1
|
Bessa P, Newman AG, Yan K, Schaub T, Dannenberg R, Lajkó D, Eilenberger J, Brunet T, Textoris-Taube K, Kemmler E, Deng P, Banerjee P, Ravindran E, Preissner R, Rosário M, Tarabykin V. Semaphorin heterodimerization in cis regulates membrane targeting and neocortical wiring. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7059. [PMID: 39152101 PMCID: PMC11329519 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Disruption of neocortical circuitry and architecture in humans causes numerous neurodevelopmental disorders. Neocortical cytoarchitecture is orchestrated by various transcription factors such as Satb2 that control target genes during strict time windows. In humans, mutations of SATB2 cause SATB2 Associated Syndrome (SAS), a multisymptomatic syndrome involving epilepsy, intellectual disability, speech delay, and craniofacial defects. Here we show that Satb2 controls neuronal migration and callosal axonal outgrowth during murine neocortical development by inducing the expression of the GPI-anchored protein, Semaphorin 7A (Sema7A). We find that Sema7A exerts this biological activity by heterodimerizing in cis with the transmembrane semaphorin, Sema4D. We could also observe that heterodimerization with Sema7A promotes targeting of Sema4D to the plasma membrane in vitro. Finally, we report an epilepsy-associated de novo mutation in Sema4D (Q497P) that inhibits normal glycosylation and plasma membrane localization of Sema4D-associated complexes. These results suggest that neuronal use of semaphorins during neocortical development is heteromeric, and a greater signaling complexity exists than was previously thought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Bessa
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew G Newman
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kuo Yan
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Theres Schaub
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rike Dannenberg
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Denis Lajkó
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Eilenberger
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Theresa Brunet
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine and Ludwig Maximilians University Center for Children with Medical Complexity, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Textoris-Taube
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Philippstrasse 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany
- Core Facility - High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Core Facility - High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry, Am Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emanuel Kemmler
- Institute of Physiology, Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Philippstrasse 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Penghui Deng
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Priyanka Banerjee
- Institute of Physiology, Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Philippstrasse 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ethiraj Ravindran
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Preissner
- Institute of Physiology, Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Philippstrasse 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marta Rosário
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor Tarabykin
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russian Federation.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bustillo ME, Douthit J, Astigarraga S, Treisman JE. Two distinct mechanisms of Plexin A function in Drosophila optic lobe lamination and morphogenesis. Development 2024; 151:dev202237. [PMID: 38738602 PMCID: PMC11190435 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Visual circuit development is characterized by subdivision of neuropils into layers that house distinct sets of synaptic connections. We find that, in the Drosophila medulla, this layered organization depends on the axon guidance regulator Plexin A. In Plexin A null mutants, synaptic layers of the medulla neuropil and arborizations of individual neurons are wider and less distinct than in controls. Analysis of semaphorin function indicates that Semaphorin 1a, acting in a subset of medulla neurons, is the primary partner for Plexin A in medulla lamination. Removal of the cytoplasmic domain of endogenous Plexin A has little effect on the formation of medulla layers; however, both null and cytoplasmic domain deletion mutations of Plexin A result in an altered overall shape of the medulla neuropil. These data suggest that Plexin A acts as a receptor to mediate morphogenesis of the medulla neuropil, and as a ligand for Semaphorin 1a to subdivide it into layers. Its two independent functions illustrate how a few guidance molecules can organize complex brain structures by each playing multiple roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Bustillo
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 E. 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jessica Douthit
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 E. 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sergio Astigarraga
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 E. 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jessica E. Treisman
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 E. 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang X, Yang Z, Zhang D, Bai M. The role of Semaphorin 3A in oral diseases. Oral Dis 2024; 30:1887-1896. [PMID: 37771213 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Semaphorin 3A (SEMA3A), also referred to as H-Sema III, is a molecule with significant biological importance in regulating physiological and pathological processes. However, its role in oral diseases, particularly its association with inflammatory immunity and alveolar bone remodeling defects, remains poorly understood. This comprehensive review article aims to elucidate the recent advances in understanding SEMA3A in the oral system, encompassing nerve formation, periodontitis, pulpitis, apical periodontitis, and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Notably, we explore its novel function in inflammatory immunomodulation and alveolar bone formation during oral infectious diseases. By doing so, this review enhances our comprehension of SEMA3A's role in oral biology and opens up possibilities for modulatory approaches and potential treatments in oral diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhenqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Demao Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingru Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nagy GN, Zhao XF, Karlsson R, Wang K, Duman R, Harlos K, El Omari K, Wagner A, Clausen H, Miller RL, Giger RJ, Jones EY. Structure and function of Semaphorin-5A glycosaminoglycan interactions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2723. [PMID: 38548715 PMCID: PMC10978931 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46725-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Integration of extracellular signals by neurons is pivotal for brain development, plasticity, and repair. Axon guidance relies on receptor-ligand interactions crosstalking with extracellular matrix components. Semaphorin-5A (Sema5A) is a bifunctional guidance cue exerting attractive and inhibitory effects on neuronal growth through the interaction with heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), respectively. Sema5A harbors seven thrombospondin type-1 repeats (TSR1-7) important for GAG binding, however the underlying molecular basis and functions in vivo remain enigmatic. Here we dissect the structural basis for Sema5A:GAG specificity and demonstrate the functional significance of this interaction in vivo. Using x-ray crystallography, we reveal a dimeric fold variation for TSR4 that accommodates GAG interactions. TSR4 co-crystal structures identify binding residues validated by site-directed mutagenesis. In vitro and cell-based assays uncover specific GAG epitopes necessary for TSR association. We demonstrate that HS-GAG binding is preferred over CS-GAG and mediates Sema5A oligomerization. In vivo, Sema5A:GAG interactions are necessary for Sema5A function and regulate Plexin-A2 dependent dentate progenitor cell migration. Our study rationalizes Sema5A associated developmental and neurological disorders and provides mechanistic insights into how multifaceted guidance functions of a single transmembrane cue are regulated by proteoglycans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gergely N Nagy
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard Karlsson
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen-N, Denmark
| | - Karen Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ramona Duman
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Karl Harlos
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kamel El Omari
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Armin Wagner
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen-N, Denmark
| | - Rebecca L Miller
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen-N, Denmark.
| | - Roman J Giger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Toledano S, Neufeld G. Plexins as Regulators of Cancer Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasivity. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4046. [PMID: 37627074 PMCID: PMC10452846 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15164046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plexins are a family of nine single-pass transmembrane receptors with a conserved GTPase activating protein (GAP) domain. The plexin family is divided into four subfamilies: Type-A, type-B, type-C, and type-D plexins. Plexins function as receptors for axon guidance factors of the semaphorin family. The semaphorin gene family contains 22 genes that are divided into eight subclasses of which subclasses three to seven represent vertebrate semaphorins. The plexins and their semaphorin ligands have important roles as regulators of angiogenesis, cancer proliferation, and metastasis. Class 3 semaphorins, with the exception of sema3E, are the only semaphorins that do not bind directly to plexins. In order to transduce their signals, they bind instead to complexes consisting of receptors of the neuropilin family and various plexins. Some plexins also form complexes with tyrosine-kinase receptors such as the epidermal growth factor receptor ErbB2, the mesenchymal epithelial transition factor receptor (MET), and the Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and, as a result, can modulate cell proliferation and tumor progression. This review focuses on the roles of the different plexins in the control of cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness. Plexins also affect tumor progression and tumor metastasis by indirect mechanisms, such as modulation of angiogenesis and immune responses. However, these topics are not covered in the present review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gera Neufeld
- The Cancer Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109602, Israel;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bustillo ME, Douthit J, Astigarraga S, Treisman JE. Two distinct mechanisms of Plexin A function in Drosophila optic lobe lamination and morphogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.07.552282. [PMID: 37609142 PMCID: PMC10441316 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.07.552282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Visual circuit development is characterized by subdivision of neuropils into layers that house distinct sets of synaptic connections. We find that in the Drosophila medulla, this layered organization depends on the axon guidance regulator Plexin A. In plexin A null mutants, synaptic layers of the medulla neuropil and arborizations of individual neurons are wider and less distinct than in controls. Analysis of Semaphorin function indicates that Semaphorin 1a, provided by cells that include Tm5 neurons, is the primary partner for Plexin A in medulla lamination. Removal of the cytoplasmic domain of endogenous Plexin A does not disrupt the formation of medulla layers; however, both null and cytoplasmic domain deletion mutations of plexin A result in an altered overall shape of the medulla neuropil. These data suggest that Plexin A acts as a receptor to mediate morphogenesis of the medulla neuropil, and as a ligand for Semaphorin 1a to subdivide it into layers. Its two independent functions illustrate how a few guidance molecules can organize complex brain structures by each playing multiple roles. Summary statement The axon guidance molecule Plexin A has two functions in Drosophila medulla development; morphogenesis of the neuropil requires its cytoplasmic domain, but establishing synaptic layers through Semaphorin 1a does not.
