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Pulli EP, Nolvi S, Eskola E, Nordenswan E, Holmberg E, Copeland A, Kumpulainen V, Silver E, Merisaari H, Saunavaara J, Parkkola R, Lähdesmäki T, Saukko E, Kataja E, Korja R, Karlsson L, Karlsson H, Tuulari JJ. Structural brain correlates of non-verbal cognitive ability in 5-year-old children: Findings from the FinnBrain birth cohort study. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:5582-5601. [PMID: 37606608 PMCID: PMC10619410 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-verbal cognitive ability predicts multiple important life outcomes, for example, school and job performance. It has been associated with parieto-frontal cortical anatomy in prior studies in adult and adolescent populations, while young children have received relatively little attention. We explored the associations between cortical anatomy and non-verbal cognitive ability in 165 5-year-old participants (mean scan age 5.40 years, SD 0.13; 90 males) from the FinnBrain Birth Cohort study. T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance images were processed using FreeSurfer. Non-verbal cognitive ability was measured using the Performance Intelligence Quotient (PIQ) estimated from the Block Design and Matrix Reasoning subtests from the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-III). In vertex-wise general linear models, PIQ scores associated positively with volumes in the left caudal middle frontal and right pericalcarine regions, as well as surface area in left the caudal middle frontal, left inferior temporal, and right lingual regions. There were no associations between PIQ and cortical thickness. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine structural correlates of non-verbal cognitive ability in a large sample of typically developing 5-year-olds. The findings are generally in line with prior findings from older age groups, with the important addition of the positive association between volume / surface area in the right medial occipital region and non-verbal cognitive ability. This finding adds to the literature by discovering a new brain region that should be considered in future studies exploring the role of cortical structure for cognitive development in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmo P. Pulli
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Centre for Population Health ResearchTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Saara Nolvi
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Centre for Population Health ResearchTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Turku Institute for Advanced Studies, Department of Psychology and Speech‐Language PathologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Eeva Eskola
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Centre for Population Health ResearchTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Elisabeth Nordenswan
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Centre for Population Health ResearchTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Eeva Holmberg
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Centre for Population Health ResearchTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Anni Copeland
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Centre for Population Health ResearchTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Venla Kumpulainen
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Centre for Population Health ResearchTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Eero Silver
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Centre for Population Health ResearchTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Harri Merisaari
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Centre for Population Health ResearchTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Jani Saunavaara
- Department of Medical PhysicsTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Riitta Parkkola
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of RadiologyTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | - Tuire Lähdesmäki
- Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | | | - Eeva‐Leena Kataja
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Centre for Population Health ResearchTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Riikka Korja
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Centre for Population Health ResearchTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Linnea Karlsson
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Centre for Population Health ResearchTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Hasse Karlsson
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Centre for Population Health ResearchTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of PsychiatryTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Jetro J. Tuulari
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Centre for Population Health ResearchTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of PsychiatryTurku University Hospital and University of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Turku Collegium for Science, Medicine and TechnologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Shi R, Xiang S, Jia T, Robbins TW, Kang J, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde ALW, Desrivières S, Flor H, Grigis A, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Brühl R, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Artiges E, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Paus T, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Millenet S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Vaidya N, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Lin X, Sahakian BJ, Feng J. Structural neurodevelopment at the individual level - a life-course investigation using ABCD, IMAGEN and UK Biobank data. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.09.20.23295841. [PMID: 37790416 PMCID: PMC10543061 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.20.23295841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents exhibit remarkable heterogeneity in the structural architecture of brain development. However, due to the lack of large-scale longitudinal neuroimaging studies, existing research has largely focused on population averages and the neurobiological basis underlying individual heterogeneity remains poorly understood. Using structural magnetic resonance imaging from the IMAGEN cohort (n=1,543), we show that adolescents can be clustered into three groups defined by distinct developmental patterns of whole-brain gray matter volume (GMV). Genetic and epigenetic determinants of group clustering and long-term impacts of neurodevelopment in mid-to-late adulthood were investigated using data from the ABCD, IMAGEN and UK Biobank cohorts. Group 1, characterized by continuously decreasing GMV, showed generally the best neurocognitive performances during adolescence. Compared to Group 1, Group 2 exhibited a slower rate of GMV decrease and worsened neurocognitive development, which was associated with epigenetic changes and greater environmental burden. Further, Group 3 showed increasing GMV and delayed neurocognitive development during adolescence due to a genetic variation, while these disadvantages were attenuated in mid-to-late adulthood. In summary, our study revealed novel clusters of adolescent structural neurodevelopment and suggested that genetically-predicted delayed neurodevelopment has limited long-term effects on mental well-being and socio-economic outcomes later in life. Our results could inform future research on policy interventions aimed at reducing the financial and emotional burden of mental illness.
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Genç E, Metzen D, Fraenz C, Schlüter C, Voelkle MC, Arning L, Streit F, Nguyen HP, Güntürkün O, Ocklenburg S, Kumsta R. Structural architecture and brain network efficiency link polygenic scores to intelligence. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:3359-3376. [PMID: 37013679 PMCID: PMC10171514 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intelligence is highly heritable. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown that thousands of alleles contribute to variation in intelligence with small effect sizes. Polygenic scores (PGS), which combine these effects into one genetic summary measure, are increasingly used to investigate polygenic effects in independent samples. Whereas PGS explain a considerable amount of variance in intelligence, it is largely unknown how brain structure and function mediate this relationship. Here, we show that individuals with higher PGS for educational attainment and intelligence had higher scores on cognitive tests, larger surface area, and more efficient fiber connectivity derived by graph theory. Fiber network efficiency as well as the surface of brain areas partly located in parieto-frontal regions were found to mediate the relationship between PGS and cognitive performance. These findings are a crucial step forward in decoding the neurogenetic underpinnings of intelligence, as they identify specific regional networks that link polygenic predisposition to intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Genç
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dorothea Metzen
- Biopsychology, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph Fraenz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Caroline Schlüter
- Biopsychology, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Manuel C Voelkle
- Psychological Research Methods Department of Psychology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Larissa Arning
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Fabian Streit
- Department Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Onur Güntürkün
- Biopsychology, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ocklenburg
- Biopsychology, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- ICAN Institute for Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Kumsta
- Genetic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, Laboratory for Stress and Gene-Environment Interplay, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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Arfaie S, Amin P, Kwan ATH, Solgi A, Sarabi A, Hakak-Zargar B, Brunette-Clément T, Pushenko D, Mir-Moghtadaei K, Mashayekhi MS, Mofatteh M, Honarvar F, Ren LY, Noiseux-Lush C, Azizi Z, Pearl PL, Baldeweg T, Weil AG, Fallah A. Long-term full-scale intelligent quotient outcomes following pediatric and childhood epilepsy surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Seizure 2023; 106:58-67. [PMID: 36774775 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2023.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive measures are an important primary outcome of pediatric, adolescents, and childhood epilepsy surgery. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess whether there are long-term alterations (≥ 5 years) in the Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) of pediatric patients undergoing epilepsy surgery. METHODS Electronic databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Scopus) were searched for English articles from inception to October 2022 that examined intelligence outcomes in pediatric epilepsy surgery patients. Inclusion criteria were defined as the patient sample size of ≥ 5, average follow- up of ≥5 years, and surgeries performed on individuals ≤ 18 years old at the time of surgery. Exclusion criteria consisted of palliative surgery, animal studies, and studies not reporting surgical or FSIQ outcomes. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot and the Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) toolset was used for quality appraisal of the selected articles. A random-effects network meta-analysis was performed to compare FSIQ between surgical patients at baseline and follow-up and Mean Difference (MD) was used to calculate the effect size of each study. Point estimates for effects and 95% confidence intervals for moderation analysis were performed on variables putatively associated with the effect size. RESULTS 21,408 studies were screened for abstract and title. Of these, 797 fit our inclusion and exclusion criteria and proceeded to full-text screening. Overall, seven studies met our requirements and were selected. Quantitative analysis was performed on these studies (N = 330). The mean long-term difference between pre- and post- operative FSIQ scores across all studies was noted at 3.36 [95% CI: (0.14, 6.57), p = 0.04, I2 = 0%] and heterogeneity was low. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis to measure the long-term impacts of FSIQ in pediatric and adolescent epilepsy patients. Our overall results in this meta-analysis indicate that while most studies do not show long-term FSIQ deterioration in pediatric patients who underwent epilepsy surgery, there was an increase of 3.36 FSIQ points, however, the observed changes were not clinically significant. Moreover, at the individual patient level analysis, while most children did not show long-term FSIQ deterioration, few had significant decline. These findings indicate the importance of surgery as a viable option for pediatric patients with medically refractory epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Arfaie
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Pouya Amin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Angela T H Kwan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arad Solgi
- School of Kinesiology & Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ali Sarabi
- School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | | | | | - Denys Pushenko
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Mohammad Mofatteh
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom.
