1
|
Maschette D, Burch P, Farmer B, Woodcock E, Péron C, Cramer B, Gardner C, Welsford DC. Population dynamics and spatial structure of the grey rockcod (Lepidonotothen squamifrons) in the vicinity of Heard Island and the McDonald Islands. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298754. [PMID: 38743705 PMCID: PMC11093291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The grey rockcod, Lepidonotothen squamifrons is an important prey species for seals, penguins and Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) in the Southern Ocean. Across the Kerguelen Plateau, the species was fished to commercial extinction (ca. 152 000 tonnes between 1971 and 1978) prior to the declaration of the French Exclusive Economic Zone in 1979 and the Australian Fishing Zone in 1981. In this study we estimate; age, growth, maturity, sex ratio, body condition (weight-at-length), and population density of grey rockcod using data from 19 trawl surveys from 1990 to 2014. There appeared to be three distinct geographical populations, with differences in biological parameters within each population. This study has identified separate metapopulations within the southern region of the Kerguelen Plateau and we recommend that management should take into account the different characteristics of these populations, and that this meta-population structure may be a factor in why this species required several decades to show signs of recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dale Maschette
- Department of Climate Change, Australian Antarctic Division, Energy, The Environment and Water, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Paul Burch
- Department of Climate Change, Australian Antarctic Division, Energy, The Environment and Water, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Bryn Farmer
- Department of Climate Change, Australian Antarctic Division, Energy, The Environment and Water, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Emma Woodcock
- Department of Climate Change, Australian Antarctic Division, Energy, The Environment and Water, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Clara Péron
- Department of Climate Change, Australian Antarctic Division, Energy, The Environment and Water, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques MNHN, Paris, France
| | - Breanna Cramer
- APC Prosthetics Northmead NSW, Northmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Caleb Gardner
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Dirk C. Welsford
- Department of Climate Change, Australian Antarctic Division, Energy, The Environment and Water, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu A, Magpantay FMG, Abdella K. A framework for long-lasting, slowly varying transient dynamics. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2023; 20:12130-12153. [PMID: 37501436 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2023540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Much of the focus of applied dynamical systems is on asymptotic dynamics such as equilibria and periodic solutions. However, in many systems there are transient phenomena, such as temporary population collapses and the honeymoon period after the start of mass vaccination, that can last for a very long time and play an important role in ecological and epidemiological applications. In previous work we defined transient centers which are points in state space that give rise to arbitrarily long and arbitrarily slow transient dynamics. Here we present the mathematical properties of transient centers and provide further insight into these special points. We show that under certain conditions, the entire forward and backward trajectory of a transient center, as well as all its limit points must also be transient centers. We also derive conditions that can be used to verify which points are transient centers and whether those are reachable transient centers. Finally we present examples to demonstrate the utility of the theory, including applications to predatory-prey systems and disease transmission models, and show that the long transience noted in these models are generated by transient centers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankai Liu
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | | | - Kenzu Abdella
- Department of Mathematics, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dudkowski D, Jaros P, Kapitaniak T. Extreme transient dynamics. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2022; 32:121101. [PMID: 36587356 DOI: 10.1063/5.0131768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We study the extreme transient dynamics of four self-excited pendula coupled via the movable beam. A slight difference in the pendula lengths induces the appearance of traveling phase behavior, within which the oscillators synchronize, but the phases between the nodes change in time. We discuss various scenarios of traveling states (involving different pendula) and their properties, comparing them with classical synchronization patterns of phase-locking. The research investigates the problem of transient dynamics preceding the stabilization of the network on a final synchronous attractor, showing that the width of transient windows can become extremely long. The relation between the behavior of the system within the transient regime and its initial conditions is examined and described. Our results include both identical and non-identical pendula masses, showing that the distribution of the latter ones is related to the transients. The research performed in this paper underlines possible transient problems occurring during the analysis of the systems when the slow evolution of the dynamics can be misinterpreted as the final behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Dudkowski
- Division of Dynamics, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Patrycja Jaros
- Division of Dynamics, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kapitaniak
- Division of Dynamics, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Durant JM, Ono K, Langangen Ø. Empirical evidence of nonlinearity in bottom up effect in a marine predator-prey system. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220309. [PMID: 36321432 PMCID: PMC9627449 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The strength of species interactions may have profound effects on population dynamics. Empirical estimates of interaction strength are often based on the assumption that the interaction strengths are constant. Barents Sea (BS) cod and capelin are two fish populations for which such an interaction has been acknowledged and used, under the assumption of constant interaction strength, when studying their population dynamics. However, species interactions can often be nonlinear in marine ecosystems and might profoundly change our understanding of food chains. Analysing long-term time series data comprising a survey over 37 years in the Arcto-boreal BS, using a state-space modelling framework, we demonstrate that the effect of capelin on cod is not linear but shifts depending on capelin abundance: while capelin is beneficial for cod populations at high abundance; below the threshold, it becomes less important for cod. Our analysis therefore shows the importance of investigating nonlinearity in species interactions and may contribute to an improved understanding on species assemblages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joël M. Durant
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kotaro Ono
- Institute for Marine Research (IMR), PO Box 1870 Nordnes, Bergen 5817, Norway
| | - Øystein Langangen
- Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology (AQUA), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Villegas‐Ríos D, Freitas C, Moland E, Olsen EM. Eco‐evolutionary dynamics of Atlantic cod spatial behavior maintained after the implementation of a marine reserve. Evol Appl 2022; 15:1846-1858. [PMID: 36426127 PMCID: PMC9679232 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of marine reserves on the life history and demography of the protected populations are well‐established, typically increasing population density and body size. However, little is known about how marine reserves may alter the behavior of the populations that are the target of protection. In theory, marine reserves can relax selection on spatial behavioral phenotypes that were previously targeted by the fishery and also drive selection in favor of less mobile individuals. In this study, we used acoustic telemetry to monitor the individual spatial behavior of 566 Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua Linnaeus, 1758) moving within a marine reserve and a control site in southern Norway, starting 1 year before the implementation of the marine reserve and lasting up to 9 years after. Following a before‐after‐control‐impact approach, we investigated changes in (1) survival, (2) selection acting on behavioral traits, and (3) mean behavioral phenotypes, after the implementation of the marine reserve. We focused on three behavioral traits commonly used to describe the mobility of aquatic animals: home range size, depth position, and diel vertical migration range. Survival increased after reserve implementation, but contrary to our expectations, it subsequently decreased to preprotection levels after just 3 years. Further, we found no significance in selection patterns acting on any of the three behavioral traits after reserve implementation. Although some changes related to water column use (the tendency to occupy deeper waters) were observed in the marine reserve after 9 years, they cannot unequivocally be attributed to protection. Our results show that survival and behavioral responses to marine reserves in some cases may be more complex than previously anticipated and highlight the need for appropriately scaled management experiments and more integrated approaches to understand the effects of marine protected areas on harvested aquatic species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Villegas‐Ríos
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (CSIC‐UiB) Esporles Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM‐CSIC) Vigo Spain
| | - Carla Freitas
- Institute of Marine Research His Norway
- MARE, Marine and Environmental Sciences Center Madeira Tecnopolo Funchal Portugal
| | - Even Moland
- Institute of Marine Research His Norway
- Department of Natural Sciences, Centre for Coastal Research (CCR) University of Agder Kristiansand Norway
| | - Esben M. Olsen
- Institute of Marine Research His Norway
- Department of Natural Sciences, Centre for Coastal Research (CCR) University of Agder Kristiansand Norway
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ducklow H, Cimino M, Dunton KH, Fraser WR, Hopcroft RR, Ji R, Miller AJ, Ohman MD, Sosik HM. Marine Pelagic Ecosystem Responses to Climate Variability and Change. Bioscience 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
abstract
The marine coastal region makes up just 10% of the total area of the global ocean but contributes nearly 20% of its total primary production and over 80% of fisheries landings. Unicellular phytoplankton dominate primary production. Climate variability has had impacts on various marine ecosystems, but most sites are just approaching the age at which ecological responses to longer term, unidirectional climate trends might be distinguished. All five marine pelagic sites in the US Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) network are experiencing warming trends in surface air temperature. The marine physical system is responding at all sites with increasing mixed layer temperatures and decreasing depth and with declining sea ice cover at the two polar sites. Their ecological responses are more varied. Some sites show multiple population or ecosystem changes, whereas, at others, changes have not been detected, either because more time is needed or because they are not being measured.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Ducklow
