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Lee GY, Song J. Single missense mutations in Vi capsule synthesis genes confer hypervirulence to Salmonella Typhi. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5258. [PMID: 38898034 PMCID: PMC11187135 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49590-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens, including the human exclusive pathogen Salmonella Typhi, express capsular polysaccharides as a crucial virulence factor. Here, through S. Typhi whole genome sequence analyses and functional studies, we found a list of single point mutations that make S. Typhi hypervirulent. We discovered a single point mutation in the Vi biosynthesis enzymes that control Vi polymerization or acetylation is enough to result in different capsule variants of S. Typhi. All variant strains are pathogenic, but the hyper Vi capsule variants are particularly hypervirulent, as demonstrated by the high morbidity and mortality rates observed in infected mice. The hypo Vi capsule variants have primarily been identified in Africa, whereas the hyper Vi capsule variants are distributed worldwide. Collectively, these studies increase awareness about the existence of different capsule variants of S. Typhi, establish a solid foundation for numerous future studies on S. Typhi capsule variants, and offer valuable insights into strategies to combat capsulated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jeongmin Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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2
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Wang BX, Leshchiner D, Luo L, Tuncel M, Hokamp K, Hinton JCD, Monack DM. High-throughput fitness experiments reveal specific vulnerabilities of human-adapted Salmonella during stress and infection. Nat Genet 2024; 56:1288-1299. [PMID: 38831009 PMCID: PMC11176087 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-024-01779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is comprised of genetically distinct 'serovars' that together provide an intriguing model for exploring the genetic basis of pathogen evolution. Although the genomes of numerous Salmonella isolates with broad variations in host range and human disease manifestations have been sequenced, the functional links between genetic and phenotypic differences among these serovars remain poorly understood. Here, we conduct high-throughput functional genomics on both generalist (Typhimurium) and human-restricted (Typhi and Paratyphi A) Salmonella at unprecedented scale in the study of this enteric pathogen. Using a comprehensive systems biology approach, we identify gene networks with serovar-specific fitness effects across 25 host-associated stresses encountered at key stages of human infection. By experimentally perturbing these networks, we characterize previously undescribed pseudogenes in human-adapted Salmonella. Overall, this work highlights specific vulnerabilities encoded within human-restricted Salmonella that are linked to the degradation of their genomes, shedding light into the evolution of this enteric pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin X Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Lijuan Luo
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Miles Tuncel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Karsten Hokamp
- Department of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jay C D Hinton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Denise M Monack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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3
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Chemello AJ, Fowler CC. Alternate typhoid toxin assembly evolved independently in the two Salmonella species. mBio 2024; 15:e0340323. [PMID: 38501873 PMCID: PMC11005416 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03403-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
AB5-type toxins are a diverse family of protein toxins composed of an enzymatic active (A) subunit and a pentameric delivery (B) subunit. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi's typhoid toxin features two A subunits, CdtB and PltA, in complex with the B subunit PltB. Recently, it was shown that S. Typhi encodes a horizontally acquired B subunit, PltC, that also assembles with PltA/CdtB to produce a second form of typhoid toxin. S. Typhi therefore produces two AB5 toxins with the same A subunits but distinct B subunits, an evolutionary twist that is unique to typhoid toxin. Here, we show that, remarkably, the Salmonella bongori species independently evolved an analogous capacity to produce two typhoid toxins with distinct B subunits. S. bongori's alternate B subunit, PltD, is evolutionarily distant from both PltB and PltC and outcompetes PltB to form the predominant toxin. We show that, surprisingly, S. bongori elicits similar levels of CdtB-mediated intoxication as S. Typhi during infection of cultured human epithelial cells. This toxicity is exclusively due to the PltB toxin, and strains lacking pltD produce increased amounts of PltB toxin and exhibit increased toxicity compared to the wild type, suggesting that the acquisition of the PltD subunit potentially made S. bongori less virulent toward humans. Collectively, this study unveils a striking example of convergent evolution that highlights the importance of the poorly understood "two-toxin" paradigm for typhoid toxin biology and, more broadly, illustrates how the flexibility of A-B interactions has fueled the evolutionary diversification and expansion of AB5-type toxins. IMPORTANCE Typhoid toxin is an important Salmonella Typhi virulence factor and an attractive target for therapeutic interventions to combat typhoid fever. The recent discovery of a second version of this toxin has substantial implications for understanding S. Typhi pathogenesis and combating typhoid fever. In this study, we discover that a remarkably similar two-toxin paradigm evolved independently in Salmonella bongori, which strongly suggests that this is a critical aspect of typhoid toxin biology. We observe significant parallels between how the two toxins assemble and their capacity to intoxicate host cells during infection in S. Typhi and S. bongori, which provides clues to the biological significance of this unusual toxin arrangement. More broadly, AB5 toxins with diverse activities and mechanisms are essential virulence factors for numerous important bacterial pathogens. This study illustrates the capacity for novel A-B interactions to evolve and thus provides insight into how such a diverse arsenal of toxins might have emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J. Chemello
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Casey C. Fowler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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4
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Stepien TA, Singletary LA, Guerra FE, Karlinsey JE, Libby SJ, Jaslow SL, Gaggioli MR, Gibbs KD, Ko DC, Brehm MA, Greiner DL, Shultz LD, Fang FC. Nuclear factor kappa B-dependent persistence of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi in human macrophages. mBio 2024; 15:e0045424. [PMID: 38497655 PMCID: PMC11005419 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00454-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella serovars Typhi and Paratyphi cause a prolonged illness known as enteric fever, whereas other serovars cause acute gastroenteritis. Mechanisms responsible for the divergent clinical manifestations of nontyphoidal and enteric fever Salmonella infections have remained elusive. Here, we show that S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A can persist within human macrophages, whereas S. Typhimurium rapidly induces apoptotic macrophage cell death that is dependent on Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2). S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A lack 12 specific SPI2 effectors with pro-apoptotic functions, including nine that target nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Pharmacologic inhibition of NF-κB or heterologous expression of the SPI2 effectors GogA or GtgA restores apoptosis of S. Typhi-infected macrophages. In addition, the absence of the SPI2 effector SarA results in deficient signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) activation and interleukin 12 production, leading to impaired TH1 responses in macrophages and humanized mice. The absence of specific nontyphoidal SPI2 effectors may allow S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A to cause chronic infections. IMPORTANCE Salmonella enterica is a common cause of gastrointestinal infections worldwide. The serovars Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A cause a distinctive systemic illness called enteric fever, whose pathogenesis is incompletely understood. Here, we show that enteric fever Salmonella serovars lack 12 specific virulence factors possessed by nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars, which allow the enteric fever serovars to persist within human macrophages. We propose that this fundamental difference in the interaction of Salmonella with human macrophages is responsible for the chronicity of typhoid and paratyphoid fever, suggesting that targeting the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) complex responsible for macrophage survival could facilitate the clearance of persistent bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A. Stepien
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Fermin E. Guerra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joyce E. Karlinsey
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen J. Libby
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sarah L. Jaslow
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Margaret R. Gaggioli
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kyle D. Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dennis C. Ko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael A. Brehm
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dale L. Greiner
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Ferric C. Fang
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Chen HY, Hsieh WC, Liu YC, Li HY, Liu PY, Hsu YT, Hsu SC, Luo AC, Kuo WC, Huang YJ, Liou GG, Lin MY, Ko CJ, Tsai HC, Chang SJ. Mitochondrial injury induced by a Salmonella genotoxin triggers the proinflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2778. [PMID: 38555361 PMCID: PMC10981749 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47190-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial genotoxins damage host cells by targeting their chromosomal DNA. In the present study, we demonstrate that a genotoxin of Salmonella Typhi, typhoid toxin, triggers the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) by damaging mitochondrial DNA. The actions of typhoid toxin disrupt mitochondrial DNA integrity, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and disturbance of redox homeostasis. Consequently, it facilitates the release of damaged mitochondrial DNA into the cytosol, activating type I interferon via the cGAS-STING pathway. We also reveal that the GCN2-mediated integrated stress response plays a role in the upregulation of inflammatory components depending on the STING signaling axis. These SASP factors can propagate the senescence effect on T cells, leading to senescence in these cells. These findings provide insights into how a bacterial genotoxin targets mitochondria to trigger a proinflammatory SASP, highlighting a potential therapeutic target for an anti-toxin intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yi Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chen Hsieh
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Liu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Ying Li
- Medical Microbiota Center of the First Core Laboratory, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yo Liu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chun Hsu
- Imaging Core, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - An-Chi Luo
- Imaging Core, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Kuo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jhen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gan-Guang Liou
- Cryo-EM Core, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Yun Lin
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Ko
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Chen Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Frontier Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Jung Chang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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6
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Mylona E, Hefele L, Tran Vu Thieu N, Trinh Van T, Nguyen Ngoc Minh C, Tran Tuan A, Karkey A, Dongol S, Basnyat B, Voong Vinh P, Ho Ngoc Dan T, Russell P, Charles RC, Parry CM, Baker S. The Identification of Enteric Fever-Specific Antigens for Population-Based Serosurveillance. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:833-844. [PMID: 37403670 PMCID: PMC10938218 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric fever, caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A, is a major public health problem in low- and middle-income countries. Moderate sensitivity and scalability of current methods likely underestimate enteric fever burden. Determining the serological responses to organism-specific antigens may improve incidence measures. METHODS Plasma samples were collected from blood culture-confirmed enteric fever patients, blood culture-negative febrile patients over the course of 3 months, and afebrile community controls. A panel of 17 Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A antigens was purified and used to determine antigen-specific antibody responses by indirect ELISAs. RESULTS The antigen-specific longitudinal antibody responses were comparable between enteric fever patients, patients with blood culture-negative febrile controls, and afebrile community controls for most antigens. However, we found that IgG responses against STY1479 (YncE), STY1886 (CdtB), STY1498 (HlyE), and the serovar-specific O2 and O9 antigens were greatly elevated over a 3-month follow up period in S. Typhi/S. Paratyphi A patients compared to controls, suggesting seroconversion. CONCLUSIONS We identified a set of antigens as good candidates to demonstrate enteric fever exposure. These targets can be used in combination to develop more sensitive and scalable approaches to enteric fever surveillance and generate invaluable epidemiological data for informing vaccine policies. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN63006567.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Mylona