| | - Faraz Honarvar
- Faculty of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Lily Yuxi Ren
- Lane Medical Library and Knowledge Management Center, Stanford Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Zahra Azizi
- Stanford Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America; School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip Lawrence Pearl
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Torsten Baldeweg
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander G Weil
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Sainte Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Aria Fallah
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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Wang X, Liu Y, Zhao Z, Liu W, Chen Y, Chen Y, Zang S. Association of adolescent self-esteem in 2014 and cognitive performance in 2014, 2016, and 2018: a longitudinal study. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1180397. [PMID: 37205081 PMCID: PMC10185744 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1180397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cognition has long been regarded as a significant factor influencing individuals' lives. Prior studies have underscored that self-esteem is associated with cognition, and there exists a knowledge gap regarding whether self-esteem remains associated with subsequent cognitive performance during adolescence, a crucial period for neurological development and influencing adult outcomes. Methods We conducted this population-based study using longitudinal data stretching three waves (2014, 2016, and 2018) of surveys from the nationally representative China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) to explore the association between adolescents' self-esteem in 2014 and cognitive performance in 2014, 2016, and 2018. Results The results of the present study showed that self-esteem during adolescence in 2014 was significantly associated with cognitive performance in 2014, 2016, and 2018. This association remained robust after an extensive range of covariate adjustments (e.g., adolescents, parental, and family characteristics). Conclusion The findings in this study provide further insight into the understanding of the related factors for cognitive development across the life course and highlight the importance of improving individual self-esteem during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Department of Community Nursing, School of Nursing, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Community Nursing, School of Nursing, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Institute of International Medical Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenting Liu
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Chen
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Yu Chen,
| | - Shuang Zang
- Department of Community Nursing, School of Nursing, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Shuang Zang,
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Asokan S, PR GP, Mathiazhagan T, Viswanath S. Association between Intelligence Quotient Dental Anxiety and Oral Health-related Quality of Life in Children: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022; 15:745-749. [PMID: 36866135 PMCID: PMC9973088 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Determining the intelligence quotient (IQ) grades of children help in managing dental anxiety (DA) and maintaining the good oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). Aim To assess the association between IQ, DA, and OHRQoL in children aged 10-11 years. Design This cross-sectional study was carried out among 202 children aged 10-11 years in the Southern part of Tamil Nadu, India. The IQ level, DA, and OHRQoL were measured using Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM), Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS), and Child Oral Health Impact Profile Short Form (COHIP-SF) 19, respectively. Chi-squared test and Spearman rank order correlation test were used for analysis. Results The results revealed a significant negative correlation (p < 0.05; r = -0.239) between IQ and OHRQoL. DA was negatively correlated with IQ (r = -0.093) and OHRQoL (r = -0.065), but it was not statistically significant. The gender-based comparison revealed no significant difference in the distribution of girls and boys within different grades of IQ levels (p = 0.74), DA (p = 0.29), and OHRQoL (p = 0.85). Conclusion Children with higher IQ showed low OHRQoL scores. DA was negatively correlated with IQ and OHRQoL. How to cite this article Asokan S, PR GP, Mathiazhagan T, et al. Association between Intelligence Quotient Dental Anxiety and Oral Health-related Quality of Life in Children: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(6):745-749.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharath Asokan
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, KSR Institute of Dental Science and Research, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Geetha Priya PR
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, KSR Institute of Dental Science and Research, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thendral Mathiazhagan
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, KSR Institute of Dental Science and Research, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sudhandra Viswanath
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, KSR Institute of Dental Science and Research, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India
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Huang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Mai X. Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over the Left Primary Motor Cortex on Verbal Intelligence. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:888590. [PMID: 35693542 PMCID: PMC9177941 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.888590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that changes in gray matter density and volume in the left primary motor cortex are significantly associated with changes in individuals’ verbal intelligence quotient (VIQ), but not with their performance intelligence quotient (PIQ). In the present study, we examined the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the left primary motor cortex on performance in intelligence tests. We chose four subtests (two each for VIQ and PIQ) of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Chinese Revised version and randomized participants into anodal, cathodal, and sham groups. We found that anodal stimulation significantly improved performance in verbal intelligence subtests compared to cathodal and sham stimulation, while performance intelligence subtest scores did not change in any stimulation condition. These findings suggest that the excitation level of the left primary motor cortex has a unique effect on verbal intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Huang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yinling Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhe Zhang
- Psychological Counseling Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqin Mai
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoqin Mai,
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Anunciação L, Portugal A, Rabelo I, Landeira-Fernandez J. Non-verbal intelligence outperforms selective attention in a visual short-term memory test. PSICOLOGIA-REFLEXAO E CRITICA 2021; 34:35. [PMID: 34783917 PMCID: PMC8595432 DOI: 10.1186/s41155-021-00200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-term memory is a dynamic psychological process that operates within a network in which non-verbal intelligence and attentional domains are connected. However, no consensus has been reached about which process has the greatest effect on this memory ability, which was the main objective of the present study. A sample of 1448 Brazilian participants (mean age = 26.62 years, standard deviation = 9.97 years; 53.9% females) were collectively tested on pen-and-paper standardized and validated measures of selective (ROTAS-C), alternating (ROTAS-A), and divided (ROTAS-D) attention. They also performed the R1 Non-verbal Intelligence Test and a visual short-term memory test (Memória Visual de Curto Prazo [MEMORE] test). The statistical analyses consisted of a data mining procedure, in which exhaustive automatic selection screening was performed. The results were compared with Corrected Akaike Information Criteria. The linear model met the classic assumptions of ordinary least squares and only included main effects of selective attention (standardized β = 0.39) and non-verbal intelligence (standardized β = 0.37) as main predictors (F2,39 = 7.01, p < 0.01, adjusted R2 = 24%). The results are discussed within a cognitive psychology framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Anunciação
- Psychometrics and Applied Statistics, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Anna Portugal
- Psychological Assessment, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Ivan Rabelo
- Psychological Assessment, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J. Landeira-Fernandez
- Experimental Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
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Saha S, Pagnozzi A, Bradford D, Fripp J. Predicting fluid intelligence in adolescence from structural MRI with deep learning methods. INTELLIGENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2021.101568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Fronto-Parietal Gray Matter Volume Loss Is Associated with Decreased Working Memory Performance in Adolescents with a First Episode of Psychosis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10173929. [PMID: 34501377 PMCID: PMC8432087 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10173929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive maturation during adolescence is modulated by brain maturation. However, it is unknown how these processes intertwine in early onset psychosis (EOP). Studies examining longitudinal brain changes and cognitive performance in psychosis lend support for an altered development of high-order cognitive functions, which parallels progressive gray matter (GM) loss over time, particularly in fronto-parietal brain regions. We aimed to assess this relationship in a subsample of 33 adolescents with first-episode EOP and 47 matched controls over 2 years. Backwards stepwise regression analyses were conducted to determine the association and predictive value of longitudinal brain changes over cognitive performance within each group. Fronto-parietal GM volume loss was positively associated with decreased working memory in adolescents with psychosis (frontal left (B = 0.096, p = 0.008); right (B = 0.089, p = 0.015); parietal left (B = 0.119, p = 0.007), right (B = 0.125, p = 0.015)) as a function of age. A particular decrease in frontal left GM volume best predicted a significant amount (22.28%) of the variance of decreased working memory performance over time, accounting for variance in age (14.9%). No such association was found in controls. Our results suggest that during adolescence, EOP individuals seem to follow an abnormal neurodevelopmental trajectory, in which fronto-parietal GM volume reduction is associated with the differential age-related working memory dysfunction in this group.
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Bougnères P, Hacein-Bey-Abina S, Labik I, Adamsbaum C, Castaignède C, Bellesme C, Schmidt M. Long-Term Follow-Up of Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Gene Therapy for Cerebral Adrenoleukodystrophy. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:1260-1269. [PMID: 33789438 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2009, cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (c-ALD) became the first brain disease to be treated with lentiviral (LV)-based hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy with the ABCD1 gene in four boys (P1-P4) who had demyelinating lesions expected to be lethal in the short term and no bone marrow donor. We report the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) follow-up over a mean of 8.8 years posttransplant. In parallel, vector genome copies, expression of transgenic ALD protein (ALDP), and viral integration sites were determined in peripheral blood cells. Prior to transplant, the four patients had a normal or near normal neurocognitive status but gadolinium-enhanced demyelination in various brain regions. Gadolinium diffusion disappeared during the first year posttransplant. P3 kept a near normal status until 8.3 years of follow-up, but P1, P2, and P4 showed major cognitive degradation around 9, 28, and 60 months posttransplant. Neurological status and demyelination stabilized until last evaluation in P2, but deteriorated in both P1 at 10 years and P4 at 3 years posttransplant. The proportion of myeloid and lymphoid cells expressing transgenic ALDP decreased by half within 5 years then stabilized around 5% to 10%. Integration site analysis revealed a durable polyclonal distribution of genetically corrected hematopoietic cells. No adverse effects were observed. The long-term arrest of demyelination at MRI and persistence of transduced hematopoietic progenitors support that LV gene therapy may be a safe and durable treatment of c-ALD. However, the neurological degradation observed in three out of four patients mitigates the benefit of this therapy, calling for an earlier intervention, more potent vectors, and additional therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bougnères
- UMR1195 INSERM, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Université Paris Saclay, MIRCen Institute/Neuratris, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Therapy Design Consulting, Vincennes, France
| | - Salima Hacein-Bey-Abina
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Hôpital Kremlin-Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France.,UTCBS, CNRS UMR8258, INSERM U1267, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | | | - Clémence Castaignède
- Pediatric Neurology, Hôpital Kremlin-Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Céline Bellesme
- Pediatric Neurology, Hôpital Kremlin-Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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12
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Janssens KAM, Quaedackers L, Lammers GJ, Amesz P, van Mierlo P, Aarts L, Peeters E, Hendriks D, Vandenbussche N, Overeem S, Pillen S. Effect of treatment on cognitive and attention problems in children with narcolepsy type 1. Sleep 2021; 43:5854315. [PMID: 32505131 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To ascertain the presence of cognitive and attention problems in treatment naïve children with narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) and to explore whether children recently diagnosed with NT1 improve with respect to cognition and attention problems 1 year after regular treatment for NT1. METHODS A total of 15 treatment naïve children (7-15 years) with recently diagnosed NT1 were recruited from three sleep medicine centers in the Netherlands. The control group consisted of 15 healthy children, being frequency matched on age and gender. Both groups were investigated at baseline to examine intelligence profile (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children [WISC] III), attention problems, and processing speed (Bourdon Vos and sustained attention to respond task [SART]). These tests were repeated in children with NT1 1 year after regular (behavioral and medication) treatment for NT1. RESULTS Children with NT1 scored significantly lower on the verbal scale and processing speed subscale of the WISC III, showed more fluctuations in reaction time of the Bourdon Vos and made more mistakes during the SART than the healthy control group at baseline. Children with NT1 significantly improved on total IQ score, and on the WISC indices processing speed, and perceptual organization 1 year after treatment. At follow-up, test scores of treated children were largely comparable to those of the control group at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Children with NT1 show improvement in several cognitive domains 1 year after start of treatment. Our findings stress the need for early detection and treatment of narcolepsy in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin A M Janssens