- Columbia University , New York, New York, United States
| | - Megan Cimino
- University of California Santa Cruz , Santa Cruz, California, United States
| | - Kenneth H Dunton
- University of Texas, Port Aransas , Port Aransas, Texas, United States
| | - William R Fraser
- Polar Oceans Research Group, part of the Holtzman Wildlife Foundation , Farmington Mills, Michigan, United States
| | | | - Rubao Ji
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Arthur J Miller
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography , La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Mark D Ohman
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography , La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Heidi M Sosik
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Goto D, Filin AA, Howell D, Bogstad B, Kovalev Y, Gjøsaeter H. Tradeoffs of managing cod as a sustainable resource in fluctuating environments. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2498. [PMID: 34787943 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable human exploitation of living marine resources stems from a delicate balance between yield stability and population persistence to achieve socioeconomic and conservation goals. But our imperfect knowledge of how oceanic oscillations regulate temporal variation in an exploited species can obscure the risk of missing management targets. We illustrate how applying a management policy to suppress fluctuations in fishery yield in variable environments (prey density and regional climate) can present unintended outcomes in harvested predators and the sustainability of harvesting. Using Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua, an apex predatory fish) in the Barents Sea as a case study we simulate age-structured population and harvest dynamics through time-varying, density-dependent and density-independent processes with a stochastic, process-based model informed by 27-year monitoring data. In this model, capelin (Mallotus villosus, a pelagic forage fish), a primary prey of cod, fluctuations modulate the strength of density-dependent regulation primarily through cannibalistic pressure on juvenile cod survival; sea temperature fluctuations modulate thermal regulation of cod feeding, growth, maturation, and reproduction. We first explore how capelin and temperature fluctuations filtered through cod intrinsic dynamics modify catch stability and then evaluate how management to suppress short-term variability in catch targets alters overharvest risk. Analyses revealed that suppressing year-to-year catch variability impedes management responses to adjust fishing pressure, which becomes progressively out of sync with variations in cod abundance. This asynchrony becomes amplified in fluctuating environments, magnifying the amplitudes of both fishing pressure and cod abundance and then intensifying the density-dependent regulation of juvenile survival through cannibalism. Although these transient dynamics theoretically give higher average catches, emergent, quasicyclic behaviors of the population would increase long-term yield variability and elevate overharvest risk. Management strategies that overlook the interplay of extrinsic (fishing and environment) and intrinsic (life history and demography) fluctuations thus can inadvertently destabilize fish stocks, thereby jeopardizing the sustainability of harvesting. These policy implications underscore the value of ecosystem approaches to designing management measures to sustainably harvest ecologically connected resources while achieving socioeconomic security.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Goto
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anatoly A Filin
- Polar Branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution, Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography ("PINRO" named after N.M. Knipovich), Akademik Knipovich Street 6, Murmansk, 183038, Russia
| | - Daniel Howell
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjarte Bogstad
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Yury Kovalev
- Polar Branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution, Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography ("PINRO" named after N.M. Knipovich), Akademik Knipovich Street 6, Murmansk, 183038, Russia
| | - Harald Gjøsaeter
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Randell Z, Kenner M, Tomoleoni J, Yee J, Novak M. Kelp-forest dynamics controlled by substrate complexity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2103483119. [PMID: 35181602 PMCID: PMC8872774 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103483119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The factors that determine why ecosystems exhibit abrupt shifts in state are of paramount importance for management, conservation, and restoration efforts. Kelp forests are emblematic of such abruptly shifting ecosystems, transitioning from kelp-dominated to urchin-dominated states around the world with increasing frequency, yet the underlying processes and mechanisms that control their dynamics remain unclear. Here, we analyze four decades of data from biannual monitoring around San Nicolas Island, CA, to show that substrate complexity controls both the number of possible (alternative) states and the velocity with which shifts between states occur. The superposition of community dynamics with reconstructions of system stability landscapes reveals that shifts between alternative states at low-complexity sites reflect abrupt, high-velocity events initiated by pulse perturbations that rapidly propel species across dynamically unstable state-space. In contrast, high-complexity sites exhibit a single state of resilient kelp-urchin coexistence. Our analyses suggest that substrate complexity influences both top-down and bottom-up regulatory processes in kelp forests, highlight its influence on kelp-forest stability at both large (island-wide) and small (<10 m) spatial scales, and could be valuable for holistic kelp-forest management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Randell
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331;
| | - Michael Kenner
- US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Santa Cruz, CA 95060
| | - Joseph Tomoleoni
- US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Santa Cruz, CA 95060
| | - Julie Yee
- US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Santa Cruz, CA 95060
| | - Mark Novak
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lotze HK, Mellon S, Coyne J, Betts M, Burchell M, Fennel K, Dusseault MA, Fuller SD, Galbraith E, Garcia Suarez L, de Gelleke L, Golombek N, Kelly B, Kuehn SD, Oliver E, MacKinnon M, Muraoka W, Predham IT, Rutherford K, Shackell N, Sherwood O, Sibert EC, Kienast M. Long-term ocean and resource dynamics in a hotspot of climate change. Facets (Ott) 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2021-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The abundance, distribution, and size of marine species are linked to temperature and nutrient regimes and are profoundly affected by humans through exploitation and climate change. Yet little is known about long-term historical links between ocean environmental changes and resource abundance to provide context for current and potential future trends and inform conservation and management. We synthesize >4000 years of climate and marine ecosystem dynamics in a Northwest Atlantic region currently undergoing rapid changes, the Gulf of Maine and Scotian Shelf. This period spans the late Holocene cooling and recent warming and includes both Indigenous and European influence. We compare environmental records from instrumental, sedimentary, coral, and mollusk archives with ecological records from fossils, archaeological, historical, and modern data, and integrate future model projections of environmental and ecosystem changes. This multidisciplinary synthesis provides insight into multiple reference points and shifting baselines of environmental and ecosystem conditions, and projects a near-future departure from natural climate variability in 2028 for the Scotian Shelf and 2034 for the Gulf of Maine. Our work helps advancing integrative end-to-end modeling to improve the predictive capacity of ecosystem forecasts with climate change. Our results can be used to adjust marine conservation strategies and network planning and adapt ecosystem-based management with climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heike K. Lotze
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Stefanie Mellon
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jonathan Coyne
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Matthew Betts
- Canadian Museum of History, Gatineau, QC K1A 0M8, Canada
| | - Meghan Burchell
- Department of Archaeology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Katja Fennel
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Marisa A. Dusseault
- Department of Archaeology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | | | - Eric Galbraith
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E8, Canada
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lina Garcia Suarez
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Laura de Gelleke
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Nina Golombek
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | | | - Sarah D. Kuehn
- Department of Archaeology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Eric Oliver
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Megan MacKinnon
- Department of Archaeology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Wendy Muraoka
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Ian T.G. Predham
- Department of Archaeology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Krysten Rutherford
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Nancy Shackell
- Ocean and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, NS B3B 1J6, Canada
| | - Owen Sherwood
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Elizabeth C. Sibert
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, PO Box 208109, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies, Yale University, 170 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Markus Kienast
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Brammer JR, Menzies AK, Carter LS, Giroux-Bougard X, Landry-Cuerrier M, Leblanc ML, Neelin MN, Studd EK, Humphries MM. Weighing the importance of animal body size in traditional food systems. Facets (Ott) 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2020-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional food systems based on harvest from the local environment are fundamental to the well-being of many communities, but their security is challenged by rapid socio-ecological change. We synthesized literature and data describing how a fundamental form of biodiversity, animal body size, contributes to the security of traditional food systems through relationships with species availability, accessibility, adequacy, and use. We found larger vertebrate species were more available, accessible, and used on a per kilogram basis, particularly for mammals. Conversely, larger species were no more or less adequate from a combined nutritional, health, and cultural perspective. Larger species represented more biomass, and this biomass required less time to harvest, with greater but more variable mean caloric returns over time. Smaller species provided more consistent caloric returns and were harvested during documented shortages of prey. This reliance on species with a range of body sizes is consistent with optimal foraging theory and the evolutionary value of flexibility, and highlights the importance of a biodiverse pool of species for traditional food security in times of change. Our synthesis of published literature and data highlights the many socio-ecological correlates of species size and how these relate to the security of traditional food systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R. Brammer