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Hefele
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Nga Tran Vu Thieu
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tan Trinh Van
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Chau Nguyen Ngoc Minh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Anh Tran Tuan
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Abhilasha Karkey
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sabina Dongol
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Buddha Basnyat
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Phat Voong Vinh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Ho Ngoc Dan
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Paula Russell
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christopher M Parry
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Baker
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
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7
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Lopez Chiloeches M, Bergonzini A, Martin OCB, Bergstein N, Erttmann SF, Aung KM, Gekara NO, Avila Cariño JF, Pateras IS, Frisan T. Genotoxin-producing Salmonella enterica induces tissue-specific types of DNA damage and DNA damage response outcomes. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1270449. [PMID: 38274797 PMCID: PMC10808668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1270449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Typhoid toxin-expressing Salmonella enterica causes DNA damage in the intestinal mucosa in vivo, activating the DNA damage response (DDR) in the absence of inflammation. To understand whether the tissue microenvironment constrains the infection outcome, we compared the immune response and DDR patterns in the colon and liver of mice infected with a genotoxigenic strain or its isogenic control strain. Methods In situ spatial transcriptomic and immunofluorescence have been used to assess DNA damage makers, activation of the DDR, innate immunity markers in a multiparametric analysis. Result The presence of the typhoid toxin protected from colonic bacteria-induced inflammation, despite nuclear localization of p53, enhanced co-expression of type-I interferons (IfnbI) and the inflammasome sensor Aim2, both classic features of DNA-break-induced DDR activation. These effects were not observed in the livers of either infected group. Instead, in this tissue, the inflammatory response and DDR were associated with high oxidative stress-induced DNA damage. Conclusions Our work highlights the relevance of the tissue microenvironment in enabling the typhoid toxin to suppress the host inflammatory response in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lopez Chiloeches
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR) Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Bergonzini
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR) Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Océane C. B. Martin
- Biological and Medical Sciences Department, University Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires (IBGC), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5095, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicole Bergstein
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR) Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Saskia F. Erttmann
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR) Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Infection Oncology Unit, Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kyaw Min Aung
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nelson O. Gekara
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Javier F. Avila Cariño
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR) Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ioannis S. Pateras
- Second Department of Pathology, “Attikon” University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Teresa Frisan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR) Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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8
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Han J, Aljahdali N, Zhao S, Tang H, Harbottle H, Hoffmann M, Frye JG, Foley SL. Infection biology of Salmonella enterica. EcoSal Plus 2024:eesp00012023. [PMID: 38415623 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0001-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the USA, with an estimated 95% of salmonellosis cases due to the consumption of contaminated food products. Salmonella can cause several different disease syndromes, with the most common being gastroenteritis, followed by bacteremia and typhoid fever. Among the over 2,600 currently identified serotypes/serovars, some are mostly host-restricted and host-adapted, while the majority of serotypes can infect a broader range of host species and are associated with causing both livestock and human disease. Salmonella serotypes and strains within serovars can vary considerably in the severity of disease that may result from infection, with some serovars that are more highly associated with invasive disease in humans, while others predominantly cause mild gastroenteritis. These observed clinical differences may be caused by the genetic make-up and diversity of the serovars. Salmonella virulence systems are very complex containing several virulence-associated genes with different functions that contribute to its pathogenicity. The different clinical syndromes are associated with unique groups of virulence genes, and strains often differ in the array of virulence traits they display. On the chromosome, virulence genes are often clustered in regions known as Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs), which are scattered throughout different Salmonella genomes and encode factors essential for adhesion, invasion, survival, and replication within the host. Plasmids can also carry various genes that contribute to Salmonella pathogenicity. For example, strains from several serovars associated with significant human disease, including Choleraesuis, Dublin, Enteritidis, Newport, and Typhimurium, can carry virulence plasmids with genes contributing to attachment, immune system evasion, and other roles. The goal of this comprehensive review is to provide key information on the Salmonella virulence, including the contributions of genes encoded in SPIs and plasmids during Salmonella pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Nesreen Aljahdali
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
- Biological Science Department, College of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaohua Zhao
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Hailin Tang
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Heather Harbottle
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Hoffmann
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan G Frye
- Agricutlutral Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven L Foley
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
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9
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Lee GY, Song J. Single missense mutations in Vi capsule synthesis genes confer hypervirulence to Salmonella Typhi. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.28.573590. [PMID: 38260632 PMCID: PMC10802248 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.28.573590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens, including the human exclusive pathogen Salmonella Typhi, express capsular polysaccharides as a crucial virulence factor. Here, through S. Typhi whole genome sequence analyses and functional studies, we found a list of single point mutations that make S . Typhi hypervirulent. We discovered a single point mutation in the Vi biosynthesis enzymes that control the length or acetylation of Vi is enough to create different capsule variants of S. Typhi. All variant strains are pathogenic, but the hyper-capsule variants are particularly hypervirulent, as demonstrated by the high morbidity and mortality rates observed in infected mice. The hypo-capsule variants have primarily been identified in Africa, whereas the hyper-capsule variants are distributed worldwide. Collectively, these studies increase awareness about the existence of different capsule variants of S. Typhi, establish a solid foundation for numerous future studies on S. Typhi capsule variants, and offer valuable insights into strategies to combat capsulated bacteria.
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Meiring JE, Khanam F, Basnyat B, Charles RC, Crump JA, Debellut F, Holt KE, Kariuki S, Mugisha E, Neuzil KM, Parry CM, Pitzer VE, Pollard AJ, Qadri F, Gordon MA. Typhoid fever. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:71. [PMID: 38097589 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00480-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Typhoid fever is an invasive bacterial disease associated with bloodstream infection that causes a high burden of disease in Africa and Asia. Typhoid primarily affects individuals ranging from infants through to young adults. The causative organism, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi is transmitted via the faecal-oral route, crossing the intestinal epithelium and disseminating to systemic and intracellular sites, causing an undifferentiated febrile illness. Blood culture remains the practical reference standard for diagnosis of typhoid fever, where culture testing is available, but novel diagnostic modalities are an important priority under investigation. Since 2017, remarkable progress has been made in defining the global burden of both typhoid fever and antimicrobial resistance; in understanding disease pathogenesis and immunological protection through the use of controlled human infection; and in advancing effective vaccination programmes through strategic multipartner collaboration and targeted clinical trials in multiple high-incidence priority settings. This Primer thus offers a timely update of progress and perspective on future priorities for the global scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Meiring
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Farhana Khanam
- International Centre for Diarrhoel Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Buddha Basnyat
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Richelle C Charles
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John A Crump
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Kathryn E Holt
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samuel Kariuki
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Emmanuel Mugisha
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher M Parry
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Education, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Virginia E Pitzer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases and Public Health Modelling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoel Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Melita A Gordon
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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11
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Huang Q, Shi Y, Xu J, Wang F, Li Y. Case Report: An Imported Case of Typhoid Fever Combined with Rhabdomyolysis and Multiple Organ Lesions in China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 109:1220-1222. [PMID: 37972323 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report a case of blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever, rhabdomyolysis, and multiple organ damage that arrived in our country from overseas. A 23-year-old male patient presented at our hospital with fever and muscle pain; the condition progressed rapidly. Six days after the onset of symptoms, the patient developed rhabdomyolysis and liver/kidney damage; levels of creatine kinase (CK; maximum peak: 729,869 U/L) and myoglobin (> 3,000 ng/mL) were extremely high, although the extent of renal damage was relatively mild. Blood culture showed Salmonella typhi. The patient received a combination of meropenem and levofloxacin anti-infective therapy, as well as fluid and nutritional metabolic support. He gradually recovered and was discharged after two negative blood cultures. This case highlights the fact that typhoid-induced rhabdomyolysis is a serious, life-threatening disease and that the levels of CK and myoglobin are useful indicators for evaluating typhoid-induced rhabdomyolysis. Clinicians should remain vigilant regarding travel-related illnesses associated with enteric fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingying Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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12
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ElGhazaly M, Collins MO, Ibler AEM, Humphreys D. Typhoid toxin hijacks Wnt5a to establish host senescence and Salmonella infection. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113181. [PMID: 37792529 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to our genome causes acute senescence in mammalian cells, which undergo growth arrest and release a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that propagates the stress response to bystander cells. Thus, acute senescence is a powerful tumor suppressor. Salmonella enterica hijacks senescence through its typhoid toxin, which usurps unidentified factors in the stress secretome of senescent cells to mediate intracellular infections. Here, transcriptomics of toxin-induced senescent cells (TxSCs) and proteomics of their secretome identify the factors as Wnt5a, INHBA, and GDF15. Wnt5a establishes a positive feedback loop, driving INHBA and GDF15 expression. In fibroblasts, Wnt5a and INHBA mediate autocrine senescence in TxSCs and paracrine senescence in naive cells. Wnt5a synergizes with GDF15 to increase Salmonella invasion. Intestinal TxSCs undergo apoptosis without Wnt5a, which is required for establishing intestinal TxSCs. The study reveals how an innate defense against cancer is co-opted by a bacterial pathogen to cause widespread damage and mediate infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed ElGhazaly
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK
| | - Mark O Collins
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK
| | - Angela E M Ibler
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK
| | - Daniel Humphreys
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK.