- Sleep-Wake Centre, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Zwolle/Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Laury Quaedackers
- Center for Sleep Medicine, Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands.,Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Jan Lammers
- Sleep-Wake Centre, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Zwolle/Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline Amesz
- Sleep-Wake Centre, Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Zwolle/Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lisanne Aarts
- Center for Sleep Medicine, Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands
| | - Els Peeters
- Department of Child Neurology, Juliana Children's Hospital-Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands.,Sleeping Center, Medical Centre Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle Hendriks
- Sleeping Center, Medical Centre Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sebastiaan Overeem
- Center for Sleep Medicine, Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands.,Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sigrid Pillen
- Center for Sleep Medicine, Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands.,Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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13
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Halsband U, Wolf TG. Current neuroscientific research database findings of brain activity changes after hypnosis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS 2021; 63:372-388. [PMID: 33999768 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2020.1863185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Using multi-modal brain imaging techniques we found pronounced changes in neuronal activity after hypnotic trance induction whereby state changes seem to occur synchronously with the specific induction instructions. In clinical patients, hypnosis proved to be a powerful method in inhibiting the reaction of the fear circuitry structures. The aim of the present paper is to critically discuss the limitations of the current neuroscientific research database in the light of a debate in defining relevant hypnotic constructs and to suggest ideas for future research projects. We discuss the role of hypnotic suggestibility (HS), the impact of hypnotic inductions and the importance of the depth of hypnotic trance. We argue that future research on brain imaging studies on the effects of hypnosis and hypnotherapy should focus on the analysis of individual cross-network activation patterns. A most promising approach is to simultaneously include physiological parameters linked to cognitive, somatic, and behavioral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Gerhard Wolf
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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14
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Park BY, Bethlehem RAI, Paquola C, Larivière S, Rodríguez-Cruces R, Vos de Wael R, Bullmore ET, Bernhardt BC. An expanding manifold in transmodal regions characterizes adolescent reconfiguration of structural connectome organization. eLife 2021; 10:e64694. [PMID: 33787489 PMCID: PMC8087442 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical time for the continued maturation of brain networks. Here, we assessed structural connectome development in a large longitudinal sample ranging from childhood to young adulthood. By projecting high-dimensional connectomes into compact manifold spaces, we identified a marked expansion of structural connectomes, with strongest effects in transmodal regions during adolescence. Findings reflected increased within-module connectivity together with increased segregation, indicating increasing differentiation of higher-order association networks from the rest of the brain. Projection of subcortico-cortical connectivity patterns into these manifolds showed parallel alterations in pathways centered on the caudate and thalamus. Connectome findings were contextualized via spatial transcriptome association analysis, highlighting genes enriched in cortex, thalamus, and striatum. Statistical learning of cortical and subcortical manifold features at baseline and their maturational change predicted measures of intelligence at follow-up. Our findings demonstrate that connectome manifold learning can bridge the conceptual and empirical gaps between macroscale network reconfigurations, microscale processes, and cognitive outcomes in adolescent development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-yong Park
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- Department of Data Science, Inha UniversityIncheonRepublic of Korea
| | - Richard AI Bethlehem
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Casey Paquola
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - Sara Larivière
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Raul Rodríguez-Cruces
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Reinder Vos de Wael
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Edward T Bullmore
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Boris C Bernhardt
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
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15
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Richard-Devantoy S, Orri M, Bertrand JA, Greenway KT, Turecki G, Gunnell D, Power C, Geoffroy MC. Childhood cognitive skill trajectories and suicide by mid-adulthood: an investigation of the 1958 British Birth Cohort. Psychol Med 2021; 51:400-407. [PMID: 31736461 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719003143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor cognitive abilities and low intellectual quotient (IQ) are associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts and suicide mortality. However, knowledge of how this association develops across the life-course is limited. Our study aims to establish whether individuals who died by suicide by mid-adulthood are distinguishable by their child-to-adolescence cognitive trajectories. METHODS Participants were from the 1958 British Birth Cohort and were assessed for academic performance at ages 7, 11, and 16 and intelligence at 11 years. Suicides occurring by September 2012 were identified from linked national death certificates. We compared mean mathematics and reading abilities and rate of change across 7-16 years for individuals who died by suicide v. those still alive, with and without adjustment for potential early-life confounding factors. Analyses were based on 14 505 participants. RESULTS Fifty-five participants (48 males) had died by suicide by age 54 years. While males who died by suicide did not differ from participants still alive in reading scores at age 7 [effect size (g) = -0.04, p = 0.759], their reading scores had a less steep improvement up to age 16 compared to other participants. Adjustments for early-life confounding factors explained these differences. A similar pattern was observed for mathematics scores. There was no difference between individuals who died by suicide v. participants still alive on intelligence at 11 years. CONCLUSIONS While no differences in tests of academic performance and IQ were observed, individuals who died by suicide had a less steep improvement in reading abilities over time compared to same-age peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Richard-Devantoy
- McGill University & Douglas Mental Health University Research Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- CISSS des Laurentides, St-Jerome, Quebec, Canada
| | - Massimiliano Orri
- McGill University & Douglas Mental Health University Research Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, Inserm U1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Josie-Anne Bertrand
- CISSS des Laurentides, St-Jerome, Quebec, Canada
- The Douglas Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kyle T Greenway
- McGill University & Douglas Mental Health University Research Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- McGill University & Douglas Mental Health University Research Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - David Gunnell
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Chris Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Marie-Claude Geoffroy
- McGill University & Douglas Mental Health University Research Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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16
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Krishnan S, Asaridou SS, Cler GJ, Smith HJ, Willis HE, Healy MP, Thompson PA, Bishop DVM, Watkins KE. Functional organisation for verb generation in children with developmental language disorder. Neuroimage 2020; 226:117599. [PMID: 33285329 PMCID: PMC7836232 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental language disorder (DLD) is characterised by difficulties in learning one's native language for no apparent reason. These language difficulties occur in 7% of children and are known to limit future academic and social achievement. Our understanding of the brain abnormalities associated with DLD is limited. Here, we used a simple four-minute verb generation task (children saw a picture of an object and were instructed to say an action that goes with that object) to test children between the ages of 10-15 years (DLD N = 50, typically developing N = 67). We also tested 26 children with poor language ability who did not meet our criteria for DLD. Contrary to our registered predictions, we found that children with DLD did not have (i) reduced activity in language relevant regions such as the left inferior frontal cortex; (ii) dysfunctional striatal activity during overt production; or (iii) a reduction in left-lateralised activity in frontal cortex. Indeed, performance of this simple language task evoked activity in children with DLD in the same regions and to a similar level as in typically developing children. Consistent with previous reports, we found sub-threshold group differences in the left inferior frontal gyrus and caudate nuclei, but only when analysis was limited to a subsample of the DLD group (N = 14) who had the poorest performance on the task. Additionally, we used a two-factor model to capture variation in all children studied (N = 143) on a range of neuropsychological tests and found that these language and verbal memory factors correlated with activity in different brain regions. Our findings indicate a lack of support for some neurological models of atypical language learning, such as the procedural deficit hypothesis or the atypical lateralization hypothesis, at least when using simple language tasks that children can perform. These results also emphasise the importance of controlling for and monitoring task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloni Krishnan
- Department of Experimental Psychology & Wellcome Trust Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Anna Watts Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK; Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
| | - Salomi S Asaridou
- Department of Experimental Psychology & Wellcome Trust Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Anna Watts Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Gabriel J Cler
- Department of Experimental Psychology & Wellcome Trust Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Anna Watts Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Harriet J Smith
- Department of Experimental Psychology & Wellcome Trust Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Anna Watts Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK; MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK
| | - Hannah E Willis
- Department of Experimental Psychology & Wellcome Trust Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Anna Watts Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Máiréad P Healy
- Department of Experimental Psychology & Wellcome Trust Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Anna Watts Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Paul A Thompson
- Department of Experimental Psychology & Wellcome Trust Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Anna Watts Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Dorothy V M Bishop
- Department of Experimental Psychology & Wellcome Trust Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Anna Watts Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Kate E Watkins
- Department of Experimental Psychology & Wellcome Trust Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Anna Watts Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
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17
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Agnew-Blais JC, Polanczyk GV, Danese A, Wertz J, Moffitt TE, Arseneault L. Are changes in ADHD course reflected in differences in IQ and executive functioning from childhood to young adulthood? Psychol Med 2020; 50:2799-2808. [PMID: 31718730 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719003015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with poorer cognitive functioning. We used a developmental, genetically-sensitive approach to examine intelligence quotient (IQ) from early childhood to young adulthood among those with different ADHD courses to investigate whether changes in ADHD were reflected in differences in IQ. We also examined executive functioning in childhood and young adulthood among different ADHD courses. METHODS Study participants were part of the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a population-based birth cohort of 2232 twins. We assessed ADHD in childhood (ages 5, 7, 10 and 12) and young adulthood (age 18). We examined ADHD course as reflected by remission, persistence and late-onset. IQ was evaluated at ages 5, 12 and 18, and executive functioning at ages 5 and 18. RESULTS ADHD groups showed deficits in IQ across development compared to controls; those with persistent ADHD showed the greatest deficit, followed by remitted and late-onset. ADHD groups did not differ from controls in developmental trajectory of IQ, suggesting changes in ADHD were not reflected in IQ. All ADHD groups performed more poorly on executive functioning tasks at ages 5 and 18; persisters and remitters differed only on an inhibitory control task at age 18. CONCLUSIONS Differences in ADHD course - persistence, remission and late-onset - were not directly reflected in changes in IQ. Instead, having ADHD at any point across development was associated with lower average IQ and poorer executive functioning. Our finding that individuals with persistent ADHD have poorer response inhibition than those who remitted requires replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Agnew-Blais