Collapse
|
7
|
Cortés E, Pak JS, Özkan E. Structure and evolution of neuronal wiring receptors and ligands. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:27-60. [PMID: 35727136 PMCID: PMC10084454 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the fundamental properties of a neuronal circuit is the map of its connections. The cellular and developmental processes that allow for the growth of axons and dendrites, selection of synaptic targets, and formation of functional synapses use neuronal surface receptors and their interactions with other surface receptors, secreted ligands, and matrix molecules. Spatiotemporal regulation of the expression of these receptors and cues allows for specificity in the developmental pathways that wire stereotyped circuits. The families of molecules controlling axon guidance and synapse formation are generally conserved across animals, with some important exceptions, which have consequences for neuronal connectivity. Here, we summarize the distribution of such molecules across multiple taxa, with a focus on model organisms, evolutionary processes that led to the multitude of such molecules, and functional consequences for the diversification or loss of these receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cortés
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joseph S Pak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Engin Özkan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tanaka T, Ekimoto T, Nagatomo M, Neyazaki M, Shimoji E, Yamane T, Kanagawa S, Oi R, Mihara E, Takagi J, Akashi S, Ikeguchi M, Nogi T. Hybrid in vitro/in silico analysis of low-affinity protein-protein interactions that regulate signal transduction by Sema6D. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4452. [PMID: 36156831 PMCID: PMC9601788 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorins constitute a large family of secreted and membrane-bound proteins that signal through cell-surface receptors, plexins. Semaphorins generally use low-affinity protein-protein interactions to bind with their specific plexin(s) and regulate distinct cellular processes such as neurogenesis, immune response, and organogenesis. Sema6D is a membrane-bound semaphorin that interacts with class A plexins. Sema6D exhibited differential binding affinities to class A plexins in prior cell-based assays, but the molecular mechanism underlying this selectivity is not well understood. Therefore, we performed hybrid in vitro/in silico analysis to examine the binding mode of Sema6D to class A plexins and to identify residues that give rise to the differential affinities and thus contribute to the selectivity within the same class of semaphorins. Our biophysical binding analysis indeed confirmed that Sema6D has a higher affinity for Plexin-A1 than for other class A plexins, consistent with the binding selectivity observed in the previous cell-based assays. Unexpectedly, our present crystallographic analysis of the Sema6D-Plexin-A1 complex showed that the pattern of polar interactions is not interaction-specific because it matches the pattern in the prior structure of the Sema6A-Plexin-A2 complex. Thus, we performed in silico alanine scanning analysis and discovered hotspot residues that selectively stabilized the Sema6D-Plexin-A1 pair via Van der Waals interactions. We then validated the contribution of these hotspot residues to the variation in binding affinity with biophysical binding analysis and molecular dynamics simulations on the mutants. Ultimately, our present results suggest that shape complementarity in the binding interfaces is a determinant for binding selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Tanaka
- Graduate School of Medical Life ScienceYokohama City UniversityYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Toru Ekimoto
- Graduate School of Medical Life ScienceYokohama City UniversityYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Meri Nagatomo
- Graduate School of Medical Life ScienceYokohama City UniversityYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Makiko Neyazaki
- Graduate School of Medical Life ScienceYokohama City UniversityYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Erena Shimoji
- Graduate School of Medical Life ScienceYokohama City UniversityYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Tsutomu Yamane
- Center for Computational Science, RIKENYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Sakura Kanagawa
- Graduate School of Medical Life ScienceYokohama City UniversityYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Rika Oi
- Graduate School of Medical Life ScienceYokohama City UniversityYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Emiko Mihara
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka UniversitySuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Junichi Takagi
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka UniversitySuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Satoko Akashi
- Graduate School of Medical Life ScienceYokohama City UniversityYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Mitsunori Ikeguchi
- Graduate School of Medical Life ScienceYokohama City UniversityYokohamaKanagawaJapan
- Center for Computational Science, RIKENYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Terukazu Nogi
- Graduate School of Medical Life ScienceYokohama City UniversityYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Single-pass transmembrane receptors (SPTMRs) represent a diverse group of integral membrane proteins that are involved in many essential cellular processes, including signal transduction, cell adhesion, and transmembrane transport of materials. Dysregulation of the SPTMRs is linked with many human diseases. Despite extensive efforts in past decades, the mechanisms of action of the SPTMRs remain incompletely understood. One major hurdle is the lack of structures of the full-length SPTMRs in different functional states. Such structural information is difficult to obtain by traditional structural biology methods such as X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The recent rapid development of single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has led to an exponential surge in the number of high-resolution structures of integral membrane proteins, including SPTMRs. Cryo-EM structures of SPTMRs solved in the past few years have tremendously improved our understanding of how SPTMRs function. In this review, we will highlight these progresses in the structural studies of SPTMRs by single-particle cryo-EM, analyze important structural details of each protein involved, and discuss their implications on the underlying mechanisms. Finally, we also briefly discuss remaining challenges and exciting opportunities in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cai
- Departments of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75231, USA
| | - Xuewu Zhang
- Departments of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75231, USA
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75231, USA
- Corresponding Author: Xuewu Zhang, Department of pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Xiao-chen Bai
- Departments of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75231, USA
- Departments of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75231, USA
- Corresponding Author: Xiao-chen Bai, Department of Biophysics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vogler M, Oleksy A, Schulze S, Fedorova M, Kojonazarov B, Nijjar S, Patel S, Jossi S, Sawmynaden K, Henry M, Brown R, Matthews D, Offermanns S, Worzfeld T. An antagonistic monoclonal anti-Plexin-B1 antibody exerts therapeutic effects in mouse models of postmenopausal osteoporosis and multiple sclerosis. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102265. [PMID: 35850304 PMCID: PMC9396414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis and multiple sclerosis are highly prevalent diseases with limited treatment options. In light of these unmet medical needs, novel therapeutic approaches are urgently sought. Previously, the activation of the transmembrane receptor Plexin-B1 by its ligand semaphorin 4D (Sema4D) has been shown to suppress bone formation and promote neuroinflammation in mice. However, it is unclear whether inhibition of this receptor–ligand interaction by an anti–Plexin-B1 antibody could represent a viable strategy against diseases related to these processes. Here, we raised and systematically characterized a monoclonal antibody directed against the extracellular domain of human Plexin-B1, which specifically blocks the binding of Sema4D to Plexin-B1. In vitro, we show that this antibody inhibits the suppressive effects of Sema4D on human osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. To test the therapeutic potential of the antibody in vivo, we generated a humanized mouse line, which expresses transgenic human Plexin-B1 instead of endogenous murine Plexin-B1. Employing these mice, we demonstrate that the anti–Plexin-B1 antibody exhibits beneficial effects in mouse models of postmenopausal osteoporosis and multiple sclerosis in vivo. In summary, our data identify an anti–Plexin-B1 antibody as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of osteoporosis and multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Vogler
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany; LOEWE Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt 60596, Germany
| | - Arkadiusz Oleksy
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Sabrina Schulze
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany; LOEWE Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt 60596, Germany
| | - Marina Fedorova
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Baktybek Kojonazarov
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Medical Clinic II, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sharandip Nijjar
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Seema Patel
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Sian Jossi
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Kovilen Sawmynaden
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Maud Henry
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Richard Brown
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, SG1 2FX, UK
| | - David Matthews
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany; LOEWE Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt 60596, Germany; Medical Faculty, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Thomas Worzfeld