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13
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Abstract
Cancer cells originate from a series of acquired genetic mutations that can drive their uncontrolled cell proliferation and immune evasion. Environmental factors, including the microorganisms that colonize the human body, can shift the metabolism, growth pattern and function of neoplastic cells and shape the tumour microenvironment. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome is now recognized as a hallmark of cancer by the scientific community. However, only a few microorganisms have been identified that directly initiate tumorigenesis or skew the immune system to generate a tumour-permissive milieu. Over the past two decades, research on the human microbiome and its functionalities within and across individuals has revealed microbiota-focused strategies for health and disease. Here, we review the evolving understanding of the mechanisms by which the microbiota acts in cancer initiation, promotion and progression. We explore the roles of bacteria in gastrointestinal tract malignancies and cancers of the lung, breast and prostate. Finally, we discuss the promises and limitations of targeting or harnessing bacteria in personalized cancer prevention, diagnostics and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geniver El Tekle
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- The Harvard T. H. Chan Microbiome in Public Health Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wendy S Garrett
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- The Harvard T. H. Chan Microbiome in Public Health Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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14
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Saha T, Arisoyin AE, Bollu B, Ashok T, Babu A, Issani A, Jhaveri S, Avanthika C. Enteric Fever: Diagnostic Challenges and the Importance of Early Intervention. Cureus 2023; 15:e41831. [PMID: 37575696 PMCID: PMC10423039 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.41831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric fever is a systemic infection caused by highly virulent Salmonella enterica serovars: Typhi and Paratyphi. Diagnosis of enteric fever is challenging due to a wide variety of clinical features which overlap with other febrile illnesses. The current diagnostic methods are limited because of the suboptimal sensitivity of conventional tests like blood culture in detecting organisms and the invasive nature of bone marrow culture. It emphasizes the need to develop improved and more reliable diagnostic modalities. The rising rates of multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains call for an accurate understanding of the current management of the disease. Proper public health measures and large-scale immunization programs will help reduce the burden of the disease. A comprehensive surveillance system can help detect the chronic carrier state and is crucial in understanding antibiotic susceptibility patterns. We conducted an all-language literature search on Medline, Cochrane, Embase, and Google Scholar till May 2022. The following search words and medical subject headings (MeSH) were used: "enteric fever," "Salmonella Typhi," "multidrug-resistant Salmonella," chronic carrier state," "Salmonella detection, "and "typhoid vaccine." We reviewed the literature on clinical features, pathophysiology, new diagnostic tests, and interventions to prevent the disease. This article explores enteric fever and its various clinical features and addresses the emerging threat of multidrug resistance. It focuses on novel methods for diagnosis and prevention strategies, including vaccines and the use of surveillance systems employed across different parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tias Saha
- Internal Medicine, Samorita General Hospital, Faridpur, BGD
- Internal Medicine, Diabetic Association Medical College, Faridpur, BGD
| | | | - Bhaswanth Bollu
- Emergency Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IND
| | - Tejaswini Ashok
- Internal Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara Medical College, Mysore, IND
| | - Athira Babu
- Pediatrics, Saudi German Hospital, Dubai, ARE
| | - Ali Issani
- Emergency Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, PAK
| | - Sharan Jhaveri
- Internal Medicine, Nathiba Hargovandas Lakhmichand Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Chaithanya Avanthika
- Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Elmhurst Hospital Center, New York, USA
- Medicine and Surgery, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli, IND
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15
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Sänger PA, Knüpfer M, Kegel M, Spanier B, Liebler-Tenorio EM, Fuchs TM. Regulation and Functionality of a Holin/Endolysin Pair Involved in Killing of Galleria mellonella and Caenorhabditis elegans by Yersinia enterocolitica. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0003623. [PMID: 37184385 PMCID: PMC10304863 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00036-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The insecticidal toxin complex (Tc) proteins are produced by several insect-associated bacteria, including Yersinia enterocolitica strain W22703, which oscillates between two distinct pathogenicity phases in invertebrates and humans. The mechanism by which this high-molecular-weight toxin is released into the extracellular surrounding, however, has not been deciphered. In this study, we investigated the regulation and functionality of a phage-related holin/endolysin (HE) cassette located within the insecticidal pathogenicity island Tc-PAIYe of W22703. Using the Galleria mellonella infection model and luciferase reporter fusions, we revealed that quorum sensing contributes to the insecticidal activity of W22703 upon influencing the transcription of tcaR2, which encodes an activator of the tc and HE genes. In contrast, a lack of the Yersinia modulator, YmoA, stimulated HE gene transcription, and mutant W22703 ΔymoA exhibited a stronger toxicity toward insect larvae than did W22703. A luciferase reporter fusion demonstrated transcriptional activation of the HE cassette in vivo, and a significantly larger extracellular amount of subunit TcaA was found in W22703 ΔymoA relative to its ΔHE mutant. Using competitive growth assays, we demonstrated that at least in vitro, the TcaA release upon HE activity is not mediated by cell lysis of a significant part of the population. Oral infection of Caenorhabditis elegans with a HE deletion mutant attenuated the nematocidal activity of the wild type, similar to the case with a mutant lacking a Tc subunit. We conclude that the dual holin/endolysin cassette of yersiniae is a novel example of a phage-related function adapted for the release of a bacterial toxin. IMPORTANCE Members of the genus Yersinia cause gastroenteritis in humans but also exhibit toxicity toward invertebrates. A virulence factor required for this environmental life cycle stage is the multisubunit toxin complex (Tc), which is distinct from the insecticidal toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis and has the potential to be used in pest control. The mechanism by which this high-molecular-weight Tc is secreted from bacterial cells has not been uncovered. Here, we show that a highly conserved phage-related holin/endolysin pair, which is encoded by the genes holY and elyY located between the Tc subunit genes, is essential for the insecticidal activity of Y. enterocolitica and that its activation increases the amount of Tc subunits in the supernatant. Thus, the dual holY-elyY cassette of Y. enterocolitica constitutes a new example for a type 10 secretion system to release bacterial toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mandy Knüpfer
- Chair for Microbial Ecology, Institute for Food and Health (ZIEL), TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Marcel Kegel
- Chair for Microbial Ecology, Institute for Food and Health (ZIEL), TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Britta Spanier
- Chair for Metabolic Programming, Institute for Food and Health (ZIEL), TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Thilo M. Fuchs
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany
- Chair for Microbial Ecology, Institute for Food and Health (ZIEL), TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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16
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Wang BX, Butler DS, Hamblin M, Monack DM. One species, different diseases: the unique molecular mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of typhoidal Salmonella infections. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 72:102262. [PMID: 36640585 PMCID: PMC10023398 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is one of the most widespread bacterial pathogens found worldwide, resulting in approximately 100 million infections and over 200 000 deaths per year. Salmonella isolates, termed 'serovars', can largely be classified as either nontyphoidal or typhoidal Salmonella, which differ in regard to disease manifestation and host tropism. Nontyphoidal Salmonella causes gastroenteritis in many hosts, while typhoidal Salmonella is human-restricted and causes typhoid fever, a systemic disease with a mortality rate of up to 30% without treatment. There has been considerable interest in understanding how different Salmonella serovars cause different diseases, but the molecular details that underlie these infections have not yet been fully characterized, especially in the case of typhoidal Salmonella. In this review, we highlight the current state of research into understanding the pathogenesis of both nontyphoidal and typhoidal Salmonella, with a specific interest in serovar-specific traits that allow human-adapted strains of Salmonella to cause enteric fever. Overall, a more detailed molecular understanding of how different Salmonella isolates infect humans will provide critical insights into how we can eradicate these dangerous enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin X Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Sc Butler
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Meagan Hamblin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Denise M Monack
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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17
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Jiang K, Chen Z, Zang Y, Shi Y, Shang C, Jiao X, Cai J, Gao X. Functional characterization of Vip3Aa from Bacillus thuringiensis reveals the contributions of specific domains to its insecticidal activity. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:103000. [PMID: 36764522 PMCID: PMC10017365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.103000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbially derived, protein-based biopesticides offer a more sustainable pest management alternative to synthetic pesticides. Vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vip3), multidomain proteins secreted by Bacillus thuringiensis, represent a second-generation insecticidal toxin that has been preliminarily used in transgenic crops. However, the molecular mechanism underlying Vip3's toxicity is poorly understood. Here, we determine the distinct functions and contributions of the domains of the Vip3Aa protein to its toxicity against Spodoptera frugiperda larvae. We demonstrate that Vip3Aa domains II and III (DII-DIII) bind the midgut epithelium, while DI is essential for Vip3Aa's stability and toxicity inside the protease-enriched host insect midgut. DI-DIII can be activated by midgut proteases and exhibits cytotoxicity similar to full-length Vip3Aa. In addition, we determine that DV can bind the peritrophic matrix via its glycan-binding activity, which contributes to Vip3Aa insecticidal activity. In summary, this study provides multiple insights into Vip3Aa's mode-of-action which should significantly facilitate the clarification of its insecticidal mechanism and its further rational development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuanrong Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yiting Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China; Taishan College, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chengbin Shang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuyao Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
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18
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Identification of collaborative cross mouse strains permissive to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi infection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:393. [PMID: 36624251 PMCID: PMC9829673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is the causative agent of typhoid fever restricted to humans and does not replicate in commonly used inbred mice. Genetic variation in humans is far greater and more complex than that in a single inbred strain of mice. The Collaborative Cross (CC) is a large panel of recombinant inbred strains which has a wider range of genetic diversity than laboratory inbred mouse strains. We found that the CC003/Unc and CC053/Unc strains are permissive to intraperitoneal but not oral route of S. Typhi infection and show histopathological changes characteristic of human typhoid. These CC strains are immunocompetent, and immunization induces antigen-specific responses that can kill S. Typhi in vitro and control S. Typhi in vivo. Our results indicate that CC003/Unc and CC053/Unc strains can help identify the genetic basis for typhoid susceptibility, S. Typhi virulence mechanism(s) in vivo, and serve as a preclinical mammalian model system to identify effective vaccines and therapeutics strategies.