- Natural Resources Department, Vuntut Gwitchin Government, P.O. Box 94, Old Crow, Yukon, Y0B 1N0, Canada
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Raven Road, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Allyson K. Menzies
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Laurence S. Carter
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Xavier Giroux-Bougard
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Manuelle Landry-Cuerrier
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Melanie-Louise Leblanc
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Mikhaela N. Neelin
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Emily K. Studd
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Murray M. Humphries
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
- Centre for Indigenous Peoples’ Nutrition and Environment, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec H9X 3V9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Durant JM, Aarvold L, Langangen Ø. Stock collapse and its effect on species interactions: Cod and herring in the Norwegian-Barents Seas system as an example. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:16993-17004. [PMID: 34938487 PMCID: PMC8668721 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the Norwegian Spring Spawning herring (Clupea harengus) and the Northeast Arctic (NEA) cod (Gadus morhua) are examples of strong stock reduction and decline of the associated fisheries due to overfishing followed by a recovery. Cod and herring are both part of the Barents Sea ecosystem, which has experienced major warming events in the early (1920-1940) and late 20th century. While the collapse or near collapse of these stocks seems to be linked to an instability created by overfishing and climate, the difference of population dynamics before and after is not fully understood. In particular, it is unclear how the changes in population dynamics before and after the collapses are associated with biotic interactions. The combination of the availability of unique long-term time series for herring and cod makes it a well-suited study system to investigate the effects of collapse. We examine how species interactions may differently affect the herring and cod population dynamic before and after a collapse. Particularly we explore, using a GAM modeling approach, how herring could affect cod and vice versa. We found that the effect of cod biomass on herring that was generally positive (i.e., covariation) but the effect became negative after the collapse (i.e., predation or competition). Likewise a change occurred for the cod, the juvenile herring biomass that had no effect before the collapse had a negative effect after. Our results indicate that the population collapses may alter the inter-specific interactions and response to abiotic environmental changes. While the stocks are at similar abundance levels before and after the collapses, the system is potentially different in its functioning and may require different management action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joël M. Durant
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES)Department of BiosciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Leana Aarvold
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES)Department of BiosciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Øystein Langangen
- Section for Aquatic biology and toxicology (AQUA)Department of BiosciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Eriksson BK, Yanos C, Bourlat SJ, Donadi S, Fontaine MC, Hansen JP, Jakubavičiūtė E, Kiragosyan K, Maan ME, Merilä J, Austin ÅN, Olsson J, Reiss K, Sundblad G, Bergström U, Eklöf JS. Habitat segregation of plate phenotypes in a rapidly expanding population of three‐spined stickleback. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Britas Klemens Eriksson
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life‐Sciences, GELIFES University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 Groningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
| | - Casey Yanos
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life‐Sciences, GELIFES University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 Groningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
| | - Sarah J. Bourlat
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig Adenauerallee 160 Bonn53113Germany
| | - Serena Donadi
- Department of Aquatic Resources Swedish University of Agricultural Science Drottningholm Sweden
| | - Michael C. Fontaine
- MIVEGEC CNRS IRD Univ. Montpellier Montpellier France
- Centre de Recherche en Ecologie et Evolution de la Santé (CREES) Montpellier France
| | | | | | - Karine Kiragosyan
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life‐Sciences, GELIFES University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 Groningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
| | - Martine E. Maan
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life‐Sciences, GELIFES University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 Groningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
| | - Juha Merilä
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme Faculty Biological & Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki PO Box 65 HelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
- Research Division of Ecology & Biodiversity University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Åsa N. Austin
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University Sweden
| | - Jens Olsson
- Department of Aquatic Resources Swedish University of Agricultural Science Drottningholm Sweden
| | - Katrin Reiss
- Faculty for Biosciences and Aquaculture Nord University Bodø8049Norway
| | - Göran Sundblad
- Department of Aquatic Resources Swedish University of Agricultural Science Drottningholm Sweden
| | - Ulf Bergström
- Department of Aquatic Resources Swedish University of Agricultural Science Drottningholm Sweden
| | - Johan S. Eklöf
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Arumugam R, Lutscher F, Guichard F. Tracking unstable states: ecosystem dynamics in a changing world. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Frithjof Lutscher
- Dept of Mathematics and Statistics, Dept of Biology, Univ. of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Durant JM, Ono K, Stenseth NC, Langangen Ø. Nonlinearity in interspecific interactions in response to climate change: Cod and haddock as an example. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:5554-5563. [PMID: 32623765 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has profound ecological effects, yet our understanding of how trophic interactions among species are affected by climate change is still patchy. The sympatric Atlantic haddock and cod are co-occurring across the North Atlantic. They compete for food at younger stages and thereafter the former is preyed by the latter. Climate change might affect the interaction and coexistence of these two species. Particularly, the increase in sea temperature (ST) has been shown to affect distribution, population growth and trophic interactions in marine systems. We used 33-year long time series of haddock and cod abundances estimates from two data sources (acoustic and trawl survey) to analyse the dynamic effect of climate on the coexistence of these two sympatric species in the Arcto-Boreal Barents Sea. Using a Bayesian state-space threshold model, we demonstrated that long-term climate variation, as expressed by changes of ST, affected species demography through different influences on density-independent processes. The interaction between cod and haddock has shifted in the last two decades due to an increase in ST, altering the equilibrium abundances and the dynamics of the system. During warm years (ST over ca. 4°C), the increase in the cod abundance negatively affected haddock abundance while it did not during cold years. This change in interactions therefore changed the equilibrium population size with a higher population size during warm years. Our analyses show that long-term climate change in the Arcto-Boreal system can generate differences in the equilibrium conditions of species assemblages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joël M Durant
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kotaro Ono
- Institute for Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
| | - Nils Chr Stenseth
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Coastal Research (CCR), Department of Natural Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Øystein Langangen
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology (AQUA), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sun TA, Hilker FM. Analyzing the mutual feedbacks between lake pollution and human behaviour in a mathematical social-ecological model. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2020.100834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
16
|
Identification of Regime Shifts and Their Potential Drivers in the Shallow Eutrophic Lake Yilong, Southwest China. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12093704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Regime shifts in shallow lakes can lead to great changes in ecosystem structures and functions, making ecosystem management more complicated. Lake Yilong, located in Yunnan Province, is one of the most eutrophic lakes in China. Although there is a high possibility that this lake has undergone regime shift one or more times, the presence of regime shifts and their drivers remain unknown. Here, we employed the sequential t-test analysis of regime shifts to detect the regime shifts based on the long-term (1989–2018) dataset of the lake. We further determined their potential drivers, and explored the nutrient thresholds of regime shifts and hysteresis. The results showed that during the testing period, three regime shifts occurred in 1996 (restorative type), 2009 (catastrophic type) and 2014 (restorative type). The potential key drivers for the first two regime shifts (1996 and 2009) were both related to aquaculture. The abolition of cage fish culture may have led to the restorative regime shift in 1996, and the stocking of crabs and excessive premature releasing of fry possibly caused the catastrophic regime shift in 2009. However, the third regime shift, which occurred in 2014, was possibly related to the drought and succedent hydration. These results indicate that adjustments of aquaculture strategy and hydrological conditions are critical for the lake ecosystem’s recovery. Moreover, the total phosphorus thresholds were identified to be lower than 0.046 mg/L (restorative type) and higher than 0.105 mg/L (catastrophic type), respectively. In addition, an obvious hysteresis was observed after 2014, suggesting that nutrient reduction is important for this lake’s management in the future.