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Andrea Danese
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National and Specialist Child Traumatic Stress and Anxiety Clinic, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jasmin Wertz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Terrie E Moffitt
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Louise Arseneault
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Schmitt JE, Raznahan A, Clasen LS, Wallace GL, Pritikin JN, Lee NR, Giedd JN, Neale MC. The Dynamic Associations Between Cortical Thickness and General Intelligence are Genetically Mediated. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:4743-4752. [PMID: 30715232 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural substrates of intelligence represent a fundamental but largely uncharted topic in human developmental neuroscience. Prior neuroimaging studies have identified modest but highly dynamic associations between intelligence and cortical thickness (CT) in childhood and adolescence. In a separate thread of research, quantitative genetic studies have repeatedly demonstrated that most measures of intelligence are highly heritable, as are many brain regions associated with intelligence. In the current study, we integrate these 2 streams of prior work by examining the genetic contributions to CT-intelligence relationships using a genetically informative longitudinal sample of 813 typically developing youth, imaged with high-resolution MRI and assessed with Wechsler Intelligence Scales (IQ). In addition to replicating the phenotypic association between multimodal association cortex and language centers with IQ, we find that CT-IQ covariance is nearly entirely genetically mediated. Moreover, shared genetic factors drive the rapidly evolving landscape of CT-IQ relationships in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Eric Schmitt
- Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry, Division of Neuroradiology, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Armin Raznahan
- Developmental Neurogenomics Unit, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Building 10, Room 4D18, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Liv S Clasen
- Developmental Neurogenomics Unit, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Building 10, Room 4D18, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Greg L Wallace
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The George Washington University, 2115 G Street NW, Hall of Government, Room 226, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Joshua N Pritikin
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980126, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Nancy Raitano Lee
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, 3201 Chestnut Street, Stratton Hall, Room 123E, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jay N Giedd
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0949, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Neale
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980126, Richmond, VA, USA
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Xiao L, Zhang A, Cai B, Stephen JM, Wilson TW, Calhoun VD, Wang YP. Correlation Guided Graph Learning to Estimate Functional Connectivity Patterns From fMRI Data. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2020; 68:1154-1165. [PMID: 32894705 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2020.3022335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-derived brain functional connectivity (FC) patterns have been used as fingerprints to predict individual differences in phenotypic measures, and cognitive dysfunction associated with brain diseases. In these applications, how to accurately estimate FC patterns is crucial yet technically challenging. METHODS In this article, we propose a correlation guided graph learning (CGGL) method to estimate FC patterns for establishing brain-behavior relationships. Different from the existing graph learning methods which only consider the graph structure across brain regions-of-interest (ROIs), our proposed CGGL takes into account both the temporal correlation of ROIs across time points, and the graph structure across ROIs. The resulting FC patterns reflect substantial inter-individual variations related to the behavioral measure of interest. RESULTS We validate the effectiveness of our proposed CGGL on the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort data for separately predicting three behavioral measures based on resting-state fMRI. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed CGGL outperforms other competing FC pattern estimation methods. CONCLUSION Our method increases the predictive power of the constructed FC patterns when establishing brain-behavior relationships, and gains meaningful insights into relevant biological mechanisms. SIGNIFICANCE The proposed CGGL offers a more powerful, and reliable method to estimate FC patterns, which can be used as fingerprints in many brain network studies.
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20
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A Structural Analysis Between Mindset, Grit, and Self-Directed Learning Ability of Children according to Attachment Type. ADONGHAKOEJI 2020. [DOI: 10.5723/kjcs.2020.41.4.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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21
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Duñabeitia JA, Borragán M, de Bruin A, Casaponsa A. Changes in the Sensitivity to Language-Specific Orthographic Patterns With Age. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1691. [PMID: 32760330 PMCID: PMC7371944 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How do bilingual readers of languages that have similar scripts identify a language switch? Recent behavioral and electroencephalographic results suggest that they rely on orthotactic cues to recognize the language of the words they read in ambiguous contexts. Previous research has shown that marked words with language-specific letter sequences (i.e., letter sequences that are illegal in one of the two languages) are recognized more easily and faster than unmarked words. The aim of this study was to investigate sensitivity to markedness throughout childhood and early adulthood by using a speeded language decision task with words and pseudowords. A large group of Spanish-Basque bilinguals of different ages (children, preteenagers, teenagers and adults) was tested. Results showed a markedness effect in the second language across all age groups that changed with age. However, sensitivity to markedness in the native language was negligible. We conclude that sensitivity to orthotactics does not follow parallel developmental trend in the first and second language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Andoni Duñabeitia
- Centro de Ciencia Cognitiva (C3), Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Language and Culture, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - María Borragán
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Angela de Bruin
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Aina Casaponsa
- Department of Linguistics and English Language, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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Hidese S, Ota M, Matsuo J, Ishida I, Hiraishi M, Yokota Y, Hattori K, Yomogida Y, Kunugi H. Correlation Between the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale- 3 rd Edition Metrics and Brain Structure in Healthy Individuals: A Whole-Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:211. [PMID: 32581752 PMCID: PMC7283913 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3rd edition (WAIS-III) is widely used to evaluate the intelligence quotient (IQ). We aimed to investigate the correlation between the WAIS-III metrics and whole-brain structures using magnetic resonance imaging. Methods The participants were 266 healthy, right-handed individuals (age: 45.6 ± 12.9 years, 98 males and 168 females). IQs were evaluated using the WAIS-III and Japanese Adult Reading Test (JART). Voxel-based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging were performed to analyze the correlation of the WAIS-III metrics and JART score with the gray matter volume and white matter integrity, respectively. Results The verbal IQ significantly and positively correlated with the left gyrus rectus and anterior cingulate gyrus, left posterior insula and planum polare, and left superior and middle frontal gyri volumes (p < 0.05, corrected). The verbal comprehension group index significantly and positively correlated with the left superior and middle frontal gyri, left gyrus rectus and anterior cingulate gyrus, and left middle frontal gyrus volumes, while the processing speed group index significantly and positively correlated with the bilateral various regional white matter fractional anisotropy values (p < 0.05, corrected). In contrast, the JART score showed no correlation with any brain structure. Conclusion These results suggested the neurostructural bases of the WAIS-III IQs and group indices in the brain of healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Hidese
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Ota
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Matsuo
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikki Ishida
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moeko Hiraishi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuuki Yokota
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hattori
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihito Yomogida
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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Colbert D, Malone A, Barrett S, Roche B. The Relational Abilities Index+: Initial Validation of a Functionally Understood Proxy Measure for Intelligence. Perspect Behav Sci 2020; 43:189-213. [PMID: 32440651 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-019-00197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Relational Abilities Index (RAI) has shown considerable utility as a functional proxy measurement of intellectual performance by providing a metric of an important skill set known as relational skills, which are proposed to underlie much of what we conceive of as intellectual behavior. The Relational Abilities Index+ (RAI+) assesses performance across an extended range of relational skills (Same/Opposite, More/Less, Same/Different, Before/After, and Analogy), and has been designed to provide a more comprehensive and nuanced assessment of relational skills. The current study aims to investigate the validity and utility of the RAI+ by assessing its degree of correlation with well-established assessments of intelligence (WASI), numeracy (WAIS: Arithmetic), and educational attainment (WIAT-T-II). Results indicate that the RAI+ displays considerable efficacy in predicting intellectual performance and numeracy, but not educational attainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Colbert
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Aoife Malone
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Seafra Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Bryan Roche
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
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Liang C, Liu YC, Chang Y, Liang CT. Differences in numeric, verbal, and spatial reasoning between engineering and literature students through a neurocognitive lens. COGN SYST RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Edberg H, Chen Q, Andiné P, Larsson H, Hirvikoski T. Clinical Characteristics and Pharmacological Treatment of Individuals With and Without Intellectual Disability in Pre-trial Assessment-A Population-Based Study. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:573989. [PMID: 33192702 PMCID: PMC7644565 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.573989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The current lack of knowledge about intellectual disability (ID) in forensic psychiatric contexts can compromise the legal certainty of these individuals during the medico-legal process. To address ambiguous results in previous literature, the aim of the current study was to estimate the prevalence of ID in a pre-trial forensic psychiatric settings. Moreover, as little is known about the characteristics of offenders with ID, we conducted a clinical characterization of individuals with and without ID being subject to forensic psychiatric assessment. Methods: Using data from several Swedish national registers, we conducted a population-based retrospective observational study on 8,442 individuals being subject to pre-trial forensic psychiatric assessments in Sweden in 1997-2013. We performed univariate analyses to compare the characteristics of individuals with (n = 537) and without ID (n = 7,905). Results: The prevalence of ID was 6.4% in the Swedish pre-trial forensic psychiatric context during the observational period. Compared with individuals without ID, individuals with ID were younger at the time of assessment, had a lower educational level, and had less frequently started families. ID was associated with lower frequency of diagnosed psychotic and bipolar disorders. However, a similar prescription rate of antipsychotics, and a comparable rate of previous inpatient care was observed among individuals with and without ID. Individuals with ID had more often been prescribed anti-libidinal treatments often used for treating sexual disorders, although did not present a higher prevalence of sexual disorder. Conclusions: The prevalence of ID among pre-trial individuals being subject to forensic psychiatric assessment was more than twice as high as assumed in the general population. Our results suggest that individuals with ID received pharmacotherapy without clear indication. Remaining challenges in the clinical management of individuals with ID were indicated by the discrepancy between the occurrence of psychiatric diagnoses, pharmacological treatment patterns, and rates of inpatient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Edberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Paediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institute (KIND), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Northern Stockholm Psychiatric Clinic, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.,Forensic Psychiatric Clinic, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Psychiatric Research, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Andiné
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Forensic Psychiatric Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Forensic Psychiatry, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Larsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Tatja Hirvikoski