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19
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Abstract
Enteric bacterial infections contribute substantially to global disease burden and mortality, particularly in the developing world. In vitro 2D monolayer cultures have provided critical insights into the fundamental virulence mechanisms of a multitude of pathogens, including Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Typhi, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella spp., Escherichia coli and Campylobacter jejuni, which have led to the identification of novel targets for antimicrobial therapy and vaccines. In recent years, the arsenal of experimental systems to study intestinal infections has been expanded by a multitude of more complex models, which have allowed to evaluate the effects of additional physiological and biological parameters on infectivity. Organoids recapitulate the cellular complexity of the human intestinal epithelium while 3D bioengineered scaffolds and microphysiological devices allow to emulate oxygen gradients, flow and peristalsis, as well as the formation and maintenance of stable and physiologically relevant microbial diversity. Additionally, advancements in ex vivo cultures and intravital imaging have opened new possibilities to study the effects of enteric pathogens on fluid secretion, barrier integrity and immune cell surveillance in the intact intestine. This review aims to present a balanced and updated overview of current intestinal in vitro and ex vivo methods for modeling of enteric bacterial infections. We conclude that the different paradigms are complements rather than replacements and their combined use promises to further our understanding of host-microbe interactions and their impacts on intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayere Taebnia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ute Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- CONTACT Ute Römling Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker M. Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Volker M. Lauschke Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Vij S, Thakur R, Rishi P. Reverse engineering approach: a step towards a new era of vaccinology with special reference to Salmonella. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1763-1785. [PMID: 36408592 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2148661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Salmonella is responsible for causing enteric fever, septicemia, and gastroenteritis in humans. Due to high disease burden and emergence of multi- and extensively drug-resistant Salmonella strains, it is becoming difficult to treat the infection with existing battery of antibiotics as we are not able to discover newer antibiotics at the same pace at which the pathogens are acquiring resistance. Though vaccines against Salmonella are available commercially, they have limited efficacy. Advancements in genome sequencing technologies and immunoinformatics approaches have solved the problem significantly by giving rise to a new era of vaccine designing, i.e. 'Reverse engineering.' Reverse engineering/vaccinology has expedited the vaccine identification process. Using this approach, multiple potential proteins/epitopes can be identified and constructed as a single entity to tackle enteric fever. AREAS COVERED This review provides details of reverse engineering approach and discusses various protein and epitope-based vaccine candidates identified using this approach against typhoidal Salmonella. EXPERT OPINION Reverse engineering approach holds great promise for developing strategies to tackle the pathogen(s) by overcoming the limitations posed by existing vaccines. Progressive advancements in the arena of reverse vaccinology, structural biology, and systems biology combined with an improved understanding of host-pathogen interactions are essential components to design new-generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shania Vij
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Reena Thakur
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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21
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Ojiakor A, Gibbs RN, Chen Z, Gao X, Fowler CC. The evolutionary diversification of the Salmonella artAB toxin locus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1016438. [PMID: 36504768 PMCID: PMC9732031 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1016438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a diverse species of bacterial pathogens comprised of >2,500 serovars with variable host ranges and virulence properties. Accumulating evidence indicates that two AB5-type toxins, typhoid toxin and ArtAB toxin, contribute to the more severe virulence properties of the Salmonella strains that encode them. It was recently discovered that there are two distinct types of artAB-like genetic elements in Salmonella: those that encode ArtAB toxins (artAB elements) and those in which the artA gene is degraded and the ArtB homolog, dubbed PltC, serves as an alternative delivery subunit for typhoid toxin (pltC elements). Here, we take a multifaceted approach to explore the evolutionary diversification of artAB-like genetic elements in Salmonella. We identify 7 subtypes of ArtAB toxins and 4 different PltC sequence groups that are distributed throughout the Salmonella genus. Both artAB and pltC are encoded within numerous diverse prophages, indicating a central role for phages in their evolutionary diversification. Genetic and structural analyses revealed features that distinguish pltC elements from artAB and identified evolutionary adaptations that enable PltC to efficiently engage typhoid toxin A subunits. For both pltC and artAB, we find that the sequences of the B subunits are especially variable, particularly amongst amino acid residues that fine tune the chemical environment of their glycan binding pockets. This study provides a framework to delineate the remarkably complex collection of Salmonella artAB/pltC-like genetic elements and provides a window into the mechanisms of evolution for AB5-type toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adaobi Ojiakor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rachel N. Gibbs
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Zhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China,School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Casey C. Fowler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada,*Correspondence: Casey C. Fowler,
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22
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Neupane DP, Ahn C, Yang YA, Lee GY, Song J. Malnutrition and maternal vaccination against typhoid toxin. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010731. [PMID: 35960787 PMCID: PMC9401117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Children are particularly susceptible to typhoid fever caused by the bacterial pathogen Salmonella Typhi. Typhoid fever is prevalent in developing countries where diets can be less well-balanced. Here, using a murine model, we investigated the role of the macronutrient composition of the diet in maternal vaccination efficacies of two subunit vaccines targeting typhoid toxin: ToxoidVac and PltBVac. We found that maternal vaccinations protected all offspring against a lethal-dose typhoid toxin challenge in a balanced, normal diet (ND) condition, but the declined protection in a malnourished diet (MD) condition was observed in the PltBVac group. Despite the comparable antibody titers in both MD and ND mothers, MD offspring had a significantly lower level of typhoid toxin neutralizing antibodies than their ND counterparts. We observed a lower expression of the neonatal Fc receptor on the yolk sac of MD mothers than in ND mothers, agreeing with the observed lower antibody titers in MD offspring. Protein supplementation to MD diets, but not fat supplementation, increased FcRn expression and protected all MD offspring from the toxin challenge. Similarly, providing additional typhoid toxin-neutralizing antibodies to MD offspring was sufficient to protect all MD offspring from the toxin challenge. These results emphasize the significance of balanced/normal diets for a more effective maternal vaccination transfer to their offspring. Typhoid fever is a life-threatening systemic infectious disease caused by Salmonella Typhi, which is prevalent in developing countries where diets can be less well-balanced. Here, we used mice to study the role of nutrition in maternal vaccination efficacies of two subunit vaccines targeting Salmonella’s typhoid toxin. We found maternal vaccinations protected all offspring from a lethal-dose typhoid toxin challenge in a balanced/normal diet (ND) condition, but the lack of protection in a malnourished diet (MD) condition was observed in the PltBVac group. Our data indicate that the difference in maternal vaccination outcomes between ND and MD offspring was due to the less effective maternal antibody transfer from MD mothers to their offspring. Providing additional proteins to MD mothers or additional toxin-neutralizing antibodies to MD offspring saved all malnourished offspring from a lethal-dose typhoid toxin challenge, highlighting the importance of balanced/normal diets for effective maternal vaccination outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga P. Neupane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Changhwan Ahn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Yi-An Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Gi Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeongmin Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Abstract
AB toxins are protein virulence factors secreted by many bacterial pathogens, contributing to the pathogenicity of the cognate bacteria. AB toxins consist of two functionally distinct components: the enzymatic "A" component for pathogenicity and the receptor-binding "B" component for toxin delivery. Consistently, unlike other virulence factors such as effectors, AB toxins do not require additional systems to deliver them to the target host cells. Target host cells are located in the infection site and/or located distantly from infected host cells. The first part of this review discusses the structural and functional features of single-peptide and multiprotein AB toxins in the context of host-microbe interactions, using several well-characterized examples. The second part of this review discusses toxin neutralization strategies, as well as applications of AB toxins relevant to developing intervention strategies against diseases.