Collapse
|
17
|
Ellingsen KE, Yoccoz NG, Tveraa T, Frank KT, Johannesen E, Anderson MJ, Dolgov AV, Shackell NL. The rise of a marine generalist predator and the fall of beta diversity. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:2897-2907. [PMID: 32181966 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Determining the importance of physical and biological drivers in shaping biodiversity in diverse ecosystems remains a global challenge. Advancements have been made towards this end in large marine ecosystems with several studies suggesting environmental forcing as the primary driver. However, both empirical and theoretical studies point to additional drivers of changes in diversity involving trophic interactions and, in particular, predation. Moreover, a more integrated but less common approach to the assessment of biodiversity changes involves analyses of spatial β diversity, whereas most studies to date assess only changes in species richness (α diversity). Recent research has established that when cod, a dominant generalist predator, was overfished and collapsed in a northwest Atlantic food web, spatial β diversity increased; that is, the spatial structure of the fish assemblage became increasingly heterogeneous. If cod were to recover, would this situation be reversible, given the inherent complexity and non-linear dynamics that typify such systems? A dramatic increase of cod in an ecologically similar large marine ecosystem may provide an answer. Here we show that spatial β diversity of fish assemblages in the Barents Sea decreased with increasing cod abundance, while decadal scale changes in temperature did not play a significant role. These findings indicate a reversibility of the fish assemblage structure in response to changing levels of an apex predator and highlight the frequently overlooked importance of trophic interactions in determining large-scale biodiversity patterns. As increased cod abundance was largely driven by changes in fisheries management, our study also shows that management policies and practices, particularly those involving apex predators, can have a strong effect in shaping spatial diversity patterns, and one should not restrict the focus to effects of climate change alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kari E Ellingsen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nigel G Yoccoz
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Torkild Tveraa
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kenneth T Frank
- Ocean Sciences Division, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
| | | | - Marti J Anderson
- New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study (NZIAS), Albany Campus, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrey V Dolgov
- Polar Branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography" ("PINRO" named after N.M. Knipovich), Murmansk, Russia
| | - Nancy L Shackell
- Ocean Sciences Division, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Easter EE, Adreani MS, Hamilton SL, Steele MA, Pang S, White JW. Influence of protogynous sex change on recovery of fish populations within marine protected areas. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02070. [PMID: 31903628 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly implemented as a conservation tool worldwide. In many cases, they are managed adaptively: the abundance of target species is monitored, and observations are compared to some model-based expectation for the trajectory of population recovery to ensure that the MPA is achieving its goals. Most previous analyses of the transient (short-term) response of populations to the cessation of fishing inside MPAs have dealt only with gonochore (fixed-sex) species. However, many important fishery species are protogynous hermaphrodites (female-to-male sex-changing). Because size-selective harvest will predominantly target males in these species, harvesting not only reduces abundance but also skews the sex ratio toward females. Thus the response to MPA implementation will involve changes in both survival and sex ratio, and ultimately reproductive output. We used an age-structured model of a generic sex-changing fish population to compare transient population dynamics after MPA implementation to those of an otherwise similar gonochore population and examine how different features of sex-changing life history affect those dynamics. We examined both demographically open (most larval recruitment comes from outside the MPA) and demographically closed (most larval recruitment is locally produced) dynamics. Under both scenarios, population recovery of protogynous species takes longer when fishing was more intense pre-MPA (as in gonochores), but also depends heavily on the mating function, the degree to which the sex ratio affects reproduction. If few males are needed and reproduction is not affected by a highly female-biased sex ratio, then population recovery is much faster; if males are a limiting resource, then increases in abundance after MPA implementation are much slower than for gonochores. Unfortunately, the mating function is largely unknown for fishes. In general, we expect that most protogynous species with haremic mating systems will be in the first category (few males needed), though there is at least one example of a fish species (though not a sex-changing species) for which males are limiting. Thus a better understanding of the importance of male fish to population dynamics is needed for the adaptive management of MPAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E E Easter
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, 28403, USA
| | - M S Adreani
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, California, 91330, USA
| | - S L Hamilton
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, California, 95309, USA
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, California, 91330, USA
| | - S Pang
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, California, 95309, USA
| | - J W White
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, 28403, USA
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon, 97365, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sguotti C, Otto SA, Frelat R, Langbehn TJ, Ryberg MP, Lindegren M, Durant JM, Chr Stenseth N, Möllmann C. Catastrophic dynamics limit Atlantic cod recovery. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 286:20182877. [PMID: 30862289 PMCID: PMC6458326 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Collapses and regime changes are pervasive in complex systems (such as marine ecosystems) governed by multiple stressors. The demise of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) stocks constitutes a text book example of the consequences of overexploiting marine living resources, yet the drivers of these nearly synchronous collapses are still debated. Moreover, it is still unclear why rebuilding of collapsed fish stocks such as cod is often slow or absent. Here, we apply the stochastic cusp model, based on catastrophe theory, and show that collapse and recovery of cod stocks are potentially driven by the specific interaction between exploitation pressure and environmental drivers. Our statistical modelling study demonstrates that for most of the cod stocks, ocean warming could induce a nonlinear discontinuous relationship between fishing pressure and stock size, which would explain hysteresis in their response to reduced exploitation pressure. Our study suggests further that a continuing increase in ocean temperatures will probably limit productivity and hence future fishing opportunities for most cod stocks of the Atlantic Ocean. Moreover, our study contributes to the ongoing discussion on the importance of climate and fishing effects on commercially exploited fish stocks, highlighting the importance of considering discontinuous dynamics in holistic ecosystem-based management approaches, particularly under climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Sguotti
- 1 Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Fisheries Science (IMF), Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg , 22767 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Saskia A Otto
- 1 Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Fisheries Science (IMF), Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg , 22767 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Romain Frelat
- 1 Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Fisheries Science (IMF), Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg , 22767 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Tom J Langbehn
- 2 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen , 5006 Bergen , Norway
| | - Marie Plambech Ryberg
- 3 National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Aqua) , 2800 Kgs Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Martin Lindegren
- 3 National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Aqua) , 2800 Kgs Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Joël M Durant
- 4 Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo , 0316 Oslo , Norway
| | - Nils Chr Stenseth
- 4 Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo , 0316 Oslo , Norway
| | - Christian Möllmann
- 1 Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Fisheries Science (IMF), Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg , 22767 Hamburg , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Winter AM, Richter A, Eikeset AM. Implications of Allee effects for fisheries management in a changing climate: evidence from Atlantic cod. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e01994. [PMID: 31468660 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There are concerns that increasing anthropogenic stressors can cause catastrophic transitions in ecosystems. Such shifts have large social, economic, and ecological consequences and therefore have important management implications. A potential mechanism behind these regime shifts is the Allee effect, which describes the decline in realized per capita growth rate at small population density. With an age-structured population model for Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, we illustrate how interactions between human-induced stressors, such as fishing and climate change, can worsen the impact of an Allee effect on populations by promoting hysteresis. Therefore, the risk of population collapse and recovery failure is exacerbated and the success of preventing and reverting collapse depends on the climate regime. We find that, in presence of the Allee effect, a fishing moratorium is only sufficient for recovery when sea surface temperature rise remains within 2°C and fishing is restricted within 10 yrs. If sea surface temperature rises beyond 2°C, even immediate banning of fishing is not sufficient to guarantee recovery. If fishing is not fully banned and a residual fishing pressure remains, the probability of recovery is further decreased, also in the absence of an Allee effect. The results underscore the decisive role of Allee effects for the management of depleted populations in an increasingly human-dominated world. Once the population collapses and its growth rate is suppressed, rebuilding measures will be squandered and collapse will very likely be irreversible. We therefore emphasize the need for proactive management involving precautionary, adaptive measures and reference points. Our studies shows that climate change has the potential to strengthen Allee effects, which could increasingly challenge fisheries management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Marie Winter
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, N-0316, Norway
| | - Andries Richter
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, N-0316, Norway
- Environmental Economics and Natural Resources Group, Sub-Department of Economics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6700 EW, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Maria Eikeset
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, N-0316, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ashford OS, Kenny AJ, Barrio Froján CRS, Horton T, Rogers AD. Investigating the environmental drivers of deep-seafloor biodiversity: A case study of peracarid crustacean assemblages in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:14167-14204. [PMID: 31938511 PMCID: PMC6953587 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The deep-sea benthos covers over 90% of seafloor area and hosts a great diversity of species which contribute toward essential ecosystem services. Evidence suggests that deep-seafloor assemblages are structured predominantly by their physical environment, yet knowledge of assemblage/environment relationships is limited. Here, we utilized a very large dataset of Northwest Atlantic Ocean continental slope peracarid crustacean assemblages as a case study to investigate the environmental drivers of deep-seafloor macrofaunal biodiversity. We investigated biodiversity from a phylogenetic, functional, and taxonomic perspective, and found that a wide variety of environmental drivers, including food availability, physical disturbance (bottom trawling), current speed, sediment characteristics, topographic heterogeneity, and temperature (in order of relative importance), significantly influenced peracarid biodiversity. We also found deep-water peracarid assemblages to vary seasonally and interannually. Contrary to prevailing theory on the drivers of deep-seafloor diversity, we found high topographic heterogeneity (at the hundreds to thousands of meter scale) to negatively influence assemblage diversity, while broadscale sediment characteristics (i.e., percent sand content) were found to influence assemblages more than sediment particle-size diversity. However, our results support other paradigms of deep-seafloor biodiversity, including that assemblages may vary inter- and intra-annually, and how assemblages respond to changes in current speed. We found that bottom trawling negatively affects the evenness and diversity of deep-sea soft-sediment peracarid assemblages, but that predicted changes in ocean temperature as a result of climate change may not strongly influence continental slope biodiversity over human timescales, although it may alter deep-sea community biomass. Finally, we emphasize the value of analyzing multiple metrics of biodiversity and call for researchers to consider an expanded definition of biodiversity in future investigations of deep-ocean life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver S. Ashford