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Paediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institute (KIND), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Psychiatric Research, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.,Habilitation and Health, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lai H, Wang S, Zhao Y, Qiu C, Gong Q. Neurostructural correlates of optimism: Gray matter density in the putamen predicts dispositional optimism in late adolescence. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 41:1459-1471. [PMID: 31816149 PMCID: PMC7267983 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dispositional optimism reflects one's generalized positive expectancies for future outcomes and plays a crucial role in personal developmental outcomes and health (e.g., counteracting related mental disorders such as depression and anxiety). Increasing evidence has suggested that extraversion is an important personality factor contributing to dispositional optimism. However, less is known about the association between dispositional optimism and brain structure and the role of extraversion in this association. Here, we examined these issues in 231 healthy high school students aged 16 to 20 years (110 males, mean age = 18.48 years, SD = 0.54) by estimating regional gray matter density (rGMD) using a voxel‐based morphometry method via structural magnetic resonance imaging. Whole‐brain regression analyses revealed a significant positive correlation between dispositional optimism and the rGMD of the bilateral putamen after adjusting for age, sex, family socioeconomic status (SES), general intelligence, and total gray matter volume (TGMV). Moreover, prediction analyses using fourfold balanced cross‐validation combined with linear regression confirmed a significant connection between dispositional optimism and putamen density after adjusting for age, sex, and family SES. More importantly, subsequent mediation analysis showed that extraversion may account for the association between putamen density and dispositional optimism after adjusting for age, sex, family SES, general intelligence, TGMV, and the other four Big Five personality traits. Taken together, the current study provides new evidence regarding the neurostructural basis underlying dispositional optimism in adolescents and underscores the importance of extraversion as an essential personality factor for dispositional optimism acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lai
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2018RU011), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Song Wang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2018RU011), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yajun Zhao
- School of Sociology and Psychology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Qiu
- Department of Psychology, The Faculty of Social Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2018RU011), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Kroll J, Karolis V, Brittain PJ, Tseng CEJ, Froudist-Walsh S, Murray RM, Nosarti C. Systematic assessment of perinatal and socio-demographic factors associated with IQ from childhood to adult life following very preterm birth. INTELLIGENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2019.101401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Ahlqvist G, Larsson JO, von Rosen T, Westling Allodi M, Rydelius PA. The Sävsjö-school-project: a cluster-randomized trial aimed at improving the literacy of beginners-achievements, mental health, school satisfaction and reading capacity at the end of grade three using an alternative school curriculum. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2019; 13:27. [PMID: 31285753 PMCID: PMC6591978 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-019-0285-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A curriculum was planned using modern concepts based on the "old" principles to test if such an educational intervention provided pupils with good mental health and a solid basis for good reading and writing skills, as well as generated a positive attitude to learn. These "old" principles were based on previous knowledge derived from school psychiatry (which in Sweden was a branch of child and adolescent psychiatry 1915-1970), educational psychology and the educational approach from the differentiating Swedish School system of 1946-1970 (itself based on the principles of curative education "Heilpädagogie", which was later renamed mental health care). METHODS All six available schools in the small Swedish city of Sävsjö participated in the study. In these six schools there were eight preschool classes that included every 6-year old child living in the city. In total there were 184 families with 186 children (including 2 pairs of twins) who belonged to these preschool classes and were invited to take part in the study. One family moved just before school-start and 8 decided not to participate, thus 177 children (84 boys and 93 girls, aged 5.6-6.6 years) entered the study. The preschool classes were randomized into an experimental group with four preschool classes and a comparison group with four preschool classes. The experimental group followed a teaching program from the start of the preschool year until the end of grade 3 that was tailored to each student's individual capacity based on the concepts of school maturation and curative education used in the Swedish schools during the period 1946-1970. The comparison group followed today's average Swedish school curriculum. The project was planned as an intervention study covering the preschool year and the first 3 years of elementary school, which was to form a basis for a follow-up when the pupils had left senior high, the 12th year in Swedish public school. The outcome and the achievements were measured at end of grade 3 using standardized tests on reading, writing and mathematical skills. Behavior was assessed at school start and at end of grade 3 using the Child Behavior Check List (CBCL-scales) in addition to a questionnaire on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) with criteria from DSM-IV. The children made a self-evaluation of their attitude towards learning. RESULTS At the end of school year 3, the children in the experimental group had an improved reading capacity (p = 0.002, effect size(es) = 4.35) and reading comprehension (p = 0.03, es = 0.04). They evaluated their own reading (p = 0.02, es = 0.23), writing (p = 0.007, es = 0.35) and mathematical skills (p = 0.003, es = 0.48) as going "very well" when compared to comparison group. Differences regarding intelligence quotas between the groups at the start of school had disappeared by the end of grade 3. No differences referring to CBCL were found at end of grade 3. One child in the comparison group fulfilled criteria for AD/HD, according to parents and teachers. CONCLUSIONS The alternative curriculum covering the preschool year through the first 3 years of elementary school based on the old principles from curative education ("Heilpädagogie"), educational psychology and school psychiatry gave the children in the experimental group a better reading capacity and reading comprehension.Trial registration The study started in 1998. The data were collected longitudinally and prospectively but have not been analyzed until now, with the children having left senior high. A retrospective registration in the ISRCTN is pending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran Ahlqvist
- 0000 0004 1936 9377grid.10548.38Department of Special Education, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan-Olov Larsson
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tatjana von Rosen
- 0000 0004 1936 9377grid.10548.38Department of Statistics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mara Westling Allodi
- 0000 0004 1936 9377grid.10548.38Department of Special Education, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Anders Rydelius
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Chawner SJRA, Owen MJ, Holmans P, Raymond FL, Skuse D, Hall J, van den Bree MBM. Genotype-phenotype associations in children with copy number variants associated with high neuropsychiatric risk in the UK (IMAGINE-ID): a case-control cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry 2019; 6:493-505. [PMID: 31056457 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several copy number variants (CNVs) are associated with a high risk of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders (referred to as ND-CNVs). We aimed to characterise the effect of ND-CNVs on childhood development and investigate whether different ND-CNVs lead to distinct and specific patterns of cognitive and behavioural outcomes. METHODS In this case-control study, we used data from the Intellectual Disability and Mental Health: Assessing the Genomic Impact on Neurodevelopment (IMAGINE-ID) study. Children aged 4 years and older with pathogenic CNV or single nucleotide variants were recruited via the UK National Health Service (NHS) medical genetic clinic network and via patient support groups to complete broad online phenotyping, from whom children aged 6-19 years with at least one of a specific group of ND-CNVs (1q21.1 [proximal duplication, and distal deletion and duplication], 2p16.3 deletion, 9q34.3 deletion, 15q11.2 deletion, 15q13.3 deletion and duplication, 16p11.2 [proximal deletion and duplication, and distal deletion], and 22q11.2 deletion and duplication) and their families were approached for a deep phenotyping, home-based assessment, and we report on this sample here. We invited siblings of index children to participate as controls, for whom the presence of ND-CNVs was excluded by use of microarray results and also medical records where possible. We systematically assessed the children for psychiatric disorders and broader traits of neurodevelopmental, cognitive, and psychopathological origin and compared results of ND-CNV carriers with control siblings to test the hypothesis that phenotypes would differ by genotype, both quantitatively in terms of severity and qualitatively in the pattern of associated impairments. FINDINGS Between Oct 1, 2014, and Dec 31, 2018, of 2819 children recruited, 258 (9%) had one ND-CNV of interest, with 13 CNVs across nine loci, and underwent a home-based assessment. 106 control siblings were enrolled. 186 (80%) of ND-CNV carriers met criteria for one or more psychiatric disorder (odds ratio [OR] 13·8, 95% CI 7·2-26·3, compared with controls). The risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (OR 6·9, 3·2-15·1), oppositional defiant disorder (OR 3·6, 1·4-9·4), any anxiety disorder (OR 2·9, 1·2-6·7), and autism spectrum disorder traits (OR 44·1, 15·3-127·5) was particularly high compared with controls. ND-CNV carriers were impaired across all neurodevelopmental, cognitive, and psychopathological traits compared with controls. Only moderate quantitative and qualitative differences in phenotypic profile were found between genotypes. Overall, the range of phenotypes was broadly similar for all ND-CNV genotypes. Traits did show some evidence of genotypic specificity, with rank-based analyses showing moderate qualitative and quantitative profile differences between ND-CNVs; however, the specific genotype accounted for a low proportion of variance in cognitive and behavioural outcomes (approximately 5-20% depending on the trait). INTERPRETATION The 13 ND-CNVs studied have a similar range of adverse effects on childhood neurodevelopment, despite subtle quantitative and qualitative differences. Genomic risk for neuropsychiatric disorder has pleiotropic effects on multiple processes and neural circuits and indicates that future research should avoid being narrowly focused on single phenotypes. FUNDING UK Medical Research Council and Medical Research Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J R A Chawner
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Peter Holmans
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - F Lucy Raymond
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Skuse
- Great Ormond Street Hospital, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marianne B M van den Bree
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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Thomas MSC, Ansari D, Knowland VCP. Annual Research Review: Educational neuroscience: progress and prospects. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2019; 60:477-492. [PMID: 30345518 PMCID: PMC6487963 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Educational neuroscience is an interdisciplinary research field that seeks to translate research findings on neural mechanisms of learning to educational practice and policy and to understand the effects of education on the brain. Neuroscience and education can interact directly, by virtue of considering the brain as a biological organ that needs to be in the optimal condition to learn ('brain health'); or indirectly, as neuroscience shapes psychological theory and psychology influences education. In this article, we trace the origins of educational neuroscience, its main areas of research activity and the principal challenges it faces as a translational field. We consider how a pure psychology approach that ignores neuroscience is at risk of being misleading for educators. We address the major criticisms of the field comprising, respectively, a priori arguments against the relevance of neuroscience to education, reservations with the current practical operation of the field, and doubts about the viability of neuroscience methods for diagnosing disorders or predicting individual differences. We consider future prospects of the field and ethical issues it raises. Finally, we discuss the challenge of responding to the (welcome) desire of education policymakers to include neuroscience evidence in their policymaking, while ensuring recommendations do not exceed the limitations of current basic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. C. Thomas
- Centre for Educational NeuroscienceDepartment of Psychological ScienceBirkbeckUniversity of LondonLondonUK
| | - Daniel Ansari
- Department of Psychology & Faculty of Education Western UniversityLondonONCanada
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Torre GAA, Eden GF. Relationships between gray matter volume and reading ability in typically developing children, adolescents, and young adults. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 36:100636. [PMID: 30913497 PMCID: PMC6626657 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Reading is explicitly taught and foreshadows academic and vocational success. Studies comparing typical readers to those with developmental dyslexia have identified anatomical brain differences in bilateral temporo-parietal cortex, left temporo-occipital cortex, and bilateral cerebellum. Yet, it is unclear whether linear relationships exist between these brain structures and single real word reading ability in the general population. If dyslexia represents the lower end of the normal continuum, then relationships between gray matter volume (GMV) and reading ability would exist for all reading levels. Our study examined this question using voxel-based morphometry in a large sample (n = 404) of typically developing participants aged 6-22 derived from the NIH normative database. We tested correlations between individual GMV and single word reading and found none. After dividing this sample into groups based on age and on sex, we only found results in the group aged 15-22: positive correlations between GMV in left fusiform gyrus and reading, driven by females; and in right superior temporal gyrus in males. Multiple regressions also yielded no results, demonstrating that there is no general linear relationship between GMV and single real word reading ability. This provides an important context by which to interpret findings of GMV differences in dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle-Ann A Torre
- Center for the Study of Learning, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Guinevere F Eden
- Center for the Study of Learning, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States.