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany; LOEWE Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt 60596, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology, University of Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a bone regeneration technique used to treat maxillofacial disorders, fracture nonunion, and large bone defects. It is well known for its amazing regenerative potential, but an extended consolidation period limits its clinical use. The interaction between the nervous system and bone regeneration has attracted great attention in recent years. Sema3A is a key axonal chemorepellent which has been proved to have bone-protective effects. In this article, we try to improve DO by local administration of Sema3A and explore the possible mechanisms. Forty wildtype, male, adult mice were divided into two groups after tibia osteotomy surgery. Sema3A or Saline was daily injected transcutaneous into the center of the distraction zone during the consolidation period. Micro-CT images were taken at 4, 6,8 and 10 weeks post-surgery; vascular density and biomechanical testing were performed at 10 weeks post-surgery. We also set up in vitro vessel growth assay to evaluate the effect of Sema3A on angiogenesis. Compared with the Saline group, Sema3A treatment significantly accelerated bone regeneration, improved angiogenesis and callus' biomechanical strength. At 10 weeks post-surgery, compared with the Saline group, the BV/TV, BMD, TMD increased by about 23%, 22%, 18% respectively, vascular density increased by about 49% in the Sema3A group. Histological images and western-blot showed decreased expression of VEGF-A and increased expression of Ang-1 at 4 weeks post-surgery in the Sema3A group. In vitro, Sema3A suppressed VEGF-induced angiogenesis but had little effect on Ang-induced angiogenesis. Conclusion: Sema3A could accelerate bone regeneration and improve angiogenesis during DO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunwei Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Stephens KE, Zhou W, Renfro Z, Ji Z, Ji H, Guan Y, Taverna SD. Global gene expression and chromatin accessibility of the peripheral nervous system in animal models of persistent pain. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:185. [PMID: 34446036 PMCID: PMC8390277 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts to understand genetic variability involved in an individual's susceptibility to chronic pain support a role for upstream regulation by epigenetic mechanisms. METHODS To examine the transcriptomic and epigenetic basis of chronic pain that resides in the peripheral nervous system, we used RNA-seq and ATAC-seq of the rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) to identify novel molecular pathways associated with pain hypersensitivity in two well-studied persistent pain models induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve and intra-plantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in rats. RESULTS Our RNA-seq studies identify a variety of biological process related to synapse organization, membrane potential, transmembrane transport, and ion binding. Interestingly, genes that encode transcriptional regulators were disproportionately downregulated in both models. Our ATAC-seq data provide a comprehensive map of chromatin accessibility changes in the DRG. A total of 1123 regions showed changes in chromatin accessibility in one or both models when compared to the naïve and 31 shared differentially accessible regions (DAR)s. Functional annotation of the DARs identified disparate molecular functions enriched for each pain model which suggests that chromatin structure may be altered differently following sciatic nerve injury and hind paw inflammation. Motif analysis identified 17 DNA sequences known to bind transcription factors in the CCI DARs and 33 in the CFA DARs. Two motifs were significantly enriched in both models. CONCLUSIONS Our improved understanding of the changes in chromatin accessibility that occur in chronic pain states may identify regulatory genomic elements that play essential roles in modulating gene expression in the DRG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly E Stephens
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, 13 Children's Way, Slot 512-47, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Weiqiang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zachary Renfro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, 13 Children's Way, Slot 512-47, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
| | - Zhicheng Ji
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hongkai Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yun Guan
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Sean D Taverna
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu Y, Ke P, Kuo YC, Wang Y, Zhang X, Song C, Shan Y. A putative structural mechanism underlying the antithetic effect of homologous RND1 and RhoD GTPases in mammalian plexin regulation. eLife 2021; 10:64304. [PMID: 34114565 PMCID: PMC8219378 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plexins are semaphorin receptors that play essential roles in mammalian neuronal axon guidance and in many other important mammalian biological processes. Plexin signaling depends on a semaphorin-induced dimerization mechanism and is modulated by small GTPases of the Rho family, of which RND1 serves as a plexin activator yet its close homolog RhoD an inhibitor. Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we showed that RND1 reinforces the plexin dimerization interface, whereas RhoD destabilizes it due to their differential interaction with the cell membrane. Upon binding plexin at the Rho-GTPase-binding domain (RBD), RND1 and RhoD interact differently with the inner leaflet of the cell membrane and exert opposite effects on the dimerization interface via an allosteric network involving the RBD, RBD linkers, and a buttress segment adjacent to the dimerization interface. The differential membrane interaction is attributed to the fact that, unlike RND1, RhoD features a short C-terminal tail and a positively charged membrane interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Liu
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Ke
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Chun Kuo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Yuxiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Xuewu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Chen Song
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yibing Shan
- Antidote Health Foundation for Cure of Cancer, New York, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lu D, Shang G, He X, Bai XC, Zhang X. Architecture of the Sema3A/PlexinA4/Neuropilin tripartite complex. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3172. [PMID: 34039996 PMCID: PMC8155012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23541-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted class 3 semaphorins (Sema3s) form tripartite complexes with the plexin receptor and neuropilin coreceptor, which are both transmembrane proteins that together mediate semaphorin signal for neuronal axon guidance and other processes. Despite extensive investigations, the overall architecture of and the molecular interactions in the Sema3/plexin/neuropilin complex are incompletely understood. Here we present the cryo-EM structure of a near intact extracellular region complex of Sema3A, PlexinA4 and Neuropilin 1 (Nrp1) at 3.7 Å resolution. The structure shows a large symmetric 2:2:2 assembly in which each subunit makes multiple interactions with others. The two PlexinA4 molecules in the complex do not interact directly, but their membrane proximal regions are close to each other and poised to promote the formation of the intracellular active dimer for signaling. The structure reveals a previously unknown interface between the a2b1b2 module in Nrp1 and the Sema domain of Sema3A. This interaction places the a2b1b2 module at the top of the complex, far away from the plasma membrane where the transmembrane regions of Nrp1 and PlexinA4 embed. As a result, the region following the a2b1b2 module in Nrp1 must span a large distance to allow the connection to the transmembrane region, suggesting an essential role for the long non-conserved linkers and the MAM domain in neuropilin in the semaphorin/plexin/neuropilin complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Defen Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Guijun Shang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xiaojing He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Bai
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Xuewu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Neural Retinal Progenitors Interact via Semaphorin 6D to Facilitate Optic Cup Morphogenesis. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0053-21.2021. [PMID: 33811086 PMCID: PMC8116109 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0053-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell movement propels embryonic tissues to acquire shapes required for mature function. The movements are driven both by acto-myosin signaling and by cells interacting with the extracellular matrix (ECM). Unknown is whether cell-cell interactions within a tissue are also required, and the molecular mechanisms by which such communication might occur. Here, we use the developing visual system of zebrafish as a model to understand the role cell-cell communication plays in tissue morphogenesis in the embryonic nervous system. We identify that cell-cell-mediated contact between two distinct cell populations, progenitors of the neural retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), facilitates epithelial flow to produce the mature cupped retina. We identify for the first time the need in eye morphogenesis for distinct populations of progenitors to interact, and suggest a novel role for a member of a key developmental signaling family, the transmembrane Semaphorin6d, as mediating communication between distinct cell types to control tissue morphogenesis.
Collapse
|
16
|
State of the structure address on MET receptor activation by HGF. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:645-661. [PMID: 33860789 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The MET receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and its cognate ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) comprise a signaling axis essential for development, wound healing and tissue homeostasis. Aberrant HGF/MET signaling is a driver of many cancers and contributes to drug resistance to several approved therapeutics targeting other RTKs, making MET itself an important drug target. In RTKs, homeostatic receptor signaling is dependent on autoinhibition in the absence of ligand binding and orchestrated set of conformational changes induced by ligand-mediated receptor dimerization that result in activation of the intracellular kinase domains. A fundamental understanding of these mechanisms in the MET receptor remains incomplete, despite decades of research. This is due in part to the complex structure of the HGF ligand, which remains unknown in its full-length form, and a lack of high-resolution structures of the complete MET extracellular portion in an apo or ligand-bound state. A current view of HGF-dependent MET activation has evolved from biochemical and structural studies of HGF and MET fragments and here we review what these findings have thus far revealed.
Collapse
|
17
|
Cleavage of the Perlecan-Semaphorin 3A-Plexin A1-Neuropilin-1 (PSPN) Complex by Matrix Metalloproteinase 7/Matrilysin Triggers Prostate Cancer Cell Dyscohesion and Migration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063218. [PMID: 33809984 PMCID: PMC8004947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Perlecan-Semaphorin 3A-Plexin A1-Neuropilin-1 (PSPN) Complex at the cell surface of prostate cancer (PCa) cells influences cell–cell cohesion and dyscohesion. We investigated matrix metalloproteinase-7/matrilysin (MMP-7)’s ability to digest components of the PSPN Complex in bone metastatic PCa cells using in silico analyses and in vitro experiments. Results demonstrated that in addition to the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, perlecan, all components of the PSPN Complex were degraded by MMP-7. To investigate the functional consequences of PSPN Complex cleavage, we developed a preformed microtumor model to examine initiation of cell dispersion after MMP-7 digestion. We found that while perlecan fully decorated with glycosaminoglycan limited dispersion of PCa microtumors, MMP-7 initiated rapid dyscohesion and migration even with perlecan present. Additionally, we found that a bioactive peptide (PLN4) found in perlecan domain IV in a region subject to digestion by MMP-7 further enhanced cell dispersion along with MMP-7. We found that digestion of the PSPN Complex with MMP-7 destabilized cell–cell junctions in microtumors evidenced by loss of co-registration of E-cadherin and F-actin. We conclude that MMP-7 plays a key functional role in PCa cell transition from a cohesive, indolent phenotype to a dyscohesive, migratory phenotype favoring production of circulating tumor cells and metastasis to bone.