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Centre for the Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas)LowestoftUK
- Present address:
Scripps Institution of OceanographyLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Andrew J. Kenny
- Centre for the Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas)LowestoftUK
| | | | - Tammy Horton
- National Oceanography CentreUniversity of Southampton Waterfront CampusSouthamptonUK
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Morozov A, Abbott K, Cuddington K, Francis T, Gellner G, Hastings A, Lai YC, Petrovskii S, Scranton K, Zeeman ML. Long transients in ecology: Theory and applications. Phys Life Rev 2019; 32:1-40. [PMID: 31982327 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper discusses the recent progress in understanding the properties of transient dynamics in complex ecological systems. Predicting long-term trends as well as sudden changes and regime shifts in ecosystems dynamics is a major issue for ecology as such changes often result in population collapse and extinctions. Analysis of population dynamics has traditionally been focused on their long-term, asymptotic behavior whilst largely disregarding the effect of transients. However, there is a growing understanding that in ecosystems the asymptotic behavior is rarely seen. A big new challenge for theoretical and empirical ecology is to understand the implications of long transients. It is believed that the identification of the corresponding mechanisms along with the knowledge of scaling laws of the transient's lifetime should substantially improve the quality of long-term forecasting and crisis anticipation. Although transient dynamics have received considerable attention in physical literature, research into ecological transients is in its infancy and systematic studies are lacking. This text aims to partially bridge this gap and facilitate further progress in quantitative analysis of long transients in ecology. By revisiting and critically examining a broad variety of mathematical models used in ecological applications as well as empirical facts, we reveal several main mechanisms leading to the emergence of long transients and hence lays the basis for a unifying theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Morozov
- Mathematics, University of Leicester, UK; Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Tessa Francis
- Tacoma Puget Sound Institute, University of Washington, USA
| | | | - Alan Hastings
- Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, USA; Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ying-Cheng Lai
- Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - Sergei Petrovskii
- Mathematics, University of Leicester, UK; Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ricci P, Libralato S, Capezzuto F, D’Onghia G, Maiorano P, Sion L, Tursi A, Solidoro C, Carlucci R. Ecosystem functioning of two marine food webs in the North-Western Ionian Sea (Central Mediterranean Sea). Ecol Evol 2019; 9:10198-10212. [PMID: 31624545 PMCID: PMC6787816 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecosystem functioning of two marine food webs covering the north-eastern (Salento) and south-western (Calabria) sectors of the North-Western Ionian Sea (NWIS) (Central Mediterranean Sea) was investigated through a food-web model. Data inputs covered a wide set of ecological information applied to 58 functional groups (FGs). The sum of consumption and the mean predation mortality rate were calculated for benthic, demersal, and pelagic subsystems indicating the predator and prey roles of the FGs. A complex system of energy and biomass exchanges characterized the investigated food webs indicating an important benthic-pelagic coupling. In the food webs of both areas, the regulation of flows between the benthic-pelagic coupling seems to occur through the benthopelagic shrimps and the small pelagics due to their wasp-waist control role. Differences were observed concerning the top predators. Odontocetes play this keystone role in the Salento food web. Anglers, bathyal squids, and sharks assume this functional role in Calabria. The geomorphology and hydrography in the NWIS could affect the biomass and energy exchanges in this coupling. The higher flows of consumption of the benthic system observed in the Calabria food web could be influenced by a widespread presence of canyons along the continental edge which increase the benthic productivity. In contrast, the flows of consumption in the Salento food web seem to be driven by the planktonic productivity supporting the pelagic, benthopelagic, and demersal compartments. This condition could be favored by the large extension of the shelf break zone. The food-web models realized for the NWIS represent ideal platforms for the development of analysis with dynamic simulations. The comparative analysis of the two food webs by means of the FGs and their functional traits allowed the general pattern of ecosystem structure and functioning in the NWIS to be identified, making it an interesting approach to investigate the marine ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Ricci
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroBariItaly
- CoNISMaRomaItaly
| | - Simone Libralato
- Oceanography DivisionOGS (Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale)TriesteItaly
| | | | | | - Porzia Maiorano
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroBariItaly
- CoNISMaRomaItaly
| | - Letizia Sion
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroBariItaly
- CoNISMaRomaItaly
| | - Angelo Tursi
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroBariItaly
- CoNISMaRomaItaly
| | - Cosimo Solidoro
- Oceanography DivisionOGS (Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale)TriesteItaly
| | - Roberto Carlucci
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroBariItaly
- CoNISMaRomaItaly
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hosack GR, Trenkel VM. Functional group based marine ecosystem assessment for the Bay of Biscay via elasticity analysis. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7422. [PMID: 31413929 PMCID: PMC6690336 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transitory and long-term elasticities of the Bay of Biscay ecosystem to density-independent and density-dependent influences were estimated within a state space model that accounted for both process and observation uncertainties. A functional group based model for the Bay of Biscay fish ecosystem was fit to time series obtained from scientific survey and commercial catch and effort data. The observation model parameters correspond to the unknown catchabilities and observation error variances that vary across the commercial fisheries and fishery-independent scientific surveys. The process model used a Gompertz form of density dependence, which is commonly used for the analysis of multivariate ecological time series, with unknown time-varying fishing mortalities. Elasticity analysis showed that the process model parameters are directly interpretable in terms of one-year look-ahead prediction elasticities, which measure the proportional response of a functional group in the next year given a proportional change to a variable or parameter in the current year. The density dependent parameters were also shown to define the elasticities of the long term means or quantiles of the functional groups to changes in fishing pressure. Evidence for the importance of indirect effects, mediated by density dependence, in determining the ecosystem response of the Bay of Biscay to changes in fishing pressure is presented. The state space model performed favourably in an assessment of model adequacy that compared observations of catch per unit effort against cross-validation predictive densities blocked by year.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey R Hosack
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Data61, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chen N, Ratajczak Z, Yu K. A dryland re‐vegetation in northern China: Success or failure? Quick transitions or long lags? Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University No. 222, Tianshui South Road Lanzhou Gansu 730000 China
- Yuzhong Mountain Ecosystem Field Observation and Research Station Lanzhou University No. 222, Tianshui South Road Lanzhou Gansu 730000 China
- Shapotou Desert Research and Environment Station Northwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and Resources Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 320, Donggang West Road Lanzhou Gansu 730000 China
| | - Zak Ratajczak
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin 53703 USA
| | - Kailiang Yu
- School of Biological Sciences University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
- Institute of Integrative Biology ETH Zürich Zürich 8006 Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Maroto JM, Morán M. Transient dynamics: Equilibrium, collapse, and extinction in age-structured models. The case of the Northern cod stock. Ecol Modell 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
27
|
Baruah G, Clements CF, Guillaume F, Ozgul A. When Do Shifts in Trait Dynamics Precede Population Declines? Am Nat 2019; 193:633-644. [PMID: 31002565 DOI: 10.1086/702849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Predicting population responses to environmental change is an ongoing challenge in ecology. Studies investigating the links between fitness-related phenotypic traits and demography have shown that trait dynamic responses to environmental change can sometimes precede population dynamic responses and thus can be used as an early warning signal. However, it is still unknown under which ecological and evolutionary circumstances shifts in fitness-related traits can precede population responses to environmental perturbation. Here, we take a trait-based demographic approach and investigate both trait and population dynamics in a density-regulated population in response to a gradual change in the environment. We explore the ecological and evolutionary constraints under which shifts in fitness-related traits precede a decline in population size. We show both analytically and with experimental data that under medium to slow rates of environmental change, shifts in a trait value can precede population decline. We further show the positive influence of environmental predictability, net reproductive rate, plasticity, and genetic variation on shifts in trait dynamics preceding potential population declines. These results still hold under nonconstant genetic variation and environmental stochasticity. Our study highlights ecological and evolutionary circumstances under which a fitness-related trait can be used as an early warning signal of an impending population decline.
Collapse
|
28
|
Long-Term Dynamic of Poyang Lake Surface Water: A Mapping Work Based on the Google Earth Engine Cloud Platform. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11030313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the shrinkage of Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China, has raised concerns for society. The regulation of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) has been argued to be a cause of the depletion of the lake by previous studies. However, over the past few decades, the lake’s surface water dynamic has remained poorly characterized, especially before the regulation of the TGD (2003). By calculating the inundation frequency with an index- and pixel-based water detection algorithm on Google Earth Engine (GEE), this study explored the spatial–temporal variation of the lake during 1988–2016 and compared the differences in Poyang Lake’s water body between the pre- and post-TGD periods. The year-long water body area of the lake has shown a significant decreasing trend over the past 29 years and has shifted to a smaller regime since 2006. The inundation frequency of the lake has also generally decreased since 2003, particularly at the central part of the lake, and the effects of this trend have been most severe in the spring and autumn seasons. The lake’s area has shown significant correlation with the precipitation of the Poyang Lake Basin on an inner-annual scale. The drivers of and relevant factors relating to the inter-annual variation of the lake’s surface water should be further investigated in the future.