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24
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Abstract
Bacterial genotoxins are peptide or protein virulence factors produced by several pathogens, which make single-strand breaks (SSBs) and/or double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) in the target host cells. If host DNA inflictions are not resolved on time, host cell apoptosis, cell senescence, and/or even bacterial pathogen-related cancer may occur. Two multi-protein AB toxins, cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) produced by over 30 bacterial pathogens and typhoid toxin from Salmonella Typhi, as well as small polyketide-peptides named colibactin that causes the DNA interstrand cross-linking and subsequent DSBs is the most well-characterized bacterial genotoxins. Using these three examples, this review discusses the mechanisms by which these toxins deliver themselves into the nucleus of the target host cells and exert their genotoxic functions at the structural and functional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liaoqi Du
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jeongmin Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Davies MR, Duchene S, Valcanis M, Jenkins AP, Jenney A, Rosa V, Hayes AJ, Strobel AG, McIntyre L, Lacey JA, Klemm EJ, Wong VK, Sahukhan A, Thomson H, Page A, Hocking D, Wang N, Tudravu L, Rafai E, Dougan G, Howden BP, Crump JA, Mulholland K, Strugnell RA. Genomic epidemiology of Salmonella Typhi in Central Division, Fiji, 2012 to 2016. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2022; 24:100488. [PMID: 35769175 PMCID: PMC9234096 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typhoid fever is endemic in some Pacific Island Countries including Fiji and Samoa yet genomic surveillance is not routine in such settings. Previous studies suggested imports of the global H58 clade of Salmonella enterica var Typhi (Salmonella Typhi) contribute to disease in these countries which, given the MDR potential of H58, does not auger well for treatment. The objective of the study was to define the genomic epidemiology of Salmonella Typhi in Fiji. METHODS Genomic sequencing approaches were implemented to study the distribution of 255 Salmonella Typhi isolates from the Central Division of Fiji. We augmented epidemiological surveillance and Bayesian phylogenomic approaches with a multi-year typhoid case-control study to define geospatial patterns among typhoid cases. FINDINGS Genomic analyses showed Salmonella Typhi from Fiji resolved into 2 non-H58 genotypes with isolates from the two dominant ethnic groups, the Indigenous (iTaukei) and non-iTaukei genetically indistinguishable. Low rates of international importation of clones was observed and overall, there were very low levels an antibiotic resistance within the endemic Fijian typhoid genotypes. Genomic epidemiological investigations were able to identify previously unlinked case clusters. Bayesian phylodynamic analyses suggested that genomic variation within the larger endemic Salmonella Typhi genotype expanded at discreet times, then contracted. INTERPRETATION Cyclones and flooding drove 'waves' of typhoid outbreaks in Fiji which, through population aggregation, poor sanitation and water safety, and then mobility of the population, spread clones more widely. Minimal international importations of new typhoid clones suggest that targeted local intervention strategies may be useful in controlling endemic typhoid infection. These findings add to our understanding of typhoid transmission networks in an endemic island country with broad implications, particularly across Pacific Island Countries. FUNDING This work was supported by the Coalition Against Typhoid through the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation [grant number OPP1017518], the Victorian Government, the National Health and Medical Research Council Australia, the Australian Research Council, and the Fiji Ministry of Health and Medical Services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Davies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sebastian Duchene
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mary Valcanis
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Aaron P. Jenkins
- Centre for Ecosystem Management, Edith Cowan University, Western Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adam Jenney
- New Vaccines Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Victoria, Australia
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji
| | - Varanisese Rosa
- Fiji Centre for Disease Control, Fiji Ministry of Health, Suva, Fiji
| | - Andrew J. Hayes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aneley Getahun Strobel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liam McIntyre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jake A. Lacey
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J. Klemm
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa K. Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aalisha Sahukhan
- Fiji Centre for Disease Control, Fiji Ministry of Health, Suva, Fiji
| | - Helen Thomson
- New Vaccines Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Page
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Dianna Hocking
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nancy Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Eric Rafai
- Fiji Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Suva, Fiji
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin P. Howden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John A. Crump
- Centre for International Health, Otago Medical School, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kim Mulholland
- New Vaccines Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Strugnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia
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Naito-Matsui Y. Physiological Significance of Animal- and Tissue-specific Sialic Acid Composition. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2022. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.2036.1j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Naito-Matsui Y. Physiological Significance of Animal- and Tissue-specific Sialic Acid Composition. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2022. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.2036.1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Chang SJ, Hsu YT, Chen Y, Lin YY, Lara-Tejero M, Galan JE. Typhoid toxin sorting and exocytic transport from Salmonella Typhi-infected cells. eLife 2022; 11:e78561. [PMID: 35579416 PMCID: PMC9142146 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Typhoid toxin is an essential virulence factor for Salmonella Typhi, the cause of typhoid fever in humans. This toxin has an unusual biology in that it is produced by Salmonella Typhi only when located within host cells. Once synthesized, the toxin is secreted to the lumen of the Salmonella-containing vacuole from where it is transported to the extracellular space by vesicle carrier intermediates. Here, we report the identification of the typhoid toxin sorting receptor and components of the cellular machinery that packages the toxin into vesicle carriers, and exports it to the extracellular space. We found that the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor serves as typhoid toxin sorting receptor and that the coat protein COPII and the GTPase Sar1 mediate its packaging into vesicle carriers. Formation of the typhoid toxin carriers requires the specific environment of the Salmonella Typhi-containing vacuole, which is determined by the activities of specific effectors of its type III protein secretion systems. We also found that Rab11B and its interacting protein Rip11 control the intracellular transport of the typhoid toxin carriers, and the SNARE proteins VAMP7, SNAP23, and Syntaxin 4 their fusion to the plasma membrane. Typhoid toxin's cooption of specific cellular machinery for its transport to the extracellular space illustrates the remarkable adaptation of an exotoxin to exert its function in the context of an intracellular pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jung Chang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yen-Yi Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Maria Lara-Tejero
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Jorge E Galan
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
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Khan N, Sasmal A, Khedri Z, Secrest P, Verhagen A, Srivastava S, Varki N, Chen X, Yu H, Beddoe T, Paton AW, Paton JC, Varki A. Sialoglycan binding patterns of bacterial AB5 toxin B subunits correlate with host range and toxicity, indicating evolution independent of A subunits. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101900. [PMID: 35398357 PMCID: PMC9120245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathogenic bacteria secrete AB5 toxins that can be virulence factors. Cytotoxic A subunits are delivered to the cytosol following B subunit binding to specific host cell surface glycans. Some B subunits are not associated with A subunits, for example, YpeB of Yersinia pestis, the etiologic agent of plague. Plague cannot be eradicated because of Y. pestis' adaptability to numerous hosts. We previously showed selective binding of other B5 pentamers to a sialoglycan microarray, with sialic acid (Sia) preferences corresponding to those prominently expressed by various hosts, for example, N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac; prominent in humans) or N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc; prominent in ruminant mammals and rodents). Here, we report that A subunit phylogeny evolved independently of B subunits and suggest a future B subunit nomenclature based on bacterial species names. We also found via phylogenetic analysis of B subunits, which bind Sias, that homologous molecules show poor correlation with species phylogeny. These data indicate ongoing lateral gene transfers between species, including mixing of A and B subunits. Consistent with much broader host range of Y. pestis, we show that YpeB recognizes all mammalian Sia types, except for 4-O-acetylated ones. Notably, YpeB alone causes dose-dependent cytotoxicity, which is abolished by a mutation (Y77F) eliminating Sia recognition, suggesting that cell proliferation and death are promoted via lectin-like crosslinking of cell surface sialoglycoconjugates. These findings help explain the host range of Y. pestis and could be important for pathogenesis. Overall, our data indicate ongoing rapid evolution of both host Sias and pathogen toxin-binding properties.
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Sakari M, Tran MT, Rossjohn J, Pulliainen AT, Beddoe T, Littler DR. Crystal structures of pertussis toxin with NAD+ and analogs provide structural insights into the mechanism of its cytosolic ADP-ribosylation activity. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101892. [PMID: 35378130 PMCID: PMC9079181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of whooping cough, a highly contagious respiratory disease. Pertussis toxin (PT), a major virulence factor secreted by B. pertussis, is an AB5-type protein complex topologically related to cholera toxin. The PT protein complex is internalized by host cells and follows a retrograde trafficking route to the endoplasmic reticulum, where it subsequently dissociates. The released enzymatic S1 subunit is then translocated from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol and subsequently ADP-ribosylates the inhibitory alpha-subunits (Gαi) of heterotrimeric G proteins, thus promoting dysregulation of G protein–coupled receptor signaling. However, the mechanistic details of the ADP-ribosylation activity of PT are not well understood. Here, we describe crystal structures of the S1 subunit in complex with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), with NAD+ hydrolysis products ADP-ribose and nicotinamide, with NAD+ analog PJ34, and with a novel NAD+ analog formed upon S1 subunit crystallization with 3-amino benzamide and NAD+, which we name benzamide amino adenine dinucleotide. These crystal structures provide unprecedented insights into pre- and post-NAD+ hydrolysis steps of the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of PT. We propose that these data may aid in rational drug design approaches and further development of PT-specific small-molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moona Sakari
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Unit for Infection and Immunity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mai T Tran
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Arto T Pulliainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Unit for Infection and Immunity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Travis Beddoe
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Dene R Littler
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Jennings MP, Day CJ, Atack JM. How bacteria utilize sialic acid during interactions with the host: snip, snatch, dispatch, match and attach. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168:001157. [PMID: 35316172 PMCID: PMC9558349 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
N -glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), and its precursor N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), commonly referred to as sialic acids, are two of the most common glycans found in mammals. Humans carry a mutation in the enzyme that converts Neu5Ac into Neu5Gc, and as such, expression of Neu5Ac can be thought of as a 'human specific' trait. Bacteria can utilize sialic acids as a carbon and energy source and have evolved multiple ways to take up sialic acids. In order to generate free sialic acid, many bacteria produce sialidases that cleave sialic acid residues from complex glycan structures. In addition, sialidases allow escape from innate immune mechanisms, and can synergize with other virulence factors such as toxins. Human-adapted pathogens have evolved a preference for Neu5Ac, with many bacterial adhesins, and major classes of toxin, specifically recognizing Neu5Ac containing glycans as receptors. The preference of human-adapted pathogens for Neu5Ac also occurs during biosynthesis of surface structures such as lipo-oligosaccharide (LOS), lipo-polysaccharide (LPS) and polysaccharide capsules, subverting the human host immune system by mimicking the host. This review aims to provide an update on the advances made in understanding the role of sialic acid in bacteria-host interactions made in the last 5-10 years, and put these findings into context by highlighting key historical discoveries. We provide a particular focus on 'molecular mimicry' and incorporation of sialic acid onto the bacterial outer-surface, and the role of sialic acid as a receptor for bacterial adhesins and toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Jennings
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Day
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - John M. Atack
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Glycan-mediated molecular interactions in bacterial pathogenesis. Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:254-267. [PMID: 34274195 PMCID: PMC8758796 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycans are expressed on the surface of nearly all host and bacterial cells. Not surprisingly, glycan-mediated molecular interactions play a vital role in bacterial pathogenesis and host responses against pathogens. Glycan-mediated host-pathogen interactions can benefit the pathogen, host, or both. Here, we discuss (i) bacterial glycans that play a critical role in bacterial colonization and/or immune evasion, (ii) host glycans that are utilized by bacteria for pathogenesis, and (iii) bacterial and host glycans involved in immune responses against pathogens. We further discuss (iv) opportunities and challenges for transforming these research findings into more effective antibacterial strategies, and (v) technological advances in glycoscience that have helped to accelerate progress in research. These studies collectively offer valuable insights into new perspectives on antibacterial strategies that may effectively tackle the drug-resistant pathogens that are rapidly spreading globally.
