabetes. Outside the RAS, ACE2 hydrolyzes key peptides, such as amyloid-β, apelin, and [des-Arg9]-bradykinin. In addition to its enzymatic functions, ACE2 is found to regulate intestinal amino acid homeostasis and the gut microbiome. Although the non-enzymatic function of ACE2 as the entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2 has been well established, the contribution of enzymatic functions of ACE2 to the pathogenesis of COVID-19-related lung injury has been a matter of debate. A complete understanding of this central enzyme may begin to explain the various symptoms and pathologies seen in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals, and may aid in the development of novel treatments for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Oz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
| | - Dietrich Ernst Lorke
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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ACE2 as therapeutic agent. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 134:2581-2595. [PMID: 33063820 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has emerged as a critical regulator of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which plays important roles in cardiovascular homeostasis by regulating vascular tone, fluid and electrolyte balance. ACE2 functions as a carboxymonopeptidase hydrolyzing the cleavage of a single C-terminal residue from Angiotensin-II (Ang-II), the key peptide hormone of RAS, to form Angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)), which binds to the G-protein-coupled Mas receptor and activates signaling pathways that counteract the pathways activated by Ang-II. ACE2 is expressed in a variety of tissues and overwhelming evidence substantiates the beneficial effects of enhancing ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis under many pathological conditions in these tissues in experimental models. This review will provide a succinct overview on current strategies to enhance ACE2 as therapeutic agent, and discuss limitations and future challenges. ACE2 also has other functions, such as acting as a co-factor for amino acid transport and being exploited by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoVs) as cellular entry receptor, the implications of these functions in development of ACE2-based therapeutics will also be discussed.
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Spratt AN, Kannan SR, Woods LT, Weisman GA, Quinn TP, Lorson CL, Sönnerborg A, Byrareddy SN, Singh K. Factors Associated with Emerging and Re-emerging of SARS-CoV-2 Variants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.03.24.436850. [PMID: 33791700 PMCID: PMC8010727 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.24.436850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Global spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has triggered unprecedented scientific efforts, as well as containment and treatment measures. Despite these efforts, SARS-CoV-2 infections remain unmanageable in some parts of the world. Due to inherent mutability of RNA viruses, it is not surprising that the SARS-CoV-2 genome has been continuously evolving since its emergence. Recently, four functionally distinct variants, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1 and CAL.20C, have been identified, and they appear to more infectious and transmissible than the original (Wuhan-Hu-1) virus. Here we provide evidence based upon a combination of bioinformatics and structural approaches that can explain the higher infectivity of the new variants. Our results show that the greater infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 than SARS-CoV can be attributed to a combination of several factors, including alternate receptors. Additionally, we show that new SARS-CoV-2 variants emerged in the background of D614G in Spike protein and P323L in RNA polymerase. The correlation analyses showed that all mutations in specific variants did not evolve simultaneously. Instead, some mutations evolved most likely to compensate for the viral fitness.