Collapse
|
29
|
Hastings A, Abbott KC, Cuddington K, Francis T, Gellner G, Lai YC, Morozov A, Petrovskii S, Scranton K, Zeeman ML. Transient phenomena in ecology. Science 2018; 361:361/6406/eaat6412. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aat6412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The importance of transient dynamics in ecological systems and in the models that describe them has become increasingly recognized. However, previous work has typically treated each instance of these dynamics separately. We review both empirical examples and model systems, and outline a classification of transient dynamics based on ideas and concepts from dynamical systems theory. This classification provides ways to understand the likelihood of transients for particular systems, and to guide investigations to determine the timing of sudden switches in dynamics and other characteristics of transients. Implications for both management and underlying ecological theories emerge.
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
The occupation of progressively deeper waters with increasing size and age of fish is common among commercially exploited species, a behavior attributed to evolved ontogenies. Recently deepening has been attributed to ocean warming. We evaluated the possibility, ignored in previous analyses, that these patterns result from selective exploitation of larger individuals. We found that size-selective exploitation accounted for >70% of the deepening of cod on the Scotian Shelf (Northwest Atlantic). This deepening declined dramatically when exploitation was banned. Ontogeny contributed to the remaining variance. The claim that deepening can be used as an index of ocean warming should be exercised with caution; the overarching effect of exploitation should be specifically addressed in all such analyses. Virtually all studies reporting deepening with increasing size or age by fishes involve commercially harvested species. Studies of North Sea plaice in the early 1900s first documented this phenomenon (named Heincke’s law); it occurred at a time of intensive harvesting and rapid technological changes in fishing methods. The possibility that this deepening might be the result of harvesting has never been evaluated. Instead, age- or size-related deepening have been credited to interactions between density-dependent food resources and density-independent environmental factors. Recently, time-dependent depth variations have been ascribed to ocean warming. We use a model, initialized from observations of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) on the eastern Scotian Shelf, where an age-dependent deepening of ∼60 m was observed, to assess the effect of size- and depth-selective exploitation on fish distribution. Exploitation restricted to the upper 80 m can account for ∼72% of the observed deepening; by extending exploitation to 120 m, all of the deepening can be accounted for. In the absence of fishing, the model indicated no age-related deepening. Observations of depth distributions of older cod during a moratorium on fishing supported this prediction; however, younger cod exhibited low-amplitude deepening (10–15 m) suggestive of an ontogenetic response. The implications of these findings are manifold, particularly as they relate to hypotheses advanced to explain the ecological and evolutionary basis for ontogenetic deepening and to recent calls for the adoption of evidence of species deepening as a biotic indicator or “footprint” of warming seas.
Collapse
|
31
|
Hidden collapse is driven by fire and logging in a socioecological forest ecosystem. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:5181-5186. [PMID: 29712832 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1721738115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing numbers of ecosystems globally are at risk of collapse. However, most descriptions of terrestrial ecosystem collapse are post hoc with few empirically based examples of ecosystems in the process of collapse. This limits learning about collapse and impedes development of effective early-warning indicators. Based on multidecadal and multifaceted monitoring, we present evidence that the Australian mainland Mountain Ash ecosystem is collapsing. Collapse is indicated by marked changes in ecosystem condition, particularly the rapid decline in populations of keystone ecosystem structures. There also has been significant decline in biodiversity strongly associated with these structures and disruptions of key ecosystem processes. In documenting the decline of the Mountain Ash ecosystem, we uncovered evidence of hidden collapse. This is where an ecosystem superficially appears to be relatively intact, but a prolonged period of decline coupled with long lag times for recovery of dominant ecosystem components mean that collapse is almost inevitable. In ecosystems susceptible to hidden collapse, management interventions will be required decades earlier than currently perceived by policy makers. Responding to hidden collapse is further complicated by our finding that different drivers produce different pathways to collapse, but these drivers can interact in ways that exacerbate and perpetuate collapse. Management must focus not only on reducing the number of critical stressors influencing an ecosystem but also on breaking feedbacks between stressors. We demonstrate the importance of multidecadal monitoring programs in measuring state variables that can inform quantitative predictions of collapse as well as help identify management responses that can avert system-wide collapse.
Collapse
|
32
|
Sardanyés J, Martínez R, Simó C. Trans-heteroclinic bifurcation: a novel type of catastrophic shift. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171304. [PMID: 29410837 PMCID: PMC5792914 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Global and local bifurcations are extremely important since they govern the transitions between different qualitative regimes in dynamical systems. These transitions or tipping points, which are ubiquitous in nature, can be smooth or catastrophic. Smooth transitions involve a continuous change in the steady state of the system until the bifurcation value is crossed, giving place to a second-order phase transition. Catastrophic transitions involve a discontinuity of the steady state at the bifurcation value, giving place to first-order phase transitions. Examples of catastrophic shifts can be found in ecosystems, climate, economic or social systems. Here we report a new type of global bifurcation responsible for a catastrophic shift. This bifurcation, identified in a family of quasi-species equations and named as trans-heteroclinic bifurcation, involves an exchange of stability between two distant and heteroclinically connected fixed points. Since the two fixed points interchange the stability without colliding, a catastrophic shift takes place. We provide an exhaustive description of this new bifurcation, also detailing the structure of the replication-mutation matrix of the quasi-species equation giving place to this bifurcation. A perturbation analysis is provided around the bifurcation value. At this value the heteroclinic connection is replaced by a line of fixed points in the quasi-species model. But it is shown that, if the replication-mutation matrix satisfies suitable conditions, then, under a small perturbation, the exchange of heteroclinic connections is preserved, except on a tiny range around the bifurcation value whose size is of the order of magnitude of the perturbation. The results presented here can help to understand better novel mechanisms behind catastrophic shifts and contribute to a finer identification of such transitions in theoretical models in evolutionary biology and other dynamical systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josep Sardanyés
- Centre de Recerca Matemàtica, Campus de Bellaterra, Edifici C, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Graduate School of Mathematics (BGSMath) Campus de Bellaterra, Edifici C, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Regina Martínez
- Departament de Matemàtiques, Edifici C, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra, , Spain
| | - Carles Simó
- Barcelona Graduate School of Mathematics (BGSMath) Campus de Bellaterra, Edifici C, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Matemàtiques i Informàtica (Universitat de Barcelona), Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes 585, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Walsworth TE, Schindler DE, Essington TE. Constrained by markets: processing costs limit potential for managing predator–prey interactions in a commercial fishery. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel E. Schindler
- School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98105USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Fernandes LDDA, Fagundes Netto EB, Coutinho R. Inter-annual cascade effect on marine food web: A benthic pathway lagging nutrient supply to pelagic fish stock. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184512. [PMID: 28886162 PMCID: PMC5590966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, spatial and temporal changes in nutrients availability, marine planktonic, and fish communities are best described on a shorter than inter-annual (seasonal) scale, primarily because the simultaneous year-to-year variations in physical, chemical, and biological parameters are very complex. The limited availability of time series datasets furnishing simultaneous evaluations of temperature, nutrients, plankton, and fish have limited our ability to describe and to predict variability related to short-term process, as species-specific phenology and environmental seasonality. In the present study, we combine a computational time series analysis on a 15-year (1995–2009) weekly-sampled time series (high-resolution long-term time series, 780 weeks) with an Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model to track non-seasonal changes in 10 potentially related parameters: sea surface temperature, nutrient concentrations (NO2, NO3, NH4 and PO4), phytoplankton biomass (as in situ chlorophyll a biomass), meroplankton (barnacle and mussel larvae), and fish abundance (Mugil liza and Caranx latus). Our data demonstrate for the first time that highly intense and frequent upwelling years initiate a huge energy flux that is not fully transmitted through classical size-structured food web by bottom-up stimulus but through additional ontogenetic steps. A delayed inter-annual sequential effect from phytoplankton up to top predators as carnivorous fishes is expected if most of energy is trapped into benthic filter feeding organisms and their larval forms. These sequential events can explain major changes in ecosystem food web that were not predicted in previous short-term models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lohengrin Dias de Almeida Fernandes
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira (IEAPM), Brazilian Navy, Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Marine Biotechnology Post-Graduation Program, Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Eduardo Barros Fagundes Netto
- Marine Biotechnology Post-Graduation Program, Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Oceanography, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira (IEAPM), Brazilian Navy, Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Coutinho