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De Meo E, Meani A, Moiola L, Ghezzi A, Veggiotti P, Filippi M, Rocca MA. Dynamic gray matter volume changes in pediatric multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2019; 92:e1709-e1723. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000007267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesTo assess, using MRI, the spatial patterns of gray matter (GM) atrophy in pediatric patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), their dynamic changes over time, and their clinical relevance.MethodsSixty-eight pediatric patients with MS (30 with a clinical and MRI follow-up after 3.5 years) and 26 healthy controls (HC) underwent clinical and MRI evaluation. To overcome difficulties in obtaining longitudinal scans in pediatric HC, a group of 317 pediatric HC from an NIH-funded MRI Study of Normal Brain Development was used to estimate GM developmental trajectories. In pediatric patients with MS, deviations from normative GM volume values at the voxel level were assessed at baseline and during the follow-up, using linear mixed-effects models. Correlations between GM volume deviations and disability, IQ, and white matter (WM) lesion volumes (LV) were estimated.ResultsPediatric patients with MS showed failures in GM development in several cortical and subcortical regions, as well as GM atrophy progression in most of these regions, which were only partially related to focal WM LV. Significant correlations were found between regional GM atrophy (particularly of deep GM regions) and disability, whereas higher IQ was associated with reduced deviations from age-expected GM volumes of specific GM regions at baseline and during the follow-up.ConclusionsImpaired GM maturation occurs in pediatric patients with MS, which is only partially driven by WM inflammation, suggesting that early neurodegenerative phenomena contribute to disability. High IQ, a measure of reserve, may offer protection by promoting remodeling of GM pruning in this young age.
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Bauer IE, Suchting R, Van Rheenen TE, Wu MJ, Mwangi B, Spiker D, Zunta-Soares GB, Soares JC. The use of component-wise gradient boosting to assess the possible role of cognitive measures as markers of vulnerability to pediatric bipolar disorder. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2019; 24:93-107. [PMID: 30774035 PMCID: PMC6675623 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2019.1580190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cognitive impairments are primary hallmarks symptoms of bipolar disorder (BD). Whether these deficits are markers of vulnerability or symptoms of the disease is still unclear. This study used a component-wise gradient (CGB) machine learning algorithm to identify cognitive measures that could accurately differentiate pediatric BD, unaffected offspring of BD parents, and healthy controls. METHODS 59 healthy controls (HC; 11.19 ± 3.15 yo; 30 girls), 119 children and adolescents with BD (13.31 ± 3.02 yo, 52 girls) and 49 unaffected offspring of BD parents (UO; 9.36 ± 3.18 yo; 22 girls) completed the CANTAB cognitive battery. RESULTS CGB achieved accuracy of 73.2% and an AUROC of 0.785 in classifying individuals as either BD or non-BD on a dataset held out for validation for testing. The strongest cognitive predictors of BD were measures of processing speed and affective processing. Measures of cognition did not differentiate between UO and HC. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in processing speed and affective processing are markers of BD in pediatric populations. Longitudinal studies should determine whether UO with a cognitive profile similar to that of HC are at less or equal risk for mood disorders. Future studies should include relevant measures for BD such as verbal memory and genetic risk scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle E. Bauer
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Houston (Texas), USA
| | - Robert Suchting
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Houston (Texas), USA
| | - Tamsyn E. Van Rheenen
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry St, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia,Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre (BPsyC), Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mon-Ju Wu
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Houston (Texas), USA
| | - Benson Mwangi
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Houston (Texas), USA
| | - Danielle Spiker
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Houston (Texas), USA
| | - Giovana B. Zunta-Soares
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Houston (Texas), USA
| | - Jair C. Soares
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Houston (Texas), USA
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Mills R, Kisely S, Alati R, Strathearn L, Najman JM. Cognitive and educational outcomes of maltreated and non-maltreated youth: A birth cohort study. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2019; 53:248-255. [PMID: 29696988 DOI: 10.1177/0004867418768432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous research suggests that child maltreatment is associated with adverse outcomes, but the potential impact on cognitive and educational outcomes into adulthood has rarely been studied using a birth cohort design. The aim of this study is to investigate whether child maltreatment is associated with adverse outcomes in cognitive function, high school completion and employment by the age of 21. METHODS Longitudinal birth cohort study commencing in the prenatal period, with mothers and infants followed up to age 21. Of the original birth cohort of 7223, 3778 (52.3%) young people participated at age 21. Child maltreatment was identified by linkage with prospectively collected data from the relevant government agency. Associations between child maltreatment (abuse and neglect) and the outcomes were adjusted for relevant sociodemographic and perinatal variables. RESULTS After full adjustment, young people who had been notified as cases of child maltreatment had reduced performance on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test by over a quarter of a standard deviation (coefficient = -2.85, p = 0.004). Maltreated young people also had three times the odds of failing to complete high school (odds ratio = 3.12, p < 0.001) and more than twice the odds of not being engaged in either study or employment at age 21 (odds ratio = 2.38, p < 0.001). Both abuse and neglect were similarly associated with adverse outcomes. CONCLUSION Child maltreatment, including both abuse and neglect, is associated with adverse cognitive, educational and employment outcomes in young adulthood. This adds further impetus to efforts to prevent child maltreatment and assist young people who have experienced it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Mills
- 1 School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia.,2 Department of Paediatrics, Logan Hospital, Meadowbrook, QLD, Australia
| | - Steve Kisely
- 1 School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Rosa Alati
- 3 Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Lane Strathearn
- 4 Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jake M Najman
- 5 Queensland Alcohol and Drug Research and Education Centre, School of Public Health and School of Social Sciences, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
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Lukowski AF, Milojevich HM, Eales L. Cognitive Functioning in Children with Down Syndrome: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2019; 56:257-289. [PMID: 30846049 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infants and children with Down syndrome (DS) can look forward toward bright futures, as individuals with DS are living healthier, more productive lives than ever due to medical advances, opportunities for early and continued intervention, and inclusive education. Despite these advances, infants and children with DS experience challenges in specific domains of cognitive functioning relative to their typically developing (TD) peers. Over the long term, individuals with DS are also more likely to develop Alzheimer's disease relative to the general population. Understanding cognitive functioning early in life may be important in charting cognitive decline over time. This chapter synthesizes the literature on cognitive functioning in infants and children with DS specific to general intelligence or IQ, language development, recall memory, and executive functioning, with additional focus on critical issues and future directions. These research findings provide important information for understanding cognitive competencies and intervention opportunities for children with DS and also serves to provide a foundation from which to plan longitudinal studies examining stability and change in cognitive functioning over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela F Lukowski
- Department of Psychological Science, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.