Collapse
|
18
|
Song Y, Wang L, Zhang L, Huang D. The involvement of semaphorin 7A in tumorigenic and immunoinflammatory regulation. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6235-6248. [PMID: 33611799 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Semaphorins, a large group of highly conserved proteins, consist of eight subfamilies that are widely expressed in vertebrates, invertebrates, and viruses and exist in membrane-bound or secreted forms. First described as axon guidance cues during neurogenesis, semaphorins also perform physiological functions in other organ systems, such as bone homeostasis, immune response, and tumor progression. Semaphorin 7A (SEMA7A), also known as CDw108, is an immune semaphorin that modulates diverse immunoinflammatory processes, including immune cell interactions, inflammatory infiltration, and cytokine production. In addition, SEMA7A regulates the proliferation, migration, invasion, lymph formation, and angiogenesis of multiple types of tumor cells, and these effects are mediated by the interaction of SEMA7A with two specific receptors, PLXNC1 and integrins. Thus, SEMA7A is intimately related to the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune and inflammation-related diseases and tumors. This review focuses on the role of SEMA7A in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders, inflammatory diseases, and tumors, as well as the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, strategies targeting SEMA7A as a potential predictive, diagnostic, and therapeutic agent for these diseases are also addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dingming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zang Y, Chaudhari K, Bashaw GJ. New insights into the molecular mechanisms of axon guidance receptor regulation and signaling. Curr Top Dev Biol 2021; 142:147-196. [PMID: 33706917 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As the nervous system develops, newly differentiated neurons need to extend their axons toward their synaptic targets to form functional neural circuits. During this highly dynamic process of axon pathfinding, guidance receptors expressed at the tips of motile axons interact with soluble guidance cues or membrane tethered molecules present in the environment to be either attracted toward or repelled away from the source of these cues. As competing cues are often present at the same location and during the same developmental period, guidance receptors need to be both spatially and temporally regulated in order for the navigating axons to make appropriate guidance decisions. This regulation is exerted by a diverse array of molecular mechanisms that have come into focus over the past several decades and these mechanisms ensure that the correct complement of surface receptors is present on the growth cone, a fan-shaped expansion at the tip of the axon. This dynamic, highly motile structure is defined by a lamellipodial network lining the periphery of the growth cone interspersed with finger-like filopodial projections that serve to explore the surrounding environment. Once axon guidance receptors are deployed at the right place and time at the growth cone surface, they respond to their respective ligands by initiating a complex set of signaling events that serve to rearrange the growth cone membrane and the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton to affect axon growth and guidance. In this review, we highlight recent advances that shed light on the rich complexity of mechanisms that regulate axon guidance receptor distribution, activation and downstream signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Zang
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Karina Chaudhari
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Greg J Bashaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chataigner LMP, Leloup N, Janssen BJC. Structural Perspectives on Extracellular Recognition and Conformational Changes of Several Type-I Transmembrane Receptors. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:129. [PMID: 32850948 PMCID: PMC7427315 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-I transmembrane proteins represent a large group of 1,412 proteins in humans with a multitude of functions in cells and tissues. They are characterized by an extracellular, or luminal, N-terminus followed by a single transmembrane helix and a cytosolic C-terminus. The domain composition and structures of the extracellular and intercellular segments differ substantially amongst its members. Most of the type-I transmembrane proteins have roles in cell signaling processes, as ligands or receptors, and in cellular adhesion. The extracellular segment often determines specificity and can control signaling and adhesion. Here we focus on recent structural understanding on how the extracellular segments of several diverse type-I transmembrane proteins engage in interactions and can undergo conformational changes for their function. Interactions at the extracellular side by proteins on the same cell or between cells are enhanced by the transmembrane setting. Extracellular conformational domain rearrangement and structural changes within domains alter the properties of the proteins and are used to regulate signaling events. The combination of structural properties and interactions can support the formation of larger-order assemblies on the membrane surface that are important for cellular adhesion and intercellular signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M. P. Chataigner
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nadia Leloup
- Structural Biology and Protein Biochemistry, Morphic Therapeutic, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Bert J. C. Janssen
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
The Role of Semaphorins in Metabolic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165641. [PMID: 32781674 PMCID: PMC7460634 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins are a family originally identified as axonal guidance molecules. They are also involved in tumor growth, angiogenesis, immune regulation, as well as other biological and pathological processes. Recent studies have shown that semaphorins play a role in metabolic diseases including obesity, adipose inflammation, and diabetic complications, including diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic wound healing, and diabetic osteoporosis. Evidence provides mechanistic insights regarding the role of semaphorins in metabolic diseases by regulating adipogenesis, hypothalamic melanocortin circuit, immune responses, and angiogenesis. In this review, we summarize recent progress regarding the role of semaphorins in obesity, adipose inflammation, and diabetic complications.
Collapse
|
22
|
Lee H, Beilhartz GL, Kucharska I, Raman S, Cui H, Lam MHY, Liang H, Rubinstein JL, Schramek D, Julien JP, Melnyk RA, Taipale M. Recognition of Semaphorin Proteins by P. sordellii Lethal Toxin Reveals Principles of Receptor Specificity in Clostridial Toxins. Cell 2020; 182:345-356.e16. [PMID: 32589945 PMCID: PMC7316060 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic clostridial species secrete potent toxins that induce severe host tissue damage. Paeniclostridium sordellii lethal toxin (TcsL) causes an almost invariably lethal toxic shock syndrome associated with gynecological infections. TcsL is 87% similar to C. difficile TcdB, which enters host cells via Frizzled receptors in colon epithelium. However, P. sordellii infections target vascular endothelium, suggesting that TcsL exploits another receptor. Here, using CRISPR/Cas9 screening, we establish semaphorins SEMA6A and SEMA6B as TcsL receptors. We demonstrate that recombinant SEMA6A can protect mice from TcsL-induced edema. A 3.3 Å cryo-EM structure shows that TcsL binds SEMA6A with the same region that in TcdB binds structurally unrelated Frizzled. Remarkably, 15 mutations in this evolutionarily divergent surface are sufficient to switch binding specificity of TcsL to that of TcdB. Our findings establish semaphorins as physiologically relevant receptors for TcsL and reveal the molecular basis for the difference in tissue targeting and disease pathogenesis between highly related toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hunsang Lee
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Greg L Beilhartz
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Iga Kucharska
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Swetha Raman
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Hong Cui
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Mandy Hiu Yi Lam
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Huazhu Liang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - John L Rubinstein
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Daniel Schramek
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Molecular Architecture of Life Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada.
| | - Roman A Melnyk
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Mikko Taipale
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Molecular Architecture of Life Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rozbesky D, Verhagen MG, Karia D, Nagy GN, Alvarez L, Robinson RA, Harlos K, Padilla‐Parra S, Pasterkamp RJ, Jones EY. Structural basis of semaphorin-plexin cis interaction. EMBO J 2020; 39:e102926. [PMID: 32500924 PMCID: PMC7327498 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Semaphorin ligands interact with plexin receptors to contribute to functions in the development of myriad tissues including neurite guidance and synaptic organisation within the nervous system. Cell-attached semaphorins interact in trans with plexins on opposing cells, but also in cis on the same cell. The interplay between trans and cis interactions is crucial for the regulated development of complex neural circuitry, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are uncharacterised. We have discovered a distinct mode of interaction through which the Drosophila semaphorin Sema1b and mouse Sema6A mediate binding in cis to their cognate plexin receptors. Our high-resolution structural, biophysical and in vitro analyses demonstrate that monomeric semaphorins can mediate a distinctive plexin binding mode. These findings suggest the interplay between monomeric vs dimeric states has a hereto unappreciated role in semaphorin biology, providing a mechanism by which Sema6s may balance cis and trans functionalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rozbesky
- Division of Structural BiologyWellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Marieke G Verhagen
- Department of Translational NeuroscienceUMC Utrecht Brain CenterUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Dimple Karia
- Division of Structural BiologyWellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Gergely N Nagy
- Division of Structural BiologyWellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Luis Alvarez
- Cellular ImagingWellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Ross A Robinson
- Division of Structural BiologyWellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Present address:
Immunocore LtdAbingdonUK
| | - Karl Harlos
- Division of Structural BiologyWellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Sergi Padilla‐Parra
- Division of Structural BiologyWellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Cellular ImagingWellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Present address:
Department of Infectious DiseasesFaculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Present address:
Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational NeuroscienceUMC Utrecht Brain CenterUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Edith Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural BiologyWellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
The role of semaphorins in small vessels of the eye and brain. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105044. [PMID: 32590102 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Small vessel diseases, such as ischemic retinopathy and cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), are increasingly recognized in patients with diabetes, dementia and cerebrovascular disease. The mechanisms of small vessel diseases are poorly understood, but the latest studies suggest a role for semaphorins. Initially identified as axon guidance cues, semaphorins are mainly studied in neuronal morphogenesis, neural circuit assembly, and synapse assembly and refinement. In recent years, semaphorins have been found to play important roles in regulating vascular growth and development and in many pathophysiological processes, including atherosclerosis, angiogenesis after stroke and retinopathy. Growing evidence indicates that semaphorins affect the occurrence, perfusion and regression of both the macrovasculature and microvasculature by regulating the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, barrier function and inflammatory response of endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and pericytes. In this review, we concentrate on the regulatory effects of semaphorins on the cell components of the vessel wall and their potential roles in microvascular diseases, especially in the retina and cerebral small vessel. Finally, we discuss potential molecular approaches in targeting semaphorins as therapies for microvascular disorders in the eye and brain.