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Abstract
Typhoid toxin is an A2B5 protein toxin and an important virulence factor for the human-adapted bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever. Typhoid toxin contains two enzymatic subunits, PltA and CdtB, which dock onto a pentameric delivery platform composed of the protein PltB. It was recently reported that the same enzymatic subunits can assemble with a different delivery platform composed of the protein PltC, forming a distinct version of typhoid toxin. However, the differences in structure and receptor specificity between the PltC and PltB typhoid toxins remain unknown. Here, we determined atomic-level structures of the pentameric PltC subunit, the fully assembled PltC typhoid toxin, and the PltC pentamers in complex with glycan receptors. Biochemical and structural analyses indicate that PltB and PltC are unable to form heteromeric delivery complexes due to electrostatic repulsion at the subunit interface and thus form separate toxins only. We further observed that, despite low sequence similarity between PltB and PltC, they interact with PltA in a similar manner but that PltC exhibits stronger electrostatic interactions with PltA, enabling it to outcompete PltB in toxin assembly. The ligand-bound atomic structures of PltC show an additional glycan binding site not found in PltB and glycan array analysis indicates that PltB and PltC exhibit significant differences in glycan binding specificity. Collectively, this study offers atomic-level insights into how S. Typhi produces two distinct versions of typhoid toxin, thereby generating functional diversity in this key virulence factor. IMPORTANCE Typhoid fever is a devastating disease that kills more than 115,000 people every year and is caused by Salmonella Typhi. Typhoid toxin, exclusively produced by S. Typhi, was demonstrated to be responsible for the pathogenesis of typhoid fever. Typhoid toxin consists of a pentameric delivery B subunit to transport the catalytic A subunits into the host cell through binding of the glycan receptors. Recent study shows that S. Typhi encodes two homologous delivery B subunits that are able to associate with the same active subunits to produce alternative toxins with distinct functional characteristics. Here, we show that the two delivery subunits can form only homopentameric delivery platforms that compete to associate with typhoid toxin's active subunits and that the two resulting toxins have distinct glycan-binding properties that confer distinct functional traits. These findings highlight the unique assembly and functional diversification of typhoid toxins.
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Thakur R, Suri CR, Rishi P. Contribution of typhoid toxin in the pathogenesis of Salmonella Typhi. Microb Pathog 2022; 164:105444. [PMID: 35149176 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To persist and establish infection, Salmonella utilizes a battery of different virulence determinants at every stage of infection. Typhoid toxin, a newly identified toxin in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is recognized as one of the virulence factors that has been linked with Salmonella pathogenesis. In this study, we have further investigated the role of typhoid toxin in the symptomatology of typhoid fever through in-vivo and ex-vivo studies. In mice, administration of cloned and purified typhoid toxin induces similar symptoms observed during typhoid fever such as fever, weight loss with a decrease in peripheral leucocyte count along with an increase in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Il-6, TNF-α). Results of DNA analysis, fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry of typhoid toxin-treated macrophages (ex-vivo) altogether revealed the CdtB (subunit of typhoid toxin) mediated DNA damage that led to the apoptosis of cells. Furthermore, to validate CdtB's catalytic role, macrophages were treated with typhoid toxin preincubated with anti-CdtB antibodies (generated in mice). Re-assessment of macrophage DNA by gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry analysis indicated a significant decrease in DNA damage and cells undergoing apoptosis, respectively. Moreover, a significant reduction in in-vitro DNase activity of CdtB protein was also observed on preincubating holotoxin with anti-CdtB antibodies. In total, this study highlights the role of typhoid toxin in inducing typhoid fever-like symptomatology, which may be executed through the toxin's catalytic subunit CdtB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Thakur
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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Abstract
This cryo-EM protocol was used to determine the B cell epitope map on the CdtB subunit of typhoid toxin, an A2B5 toxin secreted by Salmonella Typhi during infection. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) was directly mixed with typhoid toxin in this protocol, different from our previous cryo-EM protocol that uses the Fab fragments in place of IgG. This simple approach requires smaller amounts of materials, supporting the broader use of this protocol for determining antibody recognition sites on various antigens. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Ahn et al. (2021) and Nguyen et al. (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tri Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jeongmin Song
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Neutralization of typhoid toxin by alpaca-derived, single-domain antibodies targeting the PltB and CdtB subunits. Infect Immun 2021; 90:e0051521. [PMID: 34898253 PMCID: PMC8852740 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00515-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Typhoid toxin is secreted by the typhoid fever-causing bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and has tropism for immune cells and brain endothelial cells. Here, we generated a camelid single-domain antibody (VHH) library from typhoid toxoid-immunized alpacas and identified 41 VHHs selected on the glycan receptor-binding PltB and nuclease CdtB. VHHs exhibiting potent in vitro neutralizing activities from each sequence-based family were epitope binned via competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), leading to 6 distinct VHHs, 2 anti-PltBs (T2E7 and T2G9), and 4 anti-CdtB VHHs (T4C4, T4C12, T4E5, and T4E8), whose in vivo neutralizing activities and associated toxin-neutralizing mechanisms were investigated. We found that T2E7, T2G9, and T4E5 effectively neutralized typhoid toxin in vivo, as demonstrated by 100% survival of mice administered a lethal dose of typhoid toxin and with little to no typhoid toxin-mediated upper motor function defect. Cumulatively, these results highlight the potential of the compact antibodies to neutralize typhoid toxin by targeting the glycan-binding and/or nuclease subunits.
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Wuryandari MRE, Atho'illah MF, Laili RD, Fatmawati S, Widodo N, Widjajanto E, Rifa'i M. Lactobacillus plantarum FNCC 0137 fermented red Moringa oleifera exhibits protective effects in mice challenged with Salmonella typhi via TLR3/TLR4 inhibition and down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2021; 13:100531. [PMID: 34903438 PMCID: PMC8728064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella typhi is a foodborne pathogenic bacterium that threatens health. S. typhi infection exacerbated the antibiotic resistance problem that needs alternative strategies. Moringa oleifera possesses anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. However, there is a lack of information about the pharmacological value of red M. oleifera. The fermentation of red M. oleifera leaves extract (RMOL) is expected to add to its nutritional value. Objective The present study aimed to evaluate non-fermented RMOL (NRMOL) and fermented RMOL (FRMOL) effects on S. typhi infection in mice. Materials and methods Female Balb/C mice were randomly divided into eight groups. The treatment groups were orally administered with NRMOL or FRMOL at doses 14, 42, and 84 mg/kg BW during the 28 days experimental period. Then S. typhi was introduced to mice through intraperitoneal injection except in the healthy groups. The NRMOL or FRMOL administration was continued for the next seven days. Cells that expressed CD11b+ TLR3+, CD11b+TLR4+, CD11b+IL-6+, CD11b+IL-17+, CD11b+TNF-a+, and CD4+CD25+CD62L+ were assessed by flow cytometry. Results Our result suggested that NRMOL and FRMOL extracts significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the expression of CD11b+TLR3+, CD11b+TLR4+, CD11b+IL-6+, CD11b+IL-17+, and CD11b+TNF-α+ subsets. In contrast, NRMOL and FRMOL extracts significantly increased (p < 0.05) the expression of CD4+CD25+CD62L+ subsets. NRMOL at dose 14 and 42 mg/kg BW was more effective compared to FRMOL in reducing the expression of CD11b+TLR3+, CD11b+TLR4+, and CD11b+TNF-α+ subsets. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that NRMOL and FRMOL extracts could be promising agents for protection against S. typhi infection via modulation of TLR3/TLR4, regulatory T cells, and proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mm Riyaniarti Estri Wuryandari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Technology and Health Management, Institut Ilmu Kesehatan Bhakti Wiyata, 64114, Kediri, East Java, Indonesia.
| | - Mochammad Fitri Atho'illah
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, 65145, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Rizky Dzariyani Laili
- Department of Nutrition, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Hang Tuah Surabaya, 60244, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Siti Fatmawati
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, 65145, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Nashi Widodo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, 65145, Malang, East Java, Indonesia; Center of Biosystem Study, LPPM of Brawijaya University, 65145, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Edi Widjajanto
- Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, 65145, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Muhaimin Rifa'i
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, 65145, Malang, East Java, Indonesia; Center of Biosystem Study, LPPM of Brawijaya University, 65145, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.