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Fairweather SJ, Shah N, Brӧer S. Heteromeric Solute Carriers: Function, Structure, Pathology and Pharmacology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 21:13-127. [PMID: 33052588 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Solute carriers form one of three major superfamilies of membrane transporters in humans, and include uniporters, exchangers and symporters. Following several decades of molecular characterisation, multiple solute carriers that form obligatory heteromers with unrelated subunits are emerging as a distinctive principle of membrane transporter assembly. Here we comprehensively review experimentally established heteromeric solute carriers: SLC3-SLC7 amino acid exchangers, SLC16 monocarboxylate/H+ symporters and basigin/embigin, SLC4A1 (AE1) and glycophorin A exchanger, SLC51 heteromer Ost α-Ost β uniporter, and SLC6 heteromeric symporters. The review covers the history of the heteromer discovery, transporter physiology, structure, disease associations and pharmacology - all with a focus on the heteromeric assembly. The cellular locations, requirements for complex formation, and the functional role of dimerization are extensively detailed, including analysis of the first complete heteromer structures, the SLC7-SLC3 family transporters LAT1-4F2hc, b0,+AT-rBAT and the SLC6 family heteromer B0AT1-ACE2. We present a systematic analysis of the structural and functional aspects of heteromeric solute carriers and conclude with common principles of their functional roles and structural architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Fairweather
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia. .,Resarch School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Nishank Shah
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stefan Brӧer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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Comparative Study of Metabolite Changes After Antihypertensive Therapy With Calcium Channel Blockers or Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor Blockers. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 77:228-237. [PMID: 33235029 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The high prevalence of hypertension contributes to an increased global burden of cardiovascular diseases. Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) are the most widely used antihypertensive drugs, and the effects of these drugs on serum metabolites remain unknown. Untargeted metabolomics has been proved to be a powerful approach for the detection of biomarkers and new compounds. In this study, we aimed to determine the changes in metabolites after single-drug therapy with a CCB or ARB in patients newly diagnosed with mild to moderate primary hypertension. We enrolled 33 patients and used an untargeted metabolomics approach to measure 625 metabolites associated with the response to a 4-week treatment of antihypertensive drugs. After screening based on P < 0.05, fold change > 1.2 or fold change < 0.83, and variable importance in projection > 1, 63 differential metabolites were collected. Four metabolic pathways-cysteine and methionine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, and tyrosine metabolism-were identified in participants treated with ARBs. Only taurine and hypotaurine metabolism were identified in participants treated with CCBs. Furthermore, homocitrulline and glucosamine-6-phosphate were relevant to whether the blood pressure reduction achieved the target blood pressure (P < 0.05). Our study provides some evidence that changes in certain metabolites may be a potential marker for the dynamic monitoring of the protective effects and side effects of antihypertensive drugs.
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Badawi S, Ali BR. ACE2 Nascence, trafficking, and SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis: the saga continues. Hum Genomics 2021; 15:8. [PMID: 33514423 PMCID: PMC7844112 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-021-00304-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 since December 2019, more than 65 million cases have been reported worldwide. This virus has shown high infectivity and severe symptoms in some cases, leading to over 1.5 million deaths globally. Despite the collaborative and concerted research efforts that have been made, no effective medication for COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019) is currently available. SARS-CoV-2 uses the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as an initial mediator for viral attachment and host cell invasion. ACE2 is widely distributed in the human tissues including the cell surface of lung cells which represent the primary site of the infection. Inhibiting or reducing cell surface availability of ACE2 represents a promising therapy for tackling COVID-19. In this context, most ACE2-based therapeutic strategies have aimed to tackle the virus through the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or neutralizing the virus by exogenous administration of ACE2, which does not directly aim to reduce its membrane availability. However, through this review, we present a different perspective focusing on the subcellular localization and trafficking of ACE2. Membrane targeting of ACE2, and shedding and cellular trafficking pathways including the internalization are not well elucidated in literature. Therefore, we hereby present an overview of the fate of newly synthesized ACE2, its post translational modifications, and what is known of its trafficking pathways. In addition, we highlight the possibility that some of the identified ACE2 missense variants might affect its trafficking efficiency and localization and hence may explain some of the observed variable severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Moreover, an extensive understanding of these processes is necessarily required to evaluate the potential use of ACE2 as a credible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Badawi
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassam R Ali
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