Collapse
|
25
|
Kuo YC, Chen H, Shang G, Uchikawa E, Tian H, Bai XC, Zhang X. Cryo-EM structure of the PlexinC1/A39R complex reveals inter-domain interactions critical for ligand-induced activation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1953. [PMID: 32327662 PMCID: PMC7181871 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Plexins are receptors for semaphorins that transduce signals for regulating neuronal development and other processes. Plexins are single-pass transmembrane proteins with multiple domains in both the extracellular and intracellular regions. Semaphorin activates plexin by binding to its extracellular N-terminal Sema domain, inducing the active dimer of the plexin intracellular region. The mechanism underlying this activation process of plexin is incompletely understood. We present cryo-electron microscopic structure of full-length human PlexinC1 in complex with the viral semaphorin mimic A39R. The structure shows that A39R induces a specific dimer of PlexinC1 where the membrane-proximal domains from the two PlexinC1 protomers are placed close to each other, poised to promote the active dimer of the intracellular region. This configuration is imposed by a distinct conformation of the PlexinC1 extracellular region, stabilized by inter-domain interactions among the Sema and membrane-proximal domains. Our mutational analyses support the critical role of this conformation in PlexinC1 activation. Plexins are the receptors for the guidance molecules semaphorins and regulate immunity and the development of the nervous and cardiovascular systems. Here authors present a structure of full-length human PlexinC1 in complex with its ligand A39R, which reveals how inter-domain interactions couple extracellular ligand binding to receptor activation and signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Kuo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Guijun Shang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Emiko Uchikawa
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Hui Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xiao-Chen Bai
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Xuewu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tian S, Liu Y, Wu H, Liu H, Zeng J, Choi MY, Chen H, Gerhard R, Dong M. Genome-Wide CRISPR Screen Identifies Semaphorin 6A and 6B as Receptors for Paeniclostridium sordellii Toxin TcsL. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:782-792.e7. [PMID: 32302524 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The exotoxin TcsL is a major virulence factor in Paeniclostridium (Clostridium) sordellii and responsible for the high lethality rate associated with P. sordellii infection. Here, we present a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9-mediated screen using a human lung carcinoma cell line and identify semaphorin (SEMA) 6A and 6B as receptors for TcsL. Disrupting SEMA6A/6B expression in several distinct human cell lines and primary human endothelial cells results in reduced TcsL sensitivity, while SEMA6A/6B over-expression increases their sensitivity. TcsL recognizes the extracellular domain (ECD) of SEMA6A/6B via a region homologous to the receptor-binding site in Clostridioides difficile toxin B (TcdB), which binds the human receptor Frizzled. Exchanging the receptor-binding interfaces between TcsL and TcdB switches their receptor-binding specificity. Finally, administration of SEMA6A-ECD proteins protects human cells from TcsL toxicity and reduces TcsL-induced damage to lung tissues and the lethality rate in mice. These findings establish SEMA6A and 6B as pathophysiologically relevant receptors for TcsL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songhai Tian
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Surgery and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Surgery and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hao Wu
- The Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Surgery and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ji Zeng
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Surgery and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mei Yuk Choi
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- The Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ralf Gerhard
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Surgery and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rozbesky D, Jones EY. Cell guidance ligands, receptors and complexes - orchestrating signalling in time and space. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 61:79-85. [PMID: 31862615 PMCID: PMC7171467 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Members of four cell guidance molecule families (the netrins, slits, ephrins and semaphorins) interact with their cognate cell surface receptors to guide cells during development and maintain tissue homeostasis. Integrated structure and cell-based analyses are providing insight into the mechanisms by which these signalling systems can deliver myriad outcomes that require exquisite accuracy in timing and location. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of the roles of oligomeric states, auto-inhibition, signalling assembly size and composition in cell guidance cue function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rozbesky
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gene Expression Profiling of the Extracellular Matrix Signature in Macrophages of Different Activation Status: Relevance for Skin Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205086. [PMID: 31615030 PMCID: PMC6829210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides structural support for tissue architecture and is a major effector of cell behavior during skin repair and inflammation. Macrophages are involved in all stages of skin repair but only limited knowledge exists about macrophage-specific expression and regulation of ECM components. In this study, we used transcriptome profiling and bioinformatic analysis to define the unique expression of ECM-associated genes in cultured macrophages. Characterization of the matrisome revealed that most genes were constitutively expressed and that several genes were uniquely regulated upon interferon gamma (IFNγ) and dexamethasone stimulation. Among those core matrisome and matrisome-associated components transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)-induced, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), elastin microfibril interfacer (EMILIN)-1, netrin-1 and gliomedin were also present within the wound bed at time points that are characterized by profound macrophage infiltration. Hence, macrophages are a source of ECM components in vitro as well as during skin wound healing, and identification of these matrisome components is a first step to understand the role and therapeutic value of ECM components in macrophages and during wound healing.
Collapse
|
29
|
Gioelli N, Maione F, Camillo C, Ghitti M, Valdembri D, Morello N, Darche M, Zentilin L, Cagnoni G, Qiu Y, Giacca M, Giustetto M, Paques M, Cascone I, Musco G, Tamagnone L, Giraudo E, Serini G. A rationally designed NRP1-independent superagonist SEMA3A mutant is an effective anticancer agent. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/442/eaah4807. [PMID: 29794061 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aah4807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular normalizing strategies, aimed at ameliorating blood vessel perfusion and lessening tissue hypoxia, are treatments that may improve the outcome of cancer patients. Secreted class 3 semaphorins (SEMA3), which are thought to directly bind neuropilin (NRP) co-receptors that, in turn, associate with and elicit plexin (PLXN) receptor signaling, are effective normalizing agents of the cancer vasculature. Yet, SEMA3A was also reported to trigger adverse side effects via NRP1. We rationally designed and generated a safe, parenterally deliverable, and NRP1-independent SEMA3A point mutant isoform that, unlike its wild-type counterpart, binds PLXNA4 with nanomolar affinity and has much greater biochemical and biological activities in cultured endothelial cells. In vivo, when parenterally administered in mouse models of pancreatic cancer, the NRP1-independent SEMA3A point mutant successfully normalized the vasculature, inhibited tumor growth, curbed metastatic dissemination, and effectively improved the supply and anticancer activity of chemotherapy. Mutant SEMA3A also inhibited retinal neovascularization in a mouse model of age-related macular degeneration. In summary, mutant SEMA3A is a vascular normalizing agent that can be exploited to treat cancer and, potentially, other diseases characterized by pathological angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Gioelli
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Maione
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Camillo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Michela Ghitti
- Biomolecular NMR Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Donatella Valdembri
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Noemi Morello
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Marie Darche
- Growth, Reparation and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, ERL-CNRS 9215, University of Paris-Est, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Lorena Zentilin
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Gabriella Cagnoni
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Yaqi Qiu
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Mauro Giacca
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Giustetto
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10126 Torino, Italy.,National Institute of Neuroscience-Italy, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Michel Paques
- Vision Institute, Sorbonne University, UPMC University of Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, 75012 Paris, France.,Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 503, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Ilaria Cascone
- Growth, Reparation and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, ERL-CNRS 9215, University of Paris-Est, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Giovanna Musco
- Biomolecular NMR Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Tamagnone
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Enrico Giraudo
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy. .,Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Guido Serini
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy. .,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rozbesky D, Robinson RA, Jain V, Renner M, Malinauskas T, Harlos K, Siebold C, Jones EY. Diversity of oligomerization in Drosophila semaphorins suggests a mechanism of functional fine-tuning. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3691. [PMID: 31417095 PMCID: PMC6695400 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11683-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorin ligands and their plexin receptors are one of the major cell guidance factors that trigger localised changes in the cytoskeleton. Binding of semaphorin homodimer to plexin brings two plexins in close proximity which is a prerequisite for plexin signalling. This model appears to be too simplistic to explain the complexity and functional versatility of these molecules. Here, we determine crystal structures for all members of Drosophila class 1 and 2 semaphorins. Unlike previously reported semaphorin structures, Sema1a, Sema2a and Sema2b show stabilisation of sema domain dimer formation via a disulfide bond. Unexpectedly, our structural and biophysical data show Sema1b is a monomer suggesting that semaphorin function may not be restricted to dimers. We demonstrate that semaphorins can form heterodimers with members of the same semaphorin class. This heterodimerization provides a potential mechanism for cross-talk between different plexins and co-receptors to allow fine-tuning of cell signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rozbesky
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Ross A Robinson
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Immunocore Ltd, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RY, UK
| | - Vitul Jain
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Max Renner
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Tomas Malinauskas
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Karl Harlos
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