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira (IEAPM), Brazilian Navy, Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Marine Biotechnology Post-Graduation Program, Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pedersen EJ, Thompson PL, Ball RA, Fortin MJ, Gouhier TC, Link H, Moritz C, Nenzen H, Stanley RRE, Taranu ZE, Gonzalez A, Guichard F, Pepin P. Signatures of the collapse and incipient recovery of an overexploited marine ecosystem. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170215. [PMID: 28791149 PMCID: PMC5541544 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Northwest Atlantic cod stocks collapsed in the early 1990s and have yet to recover, despite the subsequent establishment of a continuing fishing moratorium. Efforts to understand the collapse and lack of recovery have so far focused mainly on the dynamics of commercially harvested species. Here, we use data from a 33-year scientific trawl survey to determine to which degree the signatures of the collapse and recovery of the cod are apparent in the spatial and temporal dynamics of the broader groundfish community. Over this 33-year period, the groundfish community experienced four phases of change: (i) a period of rapid, synchronous biomass collapse in most species, (ii) followed by a regime shift in community composition with a concomitant loss of functional diversity, (iii) followed in turn by periods of slow compositional recovery, and (iv) slow biomass growth. Our results demonstrate how a community-wide perspective can reveal new aspects of the dynamics of collapse and recovery unavailable from the analysis of individual species or a combination of a small number of species. Overall, we found evidence that such community-level signals should be useful for designing more effective management strategies to ensure the persistence of exploited marine ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Pedersen
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - R. Aaron Ball
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Fortin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Heike Link
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institute for Ecosystem Research, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Charlotte Moritz
- PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, BP 1013 Papetoai, 98729 Moorea, French Polynesia
- Laboratoire d'Excellence ‘CORAIL’, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Hedvig Nenzen
- Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec a Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ryan R. E. Stanley
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Zofia E. Taranu
- Département des sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrew Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Pierre Pepin
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Johanson AN, Oschlies A, Hasselbring W, Worm B. SPRAT: A spatially-explicit marine ecosystem model based on population balance equations. Ecol Modell 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
37
|
Rapid and direct recoveries of predators and prey through synchronized ecosystem management. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:68. [PMID: 28812672 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-016-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
One of the twenty-first century's greatest environmental challenges is to recover and restore species, habitats and ecosystems. The decision about how to initiate restoration is best-informed by an understanding of the linkages between ecosystem components and, given these linkages, an appreciation of the consequences of choosing to recover one ecosystem component before another. However, it remains difficult to predict how the sequence of species' recoveries within food webs influences the speed and trajectory of restoration, and what that means for human well-being. Here, we develop theory to consider the ecological and social implications of synchronous versus sequential (species-by-species) recovery in the context of exploited food webs. A dynamical systems model demonstrates that synchronous recovery of predators and prey is almost always more efficient than sequential recovery. Compared with sequential recovery, synchronous recovery can be twice as fast and produce transient fluctuations of much lower amplitude. A predator-first strategy is particularly slow because it counterproductively suppresses prey recovery. An analysis of real-world predator-prey recoveries shows that synchronous and sequential recoveries are similarly common, suggesting that current practices are not ideal. We highlight policy tools that can facilitate swift and steady recovery of ecosystem structure, function and associated services.
Collapse
|
38
|
Litzow MA, Hunsicker ME. Early warning signals, nonlinearity, and signs of hysteresis in real ecosystems. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Litzow
- Farallon Institute for Advanced Ecosystem Research Petaluma California 94952 USA
| | - Mary E. Hunsicker
- Fish Ecology Division Northwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Newport Oregon 97365 USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Butzin M, Pörtner HO. Thermal growth potential of Atlantic cod by the end of the 21st century. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:4162-4168. [PMID: 27378512 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ocean warming may lead to smaller body sizes of marine ectotherms, because metabolic rates increase exponentially with temperature while the capacity of the cardiorespiratory system to match enhanced oxygen demands is limited. Here, we explore the impact of rising sea water temperatures on Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), an economically important fish species. We focus on changes in the temperature-dependent growth potential by a transfer function model combining growth observations with climate model ensemble temperatures. Growth potential is expressed in terms of asymptotic body weight and depends on water temperature. We consider changes between the periods 1985-2004 and 2081-2100, assuming that future sea water temperatures will evolve according to climate projections for IPCC AR5 scenario RCP8.5. Our model projects a response of Atlantic cod to future warming, differentiated according to ocean regions, leading to increases of asymptotic weight in the Barents Sea, while weights are projected to decline at the southern margin of the biogeographic range. Southern spawning areas will disappear due to thermal limitation of spawning stages. These projections match the currently observed biogeographic shifts and the temperature- and oxygen-dependent decline in routine aerobic scope at southern distribution limits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Butzin
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, PO Box 120161, Bremerhaven, D-27570, Germany
| | - Hans-Otto Pörtner
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, PO Box 120161, Bremerhaven, D-27570, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Delayed threshold response of a rodent population to human-induced landscape change. Oecologia 2016; 182:1075-1082. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
41
|
Rincón B, Kenchington EL. Influence of Benthic Macrofauna as a Spatial Structuring Agent for Juvenile Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) on the Eastern Scotian Shelf, Atlantic Canada. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163374. [PMID: 27649419 PMCID: PMC5029893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the habitat of juvenile haddock on the eastern Scotian Shelf (off Nova Scotia, Canada) in relation to grab-sampled benthic macrofaunal invertebrate species assemblages in order to determine whether there were significant differences in benthic macrofauna between areas of historically persistent high and low juvenile haddock abundance. Our analyses were conducted over two spatial scales in each of two years: among banks (Emerald, Western and Sable Island), approximately 60 km distant from each other, and between areas of high and low juvenile haddock abundance at distances of 10 to 30 km-all in an area that had not experienced groundfishing in the decade prior to sampling. We also examined fine-scale (10s of metres) within-site variability in the macrofauna and used surficial sediment characteristics, along with hydrographic variables, to identify environmental correlates. PERMANOVA identified statistically significant differences in biomass, density and composition of the benthos associated with juvenile haddock abundance; however it was difficult to determine whether the results had biological relevance. Post hoc tests showed that these differences occurred only on Sable Island Bank where both fish and benthos may have been independently responding to sediment type which was most different there (100% sand in the area of low haddock abundance vs. 22% gravel in the area of high haddock abundance). In total, 383 benthic taxa representing 13 phyla were identified. Annelida was the most specious phylum (36.29% of taxa, representing 33 families), followed by Arthropoda (with Crustaceans, mostly Amphipoda, accounting for 25.07% of the total number of taxa). The strongest pattern in the macrofauna was expressed at the largest scale, between banks, accounting for approximately 25% of the variation in the data. Emerald Bank, deeper, warmer and saltier than the Western and Sable Island Banks, had a distinctive fauna.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Rincón
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ellen L. Kenchington
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
The efficacy of fisheries closure in rebuilding depleted stocks: Lessons from size-spectrum modeling. Ecol Modell 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
43
|
Sivadas SK, Nagesh R, Gupta GVM, Gaonkar U, Mukherjee I, Ramteke D, Ingole BS. Testing the efficiency of temperate benthic biotic indices in assessing the ecological status of a tropical ecosystem. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 106:62-76. [PMID: 27016331 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the ecological status of tropical coastal waters using the temperate benthic indices and examine the effect of seasonal variability on the performance of benthic indices. Macrobenthic samples were collected from northwest to southeast coast of India during 2003-2012 and we tested different univariate indices, ecological strategies, indicator species and multimetric indices. AMBI and multimetric indices performed satisfactorily in evaluating the ecological status. Seasonal variability on the biotic indices was observed during the southwest monsoon and fall intermonsoon period due to recruitment. Therefore, we recommended the non-monsoon period (January-May) as a suitable time of the year to use the indices for effective assessment of the Indian coastal waters. Results show that, the temperate benthic indices are efficient in assessing the tropical environmental status. However, complementary use of different indices is suggested for accurate assessment of the environmental status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanitha K Sivadas
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India.