| | - Helen M Milojevich
- Center for Developmental Science, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Lauren Eales
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Guez A, Panaïotis T, Peyre H, Ramus F. Predictors of the IQ-achievement gap in France: A longitudinal analysis. INTELLIGENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Marchand-Krynski MÈ, Bélanger AM, Morin-Moncet O, Beauchamp MH, Leonard G. Cognitive predictors of sequential motor impairments in children with dyslexia and/or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Dev Neuropsychol 2018; 43:430-453. [PMID: 29764201 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2018.1467421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examined cognitive predictors of sequential motor skills in 215 children with dyslexia and/or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Visual working memory and math fluency abilities contributed significantly to performance of sequential motor abilities in children with dyslexia (N = 67), ADHD (N = 66) and those with a comorbid diagnosis (N = 82), generally without differentiation between groups. In addition, primary diagnostic features of each disorder, such as reading and inattention, did not contribute to the variance in motor skill performance of these children. The results support a unifying framework of motor impairment in children with neurodevelopmental disorders such as dyslexia and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Ève Marchand-Krynski
- a Department of Psychology & Research Center in Neuropsychology and Cognition (CERNEC) , University of Montreal , Montreal , Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Bélanger
- b Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery , Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital , Montreal , Canada
| | - Olivier Morin-Moncet
- a Department of Psychology & Research Center in Neuropsychology and Cognition (CERNEC) , University of Montreal , Montreal , Canada
| | - Miriam H Beauchamp
- c Department of Psychology , University of Montreal & Ste-Justine Hospital Research Center , Montreal , Canada
| | - Gabriel Leonard
- b Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery , Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital , Montreal , Canada
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Intelligence and specific cognitive functions in intellectual disability: implications for assessment and classification. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2018; 31:88-95. [PMID: 29206685 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Current diagnostic criteria for intellectual disability categorize ability as measured by IQ tests. However, this does not suit the new conceptualization of intellectual disability, which refers to a range of neuropsychiatric syndromes that have in common early onset, cognitive impairments, and consequent deficits in learning and adaptive functioning. A literature review was undertaken on the concept of intelligence and whether it encompasses a range of specific cognitive functions to solve problems, which might be better reported as a profile, instead of an IQ, with implications for diagnosis and classification of intellectual disability. RECENT FINDINGS Data support a model of intelligence consisting of distinct but related processes. Persons with intellectual disability with the same IQ level have different cognitive profiles, based on varying factors involved in aetiopathogenesis. Limitations of functioning and many biopsychological factors associated with intellectual disability are more highly correlated with impairments of specific cognitive functions than with overall IQ. SUMMARY The current model of intelligence, based on IQ, is of limited utility for intellectual disability, given the wide range and variability of cognitive functions and adaptive capacities. Assessing level of individual impairment in executive and specific cognitive functions may be a more useful alternative. This has considerable implications for the revision of the International Classification of Diseases and for the cultural attitude towards intellectual disability in general.
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Kim JE, Kim GH, Hwang J, Kim JY, Renshaw PF, Yurgelun-Todd D, Kim B, Kang I, Jeon S, Ma J, Lyoo IK, Yoon S. Metabolic alterations in the anterior cingulate cortex and related cognitive deficits in late adolescent methamphetamine users. Addict Biol 2018; 23:327-336. [PMID: 27813228 PMCID: PMC5418116 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The adolescent brain, with ongoing prefrontal maturation, may be more vulnerable to drug use-related neurotoxic changes as compared to the adult brain. We investigated whether the use of methamphetamine (MA), a highly addictive psychostimulant, during adolescence affect metabolic and cognitive functions of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). In adolescent MA users (n = 44) and healthy adolescents (n = 53), the levels of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), a neuronal marker, were examined in the ACC using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The Stroop color-word task was used to assess Stroop interference, which may reflect cognitive functions of behavior monitoring and response selection that are mediated by the ACC. Adolescent MA users had lower NAA levels in the ACC (t = -2.88, P = 0.005) and relatively higher interference scores (t = 2.03, P = 0.045) than healthy adolescents. Moreover, there were significant relationships between lower NAA levels in the ACC and worse interference scores in adolescent MA users (r = -0.61, P < 0.001). Interestingly, early onset of MA use, as compared to late onset, was related to both lower NAA levels in the ACC (t = -2.24, P = 0.03) as well as lower performance on interference measure of the Stroop color-word task (t = 2.25, P = 0.03). The current findings suggest that metabolic dysfunction in the ACC and its related cognitive impairment may play an important role in adolescent-onset addiction, particularly during early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun E. Kim
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Geon Ha Kim
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaeuk Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Yoon Kim
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Perry F. Renshaw
- The Brain Institute and Department of Psychiatry, The University of Utah, SLC, Utah, USA
| | - Deborah Yurgelun-Todd
- The Brain Institute and Department of Psychiatry, The University of Utah, SLC, Utah, USA
| | - Binna Kim
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ilhyang Kang
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Saerom Jeon
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Ma
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Kyoon Lyoo
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sujung Yoon
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha W. University, Seoul, South Korea
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Wang P, Tuvblad C, Younan D, Franklin M, Lurmann F, Wu J, Baker LA, Chen JC. Socioeconomic disparities and sexual dimorphism in neurotoxic effects of ambient fine particles on youth IQ: A longitudinal analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188731. [PMID: 29206872 PMCID: PMC5716576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that early-life exposure to particulate air pollutants pose threats to children's cognitive development, but studies about the neurotoxic effects associated with exposures during adolescence remain unclear. We examined whether exposure to ambient fine particles (PM2.5) at residential locations affects intelligence quotient (IQ) during pre-/early- adolescence (ages 9-11) and emerging adulthood (ages 18-20) in a demographically-diverse population (N = 1,360) residing in Southern California. Increased ambient PM2.5 levels were associated with decreased IQ scores. This association was more evident for Performance IQ (PIQ), but less for Verbal IQ, assessed by the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. For each inter-quartile (7.73 μg/m3) increase in one-year PM2.5 preceding each assessment, the average PIQ score decreased by 3.08 points (95% confidence interval = [-6.04, -0.12]) accounting for within-family/within-individual correlations, demographic characteristics, family socioeconomic status (SES), parents' cognitive abilities, neighborhood characteristics, and other spatial confounders. The adverse effect was 150% greater in low SES families and 89% stronger in males, compared to their counterparts. Better understanding of the social disparities and sexual dimorphism in the adverse PM2.5-IQ effects may help elucidate the underlying mechanisms and shed light on prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- Center for Health Policy Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Catherine Tuvblad
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States of America
- School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Diana Younan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Meredith Franklin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Fred Lurmann
- Sonoma Technology, Inc., Petaluma, California, United States of America
| | - Jun Wu
- Program in Public Health, University of California Irvine, Irvine, United States of America
| | - Laura A. Baker
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Jiu-Chiuan Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States of America
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Collin G, Scholtens LH, Kahn RS, Hillegers MHJ, van den Heuvel MP. Affected Anatomical Rich Club and Structural-Functional Coupling in Young Offspring of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Patients. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:746-755. [PMID: 28734460 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests disruptions in the wiring organization of the brain's network in schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). As the importance of genetic predisposition has been firmly established in these illnesses, children (offspring) of patients constitute an at-risk population. This study examines connectome organization in children at familial high risk for psychosis. METHODS Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans were collected from 127 nonpsychotic offspring 8 to 18 years of age (average age = 13.5 years) of a parent diagnosed with SZ (SZ offspring; n = 28) or BD (BD offspring; N = 60) and community control subjects (n = 39). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were available for 82 subjects. Anatomical and functional brain networks were reconstructed and examined using graph theoretical analysis. RESULTS SZ offspring were found to show connectivity deficits of the brain's central rich club (RC) system relative to both control subjects and BD offspring. The disruption in anatomical RC connectivity in SZ offspring was associated with increased modularity of the functional connectome. In addition, increased coupling between structural and functional connectivity of long-distance connections was observed in both SZ offspring and BD offspring. CONCLUSIONS This study shows lower levels of anatomical RC connectivity in nonpsychotic young offspring of SZ patients. This finding suggests that the brain's anatomical RC system is affected in at-risk youths, reflecting a connectome signature of familial risk for psychotic illness. Moreover, finding no RC deficits in offspring of BD patients suggest a differential effect of genetic predisposition for SZ versus BD on the developmental formation of the connectome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guusje Collin
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Lianne H Scholtens
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - René S Kahn
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Manon H J Hillegers
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Kinderziekenhuis, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn P van den Heuvel
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Koenis MMG, Brouwer RM, Swagerman SC, van Soelen ILC, Boomsma DI, Hulshoff Pol HE. Association between structural brain network efficiency and intelligence increases during adolescence. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 39:822-836. [PMID: 29139172 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence represents an important period during which considerable changes in the brain take place, including increases in integrity of white matter bundles, and increasing efficiency of the structural brain network. A more efficient structural brain network has been associated with higher intelligence. Whether development of structural network efficiency is related to intelligence, and if so to which extent genetic and environmental influences are implicated in their association, is not known. In a longitudinal study, we mapped FA-weighted efficiency of the structural brain network in 310 twins and their older siblings at an average age of 10, 13, and 18 years. Age-trajectories of global and local FA-weighted efficiency were related to intelligence. Contributions of genes and environment were estimated using structural equation modeling. Efficiency of brain networks changed in a non-linear fashion from childhood to early adulthood, increasing between 10 and 13 years, and leveling off between 13 and 18 years. Adolescents with higher intelligence had higher global and local network efficiency. The dependency of FA-weighted global efficiency on IQ increased during adolescence (rph =0.007 at age 10; 0.23 at age 18). Global efficiency was significantly heritable during adolescence (47% at age 18). The genetic correlation between intelligence and global and local efficiency increased with age; genes explained up to 87% of the observed correlation at age 18. In conclusion, the brain's structural network differentiates depending on IQ during adolescence, and is under increasing influence of genes that are also associated with intelligence as it develops from late childhood to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinka M G Koenis
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel M Brouwer
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne C Swagerman
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Inge L C van Soelen
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Chawner SJRA, Doherty JL, Moss H, Niarchou M, Walters JTR, Owen MJ, van den Bree MBM. Childhood cognitive development in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: case-control study. Br J Psychiatry 2017; 211:223-230. [PMID: 28882829 PMCID: PMC5623878 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.116.195651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is associated with a high risk of childhood as well as adult psychiatric disorders, in particular schizophrenia. Childhood cognitive deterioration in 22q11.2DS has previously been reported, but only in studies lacking a control sample.AimsTo compare cognitive trajectories in children with 22q11.2DS and unaffected control siblings.MethodA longitudinal study of neurocognitive functioning (IQ, executive function, processing speed and attention) was conducted in children with 22q11.2DS (n = 75, mean age time 1 (T1) 9.9, time 2 (T2) 12.5) and control siblings (n = 33, mean age T1 10.6, T2 13.4).ResultsChildren with 22q11.2DS exhibited deficits in all cognitive domains. However, mean scores did not indicate deterioration. When individual trajectories were examined, some participants showed significant decline over time, but the prevalence was similar for 22q11.2DS and control siblings. Findings are more likely to reflect normal developmental fluctuation than a 22q11.2DS-specific abnormality.ConclusionsChildhood cognitive deterioration is not associated with 22q11.2DS. Contrary to previous suggestions, we believe it is premature to recommend repeated monitoring of cognitive function for identifying individual children with 22q11.2DS at high risk of developing schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marianne B. M. van den Bree
- Correspondence: Marianne B.M. van den Bree, Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, 2nd Floor Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.