St Clair RM, Dumas CM, Williams KS, Goldstein MT, Stant EA, Ebert AM, Ballif BA. PKC induces release of a functional ectodomain of the guidance cue semaphorin6A. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:3015-3028. [PMID: 31378926 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Semaphorins (Semas) are a family of secreted and transmembrane proteins that play critical roles in development. Interestingly, several vertebrate transmembrane Sema classes are capable of producing functional soluble ectodomains. However, little is known of soluble Sema6 ectodomains in the nervous system. Herein, we show that the soluble Sema6A ectodomain, sSema6A, exhibits natural and protein kinase C (PKC)-induced release. We show that PKC mediates Sema6A phosphorylation at specific sites and while this phosphorylation is not the primary mechanism regulating sSema6A production, we found that the intracellular domain confers resistance to ectodomain release. Finally, sSema6A is functional as it promotes the cohesion of zebrafish early eye field explants. This suggests that in addition to its canonical contact-mediated functions, Sema6A may have regulated, long-range, forward-signaling capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riley M St Clair
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Caroline M Dumas
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Kori S Williams
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | | | - Alicia M Ebert
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Bryan A Ballif
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Guajardo R, Luginbuhl DJ, Han S, Luo L, Li J. Functional divergence of Plexin B structural motifs in distinct steps of Drosophila olfactory circuit assembly. eLife 2019; 8:48594. [PMID: 31225795 PMCID: PMC6597256 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plexins exhibit multitudinous, evolutionarily conserved functions in neural development. How Plexins employ their diverse structural motifs in vivo to perform distinct roles is unclear. We previously reported that Plexin B (PlexB) controls multiple steps during the assembly of the Drosophila olfactory circuit (Li et al., 2018b). Here, we systematically mutagenized structural motifs of PlexB and examined the function of these variants in these multiple steps: axon fasciculation, trajectory choice, and synaptic partner selection. We found that the extracellular Sema domain is essential for all three steps, the catalytic site of the intracellular RapGAP is engaged in none, and the intracellular GTPase-binding motifs are essential for trajectory choice and synaptic partner selection, but are dispensable for fasciculation. Moreover, extracellular PlexB cleavage serves as a regulatory mechanism of PlexB signaling. Thus, the divergent roles of PlexB motifs in distinct steps of neural development contribute to its functional versatility in neural circuit assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Guajardo
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - David J Luginbuhl
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Shuo Han
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Jiefu Li
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Han YF, Liu Z, Wang B, Zhu W, Li JZ, Qi YQ, Li XJ, Xu YY, Dou XX, Mu GY. Semaphorin 7a participants in pterygium by regulating vascular endothelial growth factor. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:892-897. [PMID: 31236342 PMCID: PMC6580203 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.06.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the relationship between semaphorin 7a expression and cell proliferation and migration in pterygium fibroblasts. METHODS Twenty-six patients with surgically diagnosed pterygium were enrolled, including 15 cases of primary pterygium and 11 cases of recurrent pterygium. In addition, 12 cases of normal conjunctival tissue were collected. The expression of semaphorin 7a in normal conjunctival tissue, primary pterygium and recurrent pterygium was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Recurrent pterygium fibroblasts were isolated and cultured, and the expression of semaphorin 7a was silenced by small interfering RNA (siRNA) interference technique. Furthermore, the effects of si-semaphorin 7a interference on the mRNA and protein levels of β1-integrin, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), and on fibroblast proliferation were analyzed. Transwell assay was used to detect the effect of semaphorin 7a interference on fibroblast migration. RESULTS Semaphorin 7a was highly expressed in the primary pterygium and recurrent pterygium samples than that of the normal conjunctival tissue. Compared with the primary pterygium, the expression of semaphoring 7a in the recurrent pterygium samples was significantly increased (P<0.05). The mRNA and protein expression levels of β1-integrin, VEGFA and VEGFR were decreased after si-semaphorin 7a transfection, and as well as the cell proliferation and migration. CONCLUSION Semaphorin 7a might play important roles in the pathogenesis of pterygium by affecting the expression of β1-integrin, VEGFA and VEGFR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fei Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China
- Aier Eye Hospital Group, Hubin Aier Eye Hospital, Binzhou 256600, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Linqing 252600, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bang Wang
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou 256600, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing-Zhen Li
- Aier Eye Hospital Group, Hubin Aier Eye Hospital, Binzhou 256600, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yue-Qin Qi
- Aier Eye Hospital Group, Hubin Aier Eye Hospital, Binzhou 256600, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Li
- Aier Eye Hospital Group, Hubin Aier Eye Hospital, Binzhou 256600, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yan-Yun Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Dou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Guo-Ying Mu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Junqueira Alves C, Yotoko K, Zou H, Friedel RH. Origin and evolution of plexins, semaphorins, and Met receptor tyrosine kinases. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1970. [PMID: 30760850 PMCID: PMC6374515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38512-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from unicellular to multicellular organisms poses the question as to when genes that regulate cell-cell interactions emerged during evolution. The receptor and ligand pairing of plexins and semaphorins regulates cellular interactions in a wide range of developmental and physiological contexts. We surveyed here genomes of unicellular eukaryotes and of non-bilaterian and bilaterian Metazoa and performed phylogenetic analyses to gain insight into the evolution of plexin and semaphorin families. Remarkably, we detected plexins and semaphorins in unicellular choanoflagellates, indicating their evolutionary origin in a common ancestor of Choanoflagellida and Metazoa. The plexin domain structure is conserved throughout all clades; in contrast, semaphorins are structurally diverse. Choanoflagellate semaphorins are transmembrane proteins with multiple fibronectin type III domains following the N-terminal Sema domain (termed Sema-FN). Other previously not yet described semaphorin classes include semaphorins of Ctenophora with tandem immunoglobulin domains (Sema-IG) and secreted semaphorins of Echinoderamata (Sema-SP, Sema-SI). Our study also identified Met receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), which carry a truncated plexin extracellular domain, in several bilaterian clades, indicating evolutionary origin in a common ancestor of Bilateria. In addition, a novel type of Met-like RTK with a complete plexin extracellular domain was detected in Lophotrochozoa and Echinodermata (termed Met-LP RTK). Our findings are consistent with an ancient function of plexins and semaphorins in regulating cytoskeletal dynamics and cell adhesion that predates their role as axon guidance molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chrystian Junqueira Alves
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Karla Yotoko
- Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Hongyan Zou
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Roland H Friedel
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Class-3 Semaphorins and Their Receptors: Potent Multifunctional Modulators of Tumor Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030556. [PMID: 30696103 PMCID: PMC6387194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins are the products of a large gene family containing 28 genes of which 21 are found in vertebrates. Class-3 semaphorins constitute a subfamily of seven vertebrate semaphorins which differ from the other vertebrate semaphorins in that they are the only secreted semaphorins and are distinguished from other semaphorins by the presence of a basic domain at their C termini. Class-3 semaphorins were initially characterized as axon guidance factors, but have subsequently been found to regulate immune responses, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and a variety of additional physiological and developmental functions. Most class-3 semaphorins transduce their signals by binding to receptors belonging to the neuropilin family which subsequently associate with receptors of the plexin family to form functional class-3 semaphorin receptors. Recent evidence suggests that class-3 semaphorins also fulfill important regulatory roles in multiple forms of cancer. Several class-3 semaphorins function as endogenous inhibitors of tumor angiogenesis. Others were found to inhibit tumor metastasis by inhibition of tumor lymphangiogenesis, by direct effects on the behavior of tumor cells, or by modulation of immune responses. Notably, some semaphorins such as sema3C and sema3E have also been found to potentiate tumor progression using various mechanisms. This review focuses on the roles of the different class-3 semaphorins in tumor progression.
Collapse
|
36
|
Brown ZP, Takagi J. The PA Tag: A Versatile Peptide Tagging System in the Era of Integrative Structural Biology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1105:59-76. [PMID: 30617824 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2200-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
We have recently developed a novel protein tagging system based on the high affinity interaction between an antibody NZ-1 and its antigen PA peptide, a dodecapeptide that forms a β-turn in the binding pocket of NZ-1. This unique conformation allows for the PA peptide to be inserted into turn-forming loops within a folded protein domain and the system has been variously used in general applications including protein purification, Western blotting and flow cytometry, or in more specialized applications such as reporting protein conformational change, and identifying subunits of macromolecular complexes with electron microscopy. Thus the small and "portable" nature of the PA tag system offers a versatile and powerful tool that can be implemented in various aspects of integrative structural biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuben P Brown
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junichi Takagi
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
The extracellular SEMA domain attenuates intracellular apoptotic signaling of semaphorin 6A in lung cancer cells. Oncogenesis 2018; 7:95. [PMID: 30518871 PMCID: PMC6281666 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-018-0105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorin 6A (SEMA6A), a membrane-bound protein, is downregulated in lung cancer tissue compared to its adjacent normal tissue. However, the functions of SEMA6A in lung cancer cells are still unclear. In the present study, full length SEMA6A and various truncations were transfected into lung cancer cells to investigate the role of the different domains of SEMA6A in cell proliferation and survival, apoptosis, and in vivo tumor growth. SEMA6A-induced cell signaling was explored using gene silencing, co-immunoprecipitation, and co-culture assays. Our results showed that overexpression of SEMA6A reduced the growth of lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, and silencing SEMA6A increased the proliferation of normal lung fibroblasts. Truncated SEMA6A lacking the SEMA domain or the extracellular region induced more apoptosis than full length SEMA6A, and reintroducing the SEMA domain attenuated the apoptosis. Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) bound to the cytosolic region of truncated SEMA6A and was involved in SEMA6A-associated cytosol-induced apoptosis. This study suggests a novel function of SEMA6A in inducing apoptosis via FADD binding in lung cancer cells.