| | - Rahul Nagesh
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India
| | - G V M Gupta
- Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Kochi, India
| | - Udaykumar Gaonkar
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India
| | - Indranil Mukherjee
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2-509-3, Otsu 520-2113, Shiga, Japan
| | - Darwin Ramteke
- Geological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India
| | - Baban S Ingole
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Urazghildiiev IR, Van Parijs SM. Automatic grunt detector and recognizer for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 139:2532. [PMID: 27250148 DOI: 10.1121/1.4948569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Northwest Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) have been heavily overfished in recent years and have not yet recovered. Passive acoustic technology offers a new approach to identify the spatial location of spawning fish, as well as their seasonal and long term persistence in an area. To date, the lack of a species-specific detector has made searching for Atlantic cod grunts in large amounts of passive acoustic data cumbersome. To address this problem, an automatic grunt detection and recognition algorithm that processes yearlong passive acoustic data recordings was designed. The proposed technique is a two-stage hypothesis testing algorithm that includes detecting and recognizing all grunt-like sounds. Test results demonstrated that the algorithm provided a detection probability of 0.93 for grunts with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) higher than 10 dB, and a detection probability of 0.8 for grunts with the SNR ranging from 3 to 10 dB. This detector is being used to identify cod in current and historical data from U.S. waters. Its use has significantly reduced the time required to find and validate the presence of cod grunts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofie M Van Parijs
- Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02540, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hunsicker ME, Kappel CV, Selkoe KA, Halpern BS, Scarborough C, Mease L, Amrhein A. Characterizing driver-response relationships in marine pelagic ecosystems for improved ocean management. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 26:651-63. [PMID: 27411240 DOI: 10.1890/14-2200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Scientists and resource managers often use methods and tools that assume ecosystem components respond linearly to environmental drivers and human stressors. However, a growing body of literature demonstrates that many relationships are-non-linear, where small changes in a driver prompt a disproportionately large ecological response. We aim to provide a comprehensive assessment of the relationships between drivers and ecosystem components to identify where and when non-linearities are likely to occur. We focused our analyses on one of the best-studied marine systems, pelagic ecosystems, which allowed us to apply robust statistical techniques on a large pool of previously published studies. In this synthesis, we (1) conduct a wide literature review on single driver-response relationships in pelagic systems, (2) use statistical models to identify the degree of non-linearity in these relationships, and (3) assess whether general patterns exist in the strengths and shapes of non-linear relationships across drivers. Overall we found that non-linearities are common in pelagic ecosystems, comprising at least 52% of all driver-response relation- ships. This is likely an underestimate, as papers with higher quality data and analytical approaches reported non-linear relationships at a higher frequency (on average 11% more). Consequently, in the absence of evidence for a linear relationship, it is safer to assume a relationship is non-linear. Strong non-linearities can lead to greater ecological and socioeconomic consequences if they are unknown (and/or unanticipated), but if known they may provide clear thresholds to inform management targets. In pelagic systems, strongly non-linear relationships are often driven by climate and trophodynamic variables but are also associated with local stressors, such as overfishing and pollution, that can be more easily controlled by managers. Even when marine resource managers cannot influence ecosystem change, they can use information about threshold responses to guide how other stressors are managed and to adapt to new ocean conditions. As methods to detect and reduce uncertainty around threshold values improve, managers will be able to better understand and account for ubiquitous non-linear relationships.
Collapse
|
46
|
Allowing variance may enlarge the safe operating space for exploited ecosystems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:14384-9. [PMID: 26438857 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1511804112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Variable flows of food, water, or other ecosystem services complicate planning. Management strategies that decrease variability and increase predictability may therefore be preferred. However, actions to decrease variance over short timescales (2-4 y), when applied continuously, may lead to long-term ecosystem changes with adverse consequences. We investigated the effects of managing short-term variance in three well-understood models of ecosystem services: lake eutrophication, harvest of a wild population, and yield of domestic herbivores on a rangeland. In all cases, actions to decrease variance can increase the risk of crossing critical ecosystem thresholds, resulting in less desirable ecosystem states. Managing to decrease short-term variance creates ecosystem fragility by changing the boundaries of safe operating spaces, suppressing information needed for adaptive management, cancelling signals of declining resilience, and removing pressures that may build tolerance of stress. Thus, the management of variance interacts strongly and inseparably with the management of resilience. By allowing for variation, learning, and flexibility while observing change, managers can detect opportunities and problems as they develop while sustaining the capacity to deal with them.
Collapse
|
47
|
Boyce DG, Frank KT, Worm B, Leggett WC. Spatial patterns and predictors of trophic control in marine ecosystems. Ecol Lett 2015; 18:1001-11. [PMID: 26252155 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A key question in ecology is under which conditions ecosystem structure tends to be controlled by resource availability vs. consumer pressure. Several hypotheses derived from theory, experiments and observational field studies have been advanced, yet a unified explanation remains elusive. Here, we identify common predictors of trophic control in a synthetic analysis of 52 observational field studies conducted within marine ecosystems across the Northern Hemisphere and published between 1951 and 2014. Spatial regression analysis of 45 candidate variables revealed temperature to be the dominant predictor, with unimodal effects on trophic control operating both directly (r(2) = 0.32; P < 0.0001) and indirectly through influences on turnover rate and quality of primary production, biodiversity and omnivory. These findings indicate that temperature is an overarching determinant of the trophic dynamics of marine ecosystems, and that variation in ocean temperature will affect the trophic structure of marine ecosystems through both direct and indirect mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Boyce
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada, K7L 3N6.,Ocean Sciences Division, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS, Canada, B2Y 4A2
| | - Kenneth T Frank
- Ocean Sciences Division, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS, Canada, B2Y 4A2
| | - Boris Worm
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4J1
| | - William C Leggett
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada, K7L 3N6
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Castillo-Hair SM, Villota ER, Coronado AM. Design principles for robust oscillatory behavior. SYSTEMS AND SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY 2015; 9:125-33. [PMID: 26279706 DOI: 10.1007/s11693-015-9178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oscillatory responses are ubiquitous in regulatory networks of living organisms, a fact that has led to extensive efforts to study and replicate the circuits involved. However, to date, design principles that underlie the robustness of natural oscillators are not completely known. Here we study a three-component enzymatic network model in order to determine the topological requirements for robust oscillation. First, by simulating every possible topological arrangement and varying their parameter values, we demonstrate that robust oscillators can be obtained by augmenting the number of both negative feedback loops and positive autoregulations while maintaining an appropriate balance of positive and negative interactions. We then identify network motifs, whose presence in more complex topologies is a necessary condition for obtaining oscillatory responses. Finally, we pinpoint a series of simple architectural patterns that progressively render more robust oscillators. Together, these findings can help in the design of more reliable synthetic biomolecular networks and may also have implications in the understanding of other oscillatory systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian M Castillo-Hair
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Av. Túpac Amaru s/n - Puerta 3, Pabellón A, 25 Lima, Peru
| | - Elizabeth R Villota
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Av. Túpac Amaru s/n - Puerta 3, Pabellón A, 25 Lima, Peru
| | - Alberto M Coronado
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Av. Túpac Amaru s/n - Puerta 3, Pabellón A, 25 Lima, Peru
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ellingsen KE, Anderson MJ, Shackell NL, Tveraa T, Yoccoz NG, Frank KT. The role of a dominant predator in shaping biodiversity over space and time in a marine ecosystem. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:1242-52. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kari E. Ellingsen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) Fram Centre P.O. Box 6606 Langnes 9296 Tromsø Norway
| | - Marti J. Anderson
- New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study (NZIAS) Albany Campus Massey University Private Bag 102 904 Auckland New Zealand
| | - Nancy L. Shackell
- Ocean Sciences Division Bedford Institute of Oceanography P.O. Box 1006 Darthmouth NS B2Y 4A2 Canada
| | - Torkild Tveraa
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) Fram Centre P.O. Box 6606 Langnes 9296 Tromsø Norway
| | - Nigel G. Yoccoz
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology UiT The Arctic University of Norway 9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - Kenneth T. Frank
- Ocean Sciences Division Bedford Institute of Oceanography P.O. Box 1006 Darthmouth NS B2Y 4A2 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Blenckner T, Österblom H, Larsson P, Andersson A, Elmgren R. Baltic Sea ecosystem-based management under climate change: Synthesis and future challenges. AMBIO 2015; 44 Suppl 3:507-515. [PMID: 26022332 PMCID: PMC4447697 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-015-0661-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem-based management (EBM) has emerged as the generally agreed strategy for managing ecosystems, with humans as integral parts of the managed system. Human activities have substantial effects on marine ecosystems, through overfishing, eutrophication, toxic pollution, habitat destruction, and climate change. It is important to advance the scientific knowledge of the cumulative, integrative, and interacting effects of these diverse activities, to support effective implementation of EBM. Based on contributions to this special issue of AMBIO, we synthesize the scientific findings into four components: pollution and legal frameworks, ecosystem processes, scale-dependent effects, and innovative tools and methods. We conclude with challenges for the future, and identify the next steps needed for successful implementation of EBM in general and specifically for the Baltic Sea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Blenckner
- />Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Österblom
- />Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Larsson
- />Institute of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, 391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Agneta Andersson
- />Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ragnar Elmgren
- />Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|