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Rinaldi L, Karmiloff-Smith A. Intelligence as a Developing Function: A Neuroconstructivist Approach. J Intell 2017; 5:E18. [PMID: 31162409 PMCID: PMC6526422 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence5020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of intelligence encompasses the mental abilities necessary to survival and advancement in any environmental context. Attempts to grasp this multifaceted concept through a relatively simple operationalization have fostered the notion that individual differences in intelligence can often be expressed by a single score. This predominant position has contributed to expect intelligence profiles to remain substantially stable over the course of ontogenetic development and, more generally, across the life-span. These tendencies, however, are biased by the still limited number of empirical reports taking a developmental perspective on intelligence. Viewing intelligence as a dynamic concept, indeed, implies the need to identify full developmental trajectories, to assess how genes, brain, cognition, and environment interact with each other. In the present paper, we describe how a neuroconstructivist approach better explains why intelligence can rise or fall over development, as a result of a fluctuating interaction between the developing system itself and the environmental factors involved at different times across ontogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Rinaldi
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy.
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milano 20126, Italy.
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Blasi V, Baglio G, Baglio F, Canevini MP, Zanette M. Movement cognition and narration of the emotions treatment versus standard speech therapy in the treatment of children with borderline intellectual functioning: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:146. [PMID: 28427388 PMCID: PMC5397820 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1309-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) is defined as a "health meta-condition… characterized by various cognitive dysfunctions associated with an intellectual quotient (IQ) between 71 and 85 which determines a deficit in the individual's functioning both in the restriction of activities and in the limitation of social participation". It can be caused by many factors, including a disadvantaged background and prematurity. BIF affects 7-12% of primary school children that show academic difficulties due to poor executive functioning. In many children with BIF, language, movement and social abilities are also affected, making it difficult to take part in daily activities. Dropping out of school and psychological afflictions such as anxiety and depression are common in children with BIF. This study investigates whether an intensive rehabilitation program that involves all of the areas affected in children with BIF (Movement, Cognition and Narration of emotions, MCNT) is more effective than Standard Speech Therapy (SST). METHODS This is a multicenter interventional single blind randomized controlled study. Children aged between 6 to 11 years who attend a mainstream primary school and have multiple learning difficulties, behavioral problems and an IQ ranging between 85 to 70 have been enrolled. Participants are randomly allocated to one of three groups. The first group receives individual treatment with SST for 45 min, twice a week for 9 months. The second group receives the experimental treatment MCNT for 3 h per day, 5 days/ week for 9 months and children work in small groups. The third group consists of children on a waiting list for the SST for nine months. DISCUSSION BIF is a very frequent condition with no ad hoc treatment. Over the long term, there is a high risk to develop psychiatric disorders in adulthood. Due to its high social impact, we consider it very important to intervene during childhood so as to intercept the remarkable plasticity of the developing brain. TRIAL REGISTRATION "Study Let them grow: A new intensive and multimodal Treatment for children with borderline intellectual functioning based on Movement, Cognition and Narration of emotions", retrospectively registered in ISRCTN Register with ISRCTN81710297 at 2017-01-09.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Blasi
- IRCCS, Fondazione don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Via Capecelatro 66, 20148, Milan, Italy.
| | - G Baglio
- 0000 0001 1090 9021grid.418563.dIRCCS, Fondazione don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Via Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - F Baglio
- 0000 0001 1090 9021grid.418563.dIRCCS, Fondazione don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Via Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - MP Canevini
- 0000 0004 1757 2822grid.4708.bDepartment of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; ASST S. Paolo and S. Carlo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - M Zanette
- 0000 0001 1090 9021grid.418563.dIRCCS, Fondazione don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Via Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy
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Gao Z, Gao S, Xu L, Zheng X, Ma X, Luo L, Kendrick KM. Women prefer men who use metaphorical language when paying compliments in a romantic context. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40871. [PMID: 28181992 PMCID: PMC5299994 DOI: 10.1038/srep40871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Language plays an important role in romantic attachment. However, it is unclear whether the structure and topic of language use might influence potential mate choice. We investigated 124 female students' preference for compliments paid by males incorporating either literal or metaphoric (conventional/novel) language and targeting their appearance or possessions (house) throughout their menstrual cycle. Male faces paired with novel metaphorical compliments were rated as more attractive by women than those paired with literal ones. Compliments targeting appearance increased male attractiveness more than possessions. Interestingly, compliments on appearance using novel metaphors were preferred by women in a relationship during the fertile phase but by single women during the luteal phase. A similar pattern of altered face attraction ratings was subsequently shown by subjects in the absence of the verbal compliments and even though they were unable to recognize the faces. Thus the maintained attraction bias for faces previously associated with figurative language compliments appears to be unconscious. Overall this study provides the first evidence that women find men who typically use novel metaphorical language to compliment appearance more attractive than those using prosaic language or complimenting possessions. The evolutionary significance for such a language use bias in mate selection is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Gao
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
- School of Foreign Languages, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Shan Gao
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
- School of Foreign Languages, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xiaole Ma
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Lizhu Luo
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Keith M. Kendrick
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, PR China
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Gander M, George C, Pokorny D, Buchheim A. Assessing Attachment Representations in Adolescents: Discriminant Validation of the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2017; 48:270-282. [PMID: 27016937 PMCID: PMC5323491 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-016-0639-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of attachment to human development and clinical risk is well established for children and adults, yet there is relatively limited knowledge about attachment in adolescence due to the poor availability of construct valid measures. The Adult Attachment Projective Picture System (AAP) is a reliable and valid instrument to assess adult attachment status. This study examines for the first time the discriminant validity of the AAP in adolescents. In our sample of 79 teenagers between 15 and 18 years, 42 % were classified as secure, 34 % as insecure-dismissing, 13 % as insecure-preoccupied and 11 % as unresolved. The results demonstrated discriminant validity for using the AAP in that age group, with no associations between attachment classifications and verbal intelligence, social desirability, story length or sociodemographic variables. These results poise the AAP to be used in clinical intervention and large-scale research investigating normative and atypical developmental correlates and sequelae of attachment, including psychopathology in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gander
- Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria. .,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Carol George
- Psychology Department, Mills College, Oakland, CA 94613 USA
| | - Dan Pokorny
- Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna Buchheim
- Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Differential effects of factors influencing cognitive development at the age of 5-to-6 years. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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50
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Allott K, Fisher CA, Amminger GP, Goodall J, Hetrick S. Characterizing neurocognitive impairment in young people with major depression: state, trait, or scar? Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00527. [PMID: 27781141 PMCID: PMC5064339 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) affects a quarter of adolescents and young adults and is associated with the greatest global burden of disease in this population. There is a growing literature, mostly in adults, showing that significant neurocognitive impairments are common in MDD. It remains unclear whether these impairments are pre-existing trait markers of MDD, state-related impairments that fluctuate with depressive symptoms, or 'scar' impairments that worsen with illness progression. The aim of this study is to provide a conceptual framework for understanding MDD and neurocognitive impairment in adolescence and young adulthood (ages 12-25 years). METHOD Examination of the evidence for neurocognitive deficits as trait, state, and scar features of MDD according to different study designs (family studies, premorbid studies, current depression, remitted depression, and longitudinal studies with repeated assessment) was conducted. RESULTS The few premorbid and family studies conducted in youth provide equivocal evidence for neurocognitive impairments as trait markers of MDD. The presence of state-based neurocognitive impairment remains unclear as evidence comes mostly from cross-sectional studies. There are a limited, but growing number of longitudinal studies with repeated neurocognitive assessment in youth. Studies that examined neurocognition prior to the onset of MDD and with long-term follow-up provide tentative evidence for neurocognitive scarring. CONCLUSION Neurocognitive impairment is a feature of MDD in adolescents and young adults. To better understand the nature, timing, and pattern of impairment, longitudinal studies that examine neurocognition before and after the development of full-threshold MDD, including following recurrence are needed. This knowledge will have important implications for mechanisms, prevention, and treatment of MDD in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Allott
- OrygenThe National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health Parkville Victoria Australia; The Centre for Youth Mental Health The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Caroline A Fisher
- The Melbourne Clinic Richmond Melbourne Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital Parkville Melbourne Australia
| | - Gunther Paul Amminger
- OrygenThe National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health Parkville Victoria Australia; The Centre for Youth Mental Health The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Joanne Goodall
- Orygen The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Sarah Hetrick
- OrygenThe National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health Parkville Victoria Australia; The Centre for Youth Mental Health The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
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