Collapse
|
38
|
Beamish IV, Hinck L, Kennedy TE. Making Connections: Guidance Cues and Receptors at Nonneural Cell-Cell Junctions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a029165. [PMID: 28847900 PMCID: PMC6211390 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The field of axon guidance was revolutionized over the past three decades by the identification of highly conserved families of guidance cues and receptors. These proteins are essential for normal neural development and function, directing cell and axon migration, neuron-glial interactions, and synapse formation and plasticity. Many of these genes are also expressed outside the nervous system in which they influence cell migration, adhesion and proliferation. Because the nervous system develops from neural epithelium, it is perhaps not surprising that these guidance cues have significant nonneural roles in governing the specialized junctional connections between cells in polarized epithelia. The following review addresses roles for ephrins, semaphorins, netrins, slits and their receptors in regulating adherens, tight, and gap junctions in nonneural epithelia and endothelia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian V Beamish
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Lindsay Hinck
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Timothy E Kennedy
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hu S, Zhu L. Semaphorins and Their Receptors: From Axonal Guidance to Atherosclerosis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1236. [PMID: 30405423 PMCID: PMC6196129 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins are a large family of secreted, transmembrane, or GPI-anchored proteins initially identified as axon guidance cues signaling through their receptors, neuropilins, and plexins. Emerging evidence suggests that beyond the guidance, they also function in a broad spectrum of pathophysiological conditions, including atherosclerosis, a vascular inflammatory disease. Particular semaphorin members have been demonstrated to participate in atherosclerosis via eliciting endothelial dysfunction, leukocyte infiltration, monocyte-macrophage retention, platelet hyperreactivity, and neovascularization. In this review, we focus on the role of those semaphorin family members in the development of atherosclerosis and highlight the mechanistic relevance of semaphorins to atherogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Hu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Duke-Cohan JS, Ishikawa Y, Yoshizawa A, Choi YI, Lee CN, Acuto O, Kissler S, Reinherz EL. Regulation of thymocyte trafficking by Tagap, a GAP domain protein linked to human autoimmunity. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/534/eaan8799. [PMID: 29895617 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan8799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiple autoimmune pathologies are associated with single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the human gene TAGAP, which encodes TAGAP, a guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase)-activating protein. We showed in mice that Tagap-mediated signaling by the sema3E/plexin-D1 ligand-receptor complex attenuates thymocytes' adhesion to the cortex through their β1-containing integrins. By promoting thymocyte detachment within the cortex of the thymus, Tagap-mediated signaling enabled their translocation to the medulla, which is required for continued thymic selection. Tagap physically interacted with the cytoplasmic domain of plexin-D1 and directly stimulated the activity and signaling of the GTPase RhoA. In addition, Tagap indirectly mediated the activation of Cdc42 in response to the binding of sema3E to plexin-D1. Both RhoA and Cdc42 are key mediators of cytoskeletal and integrin dynamics in thymocytes. Knockdown of Tagap in mice suppressed the sema3E- and plexin-D1-mediated release of thymocytes that adhered within the cortex through β1-containing integrins. This suppression led to the impaired translocation of thymocytes from the cortex to the medulla and resulted in the formation of ectopic medullary structures within the thymic cortex. Our results suggest that TAGAP variation modulates the risk of autoimmunity by altering thymocyte migration during thymic selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Duke-Cohan
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yuki Ishikawa
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Immunobiology Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Akihiro Yoshizawa
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Young-Il Choi
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chin-Nien Lee
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Immunobiology Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Oreste Acuto
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Stephan Kissler
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. .,Immunobiology Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ellis L Reinherz
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Affiliation(s)
- Qianchuang Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
| | - Shuyan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
| | - Kexiang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kai Jiao
- Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bashiruddin NK, Matsunaga Y, Nagano M, Takagi J, Suga H. Facile Synthesis of Dimeric Thioether–Macrocyclic Peptides with Antibody-like Affinity against Plexin-B1. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:1847-1851. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nasir K. Bashiruddin
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yukiko Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masanobu Nagano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Junichi Takagi
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Semaphorins are extracellular signaling proteins that are essential for the development and maintenance of many organs and tissues. The more than 20-member semaphorin protein family includes secreted, transmembrane and cell surface-attached proteins with diverse structures, each characterized by a single cysteine-rich extracellular sema domain, the defining feature of the family. Early studies revealed that semaphorins function as axon guidance molecules, but it is now understood that semaphorins are key regulators of morphology and motility in many different cell types including those that make up the nervous, cardiovascular, immune, endocrine, hepatic, renal, reproductive, respiratory and musculoskeletal systems, as well as in cancer cells. Semaphorin signaling occurs predominantly through Plexin receptors and results in changes to the cytoskeletal and adhesive machinery that regulate cellular morphology. While much remains to be learned about the mechanisms underlying the effects of semaphorins, exciting work has begun to reveal how semaphorin signaling is fine-tuned through different receptor complexes and other mechanisms to achieve specific outcomes in various cellular contexts and physiological systems. These and future studies will lead to a more complete understanding of semaphorin-mediated development and to a greater understanding of how these proteins function in human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Taylor Alto
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jonathan R Terman
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Meng PP, Li Z, Wang SY, Zhou WW, Samiullah M, Chen N, Luo FH, Wu T, Yan JH. Preparation, Purification, and Identification of a Monoclonal Antibody Against the C-Terminal Domain of Semaphorin3F. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2018; 37:52-58. [PMID: 29420136 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2017.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Class three semaphorins were originally identified as mediators of axon guidance, which repelled axons and collapsed growth cones. As a member of class three semaphorins, semaphorin3F (Sema3F) has been found to have similar effects on tumor cells and endothelial cells and also is implicated in the signaling of tumor metastasis by forming a complex with neuropilins and plexins. In this study, our laboratory produced a monoclonal antibody against the C-terminal domain of Sema3F (Sema3Fc mAb) using the hybridoma method, expecting to explore the potential role of the antibody and its application in the detection of Sema3F. The capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method indicated that mAb belonged to the IgM subclass and purified Sema3Fc mAb had a titer of 5.12 × 105 against Sema3Fc by indirect ELISA. In addition, results showed that the Sema3Fc mAb could be applied in such experiments as Western blotting, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and immunocytochemical staining. It indicates the Sema3Fc mAb is available in the detection of Sema3F with specificity and will help further study the role and mechanism of Sema3F among tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Meng
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiangan South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiangan South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Sheng-Yu Wang
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiangan South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wen-Wen Zhou
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiangan South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Malik Samiullah
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiangan South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Na Chen
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiangan South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Fang-Hong Luo
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiangan South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiangan South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jiang-Hua Yan
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College, Xiamen University , Xiangan South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mediero A, Wilder T, Shah L, Cronstein BN. Adenosine A 2A receptor (A2AR) stimulation modulates expression of semaphorins 4D and 3A, regulators of bone homeostasis. FASEB J 2018; 32:3487-3501. [PMID: 29394106 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700217r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The axonal guidance proteins semaphorin (Sema)4D and Sema3A play important roles in communication between osteoclasts and osteoblasts. As stimulation of adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) regulates both osteoclast and osteoblast function, we asked whether A2AR regulates both osteoclast and osteoblast expression of Semas. In vivo bone formation and Sema3A/PlexinA1/Neuropilin-1, Sema4D/PlexinB1 protein expression were studied in a murine model of wear particle-induced osteolysis. Osteoclast/osteoblast differentiation were studied in vitro as the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase+/Alizarin Red+ cells after challenge with CGS21680 (A2AR agonist, 1 µM) or ZM241385 (A2AR antagonist, 1 µM), with or without Sema4D or Sema3A (10 ng/ml). Sema3A/PlexinA1/Neuropilin-1, Sema4D/PlexinB1, and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand/osteoprotegerin (RANKL/OPG) expression was studied by RT-PCR and Western blot. β-Catenin activation and cytoskeleton changes were studied by fluorescence microscopy and Western blot. In mice with wear particles implanted over the calvaria, CGS21680 treatment increased bone formation in vivo, reduced Sema4D, and increased Sema3A expression compared with mice with wear particle-induced osteolysis treated with vehicle alone. During osteoclast differentiation, CGS21680 abrogated RANKL-induced Sema4D mRNA expression (1.3 ± 0.3- vs. 2.5 ± 0.1-fold change, P < 0.001, n = 4). PlexinA1, but not Neuropilin-1, mRNA was enhanced by CGS21680 treatment. CGS21680 enhanced Sema3A mRNA expression during osteoblast differentiation (8.7 ± 0.2-fold increase, P < 0.001, n = 4); PlexinB1 mRNA was increased 2-fold during osteoblast differentiation and was not altered by CGS21680. Similar changes were observed at the protein level. CGS21680 decreased RANKL, increased OPG, and increased total/nuclear β-catenin expression in osteoblasts. Sema4D increased Ras homolog gene family, member A phosphorylation and focal adhesion kinase activation in osteoclast precursors, and CGS21680 abrogated these effects. In summary, A2AR activation diminishes secretion of Sema4D by osteoclasts, inhibits Sema4D-mediated osteoclast activation, and enhances secretion of Sema3A by osteoblasts, increasing osteoblast differentiation and diminishing inflammatory osteolysis.-Mediero, A., Wilder, T., Shah, L., Cronstein, B. N. Adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) stimulation modulates expression of semaphorins 4D and 3A, regulators of bone homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aránzazu Mediero