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Marondedze EF, Govender PP. Exploiting the glycan receptor-binding site of PltB subunit in salmonella typhi toxin for novel inhibitors: An in-silico approach. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 111:108082. [PMID: 34837784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.108082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella typhi (S. typhi), a gram-negative bacterium responsible for gastroenteritis - typhoid - has continually evolved into drug-resistant strains with the most recent being the haplotype H58 strain. The haplotype H58 strain has spread across the globe causing outbreaks in countries such as Pakistan, Zimbabwe, and several underdeveloped regions located in parts of Asia, Central and Southern Africa. Treatment by conventional antibiotics is gradually failing as recorded in the affected countries, including Nigeria and Barcelona - Spain. Therefore, the research presented herein aims to identify novel compounds targeting the typhoid toxin of S. typhi which is responsible for several virulence factors associated with typhoid. In-silico methods that include virtual screening, molecular dynamics (MD) and computation of binding free energies were utilized. Our research identified furan derivatives as top-scoring lead compounds from a database of more than 1,5 million compounds curated from the ZINC20 database. Post docking analysis and trajectory analysis post-MD simulations showed that π - π interactions are vital to holding the ligand within the receptor pocket whereas hydrophobic and Van der Waals interactions are crucial for the overall bonding. Through docking, MD simulations and free energy computations, we hypothesize that ZINC000114543311, ZINC000794380763 and ZINC000158992484 (docking scores of -9.06, -8.20 and -8.12 in conjunction with ΔG values of -64.691, -63.670 and -59.024 kcal/mol, respectively) bear a great potential to pave the way to fighting antibiotic resistance for typhoid in both humans and animals. The compounds presented here can also be used as lead materials for designing other compounds targeting the Salmonella typhi toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephraim Felix Marondedze
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Penny Poomani Govender
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Tan Y, Wang C, Schneider T, Li H, de Souza RF, Tang X, Swisher Grimm KD, Hsieh TF, Wang X, Li X, Zhang D. Comparative Phylogenomic Analysis Reveals Evolutionary Genomic Changes and Novel Toxin Families in Endophytic Liberibacter Pathogens. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0050921. [PMID: 34523996 PMCID: PMC8557891 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00509-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Liberibacter pathogens are the causative agents of several severe crop diseases worldwide, including citrus Huanglongbing and potato zebra chip. These bacteria are endophytic and nonculturable, which makes experimental approaches challenging and highlights the need for bioinformatic analysis in advancing our understanding about Liberibacter pathogenesis. Here, we performed an in-depth comparative phylogenomic analysis of the Liberibacter pathogens and their free-living, nonpathogenic, ancestral species, aiming to identify major genomic changes and determinants associated with their evolutionary transitions in living habitats and pathogenicity. Using gene neighborhood analysis and phylogenetic classification, we systematically uncovered, annotated, and classified all prophage loci into four types, including one previously unrecognized group. We showed that these prophages originated through independent gene transfers at different evolutionary stages of Liberibacter and only the SC-type prophage was associated with the emergence of the pathogens. Using ortholog clustering, we vigorously identified two additional sets of genomic genes, which were either lost or gained in the ancestor of the pathogens. Consistent with the habitat change, the lost genes were enriched for biosynthesis of cellular building blocks. Importantly, among the gained genes, we uncovered several previously unrecognized toxins, including new toxins homologous to the EspG/VirA effectors, a YdjM phospholipase toxin, and a secreted endonuclease/exonuclease/phosphatase (EEP) protein. Our results substantially extend the knowledge of the evolutionary events and potential determinants leading to the emergence of endophytic, pathogenic Liberibacter species, which will facilitate the design of functional experiments and the development of new methods for detection and blockage of these pathogens. IMPORTANCELiberibacter pathogens are associated with several severe crop diseases, including citrus Huanglongbing, the most destructive disease to the citrus industry. Currently, no effective cure or treatments are available, and no resistant citrus variety has been found. The fact that these obligate endophytic pathogens are not culturable has made it extremely challenging to experimentally uncover the genes/proteins important to Liberibacter pathogenesis. Further, earlier bioinformatics studies failed to identify key genomic determinants, such as toxins and effector proteins, that underlie the pathogenicity of the bacteria. In this study, an in-depth comparative genomic analysis of Liberibacter pathogens along with their ancestral nonpathogenic species identified the prophage loci and several novel toxins that are evolutionarily associated with the emergence of the pathogens. These results shed new light on the disease mechanism of Liberibacter pathogens and will facilitate the development of new detection and blockage methods targeting the toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Tan
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Cindy Wang
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Theresa Schneider
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robson Francisco de Souza
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Xueming Tang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kylie D. Swisher Grimm
- United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, Prosser, Washington, USA
| | - Tzung-Fu Hsieh
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, College of Arts & Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi ISP2825, isolated in 1983 from a Chilean patient, is one of the major S. Typhi strains used for research, along with strains Ty2, CT18, and H58. The complete genome sequence of ISP2825, consisting of a 4,774,014-bp circular chromosome, will help us understand typhoid pathogenesis and evolution.
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Liu G, Qian H, Lv J, Tian B, Bao C, Yan H, Gu B. Emergence of mcr-1-Harboring Salmonella enterica Serovar Sinstorf Type ST155 Isolated From Patients With Diarrhea in Jiangsu, China. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:723697. [PMID: 34603249 PMCID: PMC8483771 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.723697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study analyzed the antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and mechanisms of quinolone, cephalosporins, and colistin resistance in nontyphoidal Salmonella from patients with diarrhea in Jiangsu, China. Methods: A total of 741 nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates were collected from hospitals in major cities of Jiangsu Province, China between 2016 and 2017. Their susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics was evaluated by broth micro-dilution and sequencing analysis of resistance genes screened by a PCR method. For mcr-1 positive isolates, genetic relationship study was carried out by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multiloci sequence typing analysis. The transferability of these plasmids was measured with conjugation experiments and the genetic locations of mcr-1 were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles of S1-digested genomic DNA and subsequent Southern blot hybridization. Results: Among 741 nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates, the most common serotypes identified were S. Typhimurium (n=257, 34.7%) and S. Enteritidis (n=127, 17.1%), and the isolates showed 21.7, 20.6, and 5.0% resistance to cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, and colistin, respectively. Among the 335 nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella, 213 (63.6%) and 45 (13.4%) had at least one mutation in gyrA and parC. Among the plasmid-borne resistance, qnrS1 (85; 41.9%) and aac(6')-Ib-cr4 (75; 36.9%) were the most common quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes, while bla CTX-M-14 (n=35) and bla CTX-M-55 (n=46) were found to be dominant extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes in nontyphoidal Salmonella. In addition, eight mcr-1-harboring strains were detected since 2016 and they were predominate in children under the age of 7years. Conjugation assays showed the donor Salmonella strain has functional and transferable colistin resistance and Southern blot hybridization revealed that mcr-1 was located in a high molecular weight plasmid. Conclusion: In nontyphoidal Salmonella, there is a rapidly increasing trend of colistin resistance and this is the first report of patients harboring mcr-1-positive Salmonella with a new ST type ST155 and new serotype S. Sinstorf. These findings demonstrate the necessity for cautious use and the continuous monitoring of colistin in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoye Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Huimin Qian
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingwen Lv
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Benshun Tian
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changjun Bao
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Laboratory Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Gu
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Li S, Liu J, Zheng X, Ren L, Yang Y, Li W, Fu W, Wang J, Du G. Tumorigenic bacteria in colorectal cancer: mechanisms and treatments. Cancer Biol Med 2021; 19:j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0651. [PMID: 34586760 PMCID: PMC8832957 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common and the second most fatal cancer. In recent years, more attention has been directed toward the role of gut microbiota in the initiation and development of CRC. Some bacterial species, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Salmonella sp. have been associated with CRC, based upon sequencing studies in CRC patients and functional studies in cell culture and animal models. These bacteria can cause host DNA damage by genotoxic substances, including colibactin secreted by pks + Escherichia coli, B. fragilis toxin (BFT) produced by Bacteroides fragilis, and typhoid toxin (TT) from Salmonella. These bacteria can also indirectly promote CRC by influencing host-signaling pathways, such as E-cadherin/β-catenin, TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB, and SMO/RAS/p38 MAPK. Moreover, some of these bacteria can contribute to CRC progression by helping tumor cells to evade the immune response by suppressing immune cell function, creating a proinflammatory environment, or influencing the autophagy process. Treatments with the classical antibacterial drugs, metronidazole or erythromycin, the antibacterial active ingredients, M13@ Ag (electrostatically assembled from inorganic silver nanoparticles and the protein capsid of bacteriophage M13), berberine, and zerumbone, were found to inhibit tumorigenic bacteria to different degrees. In this review, we described progress in elucidating the tumorigenic mechanisms of several CRC-associated bacteria, as well as progress in developing effective antibacterial therapies. Specific bacteria have been shown to be active in the oncogenesis and progression of CRC, and some antibacterial compounds have shown therapeutic potential in bacteria-induced CRC. These bacteria may be useful as biomarkers or therapeutic targets for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jinyi Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiangjin Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Liwen Ren
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yihui Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wan Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Weiqi Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Rana K, Nayak SR, Bihary A, Sahoo AK, Mohanty KC, Palo SK, Sahoo D, Pati S, Dash P. Association of quorum sensing and biofilm formation with Salmonella virulence: story beyond gathering and cross-talk. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:5887-5897. [PMID: 34586468 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02594-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid fever) is a public health concern which contributes to mortality and morbidity all around the globe. It is caused mainly due to ingestion of contaminated food and water with a gram negative, rod-shaped, flagellated bacterium known as Salmonella enterica serotype typhi (typhoid fever) or paratyphi (paratyphoid fever). Clinical problems associated with Salmonellosis are mainly bacteraemia, gastroenteritis and enteric fever. The bacteria undergo various mechanisms to escape itself from immune reaction of the host, modulating immune response at the site of infection leading to virulence factor production and anti-microbial resistance. Biofilm is one of the adaptation mechanisms through which Salmonella survives in unfavourable conditions and thus is considered as a major threat to public health. Another property of the bacteria is "Quorum Sensing", which is a cell-cell communication and most of the pathogenic bacteria use it to coordinate the production of several virulence factors and other behaviours such as swarming and biofilm formation. Earlier, quorum sensing was believed to be just a medium for communication but, later on, its role in virulence has been studied. However, there are negligible information relating to interaction between quorum sensing and biofilm formation and how these events play crucial role in Salmonella pathogenesis. The review is a summary of updated information regarding how Salmonella uses these properties to spread more and survive better, making a challenge for clinicians and public health experts. Therefore, this review would help bring an insight regarding how biofilm formation and quorum sensing are inter-related and their role in pathogenesis and virulence of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khokan Rana
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Alice Bihary
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ajay Ku Sahoo
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Subrata Ku Palo
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Debadutta Sahoo
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India.
| | - Pujarini Dash
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India.