- Zayed Centre for Health sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Cismaru AC, Cismaru LG, Nabavi SF, Berindan-Neagoe I, Clementi E, Banach M, Nabavi SM. Game of "crowning" season 8: RAS and reproductive hormones in COVID-19 - can we end this viral series? Arch Med Sci 2021; 17:275-284. [PMID: 33747262 PMCID: PMC7959061 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2020.96604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of a newly identified coronavirus, the SARS-CoV-2 (alternative name 2019-nCoV), capable of jumping across species causing zoonosis with severe acute respiratory syndromes (SARS), has alerted authorities worldwide. Soon after the epidemic was first detected in the city of Wuhan in the Hubei Province of China, starting in late December 2019, the virus spread over multiple countries in different continents, being declared a pandemic by March 2020. The demographic characteristics of the infected patients suggest that age, sex, and comorbidities are predictive factors for the fatality of the infection. The mechanisms of viral entry into the human host cells seem to be in a close relationship with the mechanisms of regulating the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which may explain the pathogenesis associated with the infection. This brings new insights into the possibilities of exploiting viral entry mechanisms to limit associated complications by means of enhancing the resistance of the infected patients using methods of regulating the RAS and strategies of modulating ACE2 expression. In this perspective article we exploit the mechanisms of COVID-19 pathogenesis based on the demographic characteristics of the infected patients reported in the recent literature and explore several approaches of limiting the initial steps of viral entry and pathogenesis based on viral interactions with ACE2 and RAS. We further discuss the implications of reproductive hormones in the regulation of the RAS and investigate the premise of using endocrine therapy against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Cosmin Cismaru
- Research Centre for functional Genomics, Biomedicine, and Translational Medicine, The “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Functional Sciences, Immunology, and Allergology, The “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Laurentiu Gabriel Cismaru
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology-Rehabilitation, The “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Centre, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Division of Translational Medicine, Baqiyatallah Hospital, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Centre for functional Genomics, Biomedicine, and Translational Medicine, The “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- MEDFUTURE – Research Centre for Advanced Medicine – The “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- The Functional Genomics Department, The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta”, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Emilio Clementi
- E. Medea Scientific Institute, Bosisio Parini, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mothers Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Centre, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Division of Translational Medicine, Baqiyatallah Hospital, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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49
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Bian J, Li Z. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2): SARS-CoV-2 receptor and RAS modulator. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1-12. [PMID: 33072500 PMCID: PMC7553008 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was rapidly identified as the critical functional receptor for SARS-CoV-2. ACE2 is well-known as a counter-regulator of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and plays a key role in the cardiovascular system. Given that ACE2 functions as both a SARS-CoV-2 receptor and a RAS modulator, the treatment for COVID-19 presents a dilemma of how to limit virus entry but protect ACE2 physiological functions. Thus, an in-depth summary of the recent progress of ACE2 research and its relationship to the virus is urgently needed to provide possible solution to the dilemma. Here, we summarize the complexity and interplay between the coronavirus, ACE2 and RAS (including anti-RAS drugs). We propose five novel working modes for functional receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection and the routes of ACE2-mediated virus entering host cells, as well as its regulatory mechanism. For the controversy of anti-RAS drugs application, we also give theoretical analysis and discussed for drug application. These will contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex mechanisms of underlying the relationship between the virus and ACE2, and provide guidance for virus intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Bian
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zijian Li
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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50
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Haghighi MM, Kakhki EG, Sato C, Ghani M, Rogaeva E. The Intersection between COVID-19, the Gene Family of ACE2 and Alzheimer's Disease. Neurosci Insights 2020; 15:2633105520975743. [PMID: 33283188 PMCID: PMC7686598 DOI: 10.1177/2633105520975743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We reviewed factors that might influence COVID-19 outcomes (eg, neurological symptoms), including the link to Alzheimer's disease. Since the virus triggers COVID-19 infection through binding to ACE2, we focused on the ACE2 gene family, including ACE. Both ACE2 and ACE are involved in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In general, ACE causes inflammation and vasoconstriction, while ACE2 leads to anti-inflammation activity and vasodilation. The disturbed balance between these counter-regulatory pathways could influence susceptibility to COVID-19. Notably, dysregulation of the RAS-equilibrium contributes to Alzheimer's disease. Differences in the incidence and symptoms of COVID-19 in diverse populations could be attributed to variability in the human genome. For example, ACE and ACE2 variations could modify the outcome of COVID-19 in different populations. It would be important to conduct genome-wide studies to detect variants influencing COVID-19 presentation, with a special focus on variants affecting immune-related pathways and expression of RAS-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Montazer Haghighi
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Erfan Ghani Kakhki
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,DisorDATA Analytics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Christine Sato
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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