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; and.,Bone and Joint Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tuere Wilder
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; and
| | - Lopa Shah
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; and
| | - Bruce N Cronstein
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; and
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Sponziello M, Benvenuti S, Gentile A, Pecce V, Rosignolo F, Virzì AR, Milan M, Comoglio PM, Londin E, Fortina P, Barnabei A, Appetecchia M, Marandino F, Russo D, Filetti S, Durante C, Verrienti A. Whole exome sequencing identifies a germline MET mutation in two siblings with hereditary wild-type RET medullary thyroid cancer. Hum Mutat 2017; 39:371-377. [PMID: 29219214 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Whole exome sequencing (WES) was used to investigate two Italian siblings with wild-type RET genotype, who developed medullary thyroid cancers (MTCs) and, later, primary prostate and breast cancers, respectively. The proband's MTC harbored a p.Met918Thr RET mutation; his sister's MTC was RET/RAS wild-type. Both siblings had a germline mutation (p.Arg417Gln) in the extracellular Sema domain of the proto-oncogene MET. Experiments involving ectopic expression of MET p.Arg417Gln in MET-negative T47D breast cancer cells documented the mutant receptor's functionality and its ability to enhance cell migration and invasion. Our findings highlight a possible link between MET germline mutations and MTCs and suggest that MET p. Arg417Gln may promote an invasive malignant phenotype. The possibility that MTC can be driven/co-driven by a MET mutation has potential management implications, since the tyrosine-kinase inhibitor cabozantinib-approved for treating advanced MTCs-is a specific MET inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marialuisa Sponziello
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Benvenuti
- Molecular Therapeutics and Exploratory Research, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- Molecular Therapeutics and Exploratory Research, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Valeria Pecce
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Rosignolo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Virzì
- Molecular Therapeutics and Exploratory Research, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Melissa Milan
- Molecular Therapeutics and Exploratory Research, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy.,Department of Medical Oncology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo M Comoglio
- Molecular Therapeutics and Exploratory Research, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Eric Londin
- Computational Medicine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Paolo Fortina
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Agnese Barnabei
- Unit of Endocrinology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Diego Russo
- Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Filetti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cosimo Durante
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Verrienti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Moisá SJ, Ji P, Drackley JK, Rodriguez-Zas SL, Loor JJ. Transcriptional changes in mesenteric and subcutaneous adipose tissue from Holstein cows in response to plane of dietary energy. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:85. [PMID: 29214018 PMCID: PMC5713657 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0215-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dairy cows can readily overconsume dietary energy during most of the prepartum period, often leading to higher prepartal concentrations of insulin and glucose and excessive body fat deposition. The end result of these physiologic changes is greater adipose tissue lipolysis post-partum coupled with excessive hepatic lipid accumulation and compromised health. Although transcriptional regulation of the adipose response to energy availability is well established in non-ruminants, such regulation in cow adipose tissue depots remains poorly characterized. Results Effects of ad-libitum access to high [HIGH; 1.62 Mcal/kg of dry matter (DM)] or adequate (CON; 1.35 Mcal/kg of DM) dietary energy for 8 wk on mesenteric (MAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue transcript profiles were assessed in non-pregnant non-lactating Holstein dairy cows using a 13,000-sequence annotated bovine oligonucleotide microarray. Statistical analysis revealed 409 and 310 differentially expressed genes (DEG) due to tissue and diet. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted using the Dynamic Impact Approach (DIA) with the KEGG pathway database. Compared with SAT, MAT had more active biological processes related to adipose tissue accumulation (adiponectin secretion) and signs of pro-inflammatory processes due to adipose tissue expansion and macrophage infiltration (generation of ceramides). Feeding the HIGH diet led to changes in mRNA expression of genes associated with cell hypertrophy (regucalcin), activation of adipogenesis (phospholipid phosphatase 1), insulin signaling activation (neuraminidase 1) and angiogenesis (semaphorin 4G, plexin B1). Further, inflammation due to HIGH was underscored by mRNA expression changes associated with oxidative stress response (coenzyme Q3, methyltransferase), ceramide synthesis (N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase 1), and insulin signaling (interferon regulatory factor 1, phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1, retinoic acid receptor alpha). Activation of ribosome in cows fed HIGH indicated the existence of greater adipocyte growth rate (M-phase phosphoprotein 10, NMD3 ribosome export adaptor). Conclusions The data indicate that long-term ad-libitum access to a higher-energy diet led to transcriptional changes in adipose tissue that stimulated hypertrophy and the activity of pathways associated with a slight but chronic inflammatory response. Further studies would be helpful in determining the extent to which mRNA results also occur at the protein level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Moisá
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, 231 Upchurch Hall, 361 Mell Street, Auburn, AL 36849-5426 USA
| | - P Ji
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801 USA
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801 USA
| | - S L Rodriguez-Zas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801 USA
| | - J J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801 USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
St Clair RM, Emerson SE, D'Elia KP, Weir ME, Schmoker AM, Ebert AM, Ballif BA. Fyn-dependent phosphorylation of PlexinA1 and PlexinA2 at conserved tyrosines is essential for zebrafish eye development. FEBS J 2017; 285:72-86. [PMID: 29091353 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plexins (Plxns) are semaphorin (Sema) receptors that play important signaling roles, particularly in the developing nervous system and vasculature. Sema-Plxn signaling regulates cellular processes such as cytoskeletal dynamics, proliferation, and differentiation. However, the receptor-proximal signaling mechanisms driving Sema-Plxn signal transduction are only partially understood. Plxn tyrosine phosphorylation is thought to play an important role in these signaling events as receptor and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases have been shown to interact with Plxn receptors. The Src family kinase Fyn can induce the tyrosine phosphorylation of PlxnA1 and PlxnA2. However, the Fyn-dependent phosphorylation sites on these receptors have not been identified. Here, using mass spectrometry-based approaches, we have identified highly conserved, Fyn-induced PlexinA (PlxnA) tyrosine phosphorylation sites. Mutation of these sites to phenylalanine results in significantly decreased Fyn-dependent PlxnA tyrosine phosphorylation. Furthermore, in contrast to wild-type human PLXNA2 mRNA, mRNA harboring these point mutations cannot rescue eye developmental defects when coinjected with a plxnA2 morpholino in zebrafish embryos. Together these data suggest that Fyn-dependent phosphorylation at two critical tyrosines is a key feature of vertebrate PlxnA1 and PlxnA2 signal transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riley M St Clair
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Sarah E Emerson
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Kristen P D'Elia
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Marion E Weir
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Anna M Schmoker
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Alicia M Ebert
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Bryan A Ballif
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Liu Y, Wang S, Guo Q, Li Y, Qin J, Zhao N, Li Y, Shan Z, Teng W. Elevated semaphorin 5A in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a case-control study. Endocr Connect 2017; 6:659-666. [PMID: 28912336 PMCID: PMC5655683 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is characterized by elevated specific auto-antibodies, including TgAb and TPOAb. Increasing evidence has demonstrated the essential role of Th17 cells in HT. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Semaphorin 5A (Sema 5A) is involved in several autoimmune diseases through the regulation of immune cells. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of Sema 5A in HT. METHODS We measured serum Sema 5A levels in HT (n = 92) and healthy controls (n = 111) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RNA levels of Sema 5A and their receptors (plexin-A1 and plexin-B3), as well as several cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17), were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 23 patients with HT and 31 controls. In addition, we investigated the relationship between serum Sema 5A and HT. RESULTS Serum Sema 5A in HT increased significantly compared with healthy controls (P < 0.001). Moreover, serum Sema 5A levels were positively correlated with TgAb (r = 0.511, P < 0.001), TPOAb (r = 0.423, P < 0.001), TSH (r = 0.349, P < 0.001) and IL-17 mRNA expression (r = 0.442, P < 0.001). Increased Sema 5A RNA expression was observed (P = 0.041) in HT compared with controls. In receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, serum Sema 5A predicted HT with a sensitivity of 79.35% and specificity of 96.40%, and the area under the curve of the ROC curve was 0.836 (95% CI: 0.778-0.884, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrated elevated serum Sema 5A in HT patients for the first time. Serum Sema 5A levels were correlated with thyroid auto-antibodies and IL-17 mRNA expression. Sema 5A may be involved in immune response of HT patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongping Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismInstitute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismInstitute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingling Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismInstitute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongze Li
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismInstitute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Qin
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismInstitute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismInstitute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yushu Li
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismInstitute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyan Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismInstitute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismInstitute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
The regulation of the guidance receptor plexin is incompletely understood. In this issue, Kong et al. (2016) present crystal structures of the full-length extracellular region of class A plexins, revealing its dual role in both autoinhibition and activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Kuo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xuewu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| |
Collapse
|