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Nguyen T, Richards AF, Neupane DP, Feathers JR, Yang YA, Sim JH, Byun H, Lee S, Ahn C, Van Slyke G, Fromme JC, Mantis NJ, Song J. The structural basis of Salmonella A 2B 5 toxin neutralization by antibodies targeting the glycan-receptor binding subunits. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109654. [PMID: 34496256 PMCID: PMC8459933 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens secrete A(2)B5 toxins comprising two functionally distinct yet complementary “A” and “B” subunits to benefit the pathogens during infection. The lectin-like pentameric B subunits recognize specific sets of host glycans to deliver the toxin into target host cells. Here, we offer the molecular mechanism by which neutralizing antibodies, which have the potential to bind to all glycan-receptor binding sites and thus completely inhibit toxin binding to host cells, are inhibited from exerting this action. Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM)-based analyses indicate that the skewed positioning of the toxin A subunit(s) toward one side of the toxin B pentamer inhibited neutralizing antibody binding to the laterally located epitopes, rendering some glycan-receptor binding sites that remained available for the toxin binding and endocytosis process, which is strikingly different from the counterpart antibodies recognizing the far side-located epitopes. These results highlight additional features of the toxin-antibody interactions and offer important insights into anti-toxin strategies. Nguyen et al. find that toxin-neutralizing antibodies targeting glycan-receptor binding B subunits can be split into two classes based on their epitope locations. They describe how these two classes exhibit significantly different neutralizing efficacies, a feature that appears to be shared among A(2)B5 toxins, and thus they provide insights into anti-toxin strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tri Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Angelene F Richards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Durga P Neupane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - J Ryan Feathers
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yi-An Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ji Hyun Sim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Haewon Byun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sohyoung Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Changhwan Ahn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Greta Van Slyke
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - J Christopher Fromme
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Nicholas J Mantis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Jeongmin Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Overgaard E, Morris B, Mohammad Mousa O, Price E, Rodriguez A, Cufurovic L, Beard RS, Tinker JK. Cellular Activity of Salmonella Typhimurium ArtAB Toxin and Its Receptor-Binding Subunit. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090599. [PMID: 34564603 PMCID: PMC8472264 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is among the most reported foodborne illnesses in the United States. The Salmonellaenterica Typhimurium DT104 phage type, which is associated with multidrug-resistant disease in humans and animals, possesses an ADP-ribosylating toxin called ArtAB. Full-length artAB has been found on a number of broad-host-range non-typhoidal Salmonella species and serovars. ArtAB is also homologous to many AB5 toxins from diverse Gram-negative pathogens, including cholera toxin (CT) and pertussis toxin (PT), and may be involved in Salmonella pathogenesis, however, in vitro cellular toxicity of ArtAB has not been characterized. artAB was cloned into E. coli and initially isolated using a histidine tag (ArtABHIS) and nickel chromatography. ArtABHIS was found to bind to African green monkey kidney epithelial (Vero) cells using confocal microscopy and to interact with glycans present on fetuin and monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) using ELISA. Untagged, or native, holotoxin (ArtAB), and the pentameric receptor-binding subunit (ArtB) were purified from E. coli using fetuin and d-galactose affinity chromatography. ArtAB and ArtB metabolic and cytotoxic activities were determined using Vero and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) epithelial cells. Vero cells were more sensitive to ArtAB, however, incubation with both cell types revealed only partial cytotoxicity over 72 h, similar to that induced by CT. ArtAB induced a distinctive clustering phenotype on CHO cells over 72 h, similar to PT, and an elongated phenotype on Vero cells, similar to CT. The ArtB binding subunit alone also had a cytotoxic effect on CHO cells and induced morphological rounding. Results indicate that this toxin induces distinctive cellular outcomes. Continued biological characterization of ArtAB will advance efforts to prevent disease caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Overgaard
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA;
| | - Brad Morris
- Department of Biology, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (B.M.); (O.M.M.); (A.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Omid Mohammad Mousa
- Department of Biology, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (B.M.); (O.M.M.); (A.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Emily Price
- Idaho Veterans Research and Education Foundation, Infectious Diseases Section, Boise, ID 83702, USA;
| | - Adriana Rodriguez
- Department of Biology, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (B.M.); (O.M.M.); (A.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Leyla Cufurovic
- Department of Biology, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (B.M.); (O.M.M.); (A.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Richard S. Beard
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA;
| | - Juliette K. Tinker
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA;
- Department of Biology, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (B.M.); (O.M.M.); (A.R.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-208-426-5472
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Cytolethal distending toxin: from genotoxin to a potential biomarker and anti-tumor target. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:150. [PMID: 34379213 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT) belongs to the AB toxin family and is produced by a plethora of Gram-negative bacteria. Eight human-affecting enteropathogens harbor CDT that causes irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), dysentery, chancroid, and periodontitis worldwide. They have a novel molecular mode of action as they interfere in the eukaryotic cell-cycle progression leading to G2/M arrest and apoptosis. CDT, the first bacterial genotoxin described, is encoded in a single operon possessing three proteins, CdtA, CdtB, and CdtC. CdtA and CdtC are needed for the binding of the CDT toxin complex to the cholesterol-rich lipid domains of the host cell while the CdtB is the active moiety. Sequence and 3D structural-based analysis of CdtB showed similarities with nucleases and phosphatases, it was hypothesized that CdtB exercises a biochemical function identical to both these enzymes. CDT is secreted through the outer membrane vesicles from the producing bacteria. It is internalized in the target cells via clathrin-dependent endocytosis and translocated to the host cell nucleus through the Golgi complex and ER. This study discusses the virulence role of CDT, causing pathogenicity by acting as a tri-perditious complex in the CDT-producing species with an emphasis on its potential role as a biomarker and an anti-tumor agent.
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Visser EA, Moons SJ, Timmermans SBPE, de Jong H, Boltje TJ, Büll C. Sialic acid O-acetylation: From biosynthesis to roles in health and disease. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100906. [PMID: 34157283 PMCID: PMC8319020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids are nine-carbon sugars that frequently cap glycans at the cell surface in cells of vertebrates as well as cells of certain types of invertebrates and bacteria. The nine-carbon backbone of sialic acids can undergo extensive enzymatic modification in nature and O-acetylation at the C-4/7/8/9 position in particular is widely observed. In recent years, the detection and analysis of O-acetylated sialic acids have advanced, and sialic acid-specific O-acetyltransferases (SOATs) and O-acetylesterases (SIAEs) that add and remove O-acetyl groups, respectively, have been identified and characterized in mammalian cells, invertebrates, bacteria, and viruses. These advances now allow us to draw a more complete picture of the biosynthetic pathway of the diverse O-acetylated sialic acids to drive the generation of genetically and biochemically engineered model cell lines and organisms with altered expression of O-acetylated sialic acids for dissection of their roles in glycoprotein stability, development, and immune recognition, as well as discovery of novel functions. Furthermore, a growing number of studies associate sialic acid O-acetylation with cancer, autoimmunity, and infection, providing rationale for the development of selective probes and inhibitors of SOATs and SIAEs. Here, we discuss the current insights into the biosynthesis and biological functions of O-acetylated sialic acids and review the evidence linking this modification to disease. Furthermore, we discuss emerging strategies for the design, synthesis, and potential application of unnatural O-acetylated sialic acids and inhibitors of SOATs and SIAEs that may enable therapeutic targeting of this versatile sialic acid modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline A Visser
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sam J Moons
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne B P E Timmermans
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Heleen de Jong
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Boltje
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Christian Büll
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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48
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Chronic exposure to Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT) promotes a cGAS-dependent type I interferon response. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6319-6335. [PMID: 34308492 PMCID: PMC8429409 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03902-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT) is a bacterial genotoxin produced by pathogenic bacteria causing major foodborne diseases worldwide. CDT activates the DNA Damage Response and modulates the host immune response, but the precise relationship between these outcomes has not been addressed so far. Here, we show that chronic exposure to CDT in HeLa cells or mouse embryonic fibroblasts promotes a strong type I interferon (IFN) response that depends on the cytoplasmic DNA sensor cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) synthase (cGAS) through the recognition of micronuclei. Indeed, despite active cell cycle checkpoints and in contrast to other DNA damaging agents, cells exposed to CDT reach mitosis where they accumulate massive DNA damage, resulting in chromosome fragmentation and micronucleus formation in daughter cells. These mitotic phenotypes are observed with CDT from various origins and in cancer or normal cell lines. Finally, we show that CDT exposure in immortalized normal colonic epithelial cells is associated to cGAS protein loss and low type I IFN response, implying that CDT immunomodulatory function may vary depending on tissue and cell type. Thus, our results establish a direct link between CDT-induced DNA damage, genetic instability and the cellular immune response that may be relevant in the context of natural infection associated to chronic inflammation or carcinogenesis.
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49
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Schultz BM, Melo-Gonzalez F, Salazar GA, Porto BN, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM, Bueno SM. New Insights on the Early Interaction Between Typhoid and Non-typhoid Salmonella Serovars and the Host Cells. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:647044. [PMID: 34276584 PMCID: PMC8282409 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.647044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a common source of food and water-borne infections, causing a wide range of clinical ailments in both human and animal hosts. Immunity to Salmonella involves an interplay between different immune responses, which are rapidly initiated to control bacterial burden. However, Salmonella has developed several strategies to evade and modulate the host immune responses. In this sense, the main knowledge about the pathogenicity of this bacterium has been obtained by the study of mouse models with non-typhoidal serovars. However, this knowledge is not representative of all the pathologies caused by non-typhoidal serovars in the human. Here we review the most important features of typhoidal and non-typhoidal serovars and the diseases they cause in the human host, describing the virulence mechanisms used by these pathogens that have been identified in different models of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara M Schultz
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Melo-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Geraldyne A Salazar
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bárbara N Porto
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Program in Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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50
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Lopez Chiloeches M, Bergonzini A, Frisan T. Bacterial Toxins Are a Never-Ending Source of Surprises: From Natural Born Killers to Negotiators. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:426. [PMID: 34204481 PMCID: PMC8235270 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The idea that bacterial toxins are not only killers but also execute more sophisticated roles during bacteria-host interactions by acting as negotiators has been highlighted in the past decades. Depending on the toxin, its cellular target and mode of action, the final regulatory outcome can be different. In this review, we have focused on two families of bacterial toxins: genotoxins and pore-forming toxins, which have different modes of action but share the ability to modulate the host's immune responses, independently of their capacity to directly kill immune cells. We have addressed their immuno-suppressive effects with the perspective that these may help bacteria to avoid clearance by the host's immune response and, concomitantly, limit detrimental immunopathology. These are optimal conditions for the establishment of a persistent infection, eventually promoting asymptomatic carriers. This immunomodulatory effect can be achieved with different strategies such as suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, re-polarization of the immune response from a pro-inflammatory to a tolerogenic state, and bacterial fitness modulation to favour tissue colonization while preventing bacteraemia. An imbalance in each of those effects can lead to disease due to either uncontrolled bacterial proliferation/invasion, immunopathology, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Teresa Frisan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (M.L.C.); (A.B.)
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